Andersonville National Park ServiceU.S. Department of the InteriorAndersonville National Historic SiteAndersonville National Cemetery

The Trial of Henry Wirz

A Mock Trial Lesson Plan Examining the Laws of War

Produced by Andersonville National Historic Sitebased on the Trial of Henry Wirz

The Trial of Henry Wirz, Harpers Weekly Magazine - October 21, 1865

Suggested Age: 5th-11th Grade Objectives: At the end of the activity, the students will be able to: ExplainconditionsprevelantatAndersonvillePrison Understandandapplythelawsofwartoareallifescenario. Evaluatetheeffectivenessandfairnessofamilitarytribunal ConnectthemilitarytribunalofHenryWirztothoseofthemodernworld.

Materials: WitnessRoleSheets DefenseTeamRoleSheets ProsecutionTeamRoleSheets MilitaryTribunalMembersRoleSheets EvidencePages CaseSynopsis

Essential 1. Shouldtherebelawsgoverningwar?Questions 2. Shouldtherebelawsprotectingenemysoldierswhentheyarecaptured? 3. Whatresponsibilitiesdoleadershaveforpeopleassignedtotheircare,evenin difficultcircumstances? 4. CanonepersonbeheldresponsibleforsogreatatragedyasAndersonville? 5. Isamilitarytribunalafairwaytoprosecuteasuspectedwarcriminal,orwoulda civiliantrialbemoreappropriate?

Common Core ThecommoncorestandardsrequirestudentstodrawinferencesandmakeconclusionsaboutbothStandards primaryandsecondarysources,andtoconsiderpointofview.Thismocktrialcurriculumhasbeen designedbasedonthehistoricWirzTrialtranscript.Thewitnessstatementsareselectionsfromthe primarysource.Listedbelowarethecommoncorestandardsspecificto11thand12thgrade. However,thesameconceptsareduplicatedatthelowergradelevelsandthismocktrialcanbedone infifththroughtwelfthgrade.

CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RH.11-12.1Citespecifictextualevidencetosupportanalysisofprimaryandsecondarysources,connectinginsightsgainedfromspecificdetailstoanunderstandingofthetextasawhole.

CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RH.11-12.2Determinethecentralideasorinformationofaprimaryorsecondarysource;provideanaccuratesummarythatmakescleartherelationshipsamongthekeydetailsandideas.

CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RH.11-12.3Evaluatevariousexplanationsforactionsoreventsanddeterminewhichexplanationbestaccordswithtextualevidence,acknowledgingwherethetextleavesmattersuncertain.

CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RH.11-12.4Determinethemeaningofwordsandphrasesastheyareusedinatext,includinganalyzinghowanauthorusesandrefinesthemeaningofakeytermoverthecourseofatext(e.g.,howMadisondefinesfactioninFederalistNo.10).

CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RH.11-12.5Analyzeindetailhowacomplexprimarysourceisstructured,includinghowkeysentences,paragraphs,andlargerportionsofthetextcontributetothewhole.

CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RH.11-12.6Evaluateauthorsdifferingpointsofviewonthesamehistoricaleventorissuebyassessingtheauthorsclaims,reasoning,andevidence.

CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RH.11-12.7Integrateandevaluatemultiplesourcesofinformationpresentedindiverseformatsandmedia(e.g.,visually,quantitatively,aswellasinwords)inordertoaddressaquestionorsolveaproblem.

CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RH.11-12.8Evaluateanauthorspremises,claims,andevidencebycorroboratingorchallengingthemwithotherinformation.

CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RH.11-12.9Integrateinformationfromdiversesources,bothprimaryandsecondary,intoacoherentunderstandingofanideaorevent,notingdiscrepanciesamongsources.

TheLawsofWarTheChargesAgainstHenryWirzTheWitnessesConclusion:WhatHappenedtoHenryWirzFollowUp&Assessment

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Lesson Procedure 1.SuggestedIntroductoryActivities a.visitwww.nps.gov/ande/forteachersAndselectoneormorelessonplan activitiestointroduceyourstudentstoAndersonville. b.requestacopyofVoicesfromAndersonville,a30minuteintroductory filmtotheAndersonvillestory

2.Havestudentsreadthepage,CaseSynopsis

3.Havestudentsreadthepage,TheLawsofWar:TheLieberCodes

4.Assignrolestostudents.Thismocktrialhasbeendesignedtobeflexiblesothatyoucanworkwithasmanyorasfewstudentsasyouneed.Youcanassignoneormorestudentstoeachroleandhavethemworkasagroup. a.ProsecutionTeam:ThesewillbethestudentsthatwillserveastheprosecutorsforthemilitarytribunalofHenryWirz.Youwillneedtoprovidethemwithcopiesofeachwitnessstatementseveraldayspriortothemocktrial,sothattheycanpreparetheirquestionsinadvance.Thisrolecanbefilledbyonestudent,orcanbeassignedasagrouptaskifnecessary. b.DefenseTeam:ThesewillbethestudentschargedwithdefendingHenryWirzinthemilitarytribunal.Youwillneedtoprovidethemcopiesofeachwitnessstatementseveraldayspriortothemocktrial,sothattheycanpreparetheirquestionsinadvance.Thisrolecanebefilledbyonestudent,orcanbeassignedasagrouptaskifnecessary. c.Witnesses:Thereare11witnessstatements,and1statementbyCaptainHenryWirz.Historically,CaptainWirzdidnottestify,heonlysubmittedastatement.Forthepurposesofparticipationinthemocktrial,youcouldhavehimtestifyasatwelfthwitness. d.TribunalMembers:Inamilitarytribunalthesemilitaryofficersserveasboththejuryandthejudge.Youmayconsiderassigningonestudenttobetheheadofthetribunal.Thispersonwillmakerulingsonobjections.Historically,therewereninemembersofthetribunalatHenryWirzstrial.Forthepurposesofthismocktrialyoucanassignasmanyorasfewstudentstothisroleaspossible.

5.Havestudentsreadthepage,TheChargesAgainstCaptainHenryWirz.RemindstudentsthatthesechargesneedtobeconsideredinthecontextoftheLieberCodes

6.Conductthetrial.Dependingonyourclassschedule,thiscouldtake1-3classperiods

7.Havestudentsreadthepage,Conclusion:WhatHappenedtoHenryWirz?

8.Assessment&FollowUp

P r o d u c e d b y t h e D i v i s i o n o f I n t e r p r e t a t i o n a n d E d u c a t i o n M a r c h 2 0 1 3

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E X P E R I E N C E Y O U R A M E R I C A

Trial Procedure

Civilian Trial v. Military Tribunal

1.ProsecutionOpeningStatements.Givetheprosecutionteamfiveminutestobrieflysummarizetheircasepriortocallingwitnesses.

2.ProsecutionWitnesses a.Theprosecutionteamcancallswitnessesoneatatime.Havethestudents servingaswitnessestakethestand. b.Thewitnessesdonotsimplyrecounttheirstory.Rather,theprosecutionteam asksthemquestionsbasedontheirstatementsthatwillhighlighttheprosecutions case. c.Cross-examinationbyDefense

3.Defensewitnesses a.Thedefensecallswitnessesoneatatime.Theymaycallnewwitnessesorthey mayre-callwitnesseswhohavepreviouslytestified. b.Thewitnessesdonotsimplyrecounttheirstory.Rather,theprosecutionteam asksthemquestionsbasedontheirstatementsthatwillhighlighttheprosecutions case. c.CrossExaminationbyprosecution

4.DefenseClosingArguments

5.ProsecutionClosingArguments

6.MilitaryTribunalDeliberationsHavethemembersofthemilitarytribunalgotoaseparateroomanddeliberatethecase.TheymustvoteonwhetherornotHenryWirzisguiltyornotguiltyofviolatingthelawsofwar.Forthepurposesofthemocktrial,thestudentscanreachtheirverdictwithasimplemajority

Studentsmayaskabouthowamilitarytribunalisdifferentfromatraditionalciviliantrial.

1.Inamilitarytribunalthereisnotraditionaljudgeorjury.Instead,officersfromthemilitarymakeupthetribunal.Asagrouptheyserveasthejury,butalsomakejudgementsonproceduralmatterslikeajudgewouldinatraditionalcourt.Inanypostwarmilitarytribunal,itisimportanttorememberthatthetribunalismadeupofmembersofthevictoriousarmy,andthedefendantsareoftenmembersofthedefeatedarmy.

2.Inamilitarytribunaltheretheprosectionteamispartofthemilitary.Therefore,tribunalmembersandtheprosectorareonthesamesidegoingintothetrial.

3.Militarytribunalsareusuallyconcernedwithviolationsofmilitarylawandthelawsofwar.Thecasesthatareheardbymilitarytribunalsaretypicallymajorcasesinvolvingmilitaryprocedureandresponsibilitythatmaynotmakesensetoacivilianjuryinatraditionalcourtroom.

4.Inmanymilitarytribunalsthereisnopresumptionofinnocence.Itisoftenuptothedefensetoprovetheirinnocence.

5.Inamilitarytribunal,Constitutionalrightsoftendonotapply,especiallyinpostwarcasesinvolvingdefendantsfromthearmedforcesofforeignmilitarypowers.

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Case Synopsis DuringtheAmericanCivilWar,foughtbetween1861and1865,over600,000menbecameprisonersofwar.Thevastmajorityofthesecapturedsoldierswerequicklyexchangedbacktotheirownarmies.However,thisexchangesystembrokedowninmid-1863astheUnionArmybegantorecruitAfricanAmericansoldiers,manyofwhomhadbeenformerslaves,andtheConfederatearmyrefusedtoconsiderexchangingthem.This,coupledwiththefactthattheUnionarmyhadmoremenanddidnotneedaprisonerexchangetofillouttheirranks,resultedinbothsidestakinghardpositionsintheprisonerexchangediscussions,andtheexchangesstopped.Asaresult,largeprisoncampswereneededinboththenorthandthesouth,toholdthethousandsofprisonerswhowerebeingcapturedonthebattlefield,butcouldnolongerbeexchanged.

