the total economic impact of windows internet explorer 9, a commissioned study conducted by...

8/6/2019 The Total Economic Impact of Windows Internet Explorer 9, a commissioned study conducted by Forrester Consulti

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Bj~~ksqk~ Qjqc` Kojejhdo Dhvcoq _q{at V~kvc~ka Bj~ Hdo~jsjbq

Qmk Qjqc` Kojejhdo Dhvcoq Jb Wdeajws Deqk~ekqK}v`j~k~ 4

V~jikoq Ad~koqj~9 Njn Oj~hdk~ Rdok V~kdakeq Cea V~deodvc` Oje{`qceq

I{ek >633


2/25

Bj~~kqk~ Oje{`qdeg

Qmk Qjqc` Kojejhdo DhvcoqJb Wdeajw Deqk~ekq K}v`j~k~ 4

Vcgk 3

QCN@K JB OJEQKEQ_

K}ko{qdrk _{hhc~t %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% >Ado`j{~k %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% ?

QKD B~chkwj~l Cea Hkqmjaj`jgt %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 1Cec`td %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% ;

Deqk~rdkw Mdgm`dgmq %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% ;Ojhvjdqk J~gcedycqdje %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 7Ojq %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 7Nkekbdq %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 33B`k}dnd`dqt%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 31^dl %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 31

Bdeceodc` _{hhc~t %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 32Cvvkead} C9 Cnj{q Wdeajw Deqk~ekq K}v`j~k~ 4 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 3=Cvvkead} N9 Ojhvjdqk J~gcedycqdje Ako~dvqdje %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 34Cvvkead} O9 Qjqc` Kojejhdo Dhvcoq Jrk~rdkw %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% >3Cvvkead} A9 G`jc~t %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% >>Cvvkead} K9 Cnj{q Qmk V~jikoq Ad~koqj~%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% >? >633, Bj~~kqk~ ^kkc~om, Deo% C`` ~dgmq ~kk~rka% [ec{qmj~dyka ~kv~ja{oqdje d q~doq`t v~jmdndqka% Debj~hcqdje d ncka je nkq crcd`cn`k ~kj{~ok%

Jvdedje ~kb`koq i{aghkeq cq qmk qdhk cea c~k {nikoq qj omcegk% Bj~~kqk~, Qkomejg~cvmdo, Bj~~kqk~ Wcrk, ^j`kRdkw, Qkom^cac~, cea Qjqc`

Kojejhdo Dhvcoq c~k q~cakhc~l jb Bj~~kqk~ ^kkc~om, Deo% C`` jqmk~ q~cakhc~l c~k qmk v~jvk~qt jb qmkd~ ~kvkoqdrk ojhvcedk% Bj~ caadqdjec`

debj~hcqdje, gj qj www%bj~~kqk~%ojh%

Cnj{q Bj~~ksqk~ Ojes{`qdeg

Bj~~kqk~ Oje{`qdeg v~jrdak deakvkeakeq cea jnikoqdrk ~kkc~om(ncka oje{`qdeg qj mk`v `kcak~ {ookka de qmkd~ j~gcedycqdje% ^cegdeg de

ojvk b~jh c mj~q q~cqkgt kdje qj o{qjh v~jikoq Bj~~kqk~ Oje{`qdeg k~rdok ojeekoq tj{ ad~koq`t wdqm ~kkc~om cec`tq wmj cvv`t

k}vk~q dedgmq qj tj{~ vkodbdo n{dek omc``kegk% Bj~ hj~k debj~hcqdje rddq www%bj~~kqk~%ojh*oje{`qdeg%


3/25

Bj~~kqk~ Oje{`qdeg


Vcgk >

K}ko{qdrk _{hhc~t

De Cv~d` >633, Hdo~jjbq ojhhddjeka Bj~~kqk~ Oje{`qdeg qj k}chdek qmk qjqc` kojejhdo dhvcoq cea vjqkeqdc`

crdeg keqk~v~dk hct ~kc`dyk nt akv`jtdeg Wdeajw Deqk~ekq K}v`j~k~ 4% Qmk v{~vjk jb qmd q{at d qj v~jrdak

~kcak~ wdqm c b~chkwj~l qj krc`{cqk qmk vjqkeqdc` bdeceodc` dhvcoq jb hdg~cqdeg b~jh Deqk~ekq K}v`j~k~ = -v~dhc~d`t$ qj

Deqk~ekq K}v`j~k~ 4 cea {vvj~qdeg qmk {vg~caka n~jwk~ wdqmde qmkd~ j~gcedycqdje%

C debj~hcqdje wj~lk~ ~k`t hj~k mkcrd`t je qmk Deqk~ekq cea wkn(ncka cvv`docqdje qj vk~bj~h qmkd~ b{eoqdje, DQ

v~jbkdjec` h{q `krk~cgk qjact n~jwk~ deejrcqdje {om c bcqk~ ~keak~deg, qcn, vdeeka dqk, q~kch`deka

n~jwk~ akdge, cea ekw kc~om bkcq{~k qj dhv~jrk wj~lk~ v~ja{oqdrdqt% Mjwkrk~, hcet `c~gk~ keqk~v~dk qjact

{vvj~q `kgcot n~jwk~% Hj~k n~jwk~ jvqdje v~kkeq ko{~dqt, ojhv`dceok, cea DQ {vvj~q cea ojeq~j` d{k wmke

wj~lk~ k`b(v~jrddje qmkd~ jwe qjj`%

Qmk Wkn jb tkqk~tkc~ wc qcqdo cea ojeqkeq bjo{ka% [k~ vkeq qmkd~ qdhk bdeadeg cea oje{hdeg acqc, n{q dq wc

adbbdo{`q qj mc~k debj~hcqdje de ~kc` qdhk% Krke c keqk~v~dk `cg nkmdea de n~jwk~ {vg~cak, `kcadeg oje{hk~(bcodeg

wkndqk qclk carceqcgk jb hjak~e n~jwk~ ocvcnd`dqdk qmcq kemceok ~keak~deg vkka, v~jrdak kemceoka {vvj~q bj~~dom Deqk~ekq cvv`docqdje -^DC$, cea jbbk~ ekw v~drcot cea ko{~dqt ocvcnd`dqdk% Qmk Wkn qjact d deo~kcdeg`t

deqk~coqdrk cea vk~jec`dyka cea mc nkojhk ce deo~kcdeg`t jodc` v`cok qj mc~k cea wcqom rdakj% C wk `jjl qj

qjhj~~jw, wk kk ce deqk~coqdrk Wkn wdqm ~dom g~cvmdo cea bcq vk~bj~hceok% Wk kk ce deo~kcdeg e{hnk~ jb ~dom

wkn cvv`docqdje ojeekoqdeg cea kegcgdeg {k~% Cea c qmk v~jhdk jb qmkk ~dom wkn cvv`docqdje ajhdecqk qmk {k~

k}vk~dkeok cea c {k~ vkea hj~k qdhk de qmk n~jwk~ je qmkd~ VO qmkt wd`` ojhk qj k}vkoq hj~k qmkt wd``

k}vkoq qmk chk ~domek cea deqk~coqdrk ocvcnd`dqdk jeok k}o`{drk qj ecqdrk VO cvv`docqdje%

B~jh ce debj~hcqdje wj~lk~ vk~vkoqdrk, qmkk nkekbdq c~k je`t vc~q jb qmk vdoq{~k% De Deqk~ekq K}v`j~k~ 4 -ako~dnka de

Cvvkead} C$, qmk dhv`dbdka tkq kemceoka {k~ deqk~bcok cea {k~ k}vk~dkeok v{q qmk bjo{ je qmk ojeqkeq jb kcom

wkndqk% Nt akbc{`q, je`t qmk ojeq~j` kkeqdc` bj~ n~jwdeg c~k de qmk n~jwk~ b~chk% Bkcq{~k {om c qcn cea oj`j~(

ojaka qcn g~j{vdeg, s{dol ojvtdeg, cook`k~cqj~, wkn `dok, dhv~jrka kc~om cea ecrdgcqdje, cea nkqqk~ ~k`dcnd`dqt

v~jrdak qcegdn`k v~ja{oqdrdqt nkekbdq bj~ n~jwk~(deqkedrk debj~hcqdje wj~lk~% _ko{~dqt ocvcnd`dqdk, `dlk qmk

dhv~jrka _hc~q_o~kke bd`qk~ de Deqk~ekq K}v`j~k~ 4, c~k mk`vb{` de akbkeadeg cgcdeq hc`dodj{ cea jodc` kegdekk~deg

qm~kcq% _jhk `c~gk~ j~gcedycqdje mcrk nkke ~k`cqdrk`t `jw qj {vvj~q ekw n~jwk~, n{q hjak~e n~jwk~ jbbk~

v~ja{oqdrdqt kemceokhkeq qmcq oce kecn`k vkjv`k qj wj~l bcqk~ c qmkt ecrdgcqk cea kegcgk de cvv`docqdje je qmk

Wkn%

Bj~~kqk~ Qjqc` Kojejhdo Dhvcoq -QKD$ hkqmjaj`jgt -kk Cvvkead} O$ ocvq{~k cea s{ceqdbdk qmk rjdok jb qmk

o{qjhk~ ~k`cqdrk qj qkomej`jgt derkqhkeq% De qmd q{at, wk ojea{oqka de(akvqm deqk~rdkw wdqm d} Hdo~jjbq

Qkomej`jgt Cajvqdje V~jg~ch -QCV$ o{qjhk~ qj ado{ kcom j~gcedycqdje k}vk~dkeok {vg~cadeg b~jh Wdeajw

Deqk~ekq K}v`j~k~ = qj Deqk~ekq K}v`j~k~ 4% C ojeke{ chjeg qmk deqk~rdkwkk c``jw Bj~~kqk~ qj ~kvj~q qmcq qmkk

j~gcedycqdje k}vk~dkeoka nkekbdq b~jh Deqk~ekq K}v`j~k~ 4 de k}ok jb qmk ojq jb akv`jthkeq cea jwek~mdv%

Bj~~kqk~ deqk~rdkw wdqm qmkk d} o{qjhk~ -kk Deqk~rdkw Mdgm`dgmq koqdje$ cea {nks{keq bdeceodc` cec`td

akqk~hdeka qmcq c 26,666(khv`jtkk ojhvjdqk J~gcedycqdje -ako~dnka de Cvvkead} N$ wj{`a nk k}vkoqka qj

k}vk~dkeok qmk ~dl(cai{qka ojq, nkekbdq, ekq crdeg, cea vctncol vk~dja {hhc~dyka de Qcn`k 3%


4/25

Bj~~kqk~ Oje{`qdeg


Vcgk ?

Qcn`k 3

Ojhvjdqk J~gcedycqdje Qm~kk(Tkc~ ^dl(Cai{qka _crdeg

Qjqc` nkekbdqs-VR$

Qjqc` ojsqs-VR$

Ekq scrdegs-EVR$

Vctncolvk~dja

!;6>44;4 -!32=6426$ !??14666 3; hjeqm

_j{~ok9 Bj~~kqk~ ^kkc~om Deo%

Qmk qm~kk(tkc~ ~dl(cai{qka qjqc` EVR jb!?,?14,666 ~kv~kkeq qmk ekq ojq cea nkekbdq cqq~dn{qka qj {deg Deqk~ekq

K}v`j~k~ 4 rk~{ Deqk~ekq K}v`j~k~ = -kk akqcd` nk`jw de qmk Ojq, Nkekbdq, B`k}dnd`dqt, cea ^dl koqdje$% De

caadqdje, qmk J~gcedycqdje ~dl(cai{qka nkekbdq -VR$ wk~k !;,6>4,4;4, cea qmk vctncol vk~dja wc 3; hjeqms%

B~jh qmk o{qjhk~ deqk~rdkw v~jok, Bj~~kqk~ c`j dakeqdbdka qwj dgedbdoceq {es{ceqdbdkan{dek nkekbdq cqq~dn{qka

qj hdg~cqdeg b~jh Deqk~ekq K}v`j~k~ = qj Deqk~ekq K}v`j~k~ 4, cea qmkk c~k `dqka nk`jw cea b{~qmk~ ako~dnka de qmk

Nkekbdq cea B`k}dnd`dqt koqdje jb qmd q{at%

V~ja{oqdrdqt bj~ vjwk~ {k~ j~ n~jwk~(deqkedrk {k~ -s{ceqdbdka n{q ejq deo`{aka de EVR qjqc`$%

Deqk~ekq K}v`j~k~ 4 n~deg ekw MQH@; {vvj~q, c``jwdeg akrk`jvk~ qj w~dqk qmk chk hc~l{v qmcq ~ka{ok qmk

ojq jb o~kcqdeg ekw cvv`docqdje -b{q{~k b`k}dnd`dqt jvqdje ejq s{ceqdbdka$%

Db ~dl(cai{qka ojq cea nkekbdq qd`` akhjeq~cqk c ojhvk``deg n{dek ock, dq ~cdk ojebdakeok qmcq qmk derkqhkeq

d `dlk`t qj {ookka nkoc{k qmk ~dl qmcq qm~kcqke qmk v~jikoq mcrk nkke qclke deqj ojedak~cqdje cea s{ceqdbdka% Qmk

