The Union in PerilChapter 10

Causes, key events, and consequences leading to the CIVIL WAR

The Union in Peril • Is it possible to compromise on an

ethical issue such as slavery?• ……the prospect ahead is dark, cloudy, thick the prospect ahead is dark, cloudy, thick

and gloomyand gloomy. Alexander H. Stephens. Alexander H. Stephens

• …the greatest question that can ever come under your consideration: How can the Union be preserved? John C. Calhoun

• Peaceable secession!…there can be no such thing as a peaceable secession! Daniel Webster

“The slaveholding states will no longer have the power of The slaveholding states will no longer have the power of self-government, or self-protection, and the federal self-government, or self-protection, and the federal government will become their enemygovernment will become their enemy. . .. . . .”—South Carolina legislature, 1860

“The Union is older than any of these states, and, in fact, it The Union is older than any of these states, and, in fact, it created them as statescreated them as states.”—Abraham Lincoln, 1861

These quotes represent two sides in which important conflict in American history?A the conflict over how much independence states should have in thefederal system

B the conflict over what level of representation small states should havein the federal legislature

C the conflict over an amendment to the Constitution that would allow slavery in the territories

D the conflict over whether or not to forcibly remove Native Americans from their lands in the West

Causes of the Civil WarCauses of the Civil War• 1. Conflict over sslavery in territories

• 2. Failure of Compromise in Congress—

SStates Rights

• 3. Election of LLincoln as President

• 4. SSecession of Southern states

• 5. Firing on Fort SSumter, South Carolina

Remember the S’s & L!!!Remember the S’s & L!!!

Slavery in the Territories:

The Missouri Question - Northerners were against adding Missouri to the union as a slave state because it would disrupt the balance of power in Congress between slave and free states.

Illinois (1818) Alabama (1819)

Indiana (1816) Mississippi (1817)

Ohio (1803) Louisiana (1812)

Vermont (1791) Tennessee (1796)

Rhode Island Kentucky (1792)

New York Virginia

New Hampshire North Carolina

Massachusetts South Carolina

Connecticut Maryland

New Jersey Georgia

Pennsylvania Delaware

Balance of Free and Slave States

(1819)

Free States Slave States

Original 13 States

Missouri Missouri CompromiseCompromise

Missouri was admitted to the union as a slave state, and Maine was admitted as a free state.

Illinois (1818) Alabama (1819)

Indiana (1816) Mississippi (1817)

Ohio (1803) Louisiana (1812)

Vermont (1791) Tennessee (1796)

Rhode Island Kentucky (1792)

New York Virginia

New Hampshire North Carolina

Massachusetts South Carolina

Connecticut Maryland

New Jersey Georgia

Pennsylvania Delaware

Balance of Free and Slave States (1821)

Free States Slave States

Original 13 States

Maine (1820) Missouri (1821)

• An imaginary line was drawn across the southern border of Missouri at the latitude 36 30'N.

36 , 30’

• Slavery was allowed in the part of the Louisiana Purchase south of the 36 , 30'N.

• Slavery was banned north of 36 , 30'N, except for Missouri.

Sectionalism – loyalty to a state or section rather than to the whole country.

Slavery in the TerritoriesWilmot ProvisoWilmot Proviso – banned slavery in all territories Northern Congressmen voted for it1. Feared Southern control of Congress

Southern Congress voted against it1. Undermine constitutional protection of property

2. Feared loss of power in Congress would lead to laws ending slavery

Ch. 10.1

Compromise of 1850:Compromise of 1850:• California applies for statehood and outlaws slavery

– South said this violated Missouri Compromise – threatened to secede

• Compromise:– California admitted as free state– Utah and New Mexico decide slavery issue by voting

• Popular Sovereignty-right of residents of a territory to vote for or against slavery.

– Sale of slaves banned in Washington, DC, but slavery itself may continue

– Fugitive Slave Act passed-North must return runaway slaves or be fined plus jail time

Compromise of 1850Compromise of 1850

Ch. 10.2

Harriet Beecher Stowe &Dred Scott• 2 important mile markers on the Road to the

Civil War…

• After listening to the clip, be able to explain how they increased tensions between the North and the South.

• Write down your ideas in your notes.

American History:The Civil War--North vs. South

Harriet Beecher Stowe• Uncle Tom’s Cabin-

anti-slavery book by Harriet Beecher Stowe

• Depicted the institution of slavery

• Caused many people to be sympathetic to the abolitionist cause

Sold 300,000 copies in the first year

2 million in a decade!