ThelargestoftheseprisoncampswasAndersonville.LocatedinruralsouthwestGeorgia,theConfederateprisonatAndersonvillewasisolatedfromanymajorpopulationcentersandwasfarfromthebattlefieldsofthewar.Anearbyraildepotwasusedtotransportbothprisonersandsuppliestotheprisoncamp.Theprisonwasanopenairstockadethateventuallyconsistedofaround26acres.Originallyintendedtohold8,000-10,000Unionprisoners,theprisonpopulationswelledtoover30,000inthesummerof1864asfightinginGeorgiaandVirginiaresultedinlargenumbersofcaptives.

Inthisovercrowdedprison,diseasebecamewidespread.Scurvy,dysentery,diarrhea,gangrene,smallpox,malnutrition,andexposuretotheelementskillednearly13,000UnionsoldiersatAndersonvilleduringthe14monthsthatAndersonvillewasinoperation,makingitthedeadliestplaceintheCivilWar.Afterthewar,thenorthernpublicwasoutragedatwhatoccurredatAndersonvilleanddemandedjustice.Theysawnoreasonthatprisoners,whoweresupposedtobecaredfor,shoulddieinsuchlargenumbers.Thecommanderoftheprison,CaptainHenryWirz,wasarrestedinJuly1865andwaschargedwithviolatingthelawsofwar.Inthefallof1865amilitarytribunalmetinWashington,DCtohearhiscase.

Historically,inthetrialofHenryofWirz,theprosecutionsoughttoproveaconspiracybetweenWirzandtheleadershipoftheConfederacy.MuchofthetrialcenteredontryingtoestablishaconnectionbetweenCaptainWirzandkeyConfederateleaders,includingPresidentJeffersonDavisandGeneralRobertE.Lee.TheirhopewastoprovethatDavis&LeehadconspiredwithWirztokillUnionsoldiersatAndersonville,andcouldthususethattochargebothleaders.Forthepurposesofthismocktrial,thisconspiracyhasbeenommitted,andthefocusisonestablishingWirzsresponsibilityforAndersonvilleinlightoftheLieberCode,whichwasadoptedin1863toprotecttherightsofsoldiersandciviliansintheCivilWar.

The gates of Andersonville Prison, Library of Congress 4

Andersonville National Historic Site National Park ServiceU.S. Department of the Interior

Role - SheetDefense Team

The Trial of Henry WirzMock Trial Curriculum

YouarethedefenseteamforCaptainHenryWirz.YouareacivilianattorneythathasbeenassignedbytheUnitedStatesgovernmenttodefendWirzagainstchargesthatheviolatedthelawsofwar.YoumustconvincethemembersofthemilitarytribunalthatalthoughconditionswerebadatAndersonville,HenryWirzdidthebesthecouldunderthecircumstancesanddidnotintentionallymistreatprisonersorviolatethelawsofwar.Yourcase: 1.Capt.HenryWirzdidnothavecommandofthehospitalor themedicalcareatAndersonville.Surgeonsandotherofficers thatoutrankedWirzwereresponsibleforthosefunctions.

2.Capt.HenryWirzwasnotresponsibleforwhowassentto Andersonville;thereforehecannotbeheldresponsibleforthe overcrowding. 3.Althoughtherewereshortagesoffoodandclothing,Capt. HenryWirzdidthebesthecouldtoensurethatthesesupplies weregiventotheprisonersinafairway.Hewasnotresponsible fortheshortages.Theseresultedfromthedeteriorating economyoftheConfederacyattheendofthewar.

4.Capt.HenryWirzdidnotbeat,kill,ortortureprisoners, ororderothersunderhiscommandtodoso. 5.Capt.HenryWirzwasamemberoftheConfederateArmy, andthereforecannotbeheldontrialbytheUnitedStatesArmy, whichhewasnotamemberof.

Priortothedayofthetrial,youwillwanttocarefullyreadeachwitnessstestimoniesandprepareyourquestionsforeachwitnessinadvance.Youshouldaskquestionsthathighlightpointsthatproveyourcase.Youcannotaskquestionsthatarenotaddressedaspartofthewitnessstatements.Ifyouareactingasapartofadefenseteam,youmayconsiderdividingthistaskupamongstthemembersofyourteam.Atappropriatetimesduringyourquestioningofwitnesses,youmaywanttoshowmembersofthemilitarytribunalpiecesofevidencethatsupportyourcase.

Louis Schade - Defense Attorney for Henry Wirz

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Andersonville National Historic Site National Park ServiceU.S. Department of the Interior

Role - SheetProsecution Team

The Trial of Henry WirzMock Trial Curriculum

YouareaveteranofficeroftheUnionArmyduringtheCivilWar.YourtaskistoprosecuteHenryWirz.YoumustconvincethejurythatthelawsofwarwereviolatedandthatHenryWirzisresponsiblefortheseviolationsthatresultedinthedeathsofnearly13,000Americansoldiersandthesufferingsofthousandsmore.

Yourcase:

1.HenryWirzfailedtoprovideadequatemedicalcaretothe prisoners.

2.HenryWirzintentionallywithheldfood,clothing,and shelterfromtheprisoners.

3.HenryWirzpersonallymistreatedprisonersbycursingat, beating,torturing,orkillingprisoners,orbyorderingothersto doso.

4.WhathappenedatAndersonvilleisanatrocity;afailureof humanrightstobeprotected,andascommanderof Andersonville,HenryWirzshouldbearthatresponsibility.

Priortothedayofthetrial,youwillwanttocarefullyreadeachwitnessstestimoniesandprepareyourquestionsforeachwitnessinadvance.Youshouldaskquestionsthathighlightpointsthatproveyourcase.Youcannotaskquestionsthatarenotaddressedaspartofthewitnessstatements.Ifyouareactingasapartofaprosecutionteam,youmayconsiderdividingthistaskupamongstthemembersofyourteam.Atappropriatetimesduringyourquestioningofwitnesses,youmaywanttoshowmembersofthemilitarytribunalpiecesofevidencethatsupportyourcase.

Norton Park ChipmanChief Prosector & Judge AdvocateThe Trial of Henry Wirz

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Andersonville National Historic Site National Park ServiceU.S. Department of the Interior

Role - SheetMilitary Tribunal Member

The Trial of Henry WirzMock Trial Curriculum

YouareamemberofthemilitarytribunalthathasbeenassignedtohearthecaseofHenryWirz.Yourjobistohearthecaseandserveasajury.Thedefendant,CaptainHenryWirz(CSA),hasbeenchargedwithviolatingthelawsofwar,andiffoundguiltyhewillbesentencedtohang.Asamilitarytribunalmember,keepinmindthatyouareanofficerintheUnitedStatesArmy.YouhavespentthelastfouryearsfightingagainsttheConfederateArmy.CaptainWirzwasamemberofthisarmythatyouwerefightingagainst,althoughthewarisovernow.

Amilitarytribunalisdifferentfromatraditionalciviliancourtroom.YouhaveheardofHenryWirzandyouhavereadnewspaperaccountsofhowbadAndersonvillewas.YoumaybeenteringthistribunalwithabiasagainstHenryWirz,butbeopentochangingyourmind.Anotherdifferenceisthatunlikeatraditionaljurymember,youhavetheprivilegetospeakandaskquestionsoftheprosecutionandthedefense.

Yourtaskisto:

1.Takecarefulnotesandpayattentiontobothsidesofthe argument

2.Askquestionsoftheprosecutionandthedefenseifyoufeelit isnecessary.

3.WeighalloftheevidenceanddecideifHenryWirzviolated thelawsofwar.Youwillvoteonthis.Forthepurposesofthis mocktrial,asimplemajorityisallthatisnecessarytoconvict him.

Major General Lew WallaceChairman of the Military TribunalThe Trial of Henry Wirz

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Andersonville National Historic Site National Park ServiceU.S. Department of the Interior

The Laws of WarThe Lieber Codes

The Trial of Henry WirzMock Trial Curriculum

TheLieberCodes,orGeneralOrders100,wereissuedbyPresidentAbrahamLincolninApril1863.TheLieberCodewasintendedtogoverntheconductofsoldiersduringtheCivilWarandtoprotecttherightsofbothciviliansandsoldiers.ManyoftheindividuallawsofwaroutlinedintheLieberCodespecificallyoutlinedhowtheUnitedStatesgovernmentexpectedprisonersofwartobetreated.AftertheCivilWar,theLieberCodeswereusedasthebasisforaround1,000militarytribunals,includingtheTrialofHenryWirz.

ListedbelowarespecificlawsofwarintheLieberCodesthataddresstreatmentofprisonersofwar.

56.Aprisonerofwarissubjecttonopunishmentforbeingapublicenemy,norisanyrevengewreakeduponhimbytheintentionalinflictionofanysuffering,ordisgrace,bycruelpunishment,wantoffood,bymutilation,deathoranyotherbarbarity.

58.Thelawofnationsknowsnodistinctionofcolor,andifanenemyoftheUnitedStatesshouldenslaveandsellanycapturedpersonsoftheirarmy,itwouldbeacasefortheseverestretaliation.

75.Prisonersofwararesubjecttoconfinementorimprisonmentsuchasmaybedeemednecessaryonaccountofsafety,buttheyaretobesubjectedtonootherintentionalsufferingorindignity.

76.Prisonersofwarshallbefeduponplainandwholesomefoodwheneverpracticable,andtreatedwithhumanity.