~dl(cai{qka e{hnk~ mj{à nk qclke c ~kc`dqdo k}vkoqcqdje, c qmkt ~kv~kkeq qmk k}vkoqka rc`{k ojedak~deg ~dl%C{hdeg ej~hc` {ook cq hdqdgcqdeg ~dl, qmk ~dl(cai{qka e{hnk~ mj{à hj~k o`jk`t ~kb`koq qmk k}vkoqka

j{qojhk jb qmk derkqhkeq%

Qmk jnikoqdrk jb qmd q{at d qj dakeqdbt cea s{ceqdbt qmk jrk~c`` ojq cea nkekbdq k}vk~dkeoka nt qmk J~gcedycqdje%

Qmkk ~k{`q oce nk {ka c c g{dak qj c``jw jqmk~ j~gcedycqdje qj akqk~hdek qmk cvv~jv~dcqk nkekbdq bj~ qmkd~

vc~qdo{`c~ kerd~jehkeq%

Adso`js{~ksQmk ~kcak~ mj{à nk cwc~k jb qmk bj``jwdeg9

Qmk q{at d ojhhddjeka nt Hdo~jjbq cea ak`drk~ka nt qmk Bj~~kqk~ Oje{`qdeg g~j{v%

Bj~~kqk~ hclk ej c{hvqdje c qj qmk vjqkeqdc` crdeg qmcq jqmk~ j~gcedycqdje wd`` ~kokdrk% Bj~~kqk~

q~jeg`t cardk qmcq ~kcak~ mj{à {k qmkd~ jwe kqdhcqk wdqmde qmk b~chkwj~l v~jrdaka de qmk ~kvj~q qj

akqk~hdek qmk cvv~jv~dcqkek jb ce derkqhkeq de Wdeajw Deqk~ekq K}v`j~k~ 4%

Hdo~jjbq ~krdkwka cea v~jrdaka bkkancol qj Bj~~kqk~, n{q Bj~~kqk~ hcdeqcde kadqj~dc` ojeq~j` jrk~ qmk q{at

cea dq bdeadeg cea ajk ejq cookvq omcegk qj qmk q{at qmcq ojeq~cadoq Bj~~kqk~ bdeadeg j~ jno{~k qmk

hkcedeg jb qmk q{at%


5/25

Bj~~kqk~ Oje{`qdeg


Vcgk 1

Qmk o{qjhk~ bj~ qmk deqk~rdkw wk~k v~jrdaka nt Hdo~jjbq%

QKD B~chkwj~l Cea Hkqmjaj`jgt

Deq~ja{oqdje

B~jh qmk debj~hcqdje v~jrdaka de qmk d} deqk~rdkw, Bj~~kqk~ mc ojeq~{oqka c QKD b~chkwj~l bj~ qmjk

j~gcedycqdje ojedak~deg hdg~cqdeg qj Wdeajw Deqk~ekq K}v`j~k~ 4% Qmk jnikoqdrk jb qmk b~chkwj~l d qj dakeqdbt qmk

ojq, nkekbdq, b`k}dnd`dqt, cea ~dl bcoqj~ qmcq cbbkoq qmk derkqhkeq akoddje%

Cvv~jcom Cea Hkqmjaj`jgt

Bj~~kqk~ qjjl c h{`qdqkv cvv~jcom qj krc`{cqk qmk dhvcoq qmcq Deqk~ekq K}v`j~k~ 4 oce mcrk je ce j~gcedycqdje -kk

Bdg{~k 3$% _vkodbdoc``t, wk9

Deqk~rdkwka Hdo~jjbq hc~lkqdeg qcbb qj gcqmk~ acqc ~k`cqdrk qj Deqk~ekq K}v`j~k~ 4 cea qmk n~jwk~ hc~lkq de

gkek~c`%

Deqk~rdkwka d} j~gcedycqdje o{~~keq`t vc~qdodvcqdeg de Hdo~jjbq Qkomej`jgt Cajvqdje V~jg~ch -QCV$ bj~

Wdeajw Deqk~ekq K}v`j~k~ 4 qj jnqcde acqc wdqm ~kvkoq qj ojq, nkekbdq, ~dl, cea b`k}dnd`dqt%

Akdgeka c ojhvjdqk J~gcedycqdje ncka je omc~coqk~dqdo jb qmk deqk~rdkwka j~gcedycqdje -kk Cvvkead} N$%

Ojeq~{oqka c bdeceodc` hjak` ~kv~kkeqcqdrk jb qmk deqk~rdkw {deg qmk QKD hkqmjaj`jgt% Qmk bdeceodc` hjak` d

vjv{`cqka wdqm qmk ojq cea nkekbdq acqc jnqcdeka b~jh qmk deqk~rdkw c cvv`dka qj qmk ojhvjdqk J~gcedycqdje%

Bdg{~k 3

QKD Cvv~jcom


Bj~~kqk~ khv`jtka bj{~ b{eachkeqc` k`khkeq jb QKD de hjak`deg qmk bdeceodc` dhv`docqdje jb akv`jtdeg WdeajwDeqk~ekq K}v`j~k~ 49

3% Ojq%

>% Nkekbdq qj qmk keqd~k j~gcedycqdje%

?% B`k}dnd`dqt%

1% ^dl%

Aksdge ojhvjsdqk

j~gcedycqdje%

Ojesq~{oq bdeceodc`

hjak` {sdeg QKDb~chkwj~l%

W~dqk QKD ocsk

sq{at%

Vk~bj~h a{k

ad`dgkeok%

Ojea{oq

o{sqjhk~deqk~rdkws%


6/25

Bj~~kqk~ Oje{`qdeg


Vcgk ;

Bj~~kqk~ QKD hkqmjaj`jgt v~jrdak c ojhv`kqk vdoq{~k jb qmk qjqc` kojejhdo dhvcoq jb qkomej`jgt derkqhkeq

akoddje% V`kck kk Cvvkead} O bj~ caadqdjec` debj~hcqdje je qmk QKD hkqmjaj`jgt%

Cec`tsds

Deqk~rdkw Mdgm`dgmqsC qjqc` jb d} deqk~rdkw wk~k ojea{oqka bj~ qmd q{at de Cv~d` >633, derj`rdeg ~kv~kkeqcqdrk b~jh qmk bj``jwdeg

j~gcedycqdje wmj wdmka qj ~khcde cejethj{%

3% C `c~gk [_ gjrk~ehkeq j~gcedycqdje, wmdom mc vd`jqka DK4 qj 3;6 {k~ bj~ c bj{~(hjeqm vk~dja% Dq wd``

krkeq{c``t akv`jt DK4 qj krk~c` m{ea~ka qmj{cea {k~ wj~àwdak% Dq v~dhc~t Wdeajw jvk~cqdeg

tqkh d Rdqc, bj``jwka nt ce krk~(deo~kcdeg v~kkeok jb Wdeajw 7 {k~%

>% C g`jnc` k`koq~jedo cea kegdekk~deg ojhvcet, wmdom o{~~keq`t mc c~j{ea >66 DK4 {k~ de vd`jq vmck% Dq

wd`` deq~ja{ok DK4 qj krk~c` qmj{cea hj~k {k~ de qmk bj``jwdeg hjeqm cea krkeq{c``t akv`jt DK4 qj

krk~c` m{ea~ka qmj{cea {k~ jrk~ qmk ek}q 3= hjeqm% Dq v~dhc~t Wdeajw jvk~cqdeg tqkh d

Wdeajw ]V, cea qmkt c~k hdg~cqdeg qj Wdeajw 7 bj~ c`` ekw mc~awc~k%

?% C `c~gk g`jnc` bdeceodc` k~rdok ojhvcet, wmdom cq qmk qdhk jb qmk deqk~rdkw mca 3> DQ qcbb hkhnk~ wmj

wk~k {deg DK4 de vd`jq hjak% De qmk bj``jwdeg qwj hjeqm, qmd e{hnk~ wj{à g~jw qj ;6 {k~, cea nt

I{ek >63>, qmk ojhvcet k}vkoq qj mcrk c`` 366,666 {k~ je DK4% Dq v~dhc~t Wdeajw jvk~cqdeg tqkh d

Wdeajw ]V, cea dq d de qmk v~jok jb hdg~cqdeg qj Wdeajw 7%

1% Jek jb qmk `c~gkq qkomej`jgt mc~awc~k ojhvcedk de qmk wj~à, wmdom o{~~keq`t mc 3,266 DK4 {k~ de dq

vd`jq v~jg~ch wmj mcrk nkke {deg dq bj~ qm~kk hjeqm% Krkeq{c``t, dq wd`` akv`jt DK4 qj hj~k qmce =6,666{k~% Dq v~dhc~t jvk~cqdeg tqkh d Wdeajw 7, wdqm c hdej~dqt jb Wdeajw ]V {k~%

;% C g`jnc` cooj{eqdeg, qc}, cea oje{`qdeg bd~h, wmdom mc >66 DK4 {k~ de dq vd`jq vmck% Dq wd`` deq~ja{ok

DK4 qj hj~k qmce ;6,666 khv`jtkk jrk~ qmk vk~dja jb I{`t >633 qj Hct >63>% Wdeajw 7 d dq v~dhc~t

jvk~cqdeg tqkh, wdqm c hdej~dqt jb {k~ je Rdqc%

2% C `c~gk g`jnc` qkomej`jgt hce{bcoq{~deg cea k~rdok ojhvcet o{~~keq`t akv`jtdeg DK4 bj~hc``t qj =6

{k~ de qmk QCV cea debj~hc``t qj 3,266 {k~ wmj mcrk ajwe`jcaka dq je qmkd~ jwe% Nt Joqjnk~ >633, c``

cvv`docqdje wd`` mcrk qj hkkq qmk DK4 qceac~a, wdqm b{`` akv`jthkeq qj c`` =6,666 n~jwk~ {k~ joo{~~deg

nt Joqjnk~ >63?%

Qmkk deqk~rdkw {eojrk~ka c e{hnk~ jb dhvj~qceq dedgmq cnj{q o{qjhk~ j~gcedycqdje k}vk~dkeok wdqm Deqk~ekq

K}v`j~k~ 49

Qmkk j~gcedycqdje wk~k q~cedqdjedeg b~jh c `c~gk deqc``ka nck jb Deqk~ekq K}v`j~k~ = {k~, c`qmj{gm c``

j~gcedycqdje ~kvj~qka {deg c hd} qmcq deo`{aka DK2 cea DK7 c wk`` c jqmk~ -{{c``t {e{vvj~qka$ n~jwk~ de

{k dedak qmkd~ ojhvcedk%


7/25

Bj~~kqk~ Oje{`qdeg


Vcgk 2

Hjq j~gcedycqdje c~k hcldeg qmk q~cedqdje qj Deqk~ekq K}v`j~k~ 4 c vc~q jb qmkd~ hdg~cqdje qj qmk Wdeajw 7

jvk~cqdeg tqkh, c`qmj{gm akhcea b~jh {k~ cea qmk ~k`cqdrk kck jb akv`jtdeg Deqk~ekq K}v`j~k~ 4 cmkcajb

qmk ekw jvk~cqdeg tqkh hkce qmcq qmk qwj v~ja{oq {vg~cak c~k rdkwka c je`t `jjk`t oj{v`ka%

Qmk n{dek ~cqdjec`k bj~ hjrdeg b~jh Deqk~ekq K}v`j~k~ = qj Deqk~ekq K}v`j~k~ 4 wc ako~dnka oj``koqdrk`t nt

qmk deqk~rdkwka o{qjhk~ de qmk bj``jwdeg qk~h9

j Qmk vk~bj~hceok cea kck jb {k jb DK4 d ~kvj~qka nt bdrk jb qmk d} deqk~rdkwka o{qjhk~ qj nk nkqqk~ qmce

DK=, c``jwdeg bj~ hc~gdec` dhv~jrkhkeq de v~ja{oqdrdqt bj~ n~jwk~(deqkedrk cea vjwk~ {k~% C hcij~dqt

jb qmk deqk~rdkwka o{qjhk~ v~kadoqka wdqm ojebdakeok qmcq qmk~k wj{`a nk c s{ceqdbdcn`k deo~kck de

v~ja{oqdrdqt bj~ `drk oc`` okeqk~, k%g%, qtvk {k~ wmk~k qmkd~ b{``(qdhk ijn d n~jwk~(ncka%

j [k~ oce vde dqk qj qmk Wdeajw 7 Qclnc~ de qmk qceac~a DQ Wdeajw dhcgk%

j Dhv~jrka ko{~dqt cea ~k`dcnd`dqt c~omdqkoq{~c` mdbq -v~jqkoqka hjak, AKV*E]$ v~jrdak carceok cea

~k`krceot bj~ hjak~e qm~kcq%

j Kecn`k {k~ qj hclk nkqqk~ akoddje wmke ajwe`jcadeg cvv`docqdje wdqm dhv~jrkhkeq qj _hc~q_o~kke

bd`qk~ de DK4 -rk~{ DK=$ wdqm cvv`docqdje ~kv{qcqdje%

j DK4 wd`` deo`{ak q~coldeg v~jqkoqdje `dq qj c``jw oje{hk~ qj jvq j{q jb qmd~a(vc~qt q~coldeg%

j DK4 deo`{ak qmk cajvqdje jb wkn qceac~a {om c MQH@; cea O__? qj b{q{~k(v~jjb dq cvv`docqdje cea nt

