THE TRADITION OF TRANSLATION OF SANSKRIT TEXT INTO PERSIAN

CHANDRAGUPTA BHARTIYA

INTRODUCTION

• Many books of Sanskrit like the Vedas, Upnishadas, the epics- Ramayana and Mahabharta, Bhagvadgita, Yogvashishtha, Kathasaritsagar, Abhigyanshakuntalam, Lilavati, Panchantantra, Kathopnishada e.t.c. of Sanskrit, have been translated to Persian. This translation work has continued from time to time including before the Moghal era and continue to be done so till today.

THE TRADITION OF TRANSLATION OF SANSKRIT TEXT INTO PERSIAN

FIRST TRANSLATION

• The tradition of translation of Sanskrit-text into foreign languages is age-old. It is difficult to find out which is the oldest Sanskrit text to have been translated, and in which language had it first been translated. But some scholars say that before 570 AD, the Pahalavi translation of the Sanskrit text ‘Panchatantra’ by Borzya is most probably the first translation of a Sanskrit text into Pahalavi (Middle Persian) language. Afterwards, it was translated into many languages such as Syriac, Greek, Arabic, Hebrew, Persian, Spanish, English, etc.

THE PERIOD OF FIROZ SHAH TUGHLAQ(1351-1388 AD)

• In the period of Firoz Shah Tughlaq (1351-1388AD), Izzuddeen Khalid Khani translated a Sanskrit Astronomy book into Persian language by the name of ‘Dola-il-e-Firojshahi’.

• Then Abdul Ajiz Shaqs Baheruni (Shams Alif Siraz) translated Barahmihir’s Brihatsamhita into Persian.

• At that time a music text book in Sanskrit ‘Sangeet Darpan’ was translated into Persian as ‘Khunyat-ul-Mumya’.

• In 1370-71AD, Firojshah Tughlaq found around 1300 Sanskrit manuscripts and these manuscripts were translated into Persian by the order of Firojshah Tughlaq.

THE TIME OF SIKANDAR LODI(1489-1517 AD)

• During the time of Sikandar Lodi (1489-1517AD), Mayan Yunat Khan translated a Sanskrit Medical textbook named ‘Mahavaidyak’ into Persian and named it ‘Tibbe-Sikandari’.

• In the reign of Mohammad Shah Bahamani, Vagabhatta’s Sanskrit-text ‘Ashtanghridayam’ was translated into Persian and named ‘Tibbe-Mahmudashani’.

THE TIME OF HUMAYUN(1530-1556 AD)

• During the period of Humayun (1530-1556AD), Sanskrit-text ‘Amritkunda’ was translated into Persian by Sufi Mohammad Sarini.

• Then, in the reign of Nasaruddin (Ethe says that most probably Humayun was the Nasaruddin), Sanskrit text ‘Hitopadesh’ was translated into Persian as ‘Mufa-Rihul-Qutul’ (Tajam-ali-taj-mufti-al-Maliq) and Taj-al-ghani.

THE PERIOD OF AKBAR(1556-1905 AD)

• A number of Persian translations of Sanskrit texts were done during the rule of Akbar. This era is called as the ‘Golden Era’ for the Persian translation of Sanskrit-texts. By Akbar’s orders, many Sanskrit texts were translated into Persian language such as Vedas, Upanishads, Ramayana, Mahabharata, Bhagavadgita, Yogavashistha, Rajatarangini, Kathasaritsagar, Sinhasandwavinshatika, Vetalpanchvinshatika, Lilawati, Bhaskaracharya’s Siddhantashiomani, Nal-Damayanti-Upakhyam, etc. Besides, some other books related to Music, Medical Sciences, Astronomy, Mathematics, Stories of Puranas, Indian Philosophy, etc. were translated during this period.

• Mustafa Khalid daad Abbasi translated ‘Panchatantra’ into Persian and titled it ‘Panch Ammana’, in the period of Akbar. This work was published by Aligarh Muslim University in 1973 and afterwards from Tehran in 1984.

