the token : america's other money / ed. by richard g. doty
TRANSCRIPT
8/9/2019 The token : America's other money / ed. by Richard G. Doty
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ney
Y
E R S T
N
onference
maticSociety New York
4
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n
c - s
a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 The token : America's other money / ed. by Richard G. Doty
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8/9/2019 The token : America's other money / ed. by Richard G. Doty
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onference
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n
c - s
a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 The token : America's other money / ed. by Richard G. Doty
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onference
i na g e 1 7 83 - 18 5 7 1 8 5 , 1 8 6 pp . i l lu s .
0. S B N 0 - 8 7 2 2- 2 07 - 5
1 7 8 - 1 86 6 1 8 6 , 1 4 2 pp . i l l u s. B o u n d
N 0 - 8 7 2 2- 2 14 - 8
na g e 1 7 4 - 18 1 1 8 7 , 2 1 0 p p. i l l u s.
0. S B N 0 - 8 7 2 2- 2 1 -
A l an M . S ta h l c d . 1 8 8 , 2 4 7 pp . i l lu s .
0. S B N 0 - 8 7 2 2- 2 26 - 1
e ru W i l li am . B i s ch of f e d . 1 8 ) , 2 50 p p.
1 5 0 0. S B N 0 - 8 7 2 2- 2 34 - 2
a ge W i l li a m . M e tc al f e d . 1 9 0 , 1 3 2 p p.
1 5 0 0. S B N 0 - 8 7 2 2- 2 38 - 5
ra l Am er ic a o hn M . l ee be rg e d. 1 9 2 ,
d in c l ot h . 2 5 0 0. S B N 0 - 8 7 2 2- 2 48 - 2
o hn M . l ee be rg e d. 1 9 4 , 1 5 p p. i ll us .
0. S B N 0 - 8 7 2 2- 2 52 - 0
o ll ar s o hn M . l ee be rg e d. 1 9 5 , p p.
2 5 0 0. S B N 0 - 8 7 2 2- 2 57 - 1
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n
c - s
a - 4 . 0
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T ( S m it h so n ia n I n s ti t ut i on
I D U S ( A nn Ar bo r M )
arietiesoftheH igleyCoppers....1
B E R G ( A m er i c an N u mi s ma t ic S o ci e ty
k1
W E R S ( W o l fe bo ro N H )
geCents
erstamps65
M AN ( S t .L o u is M O )
pression
3
A ( I ola W I )
kensand
135
O N AR D ( C hi cag o I L )
msandHisTok ens14
D ( O w ens Mi ll s M D )
181
N ( P i tt sb ur gh P A
A yer:
mpMak erandH isL argestC lient. . 1 7
V E R ( W i lmi ngt on D E )
mericanTokens211
L A U ( I ola W I )
dStatesTok ens 1700-1 0021
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n
c - s
a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 The token : America's other money / ed. by Richard G. Doty
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8/9/2019 The token : America's other money / ed. by Richard G. Doty
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-token-americas-other-money-ed-by-richard-g-doty 7/236
hesub ectofthetenthanniversary
onference sponsoredannuallybythe
ciety.Sinceitsinception thisprogramhas
ticsupporto f theSociety sgoverningC ouncil
nationofemergingresearchinthecoinage
SouthAmerica.
rencesisto facilitatethee changeof
end e pertsinthef ie ldare inv itedto
orsare inv itedtoe hibit andnoticeof the
delytoencourageattendancebyall who
pic.TheSocietyalsomountsane hibition
sregistrantstravelling totheNewY ork
Society scollectionsandlibrarybetter
gtheconference.
ibitsweremountedonthethemeofC OA C
nv iew attheSociety forsevera lmonths. I n
tokeninAmericainstalledby theANS
AssociationlenttheV irginiaCulver
C iv ilWarTok ensfortheoccasion. Indiv idua l
nie lF re idusandSteveTannenbaum on
ntitemsfromtheD onaldGroves
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n
c - s
a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 The token : America's other money / ed. by Richard G. Doty
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hefollowingcontributorswhohelped
geoftheAmericasConferencepossible:
r .