77.Aprisonerofwarwhoescapesmaybeshot,orotherwisekilledinhisflight,butneitherdeathnoranyotherpunishmentshallbeinflicteduponhimsimplyfortheattempttoescape,whichthelawofwardoesnotconsideracrime.

79.Everycapturedwoundedenemyshallbemedicallytreated,accordingtotheabilityofthemedicalstaff.

Francis LieberLawyer who primarily authored what became known as The Lieber Code

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Andersonville National Historic Site National Park ServiceU.S. Department of the Interior

The Charges AgainstCaptain Henry Wirz

The Trial of Henry WirzMock Trial Curriculum

1.ThatHenryWirzmaliciously,willfully,andtraitorouslyconspiredtoinjurethehealth and destroy the lives of soldiers in themilitaryserviceoftheUnitedStates,thenheldprisonersofwar;inviolationofthelawsandcustomsofwar.

2.Murder,inviolationofthelawsandcustomsofwar.

Captain Henry WirzCommanderAndersonville Prison

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Andersonville National Historic Site National Park ServiceU.S. Department of the Interior

The WitnessesThe Trial of Henry WirzMock Trial Curriculum

Alltogether,morethan135witnesseswerecalledtotestifyintheWirzTrial.Theseincludedformerprisoners,UnionandConfederateofficials,guards,andcivilianswhohadknowledgeofAndersonville.Forthepurposesofthisclassroomactivity,elevenhavebeenselected.TheirtestimoniespresentedinthismocktrialaretakendirectlyfromthehistoricWirzTrialtranscripts.Thesearetheiractualwords.Historianshaveoftenlabeledwitnessesaseitherdefenseorprosecutionwitnesses.However,manywitnesseswerecalledtotestifybybothsides.

Thewitnessesusedforthismocktrialare:

1.Dr.JohnBates-AConfederatedoctoratAndersonville.

2.Dr.M.M.Marsh-AUniondoctorwhoworkedfortheUSSanitaryCommission,chargedwithsendingsuppliesfortheprisoners.

3.FelixdelaBaume-Aformerprisoner,andPresidentoftherecentlyformedAndersonvilleSurvivorsAssociation.

4.FrankMaddox-Aformerprisoner.OneofthefewAfricanAmericansoldiersheldprisoneratAndersonville.

5.MaryRawson-AcivilianfromPlains,GAwhowasafrequentvisitortoAndersonville.

6.NazarethAllen-AguardatAndersonville.

7.FatherPeterWhelan-ACatholicpriestwhofrequentlyvisitedAndersonville

8.RobertKellogg-Aformerprisoner.Kelloggwascalledbyboththedefenseandtheprosecutionasakeywitness.Bothsidesconsideredhimverytrustworthy.

9.SamuelHall-AcivilianwholivednearAndersonville.

10.W.D.Hammock-AguardatAndersonville.

11.WilliamBull-AformerPrisoner

12.HenryWirz,Defendant,andformercommandantofthestockadeatCampSumterMilitaryPrisonatAndersonville,Georgia.

Sgt. Major Robert Kellogg, 16th CT Infantry.Both the prosecution and the defense considered Kellogg to be very honest, and both sides called him to testify as a key witness.

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Andersonville National Historic Site National Park ServiceU.S. Department of the Interior

WitnessDr. John C. Bates

The Trial of Henry WirzMock Trial Curriculum

IhavebeenresidingforthepastfourorfiveyearsintheStateofGeorgia.Iampractitionerofmedicine,andhavebeenengagedinthatprofessionsince1850.IhavebeenondutyattheAndersonvilleprisonasactingassistantsurgeon.Iwasassignedthereonthe19thofSeptember,1864,andleftthereonthe26thofMarch,1865.

UpongoingtothehospitalIwentimmediatelytothewardtowhichIwasassigned,and,althoughIamnotanover-sensitiveman,ImustconfessIwasrathershockedattheappearanceofthings.Themenwerelyingpartiallynudeanddyingandlousy,aportionoftheminthesandandothersuponboardswhichhadbeenstuckuponlittleprops,prettywellcrowdedtogether,amajorityoftheminsmalltents.

Clothingwehadnone;thepatientscouldnotbefurnishedwithanyclothing,exceptthattheclothingofthedeadwasgenerallyappropriatedtotheliving.Wethushelpedthelivingalongaswellaswecould.

Themorningaftermakingmyfirsttourasofficeroftheday,Isatdownandmadeareport,thelanguageofwhichIdonotnowrecollect,butthesubstancewasbasedupontheconditioninwhichIfoundthehospital.Thatreportwassentup,andIbeinganoviceinmilitarymatters,forsomethingswhichIhadsaidinthatreportIreceivedawrittenreprimand.Icontinuedtomakethosereports,butIthinktheywerenotheeded.

IhadbeensooftenarrestedthatIthoughtitnecessarytosneakfoodtothepatients.Iwouldputapotatoinmypocketandwouldturnaroundandletitdroptothismanorothers.Ididnotwishtobeobservedbyanybody.WhenIfirstwentthere,Iunderstoodthatitwaspositivelyagainsttheorderstotakeanythingin.TheprisonersinthestockadeandthehospitalwerenotverywellprotectAstotheprisonersgenerally,theironlymeansofshelterfromthesunandrainweretheirblankets,iftheyhadcarriedanyalongwiththem.Iregardedthatlackofshelterasasourceofdisease.AtthetimeIcamethereIunderstoodthatGeneralWinderwasincommand,butshortlyafterwardsColonelGibbswas.CaptainWirzdidnothaveanythingtodowiththemedicaldepartmentthatIknewof.Ididnotrecognizehimashavinganyrightwhatevertodoso.Heneverinterferedwithmeinanyway.Ihavenohardfeelingtowardshim;healwaystreatedmeveryrespectfullyandkindly.

Imaysaythatwehadnomedicines.Theywerenumbered.IaskedDr.Shepherdaboutit.Hesaidthattheyhadnotmedicines,andthattheirformulasweremadeupofindigenousremedies;thatbythesenumbersitwaseasiertoprescribe;thatthereweresometimes80,sometimes150,andsometimes200casestoprescribefor,andthismeanswasadoptedinordertofacilitatematters.ForascurvycasewewouldorderspecificNo.14or24,asthecasemightbe.Ifeelmyselfsafeinsayingthatseventy-fivepercentofthosewhodiedmighthavebeensaved,hadthoseunfortunatemenbeenproperlycaredforastofood,clothing,bedding,&c.

Idesiretomakeasingleremarktorectifysomeinfluenceswhichhavebeenmadeinreferencetomyself.IthasbeenclaimedontheonehandthatIamhereasawitnessagainstCaptainWirz,andontheotherhandthatIamawitnessforhim.IwishsimplytosaythatIamheretotellthetruth,andIhavedoneitregardlessofconsequences.

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Andersonville National Historic Site National Park ServiceU.S. Department of the Interior

WitnessDr. M.M. Marsh

The Trial of Henry WirzMock Trial Curriculum

ForthelasttwoorthreeyearsIhavehadchargeoftheUnitedStatesSanitaryCommissionmattersintheStatesofFlorida,Georgia,andtheCarolinas.IwasstationedatBeaufort,SC.WhileIwasthere,wereceivedsanitarystoresforprisonersinthecustodyoftherebelgovernmentandpurchasedalsoofaUnitedStatesquartermasterIforwardedclothingandprovisions,sanitarystores,toAndersonville,GA,fortheuseoftheprisonersthere.Imadeamemorandumoftheamountofthearticlessentthere,orhaditmadeweweresendingtofiveotherpointsatthesametimeImadealistofwhatwassenttoAndersonvillebetweenAugustandNovember1864Thispaperissubmittedasevidence.

AportionofthesearticlesweresentinthemonthofJuly;butasmallportionofthem.Webegantosendthemquiteregularlyuptoaroundthe1stofNovember,1864.IhavenoevidencetheseletterswereeverreceivedatAndersonville;AllIknowrespectingitisthatIeitherpersonallyorthroughsomeagentpassedthestoresovertosomeagentoftheConfederategovernmenttoreceivethem.

IceasedtosendprovisionstoAndersonvilleinNovember;therecameanorderfromWashingtonforbiddingit.

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Andersonville National Historic Site National Park ServiceU.S. Department of the Interior

WitnessFelix de la Baume

The Trial of Henry WirzMock Trial Curriculum

IwasinthemilitaryserviceoftheUnitedStates,inthe39thNewYorkvolunteers.IwasprisonerofwaratAndersonvillefromJuly.8,1864,tillApril19,1865.Iknowtheprisoner,CaptainWirz.Onthe8thofJulyIarrivedatAndersonville,withthreeorfourhundredotherprisoners,mostofthemsickandwounded.WewerebroughtuptoCaptainWirzsheadquarters.Theguardshadorderstoletnoneofusgotothewater.Oneoftheprisonerswasattackedwithepilepsyorfits;hefelldown;someofhisfriendsorneighborsstandingnearhimrandowntothecreekafterwater.FirstIheardashotfired,withoutseeingwhofiredit.AfterhearingthatshotfiredIlookeddowntotheleftandIsawCaptainWirzfiretwomoreshots,woundingtwomen.CaptainWirzhadarevolverinhishand.Iwasperhapstwentypacesdistantfromhim.IamcertainIsawCaptainWirzdischargethepistolinhishand.AfterthisCaptainWirzpointedouttheman,andsaid,ThatisthewayIgetridofyoudamnedsonsofbitches.

