The Two INO Sites

• Underground facility for conducting experiments in Science and Engineering

• First Phase : Iron calorimeter experiment using RPC for Neutrino oscillation detection.

PUSHEP at Singara RAMMAM at Darjeeling

Risk factors and Safety issues

Rock condition Environmental risk

Seismic risk

Availability and accesslong term ownership

Sharing / Dedicated facility

Criteria for good sites

Physics issues

Depth and all round cover Distances from Neutrino beams

Infrastructure

Housing, ConnectivityLocal Help & Awareness.

Time & Cost

Time to install detectors forfirst experiment

Construction costRunning cost

Muon Intensity vs. Depth in m.w.e.

Present International Scenario of different underground facilities.

Area around Singara

PUSHEP at Singara in the Nilgiris (Pykara Ultimate Stage Hydro

Electric Project)

Position : Lat. North 11.5 &

Long. East 76.6

Distance : 7 Km from Masinagudi

30 km from Ooty

Airports : Coimbatore & Calicut

( Domestic) ;

Bangalore (intl)

Railhead : Chamrajnagar

Climate : Moderate (12-25oC)

Rainfall : Low (100-150 cm)

Access : All days around the year

Some basic facts about PUSHEP

Some basic facts about RAMMAMRammam at Darjeeling Dist. of

West Bengal.

Position : Lat. North 27.4 & Long. East 88.1

Distance : 8 Km from Rimbik, 66 Km from Darjeeling 140 Km from Siliguri.

Airport : Bagdogra ( Domestic) Kolkata ( Intl.)

Railhead : New Jalpaiguri

Climate : Moderate ( 5-200 C)

Rainfall : 300-400 cm.

Access : Almost all days

Map of tunnel alignments

atPUSHEP

Tunnel alignment at PUSHEP

Alignment location Length Portal Level Vertical cover

All round Cover

From access Tunnel 1867 m 1019 m 1313 m > 1000 m

Next to access tunnel 2129 m 1050 m 1299 m > 1000 m

South of Adit 4 of hydel project

2380 m 1025 m 1340 m > 1000 m

Around Adit 4 inlet of hydel project

3194 m 966 m 1453 m > 1000 m

Alignment 2 preferred. Detailed report on alignment 2 already made

Reverse gradient of 1:15

The detailed geological features along alignment 2

Details of Joints, Shear zones, Fracture zones identified.

Rock mass rated fair to very good

Map of tunnel

alignments at

RAMMAM

Tunnel Alignments at RAMMAM

o Horizontal tunnel with slight gradient for exit of water. No pumping required

o Adit of 2000 m as an escape route

o Depending on the present need one can stop at any depth and go deeper in future

Alignment location Length Portal Level

Vertical cover

All round cover

L1/1 – N2 3251 m ~1100 m 1400 m 1250 m

L1/1 – M1 3080 m ~1100 m 1405 m ~1300 m

L1/1 – N1 3590 m ~1100 m 1560 m 1400 m

L1/1 – N1 – O1 4850 m ~1100 m 1780 m 1650 m

All round rock cover at PUSHEP and RAMMAM

Seismic zoning map of India issued by Bureau of Indian Standards,2000.

Comparison of PUSHEP & RAMMAM

Geo-technical data PUSHEP RAMMAM

Rock type

Specific gravity

Q-factor of tunnel. medium

Horz. / vert. stress ratio

Seepage

Geological adversities

Rock radio-activity

Charnockite (Monolith)

2.62-2.9

4 - 45: good to very good

1.6 (approx.)

Moist to Dry

Shears, dykes, joints are mapped from both surface projections and underground tunnels

0.005 mR/hr

Gneiss

2.79-2.84

2 – 40 ; Fair to very good

Not available

Moist

Shears, dykes, joints are mapped from surface projections

Less than 0.01 mR/hr

Comparison of PUSHEP & RAMMAM (contd.)

Risk factors PUSHEP RAMMAM

Seismic Risk

Environmental Risk

Civil unrest / Terrorism

Zone –2

No discernible fault

Reserve forest. Portals are inside the TNEB / private land

None so far

Zone – 4

No faults on alignment

Reserve forest. Portals are inside the WBSEB / Govt. land.