• Narayana Pandit’s ‘Hitopadesh’ was translated by Tajuddin Mufti under the title ‘Mufarahull-Qutub’ in this period.

THE PERIOD OF JAHANGIR(1605-1627 AD)

• After Akbar, during the reign of Jahangir (1605-1627 AD) Sanskrit text ‘Yogavashishtha’ was translated into Persian by Nijam Panipati. He completed this work along with two Brahmin pundits (scholars).

THE PERIOD OF AURANGZEB(1618-1707 AD)

• Then, towards the end of Aurangzeb’s reign, (1618-1707 AD), Roopnarayan Khatri translated ‘Kathopnishada’ (Nachiketa) into Persian as ‘Haqate-Nachiketa’.

• ‘Prabodhachandroday’ was also translated into Persian by Bhikam Vairagi under the name ‘Gulzare Hal’ of ‘Tulu-e-Qamare-Ma’arafat’.

• Besides, Dara Shukuh (elder son of Shahjahan) translated Bagwadgita into Persian. Moreover, he also translated 22 Upanishads into Persian as ‘Sirre-Akabar’

MODERN ERA

• Persian translation of Kalidasa’s ‘Abhigyan-Shakuntalam’ was done by Prof. Ali Asgar Heqamat. Thereafter, Prof. Hadi Hasan also translated it into Persian by referring to William John’s English translation of ‘Abhigyan-Shakuntalam’.

• Prof. S.A.H. Abidi translated the ‘Vikramorvashayam’ into Persian.

CATEGORIZATION OF PERSIAN TRANSLATIONS OF SANSKRIT TEXTS:

1. Translations of fiction and poetic texts.

2. Translations of Historical texts.

3. Translations of Dharmshashtra.

4. Translations of Purana.

5. Translations of Philosophical texts.

6. Translations of Religious texts.

7. Translations of Mathematical texts.

8. Translations of Astronomical texts.

9. Translations of Medical and Pharmacological texts.

10. Translations of Science or Scientific texts.

11. Translations of Erotological texts.

12. Translations of Musical texts.

13. Translations of mixed contents.

NALOPĀKHYĀNA (नलोपाख्यायन) - NAL-O- DAMAN ( و نل (دمن

• This is a Persian translation of the story of Nala and Damayantī (Nalopākhyāna), the story has been taken from Mahābhārata. The Persian translation is in maṯnawī form. This maṯnawī is in 4,200 verses was written by Fayżī (1595 AD) for Mughal emperor Akbar (1556-1605 AD) and is regarded as a masterpiece of Indo-Persian poetry.

i. Title of original source (In Sanskrit): Nalopākhyāna (From The Mahābhārata).

ii. Title of Persian translation: Nalodaman ( دمن و (نلiii. Translator: Fayżī

iv. Year of composition: Hegira 1003, Gregorian 1594

v. Dedicatee: Akbar (1556-1605 AD)

RĀJATARAṄGINĪ (राजतरङ्गि�नी) - RĀJ TARANGĪ ( ترنگی (راج

• The Persian translation of the Sanskrit Rājataraṅginī, the history of Kashmir written by Kalhaṇa towards the middle of the 12th century. Mullā Šāh Muḥammad had translated it into Persian. This translation was made for Akbar in 1590. The translation has been rewritten in an easy style by ‘Abd al-Qādir Badā’ūnī in 1591.

i. Mss. British Museum, Add. 24,032.

ii. Title of original source (In Sanskrit): Rājataraṅginī

iii. Authors of original source: Kalhaṇa

iv. Title of Persian translation: Rāj tarangī (– ترنگی (راج

v. Translater : Mullā Šāh Muḥammad - ‘Abd al-Qādir Badā’ūnī

vi. Commissioner: Akbar (1556-1605 AD) .