ety
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n
c - s
a - 4 . 0
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ntsthepapersgivenat thetenthinour
ericas Conferences.Thismeeting
fortw oreasons. F irst thevery factthat
ingseries oneconceivedandannounced
J r. asparto f theSociety s125thanniversary
shepherdedintoe istenceoneyearlater and
airedbynofewerthanfiveANS curators—
nM. Stahl W ill iamL. B ischoff W ill iamE .
eeberg inthatorder—represents I think
Americannumismaticswhichhasno
heC OA C meetinghas infact becomea
andeagerlyanticipatedeventintheAmerican
stenthmemberoftheseriessuggeststhat
andwell acontinuingforceforthestudy
nformationaboutAmerica smoney.
ingwasa milestoneforanotherreason.
the1 88C OA C w hichwasdevotedtothe
ceroya ltyofE lP eruanditssuccessorstates
hemostambitiousconferencetodate in
researchtopic. B eginningw iththe1730s
waydownto theendofthe nineteenth
sedthelongestchapterin theentirestory
official privateresponsetoashortage
ageorcurrency . Weca llthisresponsethe
thetokenw asw ithusv irtua lly f romthe
ettlement.Anditstilllingers: atthetime
cnNumismaticSocietyasaC uratorin1 74
hencostthirty-fivecents wereoftenpressed
entcoins enrichingthelocalnumismatic
atest wavesofimmigrantswereas
heir distantcounterparts.Thissortof
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n
c - s
a - 4 . 0
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endthetwentiethcentury andwemay
ntheyearstocome. Thepapersincluded
ourbestandw idestv iewsof " TheToken:
ney .
tainedinthisvolumesuggestthat
ntokenis enteringanewphase onewhich
umismaticstudyinthis country.This
hetokenfre uentlyservedasthelinchpin
henation smonetarysystem andit is
suchasthe onescontainedhereinwhich
gnitionoftheimportanceofAmerica s
ewidernumismaticcommunity.Such
taintobring additionalresearch
efieldof theAmericantoken.
erehaveonetraitin common:theyare
receivedwisdomof earlierstudies to
ticularseriesorob ect to f indoutthe
invariousways.F orD anielF reidus
ingbackgenerationsofmisapprehension
combinedwithacloseattentionto the
eH igleycoppers.H ehasalreadygotten
cananticipatemoreto comeasheprogresses
rea. I nJ anuary1 9 5 theA NSaw arded
archgrantforthis purpose.
erformedasim ilartask fortheTheatreatNew
7 0s buthistoolsw illbefoundina
rawingsandprints ratherthanin
othtypesofmethodologyarevaluable:but
tha discernmentandawillforhard work
thesetwopapers.
heTheatreat NewY orktokensharea
erare makingresearchintotheirorigins
D av idB ow ers thedif ficultyarosenotf rom
butfromits veryabundance:ashewrote
Americancoppercentswerelongseensimply
usbeneaththeattentionoftheserious
asedondiligentresearchintothe originsand
ntermark s canbee pectedtochangethe
aterial.
soworkedwithabundanceratherthanwith
addressesH ardT imestok ensinafashion
ouslyconsideredpossible.H ispatient
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n
c - s
a - 4 . 0
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t-centurypamphlets broadsides and
hasresultedina particularlysatisfyingpiece
points ofamostdistinguishedcareeras
tsusw ithadif ferenttypeof tok en the
edonalongandintimateac ua intancew ith
ntofthe transportationnetworkof
w hosegrow th( andmatof thenationasa
augmentationofageneral publicmoney
d privateone. I nthepresentarticle C uha
yticalapproachtohissub ect—reasoning
nothingforgranted— whichwesaw
e AmericasConferenceandthisbook
ticalspiritw hichliesatthehearto f the
sbeingmadeinthefield oftheAmerican
as wemovethroughthenineteenth
arddemonstratesanadmirablepersistenceand
esencetoamostghostly f igure A . M.