None so far

INFRASTRUCTURE

• PUSHEP

• Inspection bungalows• Surplus housing• Masinagudi exchange

connected by optical fiber . Radio link with Ooty with high speed data connection

• Water, Electricity

• Access road, Security

• Road connection to neighbouring cities good

• RAMMAM

• Inspection bungalow

• Housing available

• Telephone exchange, Optical fiber link in future

• Water & electricity

• Metal road to portal, security

• Road connections to neighbouring cities need improvement.

Helipad facility

BOTH SITES NEED CLEARANCE FROM FOREST DEPARTMENT.

29 th April, 2005

MOU signed between NTPC Hydro Ltd. and WBSEB.

90 MW RAMMAM III to be commissioned by 2011.

~ 450 Crores Project

WILL RESULT IN SUBSTANTIAL IMPROVEMENT IN INFRASTRUCTURE AROUND THE AREA

Underground Power House Caverns : Himalayan Geology

Hydel Power Station Size of Underground Cavern

Naptha Jhakri project

Machine Hall – 221m X 20m X 50m

Transformer Cavern – 196m X 18m X 29 m

Tala H.E. Project

Bhutan

P.H. Cavern – 206 m X 44m X 20 m

Transformer Hall – 191 m X 26.5m X 16m

Chuka H.E. Project

Bhutan

P.H. Cavern – 141m X 24m X 38 m

Larji H.E. Project P.H. Cavern – 110 m X 20 m X 42m

Underground tunnel and caverns in the Singara region :

New 150 MW hydel power house cavern (constructed) : 70 m x 20 m x 39 mNearly 12 km of tunnels in the immediate vicinity of the project site and 60 km Of tunnels in the Nilgiris

Distances from the neutrino beam lines

PUSHEP RAMMAM

CERN 7150 Km 6850 Km

JHF 6550 Km 4850 Km

Fermi 11300 Km 10600 Km

Lab. (with 3700 Km (with no core)

of core )

Atmospheric muon background as a function of depth in Meters water equivalent. PUSHEP is at the same depth as Gran Sasso. RAMMAM has much more depth with a reduction of background : 1/10 of PUSHEP / Gran Sasso

PUSHEP

RAMMAM

Facility : backgrounds and depth requirements for Future Experiments

Experiment Details Depth Requirements

Solar Neutrinos HERON, CLEAN 4500 m.w.e

Geo Neutrinos 1 kton liquid scint. (like Borexino) -

Proposed

6500 m.w.e

Dark Matter

(WIMP)

EDEL WEISS (Frejus Tunnel)

Next Generation Expts.

4800 m.w.e

> 6000 m.w.e

Double beta-decay MOON

(100Mo)

Will require 34 tons of natural Mo.

~ 6000 m.w.e.

Cost

&

Time

A ) Tunnel & Cavern

Tunnel Vertical Cost Time

Length (Km) Cover (m) (Crores) (Month)

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------

PUSHEP (2) 2.13 1299 35 22

------------------------------------------------------------------------------

RAMMAM 2.69 1203 39+20* 24

3.59 1560 50+20* 31

4.85 1780 65+20* 41

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------

* Rs. 20 crores for adit

B) Civil work ( surface & underground) in

(i) tunnel, (ii) Cavern (iii) Surface laboratory and

(iv) housing/accommodation : Rs. 35 Crores

C) Facilities in the cavern :

i) Overhead Crane ii) Air circulating system

iii) Air conditioning in the labs.

iv) electrical works : Rs. 20 Crores

Time needed before tunnel construction : 12 – 18 months Time needed for civil work etc. after cavernConstruction : 12 – 18 months

Acknowledgement

GSI Chennai & GSI East Region, Kolkata

TNEB & WBSEB and Department of Power, W.B.

NIRM, Kolar

Larsen & Tubro

Possibility at ROHTANG PASS

Connects Kullu – Manali valley (2100 msl) to Lahaul – Spiti valley ( 3080 msl)

South Portal : 25 Km from Manali

Length : 8802 m

10 m wide ; 10 m high

Rock type : alternate sequence of Quartzite, Quartzitic schist and Schist

Project time: 7-9 years

Seismic zone : 4

Above snowline

Vertical cover : up to 1910 m