{deg chk hc~l{v qj ~ka{ok qmk ojq jb o~kcqdeg ekw cvv`docqdje%

j N{d`q(de ceqd(vmdmdeg cea ceqd(hc`wc~k bkcq{~k hdqdgcqk hc`dodj{ cea jodc` kegdekk~deg cqqcol ojhdeg

b~jh {elejwe k}qk~ec` dqk%

j O~cmk c~k dj`cqka de qcn qj hdedhdyk ad~{vqdje%

j Ce cahdedq~cqdrk o{qjhdycqdje qjj` ldq -DKCL$ hclk dq kcdk~ qj ojebdg{~k c qceac~a akv`jthkeq

vcolcgk%

j DK4 ojeqde{k qj {vvj~q `kgcot ojhvcqdnd`dqt hjak< Ojhvcqdnd`dqt Rdkw `dq ke{~k nkq akbc{`q k}vk~dkeok

bj~ kea {k~%

j Wdqm {vvj~q jb deg`k ekqwj~l dge(je cea hj~k qmce 3,;66 g~j{v vj`dodk, DQ v~jbkdjec` oce a~drk

aklqjv qceac~adycqdje cea crdeg wdqmj{q ojhv~jhddeg ojeq~j`%

j DK4 ncolwc~a ojhvcqdnd`dqt wdqm DK= cea DK7 kck hdg~cqdje d{k%

Deqk~rdkwka o{qjhk~ ~kvj~qka qmcq jek jb qmk ndggkq m{~a`k qmkt mca qj jrk~ojhk v~dj~ qj hcldeg c akoddje

qj {vg~cak qmk n~jwk~ wc gcdedeg ce derkeqj~t jb cvv`docqdje de qmkd~ kerd~jehkeq cea akqk~hdedeg qmk

ojvk jb cvv`docqdje ~khkadcqdje% Ojhvcedk b~ks{keq`t cw qmd c c ndggk~ v~jn`kh qmce q{~eka j{q qj nk qmk

ock%

Qmk qdhk qj b{``t akv`jt Deqk~ekq K}v`j~k~ 4 chjeg qmk deqk~rdkwka j~gcedycqdje wc v~jikoqka qj nk 3> qj 3=

hjeqm, deo`{adeg qkqdeg, cvv`docqdje ~khkadcqdje, vd`jq, cea adq~dn{qdje%


8/25

Bj~~kqk~ Oje{`qdeg


Vcgk 7

Ojhvjsdqk J~gcedycqdjeNcka je qmk deqk~rdkw wdqm Deqk~ekq K}v`j~k~ 4 o{qjhk~ -echk v~jrdaka nt Hdo~jjbq$, Bj~~kqk~ ojeq~{oqka c

QKD b~chkwj~l, c ojhvjdqk J~gcedycqdje, cea ce cjodcqka crdeg cec`td qmcq d``{q~cqk qmk c~kc bdeceodc``t

cbbkoqka% Qmk ojhvjdqk J~gcedycqdje qmcq Bj~~kqk~ teqmkdyka b~jh qmkk ~k{`q d c 26,666(vk~je g`jnc`

j~gcedycqdje, jb wmdom qmk~k c~k ;6,666 n~jwk~ {k~ cea c hcet VO qmcq wd`` nk hdg~cqdeg qj Deqk~ekq K}v`j~k~ 4

co~j 16 `jocqdje de krk~c` oj{eq~dk% Qmk jqmk~ 36,666 khv`jtkk c~k ejq acd`t n~jwk~ {k~ cea c~k de

hce{bcoq{~deg cea adq~dn{qdje ~j`k%

Bj~ qmk hjq vc~q, qmk n~jwk~ {k~ wd`` mcrk hdg~cqka b~jh Deqk~ekq K}v`j~k~ =, wdqm c hdej~dqt hdg~cqdeg b~jh

Deqk~ekq K}v`j~k~ 2 cea 7% Qmk J~gcedycqdje vk~hdq {e{vvj~qka n~jwk~, c`qmj{gm ~kokeq dedqdcqdrk cdh qj hdedhdyk

qmk {k jb eje{vvj~qka jbqwc~k, deo`{adeg n~jwk~% Qmk J~gcedycqdje v`ce qj hdg~cqk c rcq hcij~dqt jb dq n~jwk~

{k~ qj Deqk~ekq K}v`j~k~ 4 jrk~ qmk ek}q 3> hjeqm cbqk~ vk~bj~hdeg cvv`docqdje qkqdeg cea cet ekokc~t

~khkadcqdje je dq hddje(o~dqdoc` wkn(ncka cvv`docqdje%

Qmk J~gcedycqdje jvk~cqdeg tqkh de {k c~k v~deodvc``t Wdeajw ]V cea jhk Rdqc, wdqm c g~jwdeg ojeqdegkeq jb

Wdeajw 7 hcomdek% Rdqc {k~ c~k ~cvda`t nkdeg hdg~cqka qj Wdeajw 7 c`jeg wdqm ]V {k~ c vc~q jb qmk VO~kb~km oto`k%

Qmk J~gcedycqdje {vvj~q cvv~j}dhcqk`t 3,666 wkn(ncka cvv`docqdje co~j dq g`jnc``t adq~dn{qka wj~lbj~ok% Jb

qmkk cvv`docqdje, cvv~j}dhcqk`t ?66 c~k hddje(o~dqdoc`% Qmkk, c`jeg wdqm cejqmk~ ?6 mdgm {cgk*rddnd`dqt

cvv`docqdje, wd`` mcrk qj nk qkqka bj~ DK4 ojhvcqdnd`dqt, bj~ c qjqc` jb ??6 qj nk qkqka%

V`kck kk Cvvkead} N bj~ c hj~k akqcd`ka ako~dvqdje jb qmk ojhvjdqk J~gcedycqdje%

B~chkwj~l Css{hvqdjes

Qmk adoj{eq ~cqk {ka de qmk VR cea EVR oc`o{`cqdje d 36+, cea qmk qdhk mj~dyje {ka bj~ qmk bdeceodc` hjak`deg d

qm~kk tkc~% J~gcedycqdje qtvdoc``t {k adoj{eq ~cqk nkqwkke =+ cea 32+ ncka je qmkd~ o{~~keq kerd~jehkeq%^kcak~ c~k {~gka qj oje{`q wdqm qmkd~ ~kvkoqdrk j~gcedycqdje bdeceok akvc~qhkeq qj akqk~hdek qmk hjq cvv~jv~dcqk

adoj{eq ~cqk qj {k wdqmde qmkd~ jwe j~gcedycqdje%

OjsqsJ{~ J~gcedycqdje hcde ojq cjodcqka wdqm {vg~cadeg b~jh Deqk~ekq K}v`j~k~ = qj Deqk~ekq K}v`j~k~ 4 c~k9

3% Dhv`khkeqcqdje `cnj~ ojq, deo`{adeg cvv`docqdje derkeqj~t, ckhkeq, qkqdeg, cea ~khkadcqdje%

>% Deqk~ec` q~cdedeg -c `cnj~ ojq$%

?% Ce deo~kck de dedqdc` mk`v akl oc`` a{k qj {k~ dek}vk~dkeok wdqm Deqk~ekq K}v`j~k~ 4 -Tkc~ 3 je`t$%

1% _jbqwc~k {vg~cak vjdn`k okec~dj -ejq s{ceqdbdka$%

Qmk bj``jwdeg c~k qmk ojq dev{q qj qmk bdeceodc` cec`td%

Dhv`khkeqcqdje @cnj~ Ojsqs

Qmk deqk~rdkwka j~gcedycqdje de qmd q{at v~kadoqka qmk kbbj~q ~ks{d~ka nt qmkd~ DQ qcbb qj krc`{cqk, qkq, vd`jq, cea

akv`jt Deqk~ekq K}v`j~k~ 4% Wdqm qmkk v~jikoqdje c c ncd, Bj~~kqk~ c{hka qmcq qmk ojhvjdqk J~gcedycqdje wdqm


9/25

Bj~~kqk~ Oje{`qdeg


Vcgk =

;6,666 n~jwk~ {k~ cea ??6 hddje(o~dqdoc` cvv`docqdje wj{à ~ks{d~k c ojhhke{~cqk `krk` jb DQ kbbj~q, mjwe de

Qcn`k > nk`jw%

Bj~ qmk ojhvjdqk J~gcedycqdje, qmk chj{eq jb `cnj~ ocò{`cqka mk~k d ks{c` qj >,6>6 mj{~ -cvv~j}dhcqk`t jek BQK$%

B{~qmk~, qmk wj~l d v~jikoqka qj nk bcod`dqcqka cea s{dolkeka wdqm qmk {k jb krk~c` akv`jthkeq cea hdg~cqdje qjj`%

_q{at vc~qdodvceq {ka adbbk~keq kq jb qjj` akvkeadeg je qmkd~ deo{hnkeq aklqjv*o`dkeq hcecgkhkeq j`{qdje n{q

jbqke deo`{aka Deqk~ekq K}v`j~k~ Ojhvcqdnd`dqt Qkq Qjj`, Deqk~ekq K}v`j~k~ Cahdedq~cqdje Ldq -DKCL$, Ojebdg{~cqdje

Hcecgk~, _tqkh Okeqk~ Kkeqdc` >636 -Kkeqdc`$, Okeqk~ Ojebdg{~cqdje Hcecgk~ -_OOH$, Hdo~jjbq Akv`jthkeq

Qjj`ldq >636, Cvv`docqdje Ojhvcqdnd`dqt Qjj`ldq, cea Wdeajw _k~rk~ [vacqk _k~rdok -W_[_$%

Qmk chj{eq jb `cnj~ ~ks{d~ka bj~ dhv`khkeqcqdje d mdgm`t akvkeakeq je qmk e{hnk~ cea qtvk -Wkn rk~{ je(

v~khdk$ jb cvv`docqdje {ka de qmk keqk~v~dk, qmk b~ks{keot wdqm wmdom cvv`docqdje c~k {vacqka, qmk `krk` jb

~khkadcqdje bj~ jqmk~ jbqwc~k hjak~edycqdje v~jikoq {om c Wdeajw 7, cea qmk c~omdqkoq{~k -d%k%, ?>(ndq rk~{ 21(

ndq$ jb qmk hjak~e aklqjv% C mdqj~doc` ~{`k jb qm{hn bj~ dedqdc``t kqdhcqdeg qmk k}qkeq jb qmd kbbj~q d qmcq =6+ jb

cvv`docqdje ~ks{d~k `dqq`k j~ ej ~khkadcqdje -`k qmce 3 mj{~$ qj nk ojhvcqdn`k wdqm Deqk~ekq K}v`j~k~ 4 wdqmde c ?>(ndq

kerd~jehkeq% Cejqmk~ 3;+ jb cvv`docqdje oce nk dakeqdbdka bj~ ~khkadcqdje cea b{eoqdjec`dqt ~kj`rka bj~ojhvcqdnd`dqt wdqm jhk kbbj~q -`k qmce jek act$% Qmk bdec` ;+ jb cvv`docqdje hct ~ks{d~k dgedbdoceq kbbj~q j~

~kv`cokhkeq*rk~dje {vg~cak cea qm{ qmk g~kcqk~ chj{eq jb `cnj~ cea*j~ jbqwc~k ~kv`cokhkeq ojq% -Qmk

deqk~rdkwka o{qjhk~ mcrk ojebd~hka qmcq hdg~cqdeg b~jh Deqk~ekq K}v`j~k~ = qj Deqk~ekq K}v`j~k~ 4 wd`` coq{c``t qclk

`k kbbj~q qmce qmk cnjrk mdqj~doc` ~{`k jb qm{hn$% Wkn cvv`docqdje qtvdoc``t oce nk ~kj`rka qmk bcqkq, cea qcgdeg

qmk ~khkadcqka cvv`docqdje deqj qmk v~ja{oqdje kerd~jehkeq d ajek okeq~c``t, ~kj`rdeg ojeb`doq bj~ {k~ s{dol`t cea

ke hck rk~{ je c vk~(hcomdek ncd%

Qcn`k > j{q`dek qmk ojq qj derkeqj~t cvv`docqdje, ckhkeq cea qkqdeg jb cvv`docqdje, cea ~khkadcqdje db

ekokc~t% Qmkk coqdrdqdk cea ojq joo{~ de qmk dedqdc` vmck jb qmk v~jikoq cea qjqc` !3?3,?66%

Qcn`k >

Dhv`khkeqcqdje @cnj~ Ojq

^kb% Hkq~do Ocò{`cqdje Dedqdc` vmcsk

C3 Derkeqj~t jb cvv`docqdje Kqdhcqka mj{~ ?>6

C>Cvv`docqdje ckhkeq ceaqkqdeg

;66

C? ^khkadcqdje 3>66

C1 Mj{~ C3,C>,C? >6>6

C;Mj{~`t ojhvkecqdje -b{``t`jcaka$

!2;

Cq Dhv`khkeqcqdje cnj~ ojq C1)C; !3?3?66



10/25

Bj~~kqk~ Oje{`qdeg


Vcgk 4

C dak kbbkoq jb cvv`docqdje dakeqdbdocqdje, qkqdeg, cea ~khkadcqdje ~kvj~qka qj Bj~~kqk~ wc c njjq qjwc~a g~kcqk~

jbqwc~k qceac~adycqdje co~j qmk keqk~v~dk c qmk ojhvcedk ~krdkwka cea derkeqj~dka cvv`docqdje cea s{kqdjeka

qmk ~cqdjec`k cea qmk ojeqde{ka {k jb jhk cvv`docqdje% Dakeqdbtdeg cvv`docqdje jwek~ cea bdeadeg v~jok

dhv~jrkhkeq cea ekw kbbdodkeodk ochk cnj{q qm~j{gm qmk kbbj~q ako~dnka cnjrk%

Deqk~ec` Q~cdedeg @cnj~ Ojsqs

Wmd`k qmk deqk~rdkwka j~gcedycqdje de qmd q{at ~kvj~qka qmcq Deqk~ekq K}v`j~k~ 4 q~cdedeg bj~ DQ qcbb, akrk`jvk~,

vjwk~ {k~, j~ mk`v akl qcbb wc ejq c dgedbdoceq ojq bcoqj~, Bj~~kqk~ v~kkeq qmd ojq ocqkgj~t qj deadocqk qmcq

jhk qcbb hkhnk~ wd`` ~ks{d~k cdqceok j~ g{daceok ojeok~edeg qmk ekw ocvcnd`dqdk jb qmk n~jwk~% ^kcak~ jb qmd

q{at mj{à lkkv de hdea qmcq hcet {k~ wd`` c`~kcat nk coo{qjhka qj {deg c hjak~e n~jwk~ cq mjhk, cea qmkt

jbqke k}vkoq c ojhvc~cqdrk db ejq {vk~dj~ ojhv{qdeg k}vk~dkeok wmd`k cq wj~l% Jrk~ qdhk, qmd ojq ocqkgj~t wd``

`c~gk`t adcvvkc~% Bj~~kqk~ c{hk qmcq 7; DQ qcbb hkhnk~ wd`` vkea mc`b c act kcom debj~hc``t `kc~edeg qmk ekw

ocvcnd`dqdk jb Deqk~ekq K}v`j~k~ 4, `c~gk`t {deg je`dek cea k`b(deq~{oqdje hkadc% Bj~ qmk ojhvjdqk J~gcedycqdje, qmk

ocò{`cqdje bj~ qmd q~cdedeg ojq, wmdom d !34,;66, d mjwe nk`jw%

Qcn`k ?