Sold 300,000 copies in the first year

2 million in a decade!

HarrietBeecherStowe(1811 – 1896)

HarrietBeecherStowe(1811 – 1896)

So this is the lady who started the Civil War. -- Abraham Lincoln

So this is the lady who started the Civil War. -- Abraham Lincoln

The Underground RailroadThe Underground Railroad

• =A series of secret passages leading from the South to Northern cities and Canada to help slaves escape from slavery

• Harriet Tubman- famous conductor in the underground RR.

http://teacher.scholastic.com/activities/bhistory/underground%5Frailroad/

Tour the Underground Railroad

Kansas Nebraska Act (1854)Kansas Nebraska Act (1854)

• Look at the map on p. 314

• Did away with the Missouri Compromise

• Let Kansas and Nebraska decide on the issue of slavery (popular sovereignty-people decide issue)

Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1854

Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1854

Violence Erupts in “Bleeding Kansas”

• Read pp. 315-316 create a focus circle of information on the causes of conflict in Kansas…

• BE PREPARED TO SHARE WITH CLASS

Bleeding Kansas

Focus Circle

.

•Immigrants came

looking for farms –

mostly anti-slavery

•Settlers poured into the area bringing weapons, animals, seeds, and farm supplies to Anti-slavery groups

•Border ruffians from slave states – came just to vote for slavery

Bleeding Kansas

Pro-slavery won a majority – set a pro-slavery gov’t in Lecompton to pass laws favoring slavery.

Anti-slavery group settled in Lawrence

– Pro-slavery sheriff was sent to arrest

town leaders – 800 men swept through

Lawrence – burned buildings and

arrested citizens

Pottawatomie Massacre- John Brown – radical abolitionist – led revenge attack on 5 pro-slavers – set off more attacks – 200 people killed – people lived in fear

Violence in the Senate

““Bleeding Kansas”Bleeding Kansas”

• Both slavery supporters and abolitionists rush into Kansas and set up rival gov’ts

• Armed clashes b/t the 2 sides common • John Brown, the famous abolitionist,

believed God called on him to end slavery• “Pottawatomie Massacre”-John Brown and

his people drug pro-slavery people from their beds, hacked off their hands, and stabbed them with broadswords

“Bleeding Kansas”“Bleeding Kansas”

Border Border “Ruffians”“Ruffians”

(pro-(pro-slavery slavery

MissourianMissourians)s)

Border Border “Ruffians”“Ruffians”

(pro-(pro-slavery slavery

MissourianMissourians)s)

•In 1856, an abolitionist named John Brown murdered five proslavery men in Kansas

John Brown: Madman or Martyr?John Brown: Madman or Martyr?

SEOCT ?

Which of the following was a belief held by John Brown (1800–1859)?

• A Individual states should decide whether to permit slavery.

• B Abolitionists should work for gradual change.• C The South should work to diversify its

economic base.• D Slavery should be abolished by violent means,

if necessary.

Violence in the Senate Pg. 316-317

• Describe the Northern and Southern reactions to the incident between Charles Sumner and Preston Brooks.

“The Crime Against Kansas”“The Crime Against Kansas”

Sen. Charles Sumner(R-MA)

Sen. Charles Sumner(R-MA)

Congr. Preston Brooks(D-SC)

Congr. Preston Brooks(D-SC)

The cartoon shows Preston Brooks attacking Charles Sumner in the U.S. Senate chamber

Violence in the SenateViolence in the Senate

Slavery issue and Politics

• Whig Party-North opposed slavery – South left party.

• Know-Nothing Party - (American Party) – believed in nativismnativism– feared rising number of immigrants

• Free Soil Party – opposed the extension of slavery –appealed to Northern voters….

Ch. 10.3

The Birth of the Republican Party…

1854 – former Northern Whigs and anti-nti-slaveryslavery Democrats and Free Soilers formed new party

• opposed Kansas-Nebraska Actopposed Kansas-Nebraska Act

• drew support from wide range of people-drew support from wide range of people-wanted to stop expansion of slavery in wanted to stop expansion of slavery in territoriesterritories

Slavery and Secession• P. 324 Personal Voice

• “A house divided against itself cannot stand. I believe this government cannot endure permanently half slave and half free. I do not expect the Union to be dissolved – I do not expect the house to fall-but I do expect it will cease to be divided. It will become all one thing or all the other.”