MITĀKṢARĀ (मि�ताक्षरा)-TARJUMA-YI-MĪTAČHARA ( میتجهر (ترجمًه

• This is a Persian translation of the Sanskrit Mitākṣarā, a legal commentary on the Yājñavalkyasmṛti (3rd-5th cent.) written by Vijñāneśvara in the 11th-12th century. The date of composition and name of the translator are unknown, but it must have been made before the year 1729 in which the copy at the Asiatic Society of Bengal was transcribed. The original text of the Mitākṣarā was considered one of the main authorities on Hindu Law by the British Courts in India.

i. Mss. Asiatic Society of Bengal, Calcutta, No. 1710

ii. Title of original source (In Sanskrit): Mitākṣarā (मि�ताक्षरा)iii. Author of original source: Vijñāneśvara

iv. Translator: unknown.

ŚIVA PURĀṆA ( शि�व पुराण) - ŠĪW PURĀN ( پُران (شیَو

• Persian translation of the Sanskrit Śiva Purāṇa, in seventy four adhyāyas, made by Kišan Singh, son of Rāi Prān Nāth of Siyālkōt, in 1689 AD.

i. Mss. India Office library 1958

ii. Title of original source (In Sanskrit):Śiva Purāṇa( शि�व पुराण)

iii. Title of the Persian translation: Šīw Purān ( پُران (شیوَ

iv. Translator: Kišan Singh.

BHAGAVADGĪTĀ (भगवद्गीता) MIR'ĀT AL-ḤAQĀ'IQ ( الحقاعق (مرعت

• An abridged translation of the Sanskrit philosophical poem Bhagavadgītā, written in 1064/1653 by the sufi ‘Abd al-Raḥmān Čištī (d. 1094/1682), also the author of Mir'āt al-maḫlūqā. The Mir'āt al-ḥaqā'iq ("The Mirror of Realities") represents not so much a translation of the original text but a commentary on it.

i. Mss. Aligarh Muslim University H.G. 21/285.

ii. Mss. British Library Or. 1883/IX.

iii. Title of original source (In Sanskrit): Bhagavadgītāv(भगवद्गीता)iv. Title of Persian translation: Mir'āt al-ḥaqā'iq ( الحقاعق (مرعت

v. Translator: ‘Abd al-Raḥmān Čištī

vi. Year of composition: Hegira 1064, Gregorian 1653

HINDU COSMOGONY - MIR'ĀT AL-MAḪLŪQĀT ( المحلوقات (مرعت

• This is a unidentified Sanskrit treatise on Hindu cosmogony, the Mir'āt al-maḫlūqāt ("The Mirror of Creatures") was written in the early 17th century by the sufi ‘Abd al-Raḥmān Čištī (1094/1682), also the author of Mir’āt al-ḥaqā’iq (q.v.).

i. Ms. Aligarh Muslim University H.G. 21/343.347.

ii. Ms. British Library Or. 1883/VIII.

iii. Title of original source (In Sanskrit): unidentified Sanskrit treatise on Hindu cosmogony.

iv. Title of Persian translation: Mir'āt al-maḫlūqāt ( المحلوقات .(مرعت

v. Translator: ‘Abd al-Raḥmān Čištī

vi. written in the early '50s of the 17th century.

vii. unidentified Sanskrit treatise on Hindu cosmogony.

UPANIṢADAS - SIRR-I AKBAR ( اکبر (سر

• The Sirr-i akbar ("The Greatest Secret") is a Persian translation of a collection of fifty Upaniṣads, made at the instance of prince Muḥammad Dārā Šikōh by a number of unnamed paṇḍits from Benares.