careerofthis immigrantandhisneed
wngototheheart oftheAmericanstory
iestothepresent andwelookforward
hatMr. L eonardhasdoneforother
e1850sare rare offeringparticular
er.Thoseofthe followingdecadearefar
eypresentcha llengesaswell. F orsuchahuge
ttleofa concretenatureaboutCivilW ar
ards— aboutwhomadethem whoissued
eorgeF uldperformsausefulserviceby
urrentlyagreedupon settingthestage
as wellasthatofothers.
ereananswertomonetaryscarcityon
ringtheAmericanCivilW ar.E ncased
ponsetoscarcityat aslightlyhigherlevel.
rofthecurious mica-and-brassstamp
whilethebest-knownissuerwasprobably
ofapatentmedicine w hoa lliedpublic-
motive gaininganotorietywhichwas
iousmeritsof theproducthehawk ed. Wayne
urrentlycenteredon Messrs.GualtandAyers
onofthe actualpiecesandcontemporary
erningthemstandsasanothere ample
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n
c - s
a - 4 . 0
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cellenceintokenresearch.
ershow sthatinvestigationsintotheA merican
dto originalspecimens:inhisdiscussion
kens hehasprovidedasignalservice
rsofearly materials bypinpointingand
cproductsofearlierAmericancollectors
waresweretokensin twosensesofthe
plicasof realtokens but—as stand-ins
meanttofillholesin acollectionuntilthe
d— theyweretokensinasecond sense.
ulau spaperhasbroughtA mericantok ens the ir
osewhocollectthemandinvestigatetheir
sis grantingusa lastaffectionatelookatwhat
pchildof Americannumismatics but
ullbirthright.Asresearchersconsider
stheyinvestigatetheirhumbleissuers gaining
fromhardworkin newdirectionsand
andasmoreandmoreof themosaiccomes
hink creatingA mericannumismaticsinaw ay
orsinotherbranchesof ournation s
aremakingvisibleprogress whosesteps
diestateorsubvarietyof awell-known
tirenew types new issuers new connections.
rdwithpleasurableanticipationtonew
TheToken: A merica sO therMoney .
entsof thisbook think youw illagree
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n
c - s
a - 4 . 0
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arieties
onference
ticSociety New York
4
maticSociety 1 9 5
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n
c - s
a - 4 . 0
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igleycoppersisstill basedonlegend
ources.Nocontemporaryreferenceto
known.TheearliestreferenceI havebeen
inTheL ibraryCompanyofP hiladelphia
ork ofP ierreE ugeneD uSimitiere probably
oraciouscollector hadsevenH igley
rredtoas" deermoney . E venthenhecould
odenoughconditiontomakeoutthe
S i m it i er e P a p e r s V o l . 3 I t e m 3 b ( c o ur t es y L i b ra r y
a .
ryingtofillin theblanksinour
triguingcoppersforovertwocenturies.
misleading.TheyareoftenknownasGran-
that Granbydidnote istuntil1786and
eeninE astGranbysinceGranbywasdivid-
stheminewhichisthepurportedsource
sinSimsbury.
ubtthe evidenceonthecoinsthemselves.
cticutbetweentheyearsof1737 and
w hatisk now naboutcopperf romConnecticut
atcopper wasdiscoveredinSimsbury
msburyTownClerkstillhas therecords
isera.At atownmeetinginD ecember
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n
c - s
a - 4 . 0
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eyC oppers
oappo inttwomentopursueareporto f the
verorcopper inthetown. 2I nMay1707
twasthefirst copperminingcompanyin
etorstriedtolease theminesandreceive
edbutfiveyears ofdisputesensuedand
opmentofthemines didstart nosignifi-
uringtheperiod.