Abraham Lincoln

Ch. 10.4

Dred Scott V. Sandford: Dred Scott Decision - FACTS:

• Dred Scott was a slave from Missouri. (MO)

Dred Scott

Dred Scott Decision - FACTS:

• Scott and his owner moved to Wisconsin for four years.

Dred Scott

Dred Scott Decision - FACTS:

• Scott’s owner died after returning to Missouri.

Dred Scott

Dred Scott Decision - FACTS:* Scott sued for his freedom. He claimed that he should be a free man since he lived in a free territory (WI) for four years.

Dred Scott

Results of Dred Scott Case:• Scott was not a citizen• Living in a free territory didn’t make a slave free• Congress had no right to outlaw slavery because Congress had no right to outlaw slavery because

slaves were property protected under 5slaves were property protected under 5thth Amendment….Missouri Compromise was Amendment….Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional unconstitutional

• South saw it as clearing the way for the extension of slavery in all territories.

• Northerners now turned to the Republican Party as a way to keep slavery in check.

• The Missouri Compromise was found to be unconstitutional.

RESULTS:• Dred Scott was not given his freedom.

Open to slavery through popular sovereignty (Compromise of 1850)

Open to slavery through popular sovereignty (KS-NE Act)

Missouri Compromise line is declared unconstitutional (Dred Scott Decision)

Rise of Abraham Lincoln

Compare/Contrast pp.325-326

Abraham Lincoln Stephen Douglas

A A House dividedHouse divided against itself, cannot stand against itself, cannot stand

Lincoln…..•Self educated

•Served one term of Congress

•Republican

•Spoke in plain language

•Believed slavery was immoral

•Believed that slavery had to be ended by Congress

•Did not believe that Popular Sovereignty would work

•Did not believe in punishing the South during Reconstruction

•Was an excellent politician and leader

Douglas

• Two terms in Senate

• Democrat

• Well educated

• Believed in popular sovereignty

• Believed that slavery would die out eventually

• Freeport Doctrine – if slavery is legal in the territory – then elect people who will not enforce slavery laws.

John Brown’s Raid on Harpers Ferry….1859

• John Brown led raid on arsenal• U.S. troops attacked Brown’s group• Brown arrested – tried for treason and

hanged…

• Read the account of the raid on p. 327-328• -Why did Harpers Ferry increase tensions

between the North and the South?

John Brown’s Raidon Harper’s Ferry, 1859

John Brown’s Raidon Harper’s Ferry, 1859

John Brown: Madman or Martyr?John Brown: Madman or Martyr?

Lincoln and the Election of 1860Lincoln and the Election of 1860

• Republican Republican Abraham LincolnAbraham Lincoln runs for runs for presidentpresident

– South feels threatened b/c Lincoln feels South feels threatened b/c Lincoln feels slavery is morally slavery is morally evil evil

• N. Democrats – Stephen DouglasN. Democrats – Stephen Douglas

• S. Democrats – John C. BreckingridgeS. Democrats – John C. Breckingridge

• Constitutional Party – John BellConstitutional Party – John Bell

1860Presidenti

alElection

1860Presidenti

alElection

√ Abraham Lincoln

Republican

√ Abraham Lincoln

Republican

John BellConstitutional

Union

John BellConstitutional

Union

Stephen A. DouglasNorthern Democrat

Stephen A. DouglasNorthern Democrat

John C. Breckinridge

Southern Democrat

John C. Breckinridge

Southern Democrat

Map of 1860 Election

Electoral VoteElectoral Vote Popular VotePopular Vote-Lincoln-Lincoln 180 180 1, 865, 593 1, 865, 593 -Breck.-Breck. 7272 848, 356848, 356-Bell-Bell 3939 592, 906592, 906-Douglas-Douglas 1212 1, 382, 7131, 382, 713

1860

Election

Results

1860

Election

Results

Results of 1860 Election….Southern Secession

• Lincoln’s victory convinces South that they have lost their political power.

• S.CarolinaS.Carolina secedes (withdraws) from the Union followed by several other states

• 1861 – formed the Confederate States of America (Confederacy) Confederacy) – Elected Jefferson DavisJefferson Davis – President

• Question: Would the North allow the South to Question: Would the North allow the South to leave without a fight?leave without a fight?

1860 Election: A Nation Coming Apart?!

1860 Election: A Nation Coming Apart?!

Secession!: SC Dec. 20, 1860

Secession!: SC Dec. 20, 1860

March 1861

• At Lincoln's inauguration on March 4, the new president said he had no plans to end slavery in those states where it already existed, but he also said he would not accept secession. He hoped to resolve the national crisis without conflict.