ThefirsttimeIcameintothestockadeIreceivednotreatmentwhateverformywound.IshowedCaptainWirzmylegandtoldhimthatmywoundhadnotbeendressedsinceIleftRichmond,andIwishedforabandagebeforeIshouldgointothestockade.Hesaid,IllbedamnedifIdontsendeveryoneofyoutohell.ThatwasbeforeIwasputintothestockade,onthe8thofJuly,intheforenoonabout11or12oclock.

InthemonthofDecember1864,whenitwassoverycold,wedidnotreceiveanywoodinthehospital.Iobtainedtheparolepassofanotherprisoner.OnthatpassIusedtogooutsideofthehospitalenclosuretogatherupsomewood,soastohavesomefireinthetentwhereIstopped.Goingoutofthehospitaloneday,IsawamannamedEdler,aprivateinthe39thNewYorkvolunteers.Isawhimtied,withanironcollarroundhisneck,toapost.IheardthismansaysomethingtoCaptainWirz,whereuponCaptainWirzsaid,Onewordmore,andIwillblowyourdamnedbraintohell,holdingapistoltowardshishead.

Irememberaboutthehounds.InthemonthofSeptember,1864,Iwasallowedtogooutafterwood.AtthattimeCaptainWirzallowedsquadsoftwenty-fivetogooutafterwoodaboutamiledistantfromthestockade.IwentoutwithLouisHolm,ofthe5thNewYorkcavalry.WhenwecameoutHolmsuggestedthatweshouldhideourselvesandgotosomefarmtoobtainsomethingtoeat.HolmandIhidourselvesinaverylargetree,andremainedthereforoveranhour;thenweheardthedogsbark.Mycomradewastornbythedogsverybadly;wewerebroughtinbyasergeantandbythemenwhohadthedogs.CaptainWirzsentusbacktothestockadeandgaveorderstothesergeantofthedetachmentnottoletusgooutanymore.

Ihaveseenagreatmanymenshotinthestockadenearthedead-line,insidethedead-line;Imeanbetweenthedead-lineandtheinnerstockade,havingcrossedthedead-line,betweenthedeadlineandtheinnerstockade.Whenweweretherewedidnotknowonedayfromanother,andIcannotstatethedaydefinitely.IknowpositivelyoftwowhomImyselfsawkilledonthedead-linebythesentries;onewasafriend,andanotherwasacorporalofthe125thNewYork;Hewaskilledwhilereachingunderthedead-lineforcleanwater;Idonotknowtowhatcompanyhebelonged.

WhenIfirstwenttoAndersonvillewereceivedcorn-meal.Wereceivedasmuchasapint,sometimes,acup-full.Ireceivedthismealandabouttwoouncesofbaconaday.MostofthetimeIwasobligedtoeatthatmealraw,mixingitupwithwaterandsomesaltifwehadany.Wereceivedeverythreeorfourdaysthreeteaspoonfulsofsalt.Iwasobligedlikethousandsofotherstoeatthatmealandthatbaconraw.Menwhohadmoneycouldbuyfor25centsenoughwoodtocookacupofcoffeeormush.

Rumors have long persisted that Felix de la Baume was a fraud and a deserter from another unit. However, military service records indicate that Felix de la Baume, 39th New York was captured and held at Andersonville. After the war, many of the witnesses were attacked by Wirz supporters. De la Baume later became President of the Andersonville Survivors Association 13

Andersonville National Historic Site National Park ServiceU.S. Department of the Interior

WitnessFrank Maddox - African American Prisoner

The Trial of Henry WirzMock Trial Curriculum

IwasatAndersonville,GA,asaprisoner.Iwasthereaboutelevenmonths.IwastakenthereApril1,1864andIleftthereFebruary2,1865.WhenIwastakenthereIwasputinthestockadeandstayedthereabouttwomonthsIwasthentakenoutandputtoworkburyingthedeadWehelpedtoenlargethestockade.

IknowCaptainWirz.IheadCaptainWirzmakethreatsastowhathewoulddowithus.Onemorningtheysentustotheswamptoditch.Itwasverycoldandtheboysdidnotwanttogo.CaptainWirztoldthesergeantinchargeofus,ifwedidnotgo,totakeaclub,andkillthelastd----oneofus,andletthebuzzardseatus.IamspeakingofthecoloredmenIdidnotcomplain.Isawnouseincomplaining.Thosewhodidcomplaindidnotgetanythingdoneforthem.IheardmencomplaintoCaptainWirzabouttheirsufferingfromthecoldOnemorningthesergeantaskedhimtoletusgooutandgetsome[firewood].Hesaidhewasnotgoingtodoit;thathedidnotcaread----ifwealldied.ThesergeantintimatedtousthatCaptainWirzgavethemenathirtydaysfurlougheverytimetheyshotaYankee.HewouldnevertreatusboysasCaptainWirzwantedhimtotreatus.HewantedhimtobewhippingusandknockingusaboutCaptainWirzorderedhimtodoit.Ihaveseenhimmanytimeswhenhegavetheorders.Ilookedrightat[CaptWirz]whenthewordscameoutofhismouth.Ineversawcoloredmenputinthestocksorthechaingain.Whentheywantedtopunishthem,theywouldputthemacrossalogandwhippedthemhalftodeathandputthembacktowork

CaptainWirzneverinflictedanypunishmentofanykindonmebuthedidtoothers.Onehehadwhipped.Iwasupattheofficeinthemorningtogetanorderforrationsfortheboyswhowouldbeoutatwork.HethoughtIwasthemanandcommencedtocurseme.ThesergeanttoldhimIwasnottheman,andcalledupIsaacHawkinsandaskedhimwhathehadbeendoing.Hetoldhimnothing.CaptainWirzhauledbackandknockedhimtothesideofthetentandtoldTurnertotakehim,striphim,andgivehimfivehundredlashestheygavehimtwohundredfiftylashesThemanwasthenloosed,andtakentotheblacksmithshop,andhadabouttwofeetofchainputonhim,andwassenttothegraveyardtowork,beingtoldthatifhestoppedfiveminutesduringtheday,hewouldgettwohundredfiftymoreIneversawCaptainWirzabuseanycoloredmenunlesstheyhaddonesomethingwrong;Ihaveseenhimhavesomeofthemwhipped,butwhethertheydidanythingwrongIcannottellIheardtherewerechargesagainstthem.

CaptainWirzwasoutinthegraveyardonedayinOctober1864;someofficerswereouttherewiththemandtheywerelookingatthemenwhohadbeeninoculatedhowgreentheircornshadturned.CaptainWirzsaid,TheG-DYankeeSonsofB----;hehadgiventhemthelandtheyhadcomeouttofightfor,hehadgiventhemsixfeet.Hereferredtothosewhohaddiedfromvaccination;thatwasinOctoberIsawCaptainWirzinthegraveyardwiththesurgeonstwoorthreetimes;theywerelaughingovertheeffectsofthevaccinationoneday;thedoctorhadbeenexamining,andhadcutsomebodiesopenandhadsawedsomeheadsopen;insomecasesagreenstreakfromthearmhadextendedtothebody;theywerelaughingaboutitskillingthemenso;ImeanthesurgeonsandCaptainWirz

Isawthirteenboxes(railroadboxcars)of[supplies]comehere[fromthenorth].IhelpedtounloadthemandtheminCaptainWirzsoffice.Idonotknowwhatbecameofthem.Theygavethemenatthecook-housesomeandsomeweresenttothehospital.Idonotknowwhatbecameofthebalance.IsawCaptainWirzwearingbluepantsandsanitarycommissionshirts.Weaskedhimforsomeoftheclothesandhewouldnotgivethemtous

Maddox was a member of the 35th USCT. The United States Colored Troops (USCTs) consisted of both former slaves and African Americans who were born free. Although the official Confederate policy was to execute or sell into slavery captured USCTs, around one hundred African Americans were held prisoner at Andersonville. These men were used by the Confeder-ate command as labor outside the prison stockade. They did tasks ranging from burying the dead to building earthworks and prison buildings. Frank Maddox was one of four African American prisoners to testify at the Wirz Trial.

14

Andersonville National Historic Site National Park ServiceU.S. Department of the Interior

WitnessMiss Mary Rawson

The Trial of Henry WirzMock Trial Curriculum

IresideontheplainsofDura,Georgia.IhavebeenatAndersonville,Icannotsayexactlyhowmanytimes,whiletheUnionprisonerswerethere.IcommencedgoinginJanuary,1865.Igenerallywentaboutonceeverytwoweeks.Myobjectingoingtherewastofeedaprisoner.IsawCaptainWirzsometimeswhenIwentthere.IwasthereinthemonthofMarch,1865.Ihadonabrowndress.CaptainWirzneveratanytimerefusedordeniedmeanyprivilegeoftakingthingsintoprisonersthere.Hewasalwaysagreeable,andtoldmeIcouldbringanythingintotheprisonerIwasgoingtosee.IhadoneparticularprisonerIwasgoingtosee.WhenIfirstwentthereImetCaptainWirzatthedepot.Ithoughtthenhewasacolonel.IaskedhimifIcouldvisitaprisonerwhowassick.HetoldmeIcould.Atthattimehegaveapasstooneoftheparoledmenintheoffice.Mycharitywasconfinedtooneprisonerthere.HisnamewasPeterKean.Hebelongedtothe16thIowaregiment.Hewasaprivatesoldierinthestockade.Iusedtotieupabushelbasketandleaveit,andmyprisonersaidthatthatwouldlasthimtwoweeks.AftertwoweeksIwouldgoagain.ThecaptainalwaysrecognizedmeandaskedmeifIwasgoingtoseemyprisoner.IwouldsayYes,andIwouldcarryanotherbasketupandleaveit.Heneverrefusedme.Hegenerallytreatedmyprisoner,asIcalledhim,verycourteously.Hegavehimtheonlychairintheroom,andIsatonthebench.IneverheardofCaptainWirztreatinganyotherlady,whowentthere,inanunkindway.