easew assignedw ithR ev . T imothyWood-
ry W ill iamPartridgeofNew bury
onathanB elcherofB oston( la terGovernorof
ampshireandthenGovernorofNew
was signed developmentofCopperH ill
rswasbuiltas wellasastampingmillfor
veledtoE nglandandreturnedwith12
hapstohaveoversighto f theref ining he
stonandhadtheore transportedtotheCon-
yship toB oston.Supposedlybecauseof
decidedtoshutthis refineryandsimplysend
o l E ngland forre f iningafterabout1720.
adboughtouthisfather-in- law andR ev . W ood-
to J aheelB rentonofR hodeI slandandtw o
ts C harlesC rommelineandEliasB oudinot
toro f theU . S. Mintby thatname.
dsomewhatindependentlyofB elcher
inSimsbury.Theyhired arefinerfrom
Hoofman anda lsobroughtoversk il ledw ork ers
nthat greatrichesevercameoutof
argesumsweredefinitelyspenttodevelop
edoflossesandmentionedthathe invested
yearshew asinvo lvedwiththesemines
untcorrespondsto j ustover$1mill ionincur-
0-yearleasese pired miningactiv ity
obodythoughttheendeavorwouldbe
pper minesinSimsburywerenotthe
ndprobablynotthelargest.TheSchuyler
hichshippeditsoretoB risto l E ngland had
oreby 1731.4Thispointisimportant
msburyC oppermininge perience isa
mostsignificantpartofthis storyisnotabout
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n
c - s
a - 4 . 0
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gleyentersthepicture.H igleywasborn
ealthymerchantwhohadmovedtoSimsbury
catedandapparentlystudiedmedicinewith
masH ook er. 5I n1714 hereceivedland
andhebuilt ahouseonthepropertywhen
n1728 theGenera lC ourtgrantedH igley the
stee lintheC olony foraperiodof10
vethe firstcoppermineinthe colonies.
hef irstcoppermine inhistow n. There isno
akingeverbecameasuccessfulcommer-
ywellhavebeen thefirstskilledenoughat
e uiredtomak estee l mak etoo lsf rom
hosetoo lstomak eco ins.
ught143acresabout1. 5milessouthofC op-
copperw asminedonthatland. Wealso
onsideredenoughofane pertthat in1732
boutthe q ualityoforecomingfromCop-
ledSamuelHigley toB ostontoresolvethemat-
cheraccusedH igleyofdishonesty say inghe
a in25 copperw henheanaly edit in
% copperwhenheanaly edthesame
inB oston. B e lcherof tencompla inedabout
investment afactwhichmayhavecol-
eoneasprominentasB elcherw as
ninginSimsburybecausemanyof hislet-
erhapstheonlycontemporaryreferencewe
miningactiv ity isina letterf romB elcher. I n
ttorney w ho livedinHartford: 8
minesatSimsburyarenotw orththe
nwellfo rmethosew ork shadceas-
t itavailsvery litt le to look back
sveryslow anddilatory inthe
eoutonlyonetonof oretothis
ree monthsmorebeforethe
sohemayperhapsmakeout
sofore— w hichisapoorstory
fa llthisa f fairandthesoonerit is
er.
thereareappro imate ly90 B elcherletters
eroverthethree decadeshewasinvolv-
reknownfromtheperiodMay1735 to
ly someofB e lcher slettersf romthiscrit ica l
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n
c - s
a - 4 . 0
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eyC oppers
und.
thesecoppertokensareindeedthe
B asically w ehavetw olinesofev idence.
tobetotallydiscounted butne ithershould
edtotallyreliable.Second hisknownabili-
emanypeopleinSimsburywereskilled
uldhavebeenfamiliaronlywith copperor
uiredtheabilitytoworkwith steel.