Q~cdedeg Ojq

^kb% Hkq~do Ocò{`cqdje Dedqdc`

N3 E{hnk~ jb khv`jtkk 7;

N> Mj{~`t ojhvkecqdje -b{``t jcaka$ !2;

N? Mj{~ 1

Nq Q~cdedeg deqk~ec` cnj~ N3)N>)N? !34;66


Deo~kcsk De Dedqdc` Mk`v Aksl Oc``s

_krk~c` jb qmk deqk~rdkwka j~gcedycqdje v~kadoqka ce dedqdc` {vqdol de Deqk~ekq K}v`j~k~ 4 mk`v akl(~k`cqka oc`` a{k qj

{k~ dek}vk~dkeok% Qmd {vqdol wj{à jje nk bj``jwka nt ce {e~k`cqka ako~kck de hc`wc~k(~k`cqka mk`v akl oc`` a{k

qj qmk kemceoka ko{~dqt bkcq{~k de Deqk~ekq K}v`j~k~ 4% Wk wd`` s{ceqdbt qmk {vqdol mk`v akl ojq de qmd koqdje cea

s{ceqdbt qmk hc`wc~k ojq crjdaceok de Qcn`k 2 de qmk Nkekbdq koqdje%


11/25

Bj~~kqk~ Oje{`qdeg


Vcgk 36

Qcn`k 1

Dedqdc` Deo~kck De Mk`v Akl Oc`` Cjodcqka Wdqm [k~ Dek}vk~dkeok Wdqm Deqk~ekq K}v`j~k~ 4

^kb% Hkq~do Oc`o{`cqdje Tkc~ 3 Tkc~ > Tkc~ ? Qjqc`

A3E{hnk~ jb mk`vakl oc``

;6666 n~jwk~ {k~ qdhk jekdeqk~coqdje vk~ {k~

;6666

A> Mj{~ vk~ deodakeq Mk`v akl 6%;

A?Crk~cgk mj{~`tojhvkecqdje -b{``t`jcaka$

!;;

A1Crk~cgk tkc~`tdedqdc` akv`jthkeqvk~okeqcgk

366+ 6+ 6+

AqMk`v akl ojqcjodcqka wdqm{k~ dek}vk~dkeok

A3)A>)A?)A1 !3?7;666 !6 !6 !3?7;666


_jbqwc~k [vg~cak Vjssdn`k _okec~dj

_jhk cvv`docqdje wd`` ejq kcd`t nk hcak ojhvcqdn`k wdqm Deqk~ekq K}v`j~k~ 4 wdqmj{q ~khkadcqdje rdc ~kv`cokhkeq j~

{vg~cak qj c ekwk~ rk~dje% C`qmj{gm ejek jb qmk deqk~rdkwka j~gcedycqdje ~kvj~qka {om c dq{cqdje, qmk~k ~khcde

qmk omceok qmcq qmd hdgmq joo{~ bj~ qmk ~kcak~ jb qmd q{at, cea bj~ jek j~ qwj lkt keqk~v~dk cvv`docqdje, ce {vg~cak

qj c ekwk~ rk~dje hdgmq nk qmk hjq ojq(kbbkoqdrk hkce qj comdkrk ojhvcqdnd`dqt% Bj~~kqk~ je`t d``{q~cqk qmd ojq

ocqkgj~t de qmd q{at cea ajk ejq cvv`t c ojq bcoqj~ c krc`{cqdeg qmk rc`{k jb ekw K^V, O^H, j~ jqmk~ {vg~caka

cvv`docqdje d nktjea qmk ojvk jb qmd q{at%

Bj~~kqk~ {ggkq qmk~k hct nk jbqwc~k `dokek ojq cqq~dn{qka qj c akoddje qj {vg~cak ce cvv`docqdje, vk~mcv

hcldeg qmk k}vkeadq{~k jjek~ qmce v`ceeka, de j~ak~ qj comdkrk ojhvcqdnd`dqt wdqm qmk ekw n~jwk~% Jek wct qj

kqdhcqk qmd chj{eq d qj oc`o{`cqk qmk deqk~kq je qmk qjqc` chj{eq jb qmk jbqwc~k k}vkeadq{~k jrk~ qmk qdhk qmcq qmk

vkeadeg wc carceoka je qmk oc`keac~ j~ ~jca hcv -qmk omcegk de qmk v~jikoq EVR$% Ejqk qmcq db ce j~gcedycqdje d

c`~kcat v`ceedeg c ~kv`cokhkeq j~ {vg~cak bj~ jqmk~ b{eoqdjec`dqt j~ cvv`docqdje `dbk(oto`k ~kcje cea qmk qdhdeg jb qmk

v{~omck mc ejq nkke omcegka bj~ n~jwk~ ojhvcqdnd`dqt ~kcje, qmke dq d `dlk`t qmcq ej {om ojq coo~{k qj qmk

Deqk~ekq K}v`j~k~ 4 derkqhkeq%

C`qk~ecqdrk`t, qmd ojq ocqkgj~t hdgmq nk jhdqqka bj~ j~gcedycqdje qmcq akqk~hdek qmcq qmd qtvk jb ojhvcqdnd`dqt

omc``kegk oce nk hkq nt ~{eedeg qmk cvv`docqdje de c ncolwc~a(ojhvcqdnd`dqt hjak j~ nt derkqdeg de rd~q{c`dycqdje%

Jvk~cqdeg tqkh j~ kdje rd~q{c`dycqdje k`dhdecqk qmk omc``kegk cjodcqka wdqm cvv`docqdje ojeb`doq nt dj`cqdeg

kcom cvv`docqdje deqj dq jwe rd~q{c` kerd~jehkeq wmd`k kecn`deg qmkk cvv`docqdje qj ojhh{edocqk wdqm qmk `joc`

jvk~cqdeg tqkh cea jqmk~ cvv`docqdje% Rd~q{c`dycqdje ~ka{ok qmk ojq jb vcolcgdeg, akv`jtdeg, qkqdeg, {vacqdeg,

cea k~rdodeg deqc``ka jbqwc~k% Wdqm rd~q{c`dycqdje, jbqwc~k cea {k~ cook c~k hcecgka okeq~c``t, tkq {k~ kqqdeg

cea v~jbd`k c~k crka de qmk `joc` ocomk, v~jrdadeg deqceq cook bj~ {nks{keq {k krke jbb`dek%


12/25

Bj~~kqk~ Oje{`qdeg


Vcgk 33

Qjqc` Ojsqs

Qjqc` ojq bj~ qmk ojhvjdqk J~gcedycqdje akv`jthkeq jb Deqk~ekq K}v`j~k~ 4 c~k ~kb`koqka de Qcn`k ; nk`jw%

Qcn`k ;

Qjqc` Qm~kk(Tkc~ Ojq Cjodcqka Wdqm Hdg~cqdeg Qj Deqk~ekq K}v`j~k~ 4 -Eje(^dl(Cai{qka$

Ojsqs Dedqdc` Tkc~ 3 Tkc~ > Tkc~ ? Qjqc`

Dhv`khkeqcqdje cnj~ ojq 3?3?66 6 6 6 3?3?66

Q~cdedeg deqk~ec` cnj~ 34;66 6 6 6 34;66

Mk`v akl ojq cjodcqkawdqm {k~ dek}vk~dkeok

6 3?7;666 6 6 3?7;666

_jbqwc~k {vg~cak 6 6 6 6 6

Qjqc` !3;6=66 !3?7;666 !6 !6 !3;>;=66


NkekbdqsQmk qjqc` rc`{k jb qmk nkekbdq jb Deqk~ekq K}v`j~k~ 4 d g~kcqk~ qmce qmk ojq, c deqk~rdkwkk de qmd q{at v~jikoqka qj

Bj~~kqk~% O{qjhk~ dakeqdbdka qmk bj``jwdeg lkt vjqkeqdc` nkekbdq ~k{`qdeg b~jh q~cedqdjedeg b~jh Deqk~ekq K}v`j~k~

= qj Deqk~ekq K}v`j~k~ 49

Hc`wc~k v~jqkoqdje cea dhv~jrka ko{~dqt%

_jhk dhv~jrkhkeq de v~ja{oqdrdqt bj~ vjwk~ n~jwk~ {k~%

Hc`wc~k V~jqkoqdje Cea Dhv~jrka _ko{~dqt

_krk~c` jb qmk vc~qdodvceq de qmd q{at ~kvj~qka qmcq hc`wc~k cqqcol mcrk nkke deo~kcdeg de qmk vcq oj{v`k jb tkc~%

Hjq jb qmk vc~qdodvceq nk`dkrk qmcq Deqk~ekq K}v`j~k~ 4 wd`` ~ka{ok qmk e{hnk~ jb hc`wc~k cc{`q qmcq qmkd~

j~gcedycqdje h{q coqdrk`t caa~k% Hc`dodj{ k`khkeq ~khcde c v~jn`kh wmke qmkt ojhk de rdc jqmk~ rkoqj~ {om c

khcd`, deqceq hkcgdeg, cea b~jh {k~ k`b(deqc``ka cvv`docqdje% Qmk deqk~rdkwka j~gcedycqdje nk`dkrka qmcq qmk DQ

qcbb, mk`v akl qcbb, cea {k~ wd`` nk dhvcoqka nt bkwk~ ock jb hc`wc~k wdqm Deqk~ekq K}v`j~k~ 4 akv`jtka rk~{

Deqk~ekq K}v`j~k~ = -j~ v~krdj{ rk~dje$%

@jjldeg cq qmk qdhk ~ks{d~ka bj~ {k~ qj ojeqcoq qmk mk`v akl j~ DQ qcbb cea qdhk vkeq cqqkhvqdeg qj bd} oj~~{vqka

hcomdek, k%g%, d{deg `jcek~ VO wmke ekkaka, ~kdhcgdeg hcomdek, kqo%, Bj~~kqk~ c{hk c ~cqmk~ ojek~rcqdrk 3

mj{~ vk~ deodakeq cq c ojq jb !;; -crk~cgk b{``t `jcaka mj{~`t ojhvkecqdje$% Qmd deo`{ak qdhk vkeq nt {k~, DQ, cea

mk`v akl qcbb% Deqk~rdkwka j~gcedycqdje cg~kka qmcq {deg Deqk~ekq K}v`j~k~ 4 hdgmq crk ce crk~cgk jb jek deodakeq

vk~ n~jwk~ {k~ vk~ tkc~, j~ bj~ qmk J~gcedycqdje, ;6,666 deodakeq vk~ tkc~% Gdrke qmk J~gcedycqdje 3>(hjeqm

~j``j{q omka{`k, qmk chj{eq jb `cnj~ crdeg deadocqk c rc`{k jb !2,=7;,666 jrk~ qmk qm~kk(tkc~ vk~dja c mjwe de

Qcn`k 2%


13/25

Bj~~kqk~ Oje{`qdeg


Vcgk 3>

Qcn`k 2

Hc`wc~k Ojq Crjdaceok ^ka{oka DQ Mk`v Akl Cea [k~ Ojq


A3E{hnk~ jbdeodakeq crjdaka

;6666 n~jwk~ {k~ qdhk jekdeodakeq vk~ tkc~

;6666

A> Mj{~ vk~ deodakeq DQ mk`v akl {k~ 3

A?Crk~cgk mj{~`tojhvkecqdje -b{``t`jcaka$

!;;