• Edition: Ūpānīšād, 2 vols., ed. by M.R. Jalālī Nā’īnī - Tārā Chand, Tehrān, Intišārāt-i-ilmī, 1961 (1340 Samshi).

i. Title of original source: Upaniṣad

ii. Alternative Persian title: Sirr al-asrār

iii. Year of composition: Hegira 1067, Gregorian 1657

iv. Commissioner: Muḥammad Dārā Šikōh (1615-1659)

BHAGAVADGĪTĀ (भगवद्गीता) – BHAGAV DGITA ( گیتا (بهگود

• This Persian translation of Bhagavadgītā is written by Mohammad Drara Shukooh. Dara Shukooh’s Persian translation of Bhagvatgita was in prose form and has been published by two people. The first edition being of Ajmal Khan, and the second edition being of Sayyid Mohamad Raza Jalali Naini.

i. Title of original source (In Sanskrit): Bhagavadgītāv(भगवद्गीता)ii. Title of Persian translation: Bhagav dgita ( گیتا (بهگودiii. Translator: Dara Shukooh (1615-1659).

iv. written in 17th century.

YOGAVĀSIṢṬHASĀRA (योगवाशि�ष्ठ) - AṬWĀR DAR ḤALL-I ASRĀR ( حال در اتوار(اثرار

• This is a Persian translation of the Sanskrit Yogavāsiṣṭhasāra, by one Šayḫ Ṣūfī Šarīf Qubjahānī (or Quṭbjahānī, Kubjahānī, Ḫwubjahānī), also the author of ‘Ajā’ib al-afkār. It is dedicated to emperor Jahāngīr(1605-27).

i. Mss. Patna, Oriental Public Library, II 2081.

ii. Title of original source: Yogavāsiṣṭhasāra

iii. Title of the persian translation: Aṭwār dar ḥall-i asrār ( एतवार दर हाले- –असरा اثرار حال در (اتوارiv. Translator: Šayḫ Ṣūfī Šarīf Qubjahānī (or Quṭbjahānī, Kubjahānī, Ḫwubjahānī)

v. Alternative Persian title: Tuḥfat al-Majālis

vi. Dedicatee: Jahāngīr (r. 1605-1627)

YOGAVĀSIṢṬHASĀRA (योगवाशि�ष्ठ)

• One another Persian translation of Yogavāsiṣṭhasāra, which is translated by Mohammad Dara Shukoo. The Mss. Of this work is present in the Khuda Baksha library, Patan (Bihat, India). This translated work is in prose form.

i. Mss. Khuda Baksha library, Patan (Bihat, India).

ii. Title of original source: Yogavāsiṣṭhasāra

iii. Translator: Dara Shukooh (1615-1659).

iv. written in 17th century.

GĪTĀSĀRA (गीतासार) AJĀ’IB AL-AFKĀR ( عجاعب(االفکار

• This is a Persian translation of the Gītāsāra, an abridgement of the Sanskrit Bhagavadgītā, made by one Šayḫ Ṣūfī Šarīf Qubjahānī (or Quṭbjahānī, Kubjahānī, Ḫwubjahānī), also the author of Aṭwār dar ḥall-i asrār. The text revolves around the dialogue between Kṛṣṇa and Arjuna on the eve of the battle of Kurukṣetra.

i. Ms. Andhra Pradesh Oriental Library, ms. taṣawwuf 922.ii. Title of original source: Gītāsāra

iii. Title of the persian translation: Ajā’ib al-afkār ( االفکار (عجاعبiv. Translator: Šayḫ Ṣūfī Šarīf Qubjahānī (or Quṭbjahānī, Kubjahānī, Ḫwubjahānī)v. Alternative Persian title: Kašf al-Kunūz

vi. Dedicatee: Jahāngīr (r. 1605-1627)

AṢṬĀVAKRAGĪTĀ (अष्टावक्रगीता) - IRŠĀDNĀMA-YI ASTABAKR ( اشتابکر (ارشادنامای

• Persian translation of the Sanskrit Aṣṭāvakragītā, a Vedāntic dialogue on liberation between king Janaka and the sage Aṣṭāvakra. According to one mss. (Hyderabad, Osmania University, No. 39), this work might have been translated for the Mughal prince Dārā Šikōh. The translator of this translation is not mention / Unknown.

i. Ms. Hyderabad, Osmania University, ms. 39.ii. Title of original source: Aṣṭāvakragītā

iii. Title of the persian translation: Iršādnāma-yi Astabakr ( اشتابکر (ارشادنامایiv. Translator: Uuknown.