muelH igley.H iswillwaswrittenin 1734
utnothingaboutco ininge uipment. He
n1737 sow hostruck the173 coppers
umberofsourceshavecla imedthatHigley s
e lderbrother J ohn J r. andvariousother
claimshasbeensubstantiated.I fSamuel
hemintero f the laterissuesissti l lamystery .
historicalworkremainingtobedone
ppers 9 w edohavedo ensof thecoins
eliminaryresultsofametallurgicalanalysis
owedbyadescriptionofthe coinsbydie
hespecimensheldinbothpublic and
chI haveundertakenontheH igleysis
s.I havedonethisworkincollaboration
niversityofMichigan. B asica lly w erubb-
ofcopperof f theedgeofaHigley ( museums
etothis procedurethancollectors and
arreactorwhereit wasbombardedwith
onofthe atomsofmanymetallicelements
veisotopesandtheenergyof theradia-
which allowsdeterminationofthe
thepiecebeingstudied.W elookedatge-
uspectedfakes ore I co llectedf romH igley s
ryB rit ishcopperco ins. Wehopedthatthe
esometraceelementswhichwould
ritishfromAmericancopper.W hilethe
ectingfakes allthegenuinecoppercoins
similar inelementalcomposition.B ut
at H igleysarerarebecausetheyarepure
by goldsmithsforalloying.Alltheearly
ercoinswereover9 5% copper( mostly
necaveatisthatourana lysiscouldnotdetecttin.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n
c - s
a - 4 . 0
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e a llspecimensana ly edw ereassumedto
eysw ereperce ivedaspurer itmayhavebeen
hthatledtotheir selectiveuseby
teenth-centuryfact.F urtherstudyofthe
igleycoppersandothercontemporary
neusing techni ueswhichcandetecttin.
theelementalcompositionofthesecop-
thermetallurgicalstudieswouldbefruitful.
stionsaboutthemanufactureofthesein-
t lyhow w eretheystruck H ow many impres-
ivendie How w ereplanchetscutandan-
e-struck co insannea ledbetw eenstrikes Were
uelHigley sdeath Whostruck thesecop-
hydidtheyeventuallystop
sthero leof thesetok ensinloca leconomiclife
crangeof the ircirculation H ow manyyears
ienumberingsystemI haveusedcontinues
uttheorderof striking basedmainlyon
ers.B utweretheselegendsreally
nce orlack thereof o f thef irstH igleycop-
nnointuponahalf penceworthofcop-
A ll ina ll theHigleycoppersrepresent
economicandindustrialgrowingpains
nmoreaboutthem wealsolearnmore
ologicalchangeswhichwere
nthelargerscalemorecommonlycon-
ingcolonialAmerica.
nsareusedinthedescriptivelistings:
nofUnitedStatesandC olonia lC oins( New York
" TheC olonialC o insofA mericaPriortothe
n de n ce J u l y 4t h 1 7 76 " T h e
p. 101-10.
y TheEarlyC o insofA merica(B oston
llsworth Simsbury : B e ingaB rie fHistoricalSk etch
msbury (Simsbury 1 35 .
enney " Struck C opiesofE arlyA merican
r s J o u rn a l 14 1 ( 1 5 2 , p p . 1 - 16 .
ark er C onnecticut sC o lonia landC ontinen-
C r e a
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icentennialSeries18(H artford
d " A N e w V a r ie t y of t h e H i g le y Co p pe r s "
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sfrom6 obverseand5reversedies.10
tionaldie marriageshavebeen
genuinediesaswellas theB olencopy
sting obversediesarenumbered reverses
eknownfrommultiple diesisassigned
owsthe additionofnewdiscoveries
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to4. 1 .
bylegend" TH E V A V E O F TH R E E P E NC "
stheobverseof Crosby17 1.2isthe
d1 1. 3w asunk now ntoC rosbyand
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hespacingof the letters" P E N dif fersamong
sanotherdiagnostic.O ndie1.1the
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he mid-nineteenthcenturyisanim-
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n N um i sm a ti c s ( W o l fe b or o N H , 1 8 8 , p . 2 5 f i g. 2 .