A1Crk~cgk tkc~`takv`jthkeqvk~okeqcgk

;6+ 366+ 366+

Aq

Hc`wc~k ojqcrjdaceok ~ka{oka mk`v aklojq

A3)A>)A?)A1 !3?7;666 !>7;6666 !>7;6666 !2=7;666


V~ja{oqdrdqt

De caadqdje qj qdhk crka je mk`v akl oc`` nt hc`wc~k ~kodvdkeq, hcet n~jwk~(deqkedrk {k~ dedak qmk

J~gcedycqdje hct k}vkoq qj kk nkekbdq b~jh Deqk~ekq K}v`j~k~ 4 bcqk~ vcgk ~keak~deg, ~kvjek qdhk, cea o~kke

~kb~km% Qmk cnd`dqt jb {k~ qj vde dqk qj qmk qclnc~ c`j hclk dq kcdk~ cea s{dolk~ qj cook dhvj~qceq `dek jbn{dek cvv`docqdje, cea qmk~k wd`` nk jhk v~ja{oqdrdqt dhv~jrkhkeq c c ~k{`q jb qmk kch`k deqk~bcok wdqm

Wdeajw 7 cea c hc~qk~ caa~k nc~%

[k~ v~ja{oqdrdqt d adbbdo{`q qj ck, cea j~gcedycqdje mcrk rc~tdeg cvvkqdqk bj~ deo`{adeg {om jbq nkekbdq de qmk

n{dek ock bj~ derkqhkeq de ekw jbqwc~k% _q{at deqk~rdkwkk ekrk~qmk`k ~kvj~qka hc~gdec` v~ja{oqdrdqt nkekbdq

{deg Deqk~ekq K}v`j~k~ 4 bcqk~ vk~bj~hceok -rk~{ Deqk~ekq K}v`j~k~ =$, kvkodc``t bj~ qkom(crrt {k~ cea qmjk de

n~jwk~(mkcrt ijn {om c oc`` okeqk~ cea k~rdok akl% O{qjhk~ deqk~rdkwka kqdhcqka ce crk~cgk crdeg jb ; 36

hde{qk vk~ act bj~ n~jwk~(deqkedrk {k~ jb Deqk~ekq K}v`j~k~ 4% Bj~~kqk~ mc ojek~rcqdrk`t ocò{`cqka v~ja{oqdrdqt

nkekbdq ncka je bdrk hde{qk vk~ act de Qcn`k 7%

Qmk rc`{k jb deo~khkeqc` {k~ j{qv{q d {eds{k qj kcom j~gcedycqdje cea qj adbbk~keq ijn wdqmde j~gcedycqdje, cea qmk

wd``degek cea cnd`dqt qj hkc{~k j~ kqdhcqk dq rc`{k wd`` rc~t% Bj~ qmk {hhc~t cea qjqc` crdeg ocò{`cqdje

v~kkeqka de rc~dj{ qcn`k de qmd q{at, Bj~~kqk~ mc ejq deo`{aka cet rc`{k bj~ {k~ v~ja{oqdrdqt% Ekrk~qmk`k, gdrke

o{qjhk~ rc`dacqdje jb qmk nkekbdq qj {k~ c`nkdq wdqm ocrkcq c~j{ea qmk omc``kegk jb s{ceqdbdocqdje c chv`k

ocò{`cqdje d mjwe de Qcn`k 7% De qmd k}chv`k, wk deo`{ak je`t qmjk ~j`k qmcq ~ks{d~k deqkedrk n~jwk~ {k, cea wk

adoj{eq qmk rc`{k jb qmkd~ qdhk crka nt ;6+ qj cai{q bj~ v~ja{oqdrdqt `kclcgk% Bj~~kqk~ c{hk qmcq bj~

debj~hcqdje wj~lk~, je`t c vj~qdje jb qmk qdhk gcdeka b~jh dhv~jrka v~ja{oqdrdqt ~cegdeg b~jh ;6+ qj 7;+

wd`` coq{c``t nk ~kc`dyka nt qmk J~gcedycqdje% Ejq c`` jb qmk qdhk crka wd`` nk ojerk~qka deqj v~ja{oqdrk j{qv{q%


14/25

Bj~~kqk~ Oje{`qdeg


Vcgk 3?

Ejqk qmcq db qmk nkekbdq ako~dnka cnjrk c~k deo`{aka de qmk bdeceodc` ~k{`q, qmk crdeg bj~ qmd cec`td wj{`a nk

deo~kcka nt !=%>; hd``dje jrk~ qm~kk tkc~ c ojhvk``deg deadocqj~ bj~ qmk {ook jb c hjrk qj Deqk~ekq K}v`j~k~ 4%

Mjwkrk~ qmkk ojq crdeg wk~k ejq deo`{aka de qmk q{at bdeceodc` ~k{`q nkoc{k dq adbbdo{`q qj s{ceqdbt qmk dhvcoq

jb qmd v~ja{oqdrdqt gcde je qmk njqqjh `dek% Qcn`k 7 {hhc~dyk qmk vjqkeqdc` v~ja{oqdrdqt nkekbdq qmcq qmk ojhvjdqk

J~gcedycqdje oce gcde c c ~k{`q jb qmk hdg~cqdje b~jh Deqk~ekq K}v`j~k~ = qj Deqk~ekq K}v`j~k~ 4% Qmk acqc d ncka je

{k~ k}vk~dkeodeg bcqk~ vcgk ~keak~deg, ~kvjek qdhk, cea o~kke ~kb~km, c wk`` c qmk cnd`dqt jb {k~ qj vde dqk qj

qmk qclnc~, hcldeg dq kcdk~ cea s{dolk~ qj cook dhvj~qceq n{dek cvv`docqdje cea caa qj qmjk qmk kch`k

deqk~bcok wdqm Wdeajw 7 cea c hc~qk~ caa~k nc~%

Qcn`k 7

Deo~kcka [k~ V~ja{oqdrdqt -_crdeg Ejq Deo`{aka De _q{at Qjqc`$


K3 E{hnk~ jb wj~lk~Je`t n~jwk~(deqkedrk

{k~2666

K> Mj{~`t ~cqk vk~ wj~lk~Crk~cgk mj{~`t ~cqkdeo`{adeg nkekbdq

!;;

K? E{hnk~ jb mj{~ crka; hde{qk vk~ act ) >16wj~lact * 26 hde{qk

>6

K1 Vk~okeq ocvq{~ka ;6+

K; Akv`jthkeq vk~okeqcgk Tkc~ 3 ~chv({v ;6+ 366+ 366+

Kq Deo~kcka {k~v~ja{oqdrdqt

K3)K>)K?)K1)K; !32;6666 !??66666 !??66666 !=>;6666


Akrk`jvk~s

C wdqm {k~ v~ja{oqdrdqt, s{ceqdbtdeg akrk`jvk~ v~ja{oqdrdqt gcde d omc``kegdeg, kvkodc``t de qmk QCV qcgk jb

Deqk~ekq K}v`j~k~ 4 ~j``j{q cea {cgk% Ejek jb qmk j~gcedycqdje deqk~rdkwka nt Bj~~kqk~ mca coqdrk akrk`jvk~ {cgk jb

Deqk~ekq K}v`j~k~ 4 j~ MQH@;, j wk wd`` ejq nk s{ceqdbtdeg qmk nkekbdq de qmd q{at% Mjwkrk~, de qmk B`k}dnd`dqt

koqdje jb qmd q{at, wk mdgm`dgmq qmk b{q{~k deqk~jvk~cnd`dqt nkekbdq jb Deqk~ekq K}v`j~k~ 4 {vvj~q bj~ MQH@;%

Qjqc` S{ceqdbdka Nkekbdqs

Qcn`k = {hhc~dyk qmk s{ceqdbdka nkekbdq coo~{deg b~jh ce derkqhkeq de Deqk~ekq K}v`j~k~ 4 bj~ qmk ojhvjdqk

J~gcedycqdje%


15/25

Bj~~kqk~ Oje{`qdeg


Vcgk 31

Qcn`k =

Qjqc` Qm~kk(Tkc~ S{ceqdbdka Nkekbdq -Eje(^dl(Cai{qka$

Nkekbdqs Dedqdc` Tkc~ 3 Tkc~ > Tkc~ ? Qjqc`

Hc`wc~k ojq crjdaceok ~ka{oka DQ mk`v akl cea{k~ ojq

!3?7;666 !>7;6666 !>7;6666 !2=7;666

Qjqc` s{ceqdbdka nkekbdq !3?7;666 !>7;6666 !>7;6666 !2=7;666


B`k}dnd`dqtB`k}dnd`dqt, c akbdeka nt QKD, ~kv~kkeq derkqdeg de caadqdjec` ocvcodqt j~ cgd`dqt qmcq oce nk q{~eka deqj n{dek

nkekbdq bj~ jhk b{q{~k caadqdjec` derkqhkeq% Bj~~kqk~ cea qmk J~gcedycqdje nk`dkrk qmcq derkqdeg de Deqk~ekqK}v`j~k~ 4 `ct qmk g~j{eawj~l qj qclk carceqcgk jb qmk bj``jwdeg b`k}dnd`dqt jvqdje%

O{qjhk~ odqka Deqk~ekq K}v`j~k~ 4 ~j`k de vcrdeg qmk wct bj~ qmkd~ j~gcedycqdje qj ojeqde{k qj hjak~edyk wkn(

ncka cvv`docqdje {deg MQH@;% C`qmj{gm acqc bj~ oc`o{`cqdeg qmk rc`{k jb qmd b`k}dnd`dqt jvqdje wc de{bbdodkeq wmke

qmd q{at wc ojea{oqka, wk`` ako~dnk j{~ deqk~rdkwkk v~kadoqdje c`jeg wdqm Hdo~jjbq ako~dvqdje jb qmk chk

hc~l{v nkekbdq jb MQH@;%

Deqk~jvk~cnd`dqt wdqm MQH@; Deqk~ekq K}v`j~k~ 4 n~deg ekw MQH@; {vvj~q, c``jwdeg akrk`jvk~ qj w~dqk

qmk chk hc~l{v qmcq ~ka{ok qmk ojq jb o~kcqdeg ekw cvv`docqdje% MQH@; d qmk ek}q rk~dje jb qmk `ceg{cgk

qmcq {eak~`dk qmk wkn -MQH@$, cea dq {vvj~q krk~c` bkcq{~k qmcq wd`` hclk wkndqk nkmcrk hj~k `dlk

cvv`docqdje% Akrk`jvk~ c~k mjwdeg deo~kcka deqk~kq de qkomej`jgdk qmcq v~jhjqk jvke wkn c~omdqkoq{~k,

cea MQH@; d ok~qcde`t jek jb qmkk% Cooj~adeg qj Bj~~kqk~, 26+ jb akrk`jvk~ c~k kdqmk~ c`~kcat {deg

MQH@; j~ v`ceedeg qj wdqmde qmk ek}q qwj tkc~% Wdqm {vvj~q bj~ _RG, O__?, cea AJH, akrk`jvk~ mcrk c

ekw kq jb ocvcnd`dqdk qmcq wd`` mk`v {mk~ de qmk ek}q wcrk jb deejrcqdje co~j qmk Wkn% Cooj~adeg qj

Hdo~jjbq, Wdeajw Deqk~ekq K}v`j~k~ 4 d ojhhdqqka qj kecn`deg qmk {k jb qmk chk hc~l{v wdqm k}qkedrk

{vvj~q bj~ hjak~e qceac~a, coqdrk vc~qdodvcqdje wdqm qmk qceac~a njadk, cea ojhv~kmkedrk qkq ock%

Qmk rc`{k jb b`k}dnd`dqt d {eds{k qj kcom j~gcedycqdje, cea qmk wd``degek qj hkc{~k dq rc`{k rc~dk b~jh j~gcedycqdje

qj j~gcedycqdje -kk Cvvkead} O bj~ caadqdjec` debj~hcqdje ~kgc~adeg qmk b`k}dnd`dqt oc`o{`cqdje$%

^dsl

Njqm ~dl(cai{qka cea eje(~dl(cai{qka ojq cea nkekbdq c~k ado{ka de qmd q{at% Qmk J~gcedycqdje ojq ceankekbdq de Qcn`k ; cea = c~k s{jqka de eje(~dl(cai{qka -nkq(ock$ qk~h cea nkbj~k ~dl cai{qhkeq c~k hcak% Qmk

ckhkeq jb ~dl v~jrdak c ~cegk jb vjdn`k j{qojhk ncka je qmk ~dl cjodcqka wdqm wkn(~k`cqka v~jikoq de

gkek~c` cea vkodbdo ~dl ~k`cqdrk qj hdg~cqdeg b~jh Deqk~ekq K}v`j~k~ = qj Deqk~ekq K}v`j~k~ 4% De j{~ ~kkc~om, wk cw

qmcq qmd hdg~cqdje wc c ~k`cqdrk`t `jw(~dl keakcrj~%

Hkc{~khkeq jb ~dl d c wct jb deoj~vj~cqdeg qmk `krk` jb ojebdakeok cea {eok~qcdeqt ~kgc~adeg qmk ojq cea nkekbdq

kqdhcqk jb c gdrke derkqhkeq% Mdgmk~ ojebdakeok qmcq qmk ojq cea nkekbdq kqdhcqk wd`` nk hkq dhv`dk qmcq qmk `krk`

jb ~dl d `jwk~ cea qmcq qmk rc~dcqdje nkqwkke qmk ~dl(cai{qka cea eje(~dl(cai{qka j{qojhk d hdedhdyka%


16/25

Bj~~kqk~ Oje{`qdeg


Vcgk 3;