PRABODHACANDRODAYA (प्रबोधचन्द्रोदय)GULZĀR-I ḤĀL YĀ TULŪ‘-I QAMAR-I MA‘RIFAT

( ماعرفت قمر طلوی یا حال (گلزار• This is a Persian translation of the Sanskrit Prabodhacandrodaya, an allegorical drama in the Vedānta

tradition written by Kṛṣṇa Miśra in the second half of the 11th century. This translation was made in 1073/1663 by Banwalī Dās Walī (Walī Rām, 1667-68), formerly the munšī of prince Dārā Šikōh.

i. Ms. India Office 1995.

ii. Ms. British Museum 1043a, No. III.

iii. Title of original source: Prabodhacandrodaya

iv. Author of original source: Kṛṣṇa Miśra

v. Title of the persian translation: Gulzār-i ḥāl yā tulū‘-i qamar-i ma‘rifat ( قمر طلوی یا حال گلزار.(ماعرفت

vi. Translator: Banwalī Dās Walī.

vii. Year of composition: Hegira 1073, Gregorian 1663

LĪLĀVATĪ (लीलावती) – LILAVATI ( وتی (لیال

• This book is a originally written in Sanskrit language based on arithmetic and geometry system of Mathematics. Author of the original source is Bhāskarachāryā. The Persian translator of this book is Fayżī (1004/1595). He was the poet of Mogal emperor Akbar (1556-1605)

i. Title of original source: Līlāvatīii. Author of original source: Bhāskarachāryā.iii. Title of Persian translation: Lilavati ( وتی (لیالiv. Translator: Fayżīv. Commissionner: Akbar (r. 1556-1605)

LĪLĀVATĪ (लीलावती) - BADĀ'I'-I FUNŪN ( فنفن ی (بدایی

• Another translation of Līlāvatī. It is a treatise written by Dhārma Nārāyaṇ in 1663-64 in Etawah.

i. Based on : Bhāskarachāryā’s Līlāvatī.

ii. Title of Persian written work: Badā'i'-i funūn ( فنفن ی (بداییiii. Written by: Dhārma Nārāyaṇ.iv. In year: 1663-1664

BĪJAGAṆITA (बीजगशिणत) - TARJAMA-YI BĪJ GANIT ( گنِت بیج ( ترجمًه

• This Mathematic book is based on the algebraically formula of mathematic. Originally it is written by Bhāskarachāryā, the great Mathematician of India. Its Persian translation is done by ‘Aṭā’ Allāh Rašīdī (1044/1634-35) in the period of moghol Šah Jahān (1627-1658).

i. Title of original source: Bījagaṇita

ii. Author of original source: Bhāskarachāryā

iii. Title of Persian translation: Tarjama-yi Bīj ganit ( گنِت بیج ( ترجمًهiv. Translator: ‘Aṭā’ Allāh Rašīdī.

v. Dedicatee: Šah Jahān (r. 1627-1658)

VEDĀNTA PHILOSOPHY - ŠĀRIQ AL-MA‘RIFAT ( المعرفت (شارق

• The translation was by Fayżī (1004/1595). This is an essay on the Vedānta philosophy, largely based on Sanskrit sources such as Yogavāsiṣṭha, Bhagavadgītā, Bhāgavata Purāṇa and Vedāntasāra. It is divided in twelve chapters dealing with: 1. the greatness of the god Kṛṣṇa, 2. the brilliance of God's light, 3. the essence of the human body, 4. the disciple of yoga, 5. the essence of God, 6. the knowledge of the essence of God, 7. the description of the essence of God, 8. the quality of the microcosm, 9. the initiation in into the mysteries of the Self, 10. the renounciation of desires and the perfect detachment, 11. the eternity of the soul, 12. the attainment of perfection.

i. Mss. Cambridge University Library, Add. 778.

ii. Based on: Vedānta philosophy of Sanskrit.

iii. Title of Persian translation: Šāriq al-ma‘rifat ( المعرفت .(شارق

iv. Translator: Fayżī (d. 1004/1595).