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eyC oppers
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e H i g le y s an d T he i r An c es t ry ( N e wY o r k 1 8 6 ;
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8/9/2019 The token : America's other money / ed. by Richard G. Doty
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k
onference
ticSociety New York
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heevidencenotonlyfor portraits but
1Themostspectaculare ampleofthis
sissuedunderthe E mperorTitus which
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how theNew York Theatre look ed w hich
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r thatit isfareasiertoreconstructthese
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heTheatreatNew Y ork tokeninthe ir
a l to n -H a m e r .M i dd . l 67 a s d id R . C . B e l l in
a l th o ug h B e l l c al l s i t a " p r o bl e m pi e ce . 1 0
ure C rosbydidnotincludethistok en
F ranklinP resstoken—whichis another
hunnedbythereferencebooks thetoken
mportantU .S.auctions.Theearliestap-
w astheMcC oyauctionbyWoodw ard( 1864 ,
d$ 21 be ingso ldtoL ev ick. 11Thissame
odw ard sauctionofL ev ick sco llection
otographicplateas frontispiece.12Thisis
havefound how ever itdepictedonly the
sdidtheplate inthe J ohnStory J enk ssale
apmaninDecember1 21 . 13Thetok enw as
nseriesas theresultofthe workofD r.
htandE dgarH. A dams. I nTheNumismatistfor
rightlistedthetok enwek now andthemulingin
ork tokenandthe" A ntientScottish
rightgavethemvarietynumbersWright. 1130
ghtalsopublishedacrude butfairlyaccurate
nd themuling althoughtheobverseap-
hcplateof theL ev ick sa le thisistheearliest
ndthe muling.14Adamswaschargedby
ticClubw ithedit inga listofNew York
anbyreprintingin 1 13thelistingof New
hichhadbeenpublishedin theCoinCol-
884-86.15Neitherofthesecataloguesinclud-
e to k en . I n 1 2 0 h o we v er E d g a r H . A d a ms
ecatalogueoftokensfromallthestates
wY orkTheatretoken.Adamsprobably
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
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oncatalogue suchastheauctionof the
romWright slist ing. 16A damslistedtw o
rededge( A dams. 8 2 listedinB reenas
e wi t h a pl a in e d ge ( A d am s .8 3 B r e e n . 10 5 6 .
ducedintoWay teR aymond sstandardco in
AfterR aymond sdeathhiscataloguecon-
afew years a lthoughYeoman s" R ed
cedit inthemark etplace. Thetoken how ever
ook untilthe1 72edit ion w hichappeared
eventhenitdidnotrateaphotograph—norhas
e18Ofcourse it ismuchlargerthanmost
edB ook soperhapsittook upmorespace
ographicalSource
epictsa buildingwithahe astylepor-
urtherco lumnsonthesides w iththe inscription
o r k/ A me r ic a " s i gn e d " J a c ob s . O u r w o r k
seof theworkofthearchitectand ar-
acN. P . Stok es atrusteeandma ordonor
cLibrary w how asfascinatedw ithearlypic-
ndofNew York C itybuildings. ( Stok es
heAmericanGeographicalSocietybuilding
Stokesisa pioneerofthepreservationmove-
eHu tablerev ivedw ithhersuperbC lassic
I tw asStokesw hohiredB ereniceA bbottto
tybuildingsthreatenedwithdestruc-
ndpublishedsi massivevolumesidenti-
k C ityandvariousNew York edif ices and
ady -madeinde o fv iewsofNew York C i-
nLongw orth sNew Y ork C itydirectory
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
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k
a insagatefo lddepictingtheNew Theatre( f ig.