Qmk bj``jwdeg gkek~c` ~dl wk~k ojedak~ka de qmd q{at9

@col jb j~gcedycqdjec` adodv`dek de o~kcqdeg v~jokk cea v~joka{~k qj nkq qclk carceqcgk jb qmk nkekbdq%

Qmk vjqkeqdc` qmcq qmk nkekbdq wd`` ejq nk hkc{~ka cea s{ceqdbdka, cea c c ~k{`q, ej QKD nkekbdq wj{`a nkocvq{~ka cea colejw`kagka%

Qmk bj``jwdeg ~dl cjodcqka wdqm hdg~cqdeg b~jh Deqk~ekq K}v`j~k~ = qj Deqk~ekq K}v`j~k~ 4 wk~k ojedak~ka de

hcldeg ~dl cai{qhkeq qj qmk ojq9

Qmk~k d ~dl cjodcqka wdqm qmk v~jok jb akc`deg wdqm cvv`docqdje ojhvcqdnd`dqt cea ~khkadcqdje d{k wmke

hdg~cqdeg b~jh Deqk~ekq K}v`j~k~ = qj Deqk~ekq K}v`j~k~ 4, kvkodc``t cvv`docqdje qmcq wjeq wj~l wdqm Deqk~ekq

K}v`j~k~ 4%

Qmk bj``jwdeg ~dl cjodcqka wdqm hdg~cqdeg b~jh Deqk~ekq K}v`j~k~ = qj Deqk~ekq K}v`j~k~ 4 wk~k ojedak~ka de

hcldeg ~dl cai{qhkeq qj qmk nkekbdq9

Deqk~ekq K}v`j~k~ 4 ajk ejq ~ka{ok DQ, mk`v akl, cea {k~ qdhk cea kbbj~q cjodcqka wdqm hc`wc~k d{k c

h{om j~ c jje c bj~kocqka%

Bj~ qmd q{at, Bj~~kqk~ cvv`dka c >6+ ~dl cai{qhkeq -deo~kck jb >6+$ qj qmk qjqc` ojq cjodcqka wdqm hdg~cqdeg qj

Deqk~ekq K}v`j~k~ 4 de Qcn`k ; qj ~kb`koq qmk ~dl `dqka cnjrk% _kk Qcn`k 4 bj~ ~dl(cai{qka qjqc` ojq%

Qcn`k 4

Qjqc` Qm~kk(Tkc~ Ojq Cjodcqka Wdqm Hdg~cqdeg Qj Deqk~ekq K}v`j~k~ 4 -^dl(Cai{qka [vwc~a Nt >6+$

Ojsqs Dedqdc` Tkc~ 3 Tkc~ > Tkc~ ? Qjqc`

Dhv`khkeqcqdje cnj~ ojq 3;7;26 6 6 6 3;7;26

Q~cdedeg deqk~ec` cnj~ >?166 6 6 6 >?166

Mk`v akl ojq cjodcqkawdqm {k~ dek}vk~dkeok

6 32;6666 6 6 32;6666

_jbqwc~k {vg~cak 6 6 6 6 6

Qjqc` !3=6426 !32;6666 !6 !6 !3=?6426


Bj~ qmd q{at, Bj~~kqk~ cvv`dka c 36+ ~dl cai{qhkeq -~ka{oqdje jb 36+$ qj qmk qjqc` s{ceqdbdka nkekbdq de Qcn`k = qj

~kb`koq qmk ~dl `dqka cnjrk% _kk Qcn`k 36 bj~ ~dl(cai{qka qjqc` s{ceqdbdka nkekbdq%


17/25

Bj~~kqk~ Oje{`qdeg


Vcgk 32

Qcn`k 36

Qjqc` Qm~kk(Tkc~ S{ceqdbdka Nkekbdq -^dl(Cai{qka Ajwewc~a Nt 36+$

Nkekbdqs Dedqdc` Tkc~ 3 Tkc~ > Tkc~ ? Qjqc`

Hc`wc~k ojq crjdaceok ~ka{oka DQ mk`v akl cea {k~ojq

!3>?7;66 !>17;666 !>17;666 !23=7;66

Qjqc` s{ceqdbdka nkekbdq !3>?7;66 !>17;666 !>17;666 !23=7;66


Db ~dl(cai{qka nkekbdq qd`` akhjeq~cqk c ojhvk``deg n{dek ock, dq ~cdk ojebdakeok qmcq qmk derkqhkeq d `dlk`t qj

{ookka, c qmk ~dl qmcq qm~kcqke qmk v~jikoq mcrk nkke qclke deqj ojedak~cqdje cea s{ceqdbdka% Qmk ~dl(cai{qka

e{hnk~ mj{à nk qclke c ~kc`dqdo k}vkoqcqdje, c qmkt ~kv~kkeq qmk k}vkoqka rc`{k ojedak~deg ~dl% C{hdegej~hc` {ook cq hdqdgcqdeg ~dl, qmk ~dl(cai{qka e{hnk~ mj{à hj~k o`jk`t ~kb`koq qmk k}vkoqka j{qojhk jb qmk

derkqhkeq%

Bdeceodc` _{hhc~t

Qmk ~dl cai{qka bdeceodc` ~k{`q ocò{`cqka b~jh qmk Ojq cea Nkekbdq koqdje oce nk {ka qj akqk~hdek qmk crdeg,

EVR, cea vctncol vk~dja bj~ qmk J~gcedycqdje derkqhkeq de Deqk~ekq K}v`j~k~ 4% Qmkk c~k mjwe de Qcn`k 33 nk`jw%

Qcn`k 33Ocm B`jw ^dl(Cai{qka

Ocsm b`jw ^dsl(cai{sqka ksqdhcqks

Dedqdc` Tkc~ 3 Tkc~ > Tkc~ ? Qjqc` VR

Ojq -3=6426$ -32;6666$ 6 6 -3=?6426$ -32=6426$

Nkekbdq 3>?7;66 >17;666 >17;666 23=7;66 ;6>44;4

Ekq nkekbdq -!3=6426$ -!13>;66$ !>17;666 !>17;666 !1?;2;16 !??14666

Vctncol vk~dja 3; hjeqm


Qmk acqc oj``koqka de qmd q{at deadocqk qmcq hdg~cqdeg b~jh Deqk~ekq K}v`j~k~ = qj Deqk~ekq K}v`j~k~ 4 mc qmk

vjqkeqdc` qj v~jrdak dgedbdoceq s{ceqdbdcn`k nkekbdq cea vjdqdrk ekq nkekbdq cbqk~ Tkc~ >% Qmk qm~kk(tkc~, ~dl(cai{qka

VR crdeg jb!?,?14,666, c`jeg wdqm c 3;(hjeqm vctncol vk~dja -n~kclkrke vjdeq$, ~cdk ojebdakeok qmcq qmk


18/25

Bj~~kqk~ Oje{`qdeg


Vcgk 37

derkqhkeq d `dlk`t qj {ookka, kvkodc``t cbqk~ qmk ~dl cea {eok~qcdeqt qmcq hct cbbkoq qmk v~jikoq mcrk nkke

ojedak~ka, s{ceqdbdka, cea deoj~vj~cqka deqj qmk n{dek ock%

De ojeo`{dje, Bj~~kqk~ deqk~rdkw wdqm Wdeajw Deqk~ekq K}v`j~k~ 4 QCV o{qjhk~ tdk`aka rc`{cn`k jnk~rcqdje%

Bj~~kqk~ bj{ea qmcq j~gcedycqdje oce ~kc`dyk nkekbdq de qmk bj~h jb9

Hc`wc~k ojq crjdaceok ~ka{oka DQ, mk`v akl, cea {k~ ojq -s{ceqdbdka$%

V~ja{oqdrdqt bj~ vjwk~ {k~ j~ n~jwk~(deqkedrk {k~ -s{ceqdbdka n{q ejq deo`{aka de {hhc~t qjqc`$%

Deqk~ekq K}v`j~k~ 4 n~deg ekw MQH@; {vvj~q, c``jwdeg akrk`jvk~ qj w~dqk qmk chk hc~l{v qmcq ~ka{ok qmk

ojq jb o~kcqdeg ekw cvv`docqdje -b`k}dnd`dqt jvqdje ejq s{ceqdbdka$%

Ncka je qmkk bdeadeg, j~gcedycqdje `jjldeg qj {vg~cak qj Deqk~ekq K}v`j~k~ 4 b~jh Deqk~ekq K}v`j~k~ = oce

ceqdodvcqk hc`wc~k ojq crjdaceok crdeg, hc~gdec` v~ja{oqdrdqt gcde bj~ n~jwk~(deqkedrk {k~, cea b{q{~k

cvv`docqdje akrk`jvhkeq ojq ~ka{oqdje wdqm MQH@;%

[deg qmk QKD b~chkwj~l, hcet j~gcedycqdje hct bdea c vjqkeqdc``t ojhvk``deg n{dek ock qj hclk {om ce

derkqhkeq%

Bj~~kqk~ hclk ej c{hvqdje ~kgc~adeg qmk kbbkoq jb hdg~cqdeg b~jh Deqk~ekq K}v`j~k~ = qj Deqk~ekq K}v`j~k~ 4 cq

jqmk~ j~gcedycqdje% Qmd q{at k}chdek qmk vjqkeqdc` dhvcoq cqq~dn{qcn`k qj qmk Hdo~jjbq o{qjhk~ qmcq vc~qdodvcqka

de j{~ k}chdecqdje% Qmk {eak~`tdeg jnikoqdrk jb qmd ajo{hkeq d qj v~jrdak g{daceok qj qkomej`jgt cea n{dek

akoddje(hclk~ kkldeg qj dakeqdbt c~kc wmk~k rc`{k oce vjqkeqdc``t nk o~kcqka nt hdg~cqdeg qj Deqk~ekq K}v`j~k~ 4%


19/25

Bj~~kqk~ Oje{`qdeg


Vcgk 3=

Cvvkead} C9 Cnj{q Wdeajws Deqk~ekq K}v`j~k~ 4

Cooj~adeg qj Hdo~jjbq, hdg~cqdeg b~jh Deqk~ekq K}v`j~k~ = qj Deqk~ekq K}v`j~k~ 4 oce deo~kck qmk hcecgkcnd`dqt,

ko{~dqt, cea v~ja{oqdrdqt bj~ ce j~gcedycqdje wkn(ncka wj~l cea derkqhkeq% Deqk~ekq K}v`j~k~ d akdgeka qj nk

bcq, o`kce, cea q~{qka%

Bcsq

Vc~q jb ~k(dhcgdedeg qmk ~j`k jb qmk n~jwk~ d ~kqmdeldeg qmk ojeokvq jb bcq% Qjact, bcq d qjj ec~~jw`t akbdeka c vcgk

`jca qdhk% Akdgeka qj qclk b{`` carceqcgk jb qmk vjwk~ jb tj{~ ojhv{qk~ mc~awc~k qm~j{gm Wdeajw, Deqk~ekq

K}v`j~k~ 4 ak`drk~ ~dom cea dhhk~drk k}vk~dkeok qmcq c~k c bcq cea ~kvjedrk c ecqdrk cvv`docqdje deqc``ka je

tj{~ ojhv{qk~%

3% Deqk~ekq K}v`j~k~ 4 `krk~cgk qmk b{`` vjwk~ jb tj{~ VO nt {qd`dydeg qmk GV[ qm~j{gm qmk Ad~koq],

Ad~koq>A, cea Ad~koqW~dqk CVD qj ke{~k qmcq qk}q d o~dv cea g~cvmdo cea cedhcqdje c~k hjjqm% Ekw

GV[(vjwk~ka MQH@; kecn`k q{eedeg MA rdakj cea c{adj ojeqkeq wdqmj{q qmk ekka bj~ c v`{g(de%

>% Wdqm qmk vk~bj~hceok kemceokhkeq de Deqk~ekq K}v`j~k~ 4, ojhvcedk oce derkq de wkn cvv`docqdje qmcq

c~k hj~k ~dom cea dhhk~drk cea jbbk~ k}vk~dkeok qmcq c~k dhd`c~ qj qmjk jb Wdeajw ecqdrk

cvv`docqdje%

O`kce

Wdqm Deqk~ekq K}v`j~k~ 4 cea Wdeajw, Hdo~jjbq ~k(dhcgdeka qmk ~j`k jb qmk n~jwk~ cea mjw vkjv`k deqk~coq wdqm

wkndqk cea wkn cvv`docqdje% Deqk~ekq K}v`j~k~ 4 d dqk(okeq~do c jvvjka qj n~jwk~(okeq~do% Wkndqk mcrk c o`kcek~

`jjl qmcq hclk qmkh mdek%

3% Nt akbc{`q, je`t qmk ojeq~j` kkeqdc` bj~ n~jwdeg c~k de qmk n~jwk~ b~chk, `kqqdeg vkjv`k n~jwk cea

k}vk~dkeok c`` qmcq qmk dqk mcrk qj jbbk~%

>% Qmk n~jwk~ deqkg~cqk kch`k`t wdqm Wdeajw 7 cea deo`{ak c hc~qk~ caa~k nc~%

?% Tj{ oce {k qmk GVJ kqqdeg qj o{qjhdyk cea hcecgk qmk n~jwk~ nt ajdeg qmdeg {om c9

3$ _kq tj{~ {k~ mjhk vcgk cea ekw qcn vcgk qj ce deq~cekq vj~qc`%

>$ _vkodbt c vj`dot `dq jb dqk tj{ wceq qj nk adv`ctka de Ojhvcqdnd`dqt Rdkw hjak%