BUDDHIPRAKĀŚA (बुशि&प्रका�ः) - DASTŪR AL-SIYĀQ ( السعاق (دستور

• Uday Lāl (1798-1814), he translated the Sanskrit mathematic text ‘Buddhiprakāśa’ into Persian and titled ‘Dastūr al-siyāq’ (1811), where he translated the sections dealing with the methods for the measurement of land and revenue assessment. Uday Lāl worked as a revenue officer of the Awadh princely state under Sa'ādat 'Alī Ḫān.

i. Based on : Buddhiprakāśa.

ii. Title of Persian written work: Dastūr al-siyāq ( السعاق (دستورiii. Work of: Uday Lāliv. In year: 1811.

JĀTAKĀBHARAṆ (जातकाभरण) - MIFTĀḤ AL-NUJŪM ( النجفم (مفتاح

• A Persian translation of an Indian text entitled Jātakābharaṇ, in nine chapters, by Abū al-Ḥasan, transcribed in 1831.

i. Title of original source: Jātakābharaṇ

ii. Title of the persian translation: Miftāḥ al-nujūm ( النجفم .(مفتاحiii. Translator: Abū al-Ḥasaniv. In year: 1831

MADANAVINODA (�दनङ्गिवनोदः) DASTŪR AL-HUNŪD ( दस्तूर अल्- – हुनूद الحنود (دستور

• This book is based on Indian medicine, originaly written in Sanskrit by Rāja Madanapāla. The Persian translation of this book is Dastūr al-hunūd, which is translated by the noble moghol Amān Allāh Ḫān (1046/1637).

i. Title of original source: Madanavinoda

ii. Author of original source: Rāja Madanapāla

iii. Title of Persian translation: Dastūr al-hunūd ( الحنود (دستور

iv. Translator: Amān Allāh Ḫān

v. In the year: 1637

DICTIONARY OF THE INDIAN DRUGS - TAḎKIRA AL-HIND ( تدکرا(الهند

• This treatise is also known as Yādgār-i Riżā’ī and it was completed by Riżā ‘Alī Ḫān, around 1821-22. Riżā ‘Alī Ḫān worked as a physician in the administration of the Hyderabad State and was attached to Mahārāja Chandulal (1845), the prime minister of Hyderabad.

i. Based on : Dictionary of the Indian drugs. ii. Title of Persian written work: Taḏkira al-hind ( الهند (تدکراiii. Work of: Riżā ‘Alī Ḫāniv. In year: 1353/1935, Hyderabad.

INDIAN MEDICINE - ṬIBB-I WĒDIK ( ویدک (تاِب

• A work on Indian medicine by Ḥakīm Aḥmad ‘Alī Ḫān. The work is divided into forty chapters which are mostly devoted to the treatment of the diseases of the body.

i. Mss. Aligarh, Mawlānā Āzād Library, Subḥ. 616/21.ii. Based on : Indian medicine. iii. Title of Persian written work: Ṭibb-i wēdik ( ویدک (تاِبiv. Work of: Ḥakīm Aḥmad ‘Alī Ḫān

PERSIAN DICTIONARY OF THE INDIAN DRUGS - MUFRADĀT-I HINDĪ ( هندی (مفرداِت

• A Persian dictionary of the Indian drugs written around the beginning of the nineteenth century by the Christian physician José da Silva.

i. Ms. Aligarh, Ibn Sina Academy of Medieval Medicine and Sciences.ii. Based on : Persian dictionary of the Indian drugs. iii. Title of Persian written work: - Mufradāt-i hindī ( هندی (مفرداِتiv. Work of: Christian physician José da Silva.