vingsays " TheNewTheatre. We
raving becauseitwasboundinwith the
andit isspecif ically re ferredtoonthetit le
isnotanaccidenta lbindingof tw oe -
avingwasintendedforthe17 7direc-
in17 7. TheJ ohnStreetTheatre w hich
proposedforthetok en w asbuilt in1767
theNew Theatre in17 7 infact itw as
theOldTheatre . 23ThePark Theatre
NewTheatre todistinguishitfromthe
haditscornerstone la idonMay5 17 5. 24
struction itf ina llyopenedonJ anuary2 ,
sinthis earlyperiodweremadetobe
uly . Theyw eredatedby" theyearof
O nereasonw asthatMay f irstw as" mov -
yNew York erschangedthe irdomiciles and
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
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8/9/2019 The token : America's other money / ed. by Richard G. Doty
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edafterthatdate.W eknowthatthe
a lreadye istedinthee ighteenthcentury
lap splayof178 { TheF atherofanOnly
se " His headislikeNew - ork onMayday
g. 2 TheprefacetoDav idL ongworth s
o f 17 6 i s s ig n ed J u n e 11 1 7 6 . 26 I n t h e
s17 7directory there isareferencetoanagree-
dStatesandtheSpanishconsul in
17 727sothedirectorymusthavebeen
itw ouldhavetobeready intimeforJ uly
eforeshowsthetheaterasit appeared
17 7. Thetheaterw asthenstillunder
fule aminationoftheengravingrevealsthat
ve aroof:thesunlightis hittingthein-
ow w hentheroofw asputonthePark
kmerchantWalter R utherfurdwrotetohis
r d on O c t o b er 2 1 7 6 s a yi n g " O u r g r e at
ress....TheP layH ouseisroofedandthe
hundredmenatw ork onit " 28w hichsug-
w ingantedatesOctober17 6. Theengrav -
eaterunderconstruction asitwasin the
sistheNew Theatre w hichlaterw ascalled
ark Theatreattribution proposedby J ohnand
yWalterB reen iscorrect andtheJ ohnStreet
posedbyD oughtyandrevivedbyH odder
rencesbetweenthetokenandthe
bhasbeenfa irly fa ithful particularly inhisdepic-
haschangedtheCorinthianpilastersto D oric
tedthe ironwork ontheba lcony butgenera lly
vish copy.
thetheaterinL ongworth s17 7New
stsinatleasttw oversions. TheNew York
f thedirectoryhastheearlierversion w hich
av it e tsc ulpsit . Thisparticularversion
yStauf fer( Stauffer.3258 . 2 TheA merican
yofthedirectoryhas whatisprobablythe
issigned" J . A llensc ulpsit T isda lede l in-
nsthatthepicture isbyT isda le buttheengrav -
.50P resumablyTisdalefirstdidboth
ving buttheengravingwasfoundtobe
ponAllenwascalledinto redoit.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
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k
le apainterandengraver whospentmost
utwaslivinginNewY orkCityatthis
ew asborninL ebanon C onnecticut about
ve in1834 a lthoughthisiscontradictedby
whichleadsmetobelievethat hewas
dby1810. lTisdalecamefroma family
icut w hotradit iona llygavethe irmenfolk
tamentbeginningw iththe letter" E . The
T isda lehouseho ldsinLebanon Windham
li ahT isdale w hosehouseho ldhadseven
eenandover includinghimself f ourf ree
en andsevenf reew hite females E bene er
withthreefree whitefemales andE liphalet
withtwofree whitefemales.P resumably
li ah oneof thefreew hitemalesabove
household.Thesepeculiarnamesbeginn-
thusafamilycustom a lthoughOldTestament
ebanon.Therewereatleasttwoother
in17 0 otherremark ableP uritanO ldTesta-
a iahChappelandF lavelClark.Therewas
it iona lPuritanname: E x perienceB rew ster.