15

Andersonville National Historic Site National Park ServiceU.S. Department of the Interior

WitnessNazareth Allen - Guard, 3rd GA Reserves

The Trial of Henry WirzMock Trial Curriculum

Iknowtheprisoner,CaptainWirz;hewascommanderoftheprison.Ihaveseenthestocks,andseenmeninthem;Ihaveseenseveralputinthestocks,andsometenortwelveinthechain-gain;Iknowthatoneprisonerdiedinthechaingainorstocks;Iwontbecertainwhich,butIthinkitthestocks;IthinkitwassometimeAugust1864.ThestockswerebetweenCaptainWirzsheadquartersandthestockade,ontheroadyouwouldtakegoingintothestockade. IsawaprisonerstepoutfromrankstospeaktoCaptainWirzforanexchangeintoamess,whentheywerecountingthemoutCaptianWirzorderedhimbackandthreatenedtoshoothim.Hedidnotshoothim;hethreatenedtoshootandhecursedhim.

Iknowagreatmanyprisonersdiedthere.Theyhadnosheltersinsidethestockademuchmorethantheymadeforthemselvesoutoftheirblanketsandpinetops.Iwasondutyatthestockadeasasentry.Ihadthemeansofobservingtheconditionofthecampinsidethestockade;IcouldseeitfromthestoopwhereIwas.Somefewhadsheltersmadeoutoftheirblanketsorsuchastheyhadbuiltthemselveswithpinetopswhichtheyhadcarriedin.TherewasnoothershelterthatIsawAportionofthestockadenearthebranch(stream)wasaverymiry,boggy,muddyplace.Theswampwasnotcleanlyagooddealoffilthwentthroughthestockade.Thecook-housewasabovethestockadeandagooddealofwashingwasdoneupthebranch,consequentlyagooddealoffilthwentdown.Someof[our]campswereabove;someofthemwashedintothisstream.Someofthesinks(bathrooms)wereonthatstreamjustabovethestockade,onthesideofthehill.WhenheavyrainscameIshouldsupposesomeofitwentthroughthestockade.Sometimestheprisonersinthestockadewerecompelledtousethatwater

Theprisonerswerecomplainingallthewhileinconsequenceoftheirtreatment;butIdontknowtowhomtheymadetheircomplaints.Imadecomplaints,aswellasothersoldiersoftherebel(Confederate)service.Wecomplainedmerelytoourownofficers,buttheycouldnothelpusanyaboutthat.InevercomplainedtoCaptainWirzColonelHarrisandColonelMoorewerethecolonelsofourregimentOurregimentwasnotcomposedofunhealthymen.Someofalltheregimentsweresickthere.Idontknowhowmanyweresick;Ihadnomeansofknowing;IdidntpayanyattentiontothehospitalIdonotknowwhogavetheofficersorderswheretolayoutourcampwhenwewentthere.Wecleanedupthegroundbyorderofourofficers.ColonelMoorecommandedustodoit.CaptainWirzhadnothingtodowiththelocatingofourcampthatIknowof.Idontknowthathehadanythingtodowithourmenwashingorbathinginthewaterthere.Hewascommanderoftheprison;hemighthavehadarighttohaveforbiddenit.Idontknowwhetherhehadtherighttointerferewithcommandofourcamp.Hewouldalwayssendanofficertoourcampforwhathewanted.Ineverknewhimtobeupthere.Ineverknewhimtobeupthere

Iwasonguardorpicketdutyeveryotherday.Inevershotanyone;IneversawanyoneshotwhileIwasonduty.IgotorderswhenIwasonthestooptoshoottheprisonersiftheycrossedthedeadline.Ihadnoorderstoshootanybodyifhedidnotviolatesomepoliceregulation.Theshootingofanyonecrossingthedeadlinewaspartofthepoliceregulationoftheprison.IwouldnothaveshotanyoneifhedidnotviolatesomepartofthatregulationIfIwasguardingabodyofprisonersanywhere,smallorlarge,andtheydidnotobeyme,Iwouldthreatenthem.Iwouldthreatentobayonetthemorshootthem.WhenCaptainWirzthreatenedthesemenIsupposeitwasnotmorethatIoranyoneelsewouldd,iftheydidnotobeyme.

16

Andersonville National Historic Site National Park ServiceU.S. Department of the Interior

WitnessFather Peter Whelan

The Trial of Henry WirzMock Trial Curriculum

Myofficeisthatofapriest;IwasinAndersonvillefromthe16thofJune,1864untilnearthe1stofOctober.

FatherHamiltonhadvisitedtheplaceinMay,seentheconditionoftheprisoners,andwrittentothebishopatSavannahtosendapriestthere.Heaskedmetogoandvisittheprisoners.AccordingtohisrequestIwentIstayeduntilthevastportionoftheprisonerswereremovedtootherpoints;Iwouldhavestayedlongeriftheprisonershadbeenretained;mydutieswerethoseofaCatholicPriestnothingmore;Ihadnocommissionfromthegovernment.Iwenttherevoluntarily,withoutpayorremunerationfurtherthanmerelytoreceiverations.Thesewerenearlythesamerationswhichthesoldierswhowereonguardtherereceived,andalsotheprisonersinthestockade.PerhapsImighthavehadsomethingmoreinquantity,butnotastoquality.Mylaborswereperformedinsidethestockadeandinthehospitaloutside.IneversawCaptainWirzinflictinganypersonalviolenceonanyprisoner;neitherdidIhearofitduringmystaythere.Imighthaveheardreportsthatheusedprofanelanguage,butIneversaworheardofhimusinganypersonalviolencesoastoproducedeath;itisthehighestprobabilitythatsuchathingcouldnothaveoccurredwithoutcomingtomyknowledge.

CaptainWirzaffordedmeeveryfacilitytovisittheprisonersandaffordthemanyreliefthatwasinmypower.Heneverputanyobstaclesinmyway,whetherphysicalorspiritual.Mymeansofgivingaidtothemwereverylimited.ButaffordedmeeveryfacilitywithregardtotheprisonersHegavemethefacilities,andthatfactwasevidenceofhiswillingnesstodoso.Sofarashiswillwasconcerned,thatwasanoperationofhisownmindofwhichIcouldhavenoknowledge.Healwaysdiditcheerfully.Heneverrefused.HenevershowedanyobjectiontogivemeatanytimeapasstogointothestockadeorhospitalIborrowed$16,000andwentdowntoAndersonville.IspoketoCaptainWirzandhefreelygavemepermissiontopurchaseflourfortheprisoners.

IthinkIneversawCaptainWirzwithinthestockadeexceptthetimethemen(thesixRaiders)werehangedHewasalwayscalmandkindtomeIhaveseenhimcommitnoviolence.HemaysometimeshavespokenharshlytosomeoftheprisonersTherehavebeensomeviolenceschargeduponhimherewhichIneverheardofbeingcommittedbyhim.Ineverheardofhiskillingaman,orstrikingamanwithapistol,orkickingamantodeath.DuringmytimeinthestockadeIneverheardofit.Ineverheard,eitherinsideoroutside,duringmystaythere,thathehadtakenthelifeofamanbyviolence;thatheshotamanorkickedhimtodeath.

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Andersonville National Historic Site National Park ServiceU.S. Department of the Interior

WitnessSgt. Major Robert Kellogg

The Trial of Henry WirzMock Trial Curriculum

IwasatAndersonville,Georgia;Ienteredthereonthe3ddayofMay,1864,andleftthereonthe10thofSeptemberofthesameyear;Iwentwithabodyofprisoners;Ithinkthereweresomefourhundredofus;IwastakenfromPlymouth,NorthCarolina,toAndersonvillebyrailroad.

Weenteredtheprisononthe3dofMay,1864.Wherewasnoshelterprovidedforusatthattime,oratanyothertimewhilewewereintheprison.Wewerefortunateenoughtobeallowedtoretainourblankets,andwiththemweerectedshelterswhichprotectedusfromtheheatofthesun,butnotfromtherain.Theydidprotectusfromtherainforafewdays,butsoontheybecomesowornastobeutterlyuselessagainsttherain.Ofthefourhundredmencapturedwithme,nearlythreehundredaredead.

IhaveseenCaptainWirzintheprisonfrequently.Heusuallycameinmoreoftenthanotherwisemountedonhorseback.Hewouldrideinsidethedeadlineandexaminetheprison.Ineverheardhimgiveanyorders.Iwasinthestockadeallthetime;Ididnotgooutofitwiththeexceptionoffewtimesforwood.

Irecollectthedeadlinethere.Theeffectoftrespassinguponitwasdeath.Ihaveseenthepenaltyenforced-Ihaveseensentriesshoot.Icamenearbeingshotmyselfonce.Ihaveseensentriesfirefromthesentrypostsatmen.Ihaveseenthemfiringatmenwhoweredippingwateroutofthebrook,justunderthedeadline.Shootingbysentrieswasafrequentoccurrence;sothat,afterawhile,wedidnotnoticeitsomuchaswedidwhenwefirstwentthere.

Themostofthemenhadtodependonthebrookfortheirwater,andthat,atmanytimes,wasexceedinglyfilthy.Ihaveseenitcompletelycovered,almost,withfloatinggrease,anddirt,andoffal.Ihavegoneinbarefoot,whenitwassodirtythatIhadtogoout,asIwasgettingalloverwithgreaseandfilth.ThereweretwodaysIrememberwhenwegotnothingtoeat,the3dofJulyandthe11thofAugust;Idontremembernowthecause.IdontknowthatCaptainWirzhadanythingtodowithmynothavinganythingtoeat.