ŚĀLIHOTRA (�ालिलहोत्रा) - QURRAT AL-MULK (क1 रातुल्- –�ुल्क الملک (قرات

• A Sanskrit text of Natural Science. The translation is an anonymous adaptation of the Śālihotra made for the sultan Ġiyāṯ al-Dīn Šāh Ḫaljī (r. 1469-1500) of Malwa.

i. Title of original source:Śālihotra

ii. Title of Persian translation: Qurrat al-mulk ( الملک (قرات

iii. Translator: Unknown

iv. Commissionner: Ġiyāṯ al-Dīn Šāh Ḫaljī (r. 1469-1500)

SAṄGĪTARATNĀKARA - LAHAJĀT-I SIKANDAR-ŠĀHĪ ( سکندر لهجات ( شاهی

• The Lahajāt-i Sikandar-šāhī is a treatise on Indian music ‘Sharangadeva’s Sangitratnakara’ composed by Yaḥyā al-Kābulī and dedicated to the sultan of Delhi Sikandar Lodī (1489-1517).

i. Title of original source: Sangitratnakara

ii. Title of Persian translation: Lahajāt-i Sikandar-šāhī

iii. Translator: Yaḥyā al-Kābulī

iv. Dedicatee: Sikandar Lodī (r. 1489-1517)

CONCLUSION

• In the presentation we have discussed about the tradition of translation of Sanskrit texts into Persian. The tradition of translation of Sanskrit-text into foreign languages is age-old. It is difficult to find out which is the oldest Sanskrit text to have been translated, and in which language had it first been translated.

• We saw that Pahlavi translation of Sanskrit text “Panchantantra” by Borzuya (570 AD) is most probably the first translation of a Sanskrit text into any other language. Afterwards, it was translated into many languages such as Syriac, Arabic, Persian, Greek, Hebrew, Spanish, English, etc. Since then, many Sanskrit text have been translated into many languages.

• Then we talked about the translations which held on the periods of - Firoz Shah Tughlaq (1351-1388AD), Sikandar Lodi (1489-1517AD), Humayun (1530-1556AD), Akbar (1556-1905 AD), Jahangir (1605-1627 AD) , and modern era.

• We discussed about the Translations of fiction and poetic text, Historical texts, Dharmshashtra, Purana, Philosophical texts, Religious texts, Mathematical texts, Astronomical texts, Medical and Pharmacological texts, Science or Scientific texts, Erotological texts, Musical texts and more.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

• Akhtar, Nasim, Some Important translation of Saṃskṛta works into Persian and Arabic: An Introduction to the MISS. of national museum, New Delhi, Indo-Persian studies: Text and translation (Persian Research Journal), Edited by – Prof. Chandra Shekhar, Department of Persian, University of Delhi, Delhi-07, 2007.

• Ansari, S.M. Razaullah, Reception of Indian Astronomical treatises and hand books in Saṃskṛta by Muslim Scholars of medieval India, Indo-Persian studies: Text and translation (Persian Research Journal), Edited by – Prof. Chandra Shekhar, Department of Persian, University of Delhi, Delhi-07, 2007.

• Kuppusoamy, Lalita, Persian as a Bridge between Saṃskṛta and Persian – with special reference to “Yogavaśiṣṭha”., Indo-Persian studies: Text and translation (Persian Research Journal), Edited by – Prof. Chandra Shekhar, Department of Persian, University of Delhi, Delhi-07, 2007.

• Kuppusoamy, Lalita, “Yogavaśiṣṭha” – A Critical and Comparative study of Persian version and its original Saṃskṛta sources, (Thesis), Department of Persian, University of Delhi, 2007.

• Malhotra, Rajiv, Being Different (An Indian Challenges to Western Universalism), Harper Collins Publishers India, New Delhi, 2011 (1 st Edition), page no. 220-306

• Marshall, D.N., Mughals in India (A Bibliographical survey of manuscripts), Manasell Publishing ltd. London and New York, Published by Asia Publishing House, 1967 (1st Edition).

BIBLIOGRAPHY

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