Q~{sqka

Qmk hj~k qmcq qmk wkn nkojhk vc~q jb j{~ krk~tact `drk, qmk hj~k ojhv`k} qmcq qmk d{k jb je`dek q~{q cea n~jwk~

q~{q nkojhk% Deqk~ekq K}v`j~k~ 4 mc c ~jn{q kq jb n{d`q(de ko{~dqt, v~drcot, cea ~k`dcnd`dqt qkomej`jgdk qmcq lkkv tj{

cbk~ cea tj{~ n~jwdeg k}vk~dkeok {edeqk~~{vqka%

3% Bkcq{~k qj mc~ake qmk n~jwk~ cgcdeq a~drk(nt cqqcol {om c v~jqkoqka hjak, AKV*E]%

>% O~cmk c~k dj`cqka de qcn qj hdedhdyk ad~{vqdje%

?% Qmk _hc~q_o~kke [^@ bd`qk~ ojeqde{k qj nk c lkt {k~ cbkqt derkqhkeq de Deqk~ekq K}v`j~k~ 4% _deok qmk

`c{eom jb Deqk~ekq K}v`j~k~ =, _hc~q_o~kke mc n`jolka hj~k qmce 3%; nd``dje jodc``t kegdekk~ka hc`wc~k


20/25

Bj~~kqk~ Oje{`qdeg


Vcgk 34

cea vmdmdeg cqqcol cea ojeqde{k qj n`jol nkqwkke ? hd``dje cea ; hd``dje cqqcol kcom act% Hdo~jjbq d

ojhhdqqka qj v~jrdadeg dea{q~t(`kcadeg v~jqkoqdje b~jh vmdmdeg cea hc`wc~k%

1% Cvv`docqdje ^kv{qcqdje `kq {k~ hclk nkqqk~ akoddje wmke ajwe`jcadeg cvv`docqdje b~jh qmk Wkn%

;% DK4 mk`v kemceok {k~ v~drcot qm~j{gm bkcq{~k {om c Q~coldeg V~jqkoqdje%

Deqk~jvk~cn`k

Deqk~ekq K}v`j~k~ 4 mc MQH@; cq qmk okeqk~, c``jwdeg akrk`jvk~ qj w~dqk qmk chk hc~l{v% Wdqm k}qkedrk {vvj~q

bj~ _RG, O__?, cea AJH, akrk`jvk~ mcrk c ekw kq jb ocvcnd`dqdk qmcq wd`` mk`v {mk~ de qmk ek}q wcrk jb deejrcqdje

co~j qmk Wkn% Deqk~ekq K}v`j~k~ 4 d ojhhdqqka qj kecn`deg qmk {k jb qmk chk hc~l{v wdqm k}qkedrk {vvj~q bj~

hjak~e qceac~a, coqdrk vc~qdodvcqdje wdqm qmk qceac~a njadk, cea ojhv~kmkedrk qkq ock%

3% _qceac~a {vvj~q de DK4 dhv`dbdk wkn akrk`jvhkeq cea kecn`k akrk`jvk~ qj ak`drk~ jek vcgk qmcq

wj~l co~j n~jwk~%

>% Ce cahdedq~cqdrk o{qjhdycqdje qjj` ldq -DKCL$ hclk dq kct qj ojebdg{~k c qceac~a akv`jthkeq

vcolcgk%

?% Wdqm {vvj~q jb deg`k ekqwj~l dge(je cea ekc~`t 3,;66 g~j{v vj`dodk, DQ v~jbkdjec` oce a~drk aklqjv

qceac~adycqdje cea crdeg wdqmj{q ojhv~jhddeg ojeq~j`%

1% DK4 ncolwc~a ojhvcqdnd`dqt wdqm DK7 cea DK= kck hdg~cqdje mc`k% Ncolwc~a ojhvcqdnd`dqt hjak

kecn`k keqk~v~dk akrk`jvk~ qj omjjk qmk ~dgmq qceac~a cq qmk ~dgmq qdhk%

3$ DK4 ojhvcqdnd`dqt hjak d qmk chk c de DK= njqm akbc{`q qj DK7 ajo{hkeq hjak, rk~dje

rkoqj~, cea {k~(cgkeq q~deg%

>$ Deq~cekq dqk9 ~keak~ cea wj~l qmk chk je DK=*DK4%

?$ K}q~cekq*deqk~ekq dqk ~keak~ cea wj~l qmk chk c DK= {deg qmk Kh{`cqkDK= ]([C(Ojhvcqdn`k

hkqc qcg*MQQV mkcak~%

;% Cajvqdeg qmk wkn qceac~a de DK4 wd`` b{q{~k(v~jjb tj{~ cvv`docqdje%

Cvvkead} N9 Ojhvjsdqk J~gcedycqdje Akso~dvqdje

Ojhvjsdqk J~gcedycqdje

Ncka je qmk deqk~rdkw wdqm k}dqdeg Deqk~ekq K}v`j~k~ 4 QCV o{qjhk~, Bj~~kqk~ ojeq~{oqka c QKD b~chkwj~l, c

ojhvjdqk J~gcedycqdje, cea ce cjodcqka nkekbdq cec`td qmcq d``{q~cqk qmk c~kc cbbkoqka bdeceodc``t% Qmk ojhvjdqk

J~gcedycqdje qmcq Bj~~kqk~ teqmkdyka b~jh qmkk ~k{`q d ako~dnka nt qmk bj``jwdeg omc~coqk~dqdo9

J~gcedycqdje _dyk Cea Adhkesdjes

C 26,666(vk~je g`jnc` j~gcedycqdje, jb wmdom qmk~k c~k ;6,666 n~jwk~ {k~ cea c hcet VO qmcq wd`` nk

hdg~cqdeg qj Deqk~ekq K}v`j~k~ 4 co~j 16 `jocqdje de krk~c` oj{eq~dk% Qmk jqmk~ 36,666 khv`jtkk c~k ejq


21/25

Bj~~kqk~ Oje{`qdeg


Vcgk >6

acd`t n~jwk~ {k~ cea c~k de hce{bcoq{~deg cea adq~dn{qdje ~j`k% Bj~ qmk hjq vc~q, qmk n~jwk~ {k~ wd``

mcrk hdg~cqka b~jh Deqk~ekq K}v`j~k~ =, wdqm c hdej~dqt hdg~cqdeg b~jh Deqk~ekq K}v`j~k~ 2 cea 7%

Qmk J~gcedycqdje v`ce qj hdg~cqk c rcq hcij~dqt jb dq n~jwk~ {k~ qj Deqk~ekq K}v`j~k~ 4 jrk~ qmk ek}q 3>

hjeqm cbqk~ vk~bj~hdeg cvv`docqdje qkqdeg cea cet ekokc~t ~khkadcqdje je dq wkn(ncka cvv`docqdje%

Kerd~jehkeq V~dj~ Qj Deqk~ekq K}v`j~k~ 4 Derksqhkeq

Jvk~cqdeg tqkh de {k c~k v~deodvc``t Wdeajw ]V cea jhk Rdqc, wdqm c g~jwdeg ojeqdegkeq jb Wdeajw 7

hcomdek% Rdqc {k~ c~k ~cvda`t nkdeg hdg~cqka qj Wdeajw 7 c`jeg wdqm ]V {k~ c vc~q jb qmk VO ~kb~km

oto`k%

Qmk j~gcedycqdje {vvj~q cvv~j}dhcqk`t 3,666 wkn(ncka cvv`docqdje co~j dq g`jnc``t adq~dn{qka wj~lbj~ok%

Jb qmkk cvv`docqdje, cvv~j}dhcqk`t ?66 c~k hddje(o~dqdoc` cvv`docqdje% Qmkk cvv`docqdje, c`jeg wdqm

cejqmk~ ?6 mdgm {cgk*rddnd`dqt cvv`docqdje, wd`` mcrk qj nk qkqka bj~ DK4 ojhvcqdnd`dqt c qjqc` jb ??6 qj nk

qkqka%

N~jwk~ de {k c~k hcde`t Deqk~ekq K}v`j~k~ =, qmk J~gcedycqdje {vvj~qka qceac~a, cea jhk Deqk~ekq

K}v`j~k~ 2 cea 7% Qmk J~gcedycqdje vk~hdq {e{vvj~qka n~jwk~, c`qmj{gm ~kokeq dedqdcqdrk cdh qj hdedhdyk

qmk {k jb eje{vvj~qka jbqwc~k, deo`{adeg n~jwk~%

Qmk J~gcedycqdjes Gjc`s Cea Jnikoqdrks ^k`cqdrk Qj Ce Derksqhkeq De Deqk~ekq K}v`j~k~ 4

Vk~bj~hceok9

j Qj qclk carceqcgk jb Deqk~ekq K}v`j~k~ 4 cnd`dqt qj `krk~cgk qmk vjwk~ jb qmk GV[ qm~j{gm qmk Ad~koq],

Ad~koq>A, cea Ad~koqW~dqk CVD qj ke{~k qmcq qk}q d o~dv cea g~cvmdo cea cedhcqdje c~k hjjqm%

j

Qj deo~kck khv`jtkk jrk~c`` v~ja{oqdrdqt nt hcldeg dq bcqk~ cea kcdk~ qj gkq qj qmk dqk cea cvv`docqdjen~jwk~ {k~ ekka%

[k~ k}vk~dkeok9

j Qmk cnd`dqt jb {k~ qj vde dqk qj qmk qclnc~, hcldeg dq kcdk~ cea s{dolk~ qj cook dhvj~qceq `dek jb

n{dek cvv`docqdje%

j _kch`k wdqm Wdeajw 7 cea hc~qk~ caa~k nc~%

j Qmk J~gcedycqdje wceq qmk cnd`dqt qj {k qmk GVJ kqqdeg qj9

j _kq {k~ mjhk vcgk cea ekw qcn vcgk qj ce deq~cekq vj~qc`%

j Ad~koq n~jwk~ {k~ qj ce deqk~ec` DQ mk`v dqk wmke qmkt gj qj qmk Mk`v Hke{%

j _vkodbt c vj`dot `dq jb dqk tj{ wceq qj nk adv`ctka de Ojhvcqdnd`dqt Rdkw hjak%

_ko{~dqt9

j Qj {qd`dyk qmk Deqk~ekq K}v`j~k~ 4 bkcq{~k qmcq mc~ake qmk n~jwk~ cgcdeq a~drk(nt cqqcol {om c v~jqkoqka

hjak, AKV*E]%


22/25

Bj~~kqk~ Oje{`qdeg


Vcgk >3

j Qj hdqdgcqk jodc` kegdekk~deg hc`wc~k cqqcol ojhdeg b~jh {elejwe k}qk~ec` dqk nt {deg Deqk~ekq

K}v`j~k~ n{d`q(de ceqd(vmdmdeg cea ceqd(hc`wc~k bkcq{~k oc``ka _hc~q_o~kke%

j Qj dj`cqk o~cmk wdqmde qmk qcn qj hdedhdyk ad~{vqdje%

j Kecn`k {k~ qj hclk nkqqk~ akoddje wmke ajwe`jcadeg cvv`docqdje wdqm dhv~jrkhkeq qj _hc~q_o~kke

bd`qk~ de DK4 -rk~{ DK=$ wdqm cvv`docqdje ~kv{qcqdje%

Deqk~jvk~cnd`dqt9

j Qj qclk carceqcgk jb qceac~a {vvj~q de Deqk~ekq K}v`j~k~ 4, wmdom dhv`dbdk wkn akrk`jvhkeq cea

kecn`k akrk`jvk~ qj ak`drk~ jek vcgk qmcq wj~l co~j n~jwk~%

j Nt cajvqdeg wkn qceac~a {om c MQH@; cea O__? qj b{q{~k(v~jjb dq cvv`docqdje cea nt {deg chk

hc~l{v qj ~ka{ok qmk ojq jb o~kcqdeg ekw cvv`docqdje%

Hcecgkhkeq9

j Qj {qd`dyk qmk cahdedq~cqdrk o{qjhdycqdje qjj` ldq -DKCL$, wmdom hclk dq kcdk~ qj ojebdg{~k c qceac~a

akv`jthkeq vcolcgk%

j _{vvj~q deg`k ekqwj~l dge(je cea ekc~`t 3,;66 g~j{v vj`dodk wdqm Deqk~ekq K}v`j~k~% Qmk J~gcedycqdje

DQ v~jbkdjec` wd`` nk cn`k qj a~drk aklqjv qceac~adycqdje cea crdeg%

j Qj hdedhdyk hdg~cqdje d{k wdqm Deqk~ekq K}v`j~k~ 4 ncolwc~a ojhvcqdnd`dqt wdqm DK7 cea DK=%