IdonotsaythatIneverheardanycomplaintmadewithregardtoCaptainWirzsbrutaltreatmentofprisoners.Hischaracterwascruelandbrutal,andweallunderstoodthatperfectlywell.Weunderstoodthatfromhearinghislanguage,whichwasinsultingandprofane;andfromthegeneraltreatmentthereintheprison.Wesawthatwewerebadlytreatedandmiserablyprovidedfor;andwenaturallysupposedthathe,ascommandantoftheprison,was,inagreatdegreeatleast,responsibleforit;wesupposed,ofcoursethatsomebodywasresponsibleforit.

Idorememberoneinstanceofcruelty.SomeofShermansraiderswerecaptured,andwerebroughtintoprisonrobbedofnearlyeverything.Ihaveseensomeofthemwithmerelyashirtandpants,nohat,shoesorcoat;andIhaveheardstatementsofthosementhattheyweresearchedoutsidebeforetheywerebroughtintoprison,androbbedofeverything,eventheirpocket-knives,photographs,pictures,andthingsofnovalue;andIhaveheardthestatementofotherprisonerswhohavecomeintheredestituteofnearlyeverything,tellinghowtheyhavebeenrobbedofthem.CaptainWirzwasalwaysveryroughandbrutalinhismodeofconductingbusiness,sofarasIsaw;andhewasnotverychoiceinhisselectionofnamesfortheYankees.

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Andersonville National Historic Site National Park ServiceU.S. Department of the Interior

WitnessSamuel Hall

The Trial of Henry WirzMock Trial Curriculum

IresideinMaconcounty,Georgia.Ihavelivedthereduringtherebellion,tenmilesfromAndersonville.Ivis-itedtheprisonatAndersonvillefrequently,fromAugust,1864,tillApril,1865.Iobservedtheconditionoftheprisonatadistance,nearenoughtogiveanopinionwithregardtotheconditionoftheprison.WhenIfirstsawitinthemonthofAugustitwasliterallycrammedandpacked;therewasscarcelyroomforlocomotion.Itwasdestituteofshelter,aswellasIcouldjudge,andatthattimetherewasgreatmortalityamongtheprison-ers.ImetCaptainWirzwhileIwasthere.IinferthathewasincommandoftheprisonfromcircumstanceswhichIcanstatetothecourt.WhenIsawhimhewaswritinginanofficethathadasignabovethedoorofitCommandantoftheInteriorPrison.

Iknowofaruleinthesouthernconfederacyduringtherebellioninregardtolevyingtithesofproducts;therewasanactoftheconfederatecongressthatrequiredone-tenthofallthefarmproductstobepaidinasatax.Itwasveryrigidlyenforced.Therewasaconsiderableamountofprovisionsaccumulatedinthatway.Mybusinesscalledmethroughthatpartofthecountry;Ipassedthroughitfrequently.Thegovernmenthadabutcher-peninOglethorpe,atwhichIthinkinthewinterof1863-64theyslaughteredsome5,000headofhogs,perhapsalessnumber.Inthewinterof1864-65porkwasslaughteredthere;whatamountIdontpre-ciselyremember.Theonlyothercommissarysorquartermastersstoresthattheyhadthere,thatIknowof,werethosereceivedfromthetithes,whichwerebacon,corn,oats,fodder,wheat,peeledpeas,groundpeas,perhapssirup.Thestoreswerehauledoffasrapidlyastheyweregatheredtotherailroaddepots,andsenttothearmiesofTennesseeandVirginia.OglethorpeisabouttenmilesfromAndersonville.Idonotthinkthattheone-tenthwhichtheyimpressedinthatwaycouldhavesuppliedtheenormouswantsoftheconfederategovernment;Iknowitcouldnot..

IresideatOglethorpe,inMaconcounty;itisnorthwardfromAndersonville.IwasatAndersonvilleseveraltimesinAugust;Idontknowhowmanytimes.IwasinsidetheprisonlastDecember;itwasatthattimeliter-allycrammed.Icanformnoestimateofhowmanywereinsideexceptfromwhattheofficerstoldme.Ineversawmenascloselypackedastheywere.IonlyknowfromwhatGeneralWindertoldmeastohowtheycametobethereatthattime.GeneralWinderstatedtomethatthatprisonwasbuiltfortheaccommodationofabout10,000men;thatbeforeitwascompletedtheprisonersatRichmondandotherpointsinVirginiawereextremelyunsafe,byreasonofaraid;theywererushedoutfromLibby,BelleIslandandelsewhere,andputintothatprison.Heregrettedthatitwassocrowded;hewantedtobuildotherprisons,andstatedthatbewasproceedingtodoitasrapidlyasthemeansathiscommandwouldenablehimtodoso.

Hespokeaboutthedeficiencyofhismeans;hestatedthathecouldnotgetthetimber,thathecouldnotgetthelabor,thathehadimpressedallthesawmillsinthatcountrythathecouldimpress;thathehadgottimberfromeveryquarterwherehecouldgetit,andthathecouldnotevenfurnishthosewhoweretherewithshel-ter.Igotapasstogoinsidethestockade.Itwascertainlynecessarytohavethatpasssystem.Ifhehadallowedintercoursewiththeprisonersfromeverybodyoutside,Idontsupposehecouldhavekeptthemthereverylong.ThatIthinkmustbeobvious.

IamnotanativeofGeorgia;IamanativeofSouthCarolina,butIhaveresidedinGeorgiaforthirtyyears.SofarasIsaw,theprisonersinsidethestockadeatAndersonvillehadnoshelteratallexceptsuchastheymadethemselvesbydiggingholesandputtingupblankets.FromtheroadIhaveseentheguardcampswithloghuts,brusharbors,andthingsofthatsortputup.Theyhadmoreshelterthantheprisoners. 19

Andersonville National Historic Site National Park ServiceU.S. Department of the Interior

WitnessW. D. Hammock - Guard, 55th GA Inf.

The Trial of Henry WirzMock Trial Curriculum

IwenttoAndersonvilleonthe14thofFebruary1864andleftonthe7thofApril1865.Iwasoverayearthere.Iwasdetailedonthe9thofJuly1864,andreportedtoCaptainWirzthenextday.IdidnotshootprisonersatAndersonville.Isawamanwhowasshot,butdidnotseehimshot;Isawhimdirectlyafterwards.Ihaveseenothermenshotbesidesthatone.IheardofitandIsawthemen.CaptainWirzneverorderedmetoshootprisoners,nordidheeverpromisetogivemeafurloughforshootingaprisoner. WhenwehadordersCaptainWirzwouldorderustoreadthemtotheninetiesinsidethestockade;sometimeswewouldgivethemtothesergeantoftheninetytoread,andifwehadenough,wewouldgiveeachdivisionacopy.Allordersconnectedwiththeprisonwerepublishedthere.Ididnotknowanythingaboutanyordersbeinggiveninrelationtoparticularpartsofthestockade.IneverreceivedanyordersordirectionsinregardtothestockadeTherewasageneralorderthatprisonersshouldnotcrossthedeadline.

OurinstructionsfromCaptainWirzweretocalltherolliftheirnumberwasnotcorrect,andthesergeantcouldnotaccountforthem,weweretojustgoalongandleavethemstandingtheyuntiltheygotcorrectTheorderwasthatiftheycouldnotaccountforthementheywouldlosetheirrations.IknowthatsomemenwhowerecalledStonemansRaidersweresearched,andonesquadbeforethat.Idontknowwheretheycamefrom;theirknapsacksweretakenfromthemIneverreceivedanyordersfromCaptainWirztotakeawayanymansblanket,clothing,oranythingofthatkind,ortodepriveamanofanyothercomfortthathehad,unlesstheywereStonemansRaidersIunderstoodtheorderstosearchStonemansRaiderscamefromGeneralWinder.

IknowsomethingaboutCaptainWirzbeingabsentforatime.HelefttheresometimeaboutthelastofJuly;DavistookcommandsometimeaboutthelastofJuly,andCaptainWirzdidnotreturntillperhapsthelastofAugustIsawCaptainWirzinSeptember,helookedsickandfeebleandbad.Hewasinafeebleconditionbeforehegaveupassick.

CaptainWirznevershotorbeatorkickedaprisonerofwarwhileIwasondutytheretomyknowledge.IhavesaidthatIhaveseenhimtakeholdofmenlikeanyofficerwould,whenthemenwerestandinginfullranks,anddrawthemtotheirplacesiftheywerenotexactlyright.Hegenerallyspokeveryshorttothem.Hedidnotspeakkindlytoanybody;healwaysspokeshort.Hewasveryprofane,oneoftheprofanestmenIeversaw.Hehadaveryseveretemper.IneversawhimmistreataprisonerofwarIamnotpositivethathecursedhimatthesametime,butitismorethanlikelyhedid,becausethatwashisnaturalstyleofconversationIhaveseenapistolinhishandagoodmanytimes.IdonotknowthatIeversawhimdrawit;Iknowhewoulddrawitforawholesquad,andwouldthreatentoshootthemiftheydidnotdosoandso;butIdonotthinkIeversawhimdrawitononeman.

Confederatesoldiersweretreatedinthesamewayasfederalprisoners,withtheexceptionoftheirbeingchainedtogether.IknowthatConfederatesoldiershavehadonballandchain,butIhgavenotseenthemchainedtooneanother.IneversawConfederatesoldiersinachain-gaing,butIhaveseenthemwithballonchainon.IhaveseentheminthestocksIsawConfederatesoldiersthereveryoftenTheytookabarrel,knockedoutoneheadofit,cutaholeintheotherlargeenoughforamansheadtogothrough,andputitonthem.Thatpunishmentwasinflictedbyorderofcourt-martial. Someclothescametherebythesanitarycommission,markedassuch,butIdonotrecollectwhattimetheycame.Ididnotwearanyofthem;CaptainWirznevergavemeanythinginhislifeIneverobtainedanyclothinginthatway;IdontknowanyoftheConfedeatesoldersthatdid.IhaveseenConfederatesoldierswearthem,buttheyneverprocuredthemfromCaptainWirz;Ithinkalloftheparoledprisonersdrewthem.Iwastherewhentheywentintogettheirsuitsofclothes.

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Andersonville National Historic Site National Park ServiceU.S. Department of the Interior

WitnessWilliam Bull

The Trial of Henry WirzMock Trial Curriculum

IhavebeeninthemilitaryserviceoftheUnitedStatesinCompanyA,MeansIndependentLondonRangers,fromtheStateofVirginia.Theywereloyal.IwasaprisoneratAndersonville.WhenIgotthereIwasputinthestockadeIthengotoutonparole.

IwasatthedepotinAndersonvilleinJanuary,February,andMarch,1865.Isawstorehousesthere.Therewasplentyofpork,beans,andpeasinthem.Isawvegetablesoutsidethestockadeduringthesummerof1864forsale.Thearticleswerecabbage,corn,andpotatoes.Isawmelonsandpeachestoo.IhelpedcarryabarrelofrottenporkfromCaptainWirzshousetothedepot.Itwasrotten,andstunkbad,andwasplacedamongtherationsthatweresentintothestockade.Ihelpedtotakebackabarreloffreshporkinplaceofit.TheporkwasexchangedbyorderofCaptainWirz.IworkedforColonelThomas,nextdoor,andwassentintohelptakeitdown.Thebadporkwasputintoapile,andwasissuedoutthatafternoontothestockade. Isawsanitaryclothingthere.Outofeveryhundredmenabouttengotalittlepantsorsomethingofthatkind.Isawrebelshaveitonpants,shoes,andblankets.Idonotknowhowtheygotthem.IsawsomerebelsergeantshavethemTheclothingwasbroughttherewhileweweregettingoutoftherouteofSherman.Itwasdistributedinthehospital;andIsupposethatwhichwasinCaptainWirzshandswastheremainsofwhatwasnotgivenout.IsawthisclothingonConfederatesoldiers.Isupposethesegotthemfromtheboxes.Isawsomeofthemwearingsanitaryshoes.Isawthreeorfoureverydaywithanewpairofshoeson.CaptainWirzhadaboutahalfdozenboxesinhishouse.Ithinksomewereordinaryshoeboxesandsomeclothingboxes.Ilookedintoonlyone.

CaptainWirzgavemeorders,whenIwenttoColonelThomasshouse,nottogointohishouse.Mrs.ThomasThomas,theladyIwasworkingfor,toldmeonedaytogooverthere.ItoldherwhatCaptainWirzhadsaid.Shesaidthatitmadenodifference,andshesentmeoverwithanote.IpassedthroughtwoorthreeroomsinCaptainWirzshouse,andinoneroomIsawtwoorthreeboxes.Ihadheardthathehadsomeshoesthere.Ilookedintooneboxandsawsomesanitaryshoesinit.Idonotknowwhatwasintheotherboxes.Isawsanitaryshoesonhis[slave]sfeetwhichhehadgiventoher.Isawtwoorthreepairthatshehadgot.

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Andersonville National Historic Site National Park ServiceU.S. Department of the Interior

DefendantCaptain Henry Wirz

The Trial of Henry WirzMock Trial Curriculum

IamheretoanswerforallmyofficialandpersonalactsatAndersonville,andifIcanconvincethiscourtthattheyhavebeenvoidofoffensebeforeGodandman,ItrustthatIshallnotbeheldresponsiblefortheofficialorpersonalmisdeedsofothers.ThatisallIask.Bymyownactsletmebejudged,andiftheyhavebeensuchastowarrantmyconvictiononanyoneofthechargesorspecificationspreferredagainstme,letmebevisitedwithpunishmentcommensurate,withtheoffense.Idonotaskmercy,butIdemandjustice.

Ibelievethatthatwhichtheproofoftheexistenceofaconspiracyistheexpressionattributedtomebysomeofthewitnesses,thatIwasofmoreservicetotheconfederategovernmentthananyregimentatthefront,connectedwithequallywickedandsignificantexpressionsattributedtoGeneralWinder,GeneralHowellCobb,andCaptainW.S.Winder.GeneralWinderhasgonetothegreatjudgmentseattoanswerforallhisthoughts,words,anddeeds;andIsurelyamnottobeheldculpableforthem.

IthinkImayalsoclaimasaself-evidentproposition,thatifI,asubordinateofficer,merelyobeyedthelegalordersofmysuperiorsinthedischargeofmyofficialduties,Icannotbeheldresponsibleforthemotiveswhichdictatedsuchorders,andifIoversteppedthem,violatingthelawsofwarandoutraginghumanity,Iamtobetriedandpunishedaccordingtothemeasureofmyoffense.Aswellmighteverygeneral,colonel,andcaptainintherebelservicebeheldcriminallyresponsibleasaco-conspiratorwiththechiefsoftherebellionasI,whosimplyheldasubordinatepositionatAndersonville,beheldtoanswerwithmylifeforthemotiveswhichmayormaynothaveinspiredmysuperiorofficers.ForallthesecausesIhumbly,butconfidentlysubmitthatonthefirstchargeaverdictofnotguiltymustberendered. Inowcometothesecondcharge:AmIthepersonwho,frommypositionatAndersonville,shouldproperlybeheldaccountableforthecrowdedconditionofthestockade,thewantofshelter,theunwholesomenessoffood,theimpurityofthewater,theinadequacyofhospitalaccommodation,andthelackofmedicineandmedicalsupplies,allwhichcausescombinedledtothedreadfulmortalitywhichprevailedatthatplace?Theonlyquestionwithmehere,asitisallthroughthecase,is,wasItobeblamedfortheexistenceofthosethings?IfIhaveviolatedthelawsofwar,ifIhaveoutragedhumanity,ifIhaveperpetratedanyofthemurdersoratrocitieslaidtomycharge,letmesuffer.Apoorsubordinateofficershouldnothavehadtheordinaryperformanceofhisroutinedutiestreatedandcharacterizedasproofofhisbeingaconspirator;norshouldhehavebeencalledupontobearuponhisover-burdenedshouldersthefaultsormisdeedsofothers.

IwasnotthemonsterthatIhavebeendepictedasbeing;thatIdidnotcauseordelightinthesadspectacleofthesufferings,woes,anddeathofUnionprisoners;thatIdidnotcontributetotheirsufferings,butthat,onthecontrary,Ididwhatlittlelayinmypowertodiminishoralleviatethem.Astothechargeofmurder,itcannotbeexpectedthatIshouldbeabletodefendmyselfagainstthevagueallegations,themurky,foggy,indefinite,andcontradictorytestimony,inwhichthesocalledmurdersarewrapped.Thetruthinthismatteristobefound,asusual,midwaybetweenthetwopoints.

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Andersonville National Historic Site National Park ServiceU.S. Department of the Interior

EvidencePhotograph of Andersonville PrisonAugust, 1864

The Trial of Henry WirzMock Trial Curriculum

Andersonville PrisonPhoto by A.J. RiddleAugust 1864Showing Prisoner Shelters

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Andersonville National Historic Site National Park ServiceU.S. Department of the Interior

EvidenceLetter written by a ConfederateDoctor at Andersonville

The Trial of Henry WirzMock Trial Curriculum

FIRSTDIVISION,C.S.M.P.HOSPITAL,September5,1864.SurgeonE.D.EILAND,inchargeFirstDivisionC.S.M.P.Hospital.

SIR:Asofficeroftheday,forthepasttwenty-fourhours,Ihaveinspectedthehospitalandfounditinasgoodconditionasthenatureofthecircumstanceswillallow.Amajorityofthebunksarestillunsuppliedwithbedding,whileinaportionofthedivisionthetentsareentirelydestituteofeitherbunks,beddingorstraw,thepatientsbeingcompelledtolieuponthebareground.Iwouldearnestlycallattentiontothearticleofdiet.Thecornbreadreceivedfromthebakerybeingmadeupwithoutsifting,iswhollyunfitfortheuseofthesick;andoftenuponexamination,theinnerportionisfoundtobeperfectlyraw.Themeatreceivedbythepatientsdoesnotamounttoovertwoouncesaday,andforthepastthreeorfourdaysnoflourhasbeenissued.Thecornbreadcannotbeeatenbymany,fortodosowouldbetoincreasethediseasesofthebowels,fromwhichalargemajorityaresuffering,anditisthereforethrownaway.Alltheirrationsreceivedbywayofsustenanceistwoouncesofboiledbeefandhalfpintofricesoupperday.Underthesecircumstances,alltheskillthatcanbebroughttobearupontheircasesbythemedicalofficerwillavailnothing.AnotherpointtowhichIfeelitmydutytocallyourattentionisthedeficiencyofmedicines.Wehavebutlittlemorethanindigenousbarksandrootswithwhichtotreatthenumerousformsofdiseasetowhichourattentionisdailycalled.Forthetreatmentofwounds,ulcers,&c.,wehaveliterallynothingexceptwater.

Ourwards-someofthem-werefilledwithgangrene,andwearecompelledtofoldourarmsandlookquietlyuponitsravages,notevenhavingstimulantstosupportthesystemunderitsdepressinginfluences,thisarticlebeingsolimitedinsupplythatitcanonlybeissuedforcasesundertheknife.Iwouldrespectfullycallyourearnestattentiontotheabovefacts,inthehopethatsomethingmaybedonetoalleviatethesufferingsofthesick.

Iam,sir,veryrespectfully,yourobedientservant,

J.CREWSPELOT,AssistantSurgeonC.S.andOfficeroftheDay.