Cvvkead} O9 Qjqc` Kojejhdo Dhvcoq Jrk~rdkwQjqc` Kojejhdo Dhvcoq d c hkqmjaj`jgt akrk`jvka nt Bj~~kqk~ ^kkc~om qmcq kemceok ce j~gcedycqdje qkomej`jgt

akoddje(hcldeg v~jokk cea cdq rkeaj~ de ojhh{edocqdeg qmk rc`{k v~jvjdqdje jb qmkd~ v~ja{oq cea k~rdok

qj o`dkeq% Qmk QKD hkqmjaj`jgt mk`v ojhvcedk akhjeq~cqk, i{qdbt, cea ~kc`dyk qmk qcegdn`k rc`{k jb DQ dedqdcqdrk qj

njqm kedj~ hcecgkhkeq cea jqmk~ lkt n{dek qclkmj`ak~% Qmk QKD hkqmjaj`jgt ojedq jb bj{~ ojhvjekeq qj

krc`{cqk derkqhkeq rc`{k9 nkekbdq, ojq, ~dl, cea b`k}dnd`dqt%

Nkekbdqs

Nkekbdq ~kv~kkeq qmk rc`{k ak`drk~ka qj qmk {k~ j~gcedycqdje DQ cea*j~ n{dek {edq nt qmk v~jvjka v~ja{oq

j~ v~jikoq% Jbqke v~ja{oq j~ v~jikoq i{qdbdocqdje k}k~odk bjo{ i{q je DQ ojq cea ojq ~ka{oqdje, `kcrdeg `dqq`k ~jjh qj

cec`tyk qmk kbbkoq jb qmk qkomej`jgt je qmk keqd~k j~gcedycqdje% Qmk QKD hkqmjaj`jgt cea qmk ~k{`qdeg bdeceodc` hjak`v`cok ks{c` wkdgmq je qmk hkc{~k jb nkekbdq cea qmk hkc{~k jb ojq, c``jwdeg bj~ c b{`` k}chdecqdje jb qmk kbbkoq jb

qmk qkomej`jgt je qmk keqd~k j~gcedycqdje% Oc`o{`cqdje jb nkekbdq kqdhcqk derj`rk c o`kc~ adc`jg{k wdqm qmk {k~

j~gcedycqdje qj {eak~qcea qmk vkodbdo rc`{k qmcq d o~kcqka% De caadqdje, Bj~~kqk~ c`j ~ks{d~k qmcq qmk~k nk c o`kc~ `dek

jb cooj{eqcnd`dqt kqcn`dmka nkqwkke qmk hkc{~khkeq cea i{qdbdocqdje jb nkekbdq kqdhcqk cbqk~ qmk v~jikoq mc nkke

ojhv`kqka% Qmd ke{~k qmcq nkekbdq kqdhcqk qdk ncol ad~koq`t qj qmk njqqjh `dek%


23/25

Bj~~kqk~ Oje{`qdeg


Vcgk >>

Ojsqs

Ojq ~kv~kkeq qmk derkqhkeq ekokc~t qj ocvq{~k qmk rc`{k, j~ nkekbdq, jb qmk v~jvjka v~jikoq% DQ j~ qmk n{dek

{edq hct deo{~ ojq de qmk bj~h jb b{``t n{~akeka `cnj~, {nojeq~coqj~, j~ hcqk~dc`% Ojq ojedak~ c`` qmk

derkqhkeq cea k}vkek ekokc~t qj ak`drk~ qmk v~jvjka rc`{k% De caadqdje, qmk ojq ocqkgj~t wdqmde QKD ocvq{~k

cet deo~khkeqc` ojq jrk~ qmk k}dqdeg kerd~jehkeq bj~ jegjdeg ojq cjodcqka wdqm qmk j`{qdje% C`` ojq h{q nk

qdka qj qmk nkekbdq qmcq c~k o~kcqka%

^dsl

^dl hkc{~k qmk {eok~qcdeqt jb nkekbdq cea ojq kqdhcqk ojeqcdeka wdqmde qmk derkqhkeq% [eok~qcdeqt d hkc{~ka

de qwj wct9 3$ qmk `dlk`dmjja qmcq qmk ojq cea nkekbdq kqdhcqk wd`` hkkq qmk j~dgdec` v~jikoqdje, cea >$ qmk `dlk`dmjja

qmcq qmk kqdhcqk wd`` nk hkc{~ka cea q~colka jrk~ qdhk% QKD cvv`dk c v~jncnd`dqt akedqt b{eoqdje lejwe c

q~dceg{`c~ adq~dn{qdje qj qmk rc`{k keqk~ka% Cq c hdedh{h, qm~kk rc`{k c~k ocò{`cqka qj kqdhcqk qmk {eak~`tdeg

~cegk c~j{ea kcom ojq cea nkekbdq%

B`k}dnd`dqtWdqmde qmk QKD hkqmjaj`jgt, ad~koq nkekbdq ~kv~kkeq jek vc~q jb qmk derkqhkeq rc`{k% Wmd`k ad~koq nkekbdq oce

qtvdoc``t nk qmk v~dhc~t wct qj i{qdbt c v~jikoq, Bj~~kqk~ nk`dkrk qmcq j~gcedycqdje mj{à nk cn`k qj hkc{~k qmk

q~cqkgdo rc`{k jb ce derkqhkeq% B`k}dnd`dqt ~kv~kkeq qmk rc`{k qmcq oce nk jnqcdeka bj~ jhk b{q{~k caadqdjec`

derkqhkeq n{dàdeg je qjv jb qmk dedqdc` derkqhkeq c`~kcat hcak% Bj~ deqceok, ce derkqhkeq de ce keqk~v~dk wdak

{vg~cak jb ce jbbdok v~ja{oqdrdqt {dqk oce vjqkeqdc``t deo~kck qceac~adycqdje -qj deo~kck kbbdodkeot$ cea ~ka{ok

`dokedeg ojq% Mjwkrk~, ce khnkaaka oj``cnj~cqdje bkcq{~k hct q~ce`cqk qj g~kcqk~ wj~lk~ v~ja{oqdrdqt db coqdrcqka%

Qmk oj``cnj~cqdje oce je`t nk {ka wdqm caadqdjec` derkqhkeq de q~cdedeg cq jhk b{q{~k vjdeq de qdhk% Mjwkrk~,

mcrdeg qmk cnd`dqt qj ocvq{~k qmcq nkekbdq mc c v~kkeq rc`{k qmcq oce nk kqdhcqka% Qmk b`k}dnd`dqt ojhvjekeq jb QKD

ocvq{~k qmcq rc`{k%

Cvvkead} A9 G`jssc~t

Adsoj{eq ~cqk9 Qmk deqk~kq ~cqk {ka de ocm b`jw cec`td qj qclk deqj cooj{eq qmk qdhk rc`{k jb hjekt% C`qmj{gm qmk

Bkak~c` ^kk~rk Ncel kq c adoj{eq ~cqk, ojhvcedk jbqke kq c adoj{eq ~cqk ncka je qmkd~ n{dek cea derkqhkeq

kerd~jehkeq% Bj~~kqk~ c{hk c tkc~`t adoj{eq ~cqk jb 36+ bj~ qmd cec`td% J~gcedycqdje qtvdoc``t {k adoj{eq

~cqk nkqwkke =+ cea 32+ ncka je qmkd~ o{~~keq kerd~jehkeq% ^kcak~ c~k {~gka qj oje{`q qmkd~ ~kvkoqdrk

j~gcedycqdje qj akqk~hdek qmk hjq cvv~jv~dcqk adoj{eq ~cqk qj {k de qmkd~ jwe kerd~jehkeq%

Ekq v~kskeq rc`{k -EVR$9 Qmk v~kkeq j~ o{~~keq rc`{k jb -adoj{eqka$ b{q{~k ekq ocm b`jw gdrke ce deqk~kq ~cqk -qmk

adoj{eq ~cqk$% C vjdqdrk v~jikoq EVR ej~hc``t deadocqk qmcq qmk derkqhkeq mj{à nk hcak, {e`k jqmk~ v~jikoq

mcrk mdgmk~ EVR%

V~kskeq rc`{k -VR$9 Qmk v~kkeq j~ o{~~keq rc`{k jb -adoj{eqka$ ojq cea nkekbdq kqdhcqk gdrke cq ce deqk~kq ~cqk

-qmk adoj{eq ~cqk$% Qmk VR jb ojq cea nkekbdq bkka deqj qmk qjqc` ekq v~kkeq rc`{k jb ocm b`jw%

Vctncol vk~dja9 Qmk n~kclkrke vjdeq bj~ ce derkqhkeq% Qmk vjdeq de qdhk cq wmdom ekq nkekbdq -nkekbdq hde{ ojq$

ks{c` dedqdc` derkqhkeq j~ ojq%


24/25

Bj~~kqk~ Oje{`qdeg


Vcgk >?

^kq{~e je derksqhkeq -^JD$9 C hkc{~k jb c v~jikoq k}vkoqka ~kq{~e de vk~okeqcgk qk~h% ^JD d ocò{`cqka nt

adrdadeg ekq nkekbdq -nkekbdq hde{ ojq$ nt ojq%

C Ejqk Je Ocsm B`jw Qcn`ksQmk bj``jwdeg d c ejqk je qmk ocm b`jw qcn`k {ka de qmd q{at -kk qmk k}chv`k qcn`k nk`jw$% Qmk dedqdc` derkqhkeq

oj`{he ojeqcde ojq deo{~~ka cq qdhk 6 j~ cq qmk nkgdeedeg jb Tkc~ 3% Qmjk ojq c~k ejq adoj{eqka% C`` jqmk~ ocm

b`jw de Tkc~ 3 qm~j{gm ? c~k adoj{eqka {deg qmk adoj{eq ~cqk -mjwe de B~chkwj~l C{hvqdje koqdje$ cq qmk

kea jb qmk tkc~% V~kkeq rc`{k -VR$ ocò{`cqdje c~k ocò{`cqka bj~ kcom qjqc` ojq cea nkekbdq kqdhcqk% Ekq v~kkeq rc`{k

-EVR$ ocò{`cqdje c~k ejq ocò{`cqka {eqd` qmk {hhc~t qcn`k cea c~k qmk {h jb qmk dedqdc` derkqhkeq cea qmk

adoj{eqka ocm b`jw de kcom tkc~%

Qcn`k \K}chv`kX

K}chv`k Qcn`k

^kb% Ocqkgj~t Ocò{`cqdje Dedqdc` ojsq Tkc~ 3 Tkc~ > Tkc~ ? Qjqc`


Cvvkead} K9 Cnj{q Qmk V~jikoq Ad~koqj~

Njn Oj~hdk~Rdok V~ksdakeq, V~deodvc` Ojes{`qceq

Njn d c rdok v~kdakeq cea v~deodvc` oje{`qceq bj~ Bj~~kqk~ Qjqc` Kojejhdo Dhvcoq -QKD$

k~rdok% Mk d c `kcadeg k}vk~q je ak~drdeg n{dek rc`{k b~jh qkomej`jgt derkqhkeq,

vkodc`dydeg de carddeg o`dkeq je qmk QKD b~chkwj~l k~rdok qmcq mk`v j~gcedycqdje

{eak~qcea qmk jrk~c`` bdeceodc` rc`{k jb DQ q~cqkgdk cea derkqhkeq% Mk k~rk qmk bj``jwdeg

o`dkeq ~j`k9

Qkomej`jgt rkeaj~ sc`ks kecn`khkeq v~jbkssdjec`s% Njn wj~l wdqm qmkk v~jbkdjec` de qmkd~ kbbj~q qj o`kc~`t

c~qdo{`cqk qmk {eds{k rc`{k v~jvjdqdje jb qmkd~ j`{qdje qj v~jvkoq cea o{qjhk~ {deg Bj~~kqk~ QKD

hkqmjaj`jgt%

Njn mc c{qmj~ka e{hk~j{ QKD ock q{adk bj~ Bj~~kqk~ rkeaj~ o`dkeq% Mk mc c`j ak`drk~ka md coo`cdhka

I{qdbtdeg Qkomej`jgt Derkqhkeq -IQD$ wj~lmjv qj hj~k qmce =66 vc~qdodvceq ~kv~kkeqdeg 166 j~gcedycqdje%

Njn mc hj~k qmce >; tkc~ k}vk~dkeok de qmk DQ cea oje{`qdeg dea{q~dk% V~dj~ qj ijdedeg Bj~~kqk~, mk mkà kedj~(

`krk` vjdqdje cq qwj `kcadeg kN{dek oje{`qdeg bd~h, YKBK^ cea Ochn~dagk Qkomej`jgt Vc~qek~% Njn mc

{ookb{``t `ka ojhvcet kbbj~q qj jvqdhdyk bdeceodc`, jvk~cqdjec`, cea ~kj{~ok v`ceedeg coqdrdqdk, deoj~vj~cqdeg

`kcadeg(kagk, v~jbkdjec` k~rdok c{qjhcqdje -V_C$ cvv`docqdje cea keqk~v~dk ~kj{~ok v`ceedeg -K^V$ tqkh% Mk

mc c`j mkà kedj~ bdeceodc` hcecgkhkeq vjdqdje cq Adgdqc` Ks{dvhkeq cea Ced}qk~ Deqk~ecqdjec`%


25/25

Bj~~kqk~ Oje{`qdeg


A{~deg md oc~kk~, Njn mc oje{`qka wdqm g`jnc` {k~ cea rkeaj~ jb DQ cea mc nkke c b~ks{keq vkclk~ cq

ojebk~keok, krkeq, cea khdec~%

Ka{ocqdjeNjn kc~eka ce H%N%C% b~jh Nkeq`kt [edrk~dqt cea c N%_% de n{dek b~jh qmk [edrk~dqt jb Ekw Mchvmd~k% C ce

cai{eoq v~jbkj~, mk mc qc{gmq bdeceok cea kojejhdo oj{~k bj~ hj~k qmce 36 tkc~ cq _j{qmk~e Ekw Mchvmd~k

[edrk~dqt cea Acedk` Wknqk~ Oj``kgk%

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