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Andersonville National Historic Site National Park ServiceU.S. Department of the Interior

EvidenceMap of Andersonville

The Trial of Henry WirzMock Trial Curriculum

Map drawn by prisoner Robert Sneden.Library of Congress, Virginia Historical Society, Library of Virginia Richmond

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Andersonville National Historic Site National Park ServiceU.S. Department of the Interior

EvidenceList of supplies sent to Andersonvilleby the US Sanitary Commission

The Trial of Henry WirzMock Trial Curriculum

From the Trial of Henry Wirz, p. 417

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National Park ServiceU.S. Department of the Interior

EvidenceLetters written by Captain Henry Wirz

The Trial of Henry WirzMock Trial Curriculum

HeadquartersCommanderofPrisonCampSumter,Andersonville,GA

June6,1864

CaptainA.D.Chapman:

Imostrespectfullycalltheattentionofthecolonelcommandingpost,throughyou,tothefollowingfacts:Thebreadwhichisissuedtoprisonersisofsuchaninferiorquality,consistingfullyofone-sixthofhusk,thatitisalmostunfitforuse,andincreasingdysenteryandotherbowelcomplaints.Iwouldwishthatthecommissaryofthepostbenotifiedtohavethemealbolted[filtered],orsomeothercontrivancearrangetosiftthemealbeforeissueing.Ifthemeal,suchasisnow,wassifted,thebreadrationswouldfallshortfullyone-quarterofapound.Thereisagreatdeficiencyofbuckets.Rationsofrice,beans,vinegar,andmolasses,cannotbeissuedtoprisonersforwantofbuckets;atleast8,000meninthestockadebeingwithoutanythingofthesort.IfmyinformationiscorrectanynumberofbucketscanbegotfromColumbus,Georgia,ifthequartermasterofthepostwouldmaketherequisitionforthesame.Hopingthatyouwillgivethisyourattentionassoonaspossible.Iremain,captain,mostrespectfully,yourobidientservant,

H.WirzCaptainCommandingPrison

HeadquartersConfederateStatesMilitaryPrisonCampSumterSumter,August1,1864

ColonelD.T.Chander:

...Allowmetopointouttoyousomeitemswhich,ifpossible,oughttobeattendedto.Wehaveaninadequatesupplyoftoolstoputtheinteriorofthepriosninapropercondition;weneedaxes,wheelbarrows,andsuchthings;weneedlumber,lime,iron,sheetironforbakingpans.

Theprison,althoughalargeadditionhasbeenmade,istoocrowded;almostdailylargenumbersofprisonersarrive,andbeforetwoweeksitwillbeinthesameconditionitwasbeforetheadditionwasmade,andallinternalimprovements,whichyouareawareyourselfareoftheutmostimportance,willcometoadeadhaltforwantofroom.Aslongas30,000menareconfinedinanyenclosure,theproperpolicingisaltogetherimpossible...

...Therationsaremostlythesameasforourownmen,1/2ofapoundofbacon,11/4poundcornmeal,or1poundoffreshbeefinlieuofbacon;occassionallybeans,molasses,andriceisisued;vinegarandsop,bothveryimportantarticles,areveryseldomissued,asthecommissarysayshecannotgetthem.Scurvyistheprincipaldisease,anditandallotherdiseasesareinanundueproportionconfinedtotheoldprisoners,whowerefirstatBelleIsle,Richmond.TheguardwhichIrequireforsafekeepingoftheprisonersisentirelyinsufficient...[they]areperfectlyundrilledandundisciplined...

...HopingyourofficialreportwillmakesuchanimpressionwiththeauthoritiesatRichmondthattheywillissuethenecessaryorderstoenableustogetwhatwesobadlyneed.

Iremain,Colonel,mostrespectfully,yourobedientservant,H.WirzCapt.,AAG,CommandingPrison 27

Andersonville National Historic Site National Park ServiceU.S. Department of the Interior

ConclusionWhat happened to Henry Wirz?

The Trial of Henry WirzMock Trial Curriculum

HenryWirzwasultimatelyfoundguiltybythemilitarytribunalofviolatingthelawsofwar,includingtheintentionalmistreatmentofprisonersandthemurderofprisoners.HewassentencedtodeathandwashungonNovember10,1865.HissupportershavelongclaimedthathewasofferedapardoninexchangefortestifyingagainstJeffersonDavisandRobertE.Lee,althoughthereisnoevidencetosupportthis.

Intheyearsafterthewar,WirzsmemorybecamearallyingcryforsouthernerswhofeltthathehadbeenunfairlytargetedbyavengefulUnitedStatesgovernment.In1909,anorganizationcalledtheUnitedDaughtersoftheConfederacyerectedamonumenttoWirzinthetownofAndersonville,proclaimingWirzthemartyroftheConfederacy.Morethanacenturyafterhisdeath,theSonsofConfederateVeteransorganizationawardedWirzaMedalofHonorinrecognitionofhisservicetotheConfederacy.FewfiguresoftheCivilWarsparkasmuchcontroversyanddebateasdoesHenryWirz.

ThelegacyoftheWirzTrialisthatitbecamethebasisformilitarytribunalsintheUnitedStates.Itisoftenreferredtoastheworldsfirstwarcrimestrial.AttheendofWorldWarII,theUnitedStatesmilitaryusedtribunalsmodeledonthatofHenryWirztoprosecuteNazisfortheircrimesagainsttheJewishpopulationinEurope.EventheNazisdefensessoundeerilysimilartothoseofWirz:Iwasjustfollowingorders;ImnotintheAmericanmilitarythereforeIcannotbetriedbytheUSArmedForces;Iamundertheprotectionofasurrenderandparoleattheendofthewararealldefensesusedinboth1865and1945.Inbothcases,theUnitedStatesarguedthatthelawsofwardictatedthatinthecasesofatrocitiessuchasAndersonville,militaryjusticewasappropriate.Eveninthe21stcentury,militarytribunalscontinuetobethemeansbywhichtheAmericanmilitaryprosecutesenemycombatantsandterroristsforviolatingthelawsofwar.

The execution of Henry Wirz - November 10, 1865

The Wirz Monument - Andersonville, GA

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Andersonville National Historic Site National Park ServiceU.S. Department of the Interior

Follow UpPoints for Discussion& Assessment

The Trial of Henry WirzMock Trial Curriculum

Forassessmentandfollowup,thesearemerelysuggestionsfordiscussionpointswithstudents.Feelfreetoincorporatetheseintoassignments,writingprompts,projects,tests,orevenjustaclassdiscussion.

1.Havemembersofthemilitarytribunalexplaintotheclasswhytheyreachedtheverdicttheydid. 2.Havemembersoftheprosecutionteamexplainwhattheyfoundeasy&difficultabouttheircase.

3.ThestudentplayingtheroleofHenryWirzcansharetheirthoughtsaboutthetrial.Didtheyfeelliketheyhadachance?Diditfeellikeeverythingwasturningagainstthem?

4.Didthemilitarytribunalfeelfair?Whyorwhynot?

5.WouldWirzhavegottenabetterorworsetrialifitwereheldinaciviliancourt?

6.Shouldleadersofanenemyarmybeheldaccountableintrialsafterthewariscomplete?

7.WhataretheSimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweentheWirzTrialandNuremburgTrialsof1945?

8.Shouldmilitarytribunalsbeusedtodaytoprosecutethosesuspectedofviolatingmilitarylaworthelawsofwar?

9.Shouldprisonersofwarbeaffordedspecialcareunderthelawsofwar?Whyorwhynot?

10.Aretherecircumstancesyoucanthinkofwhereamilitaryleaderinchargeofprisonerscouldbeexcusedforthemistreatmentofthoseprisoners?

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Andersonville National Historic Site National Park ServiceU.S. Department of the Interior

Further Reading& Resources

The Trial of Henry WirzMock Trial Curriculum

AmericanRedCross,ExploringHumanitarianLawCurriculum. www.redcross.org/ehl

Banfield,Susan.TheAndersonvillePrisonCivilWarCrimesTrial:AHeadlineCourtCase.EnslowPublishers,2000.

Cloyd,Benjamin.HauntedbyAtrocity:CivilWarPrisonsinAmericanMemory.LSUpress,2010.

Futch,Ovid.HistoryofAndersonvillePrison.UniversityofFloridaPress,1968.

Kellogg,RobertH.LifeandDeathinRebelPrisons.Hartford,1865.

Leonard,ElizabethD.LincolnsAvengers:Justice,Revenge,andReunionAftertheCivilWar.W.W.Norton&Company,2004.

Marvel,William.Andersonville:TheLastDepot.UniversityofNorthCarolinaPress,1994.

Osiel,Mark.MakingSenseofMassAtrocity.CambridgeUniversityPress,2009.

TheTrialOfHenryWirz,1866.http://go.nps.gov/wirztrial

Witt,JohnFabian.LincolnsCode:TheLawsofWarinAmericanHistory.FreePress,2012.

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Andersonville National Historic Site National Park ServiceU.S. Department of the Interior

The Trial of Henry WirzMock Trial CurriculumAndersonvilleNationalHistoricSite

496CemeteryRoadAndersonville,GA31711www.nps.gov/andewww.facebook.com/AndersonvilleNPS

ThismocktrialcurriculumwasdevelopedbycertifiededucatorsandthestaffatAndersonvilleNationalHistoricSite.AdditionalsupportwasprovidedbytheAmericanRedCrossandtheExploringHumanitarianLawCurriculum,whichencouragesstudentstobuildanalyticalskillsastheyexploredifferentperspectivesontherulesofconflict,theeffectsofwaronhumanlifeandtheirpersonalconnectionstowar.