ebanon nineteenow nedslaves mostonly
eonee ceptionw asEli ahMason senior
rmorethan1% ofa lltheslavesinC onnec-
rLebanon C onnecticut showedE bene er
more livingwithafreewhite femaleaged
tefemaleaged45 ormore presumably
eddaughter thelatterawife.E lkanah
useholdinL ebanon:hishouseholdhad
10to 15 onefreewhitemaleaged16
itemale presumableElk anahhimself aged
tefemalesincludedthreeaged16 to25
s andoneaged45plus presumably
nahTisdaleappearstohavebeendeadby
wsonlyone Tisdalehouseholdin
headedbyWidow Tisdale aged45ormore
ged26 to44 twofreewhitefemales
ef reew hite femaleaged26to44 presumably
t w asagoodplacetobef rom someof the
mthere.I tdoesnotseemto havebeen
ve how ever. WhentheDuedeL au un
ereq uarteredthereduringtheAmerican
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
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i n 17 8 0 L a u u n c om m en t ed " O n l y S i be r ia
anon w hichismere lymadeupofsome
mmenseforests. 35I nthecolonialperiod
betweenNew York andB oston. The
ndtheopeningof theE rieC ana l w hiche -
othecompetitionofthe MiddleWest
town spopulationduringthenineteenth
forthef irstt imeinWill iamDuncan sNew
o1 7 4 w h ic h w as p r in t ed i n J u n e 17 4 . H e
Sreet andhisoccupationis" engraver.
lDav idL ongworth sdirectoryprintedinJ une
slistedat8J ohnStreetandhisoccupation
a inter. 37He isnotlistedinthe17 9 direc-
uentdirectories andbiographica lsources
nmovedtoHartford C onnecticut w here
dGraphic& B ank NoteE ngravingC om-
erfrontispieceforL ongworth sdirectory:
tyD irectoryhasaf rontispiecesigned
gtheTontineC ityTavern w iththetit lebe low
Ne w C T T A V E R N . E a r ly N e wY o r k di r ec t or i es
s ofthecityas anadditionalsellingpoint
directoriesdoeventoday.
rist butapoorengraver whichmay
sgiventosomeoneelse namely J oe lA llen
ticut.AboutJ oelAllenweknowvery
bornin 1755atSouthington Connec-
he latersettledinMiddletow n C onnecticut.
canWar ofI ndependence.Theonlytrace
minthecensusisinthesecondcensusof1800
Southington HartfordC ounty C onnec-
d26to45 andheadsahouseho ldincluding
er 10 anotherfreewhitemaleaged16
aleagedunder10 andaf reewhite female
ged26to45. 3
hemployedin makingtheengravings
GeorgeH enryMaynard stranslationof
osephus. ThisA mericanedit ion l ik emanyear-
sedthesamesheetsasthe B ritishedition
e(atleasttw ice: forNew York andfor
dsi tyengrav ings. 40I t ispossiblethatthatis
einto contact butthedirectoryandthe
emadefordifferentpublishers( Thomas
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
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k
ctories Will iamDurre llpublished
deceivedtheNewY orkCitytheater
GeorgeC . D. O dell amongstothers intobe liev -
. Thisisask etch orverypossiblyatrac-
nengrav ing w hichOdellcameacrossinthe
rk Historica lSociety. I t isclearly copied
raving becauseitusescross-hatchingto
ichareonlyneededonanengrav ing and
ildrawing.I tisalso slightlycruderthan
/Allenengravings.41
llydepictthetheater Theanswerisyes
8byMilbourneshow susw hatisnow P ark
heatre andw ecanseethattheeaglef rie e
heironworkonthe balconyisslightlymore
think theengrav inghadaddedto itsomeelements
rasi fitwerefinished:thefrie ewasadd-
andprobably theglassinthewindows. B ut
ons theengravingisafaithfuldepiction
n situ:acomparisonofthetopography
tto beaccurate.O ntheright ofthe
hesteepleofthe NorthD utchchurch
correct becausethestreetstotheeasto f
y tow ardtheEastR iver. 4
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
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a - 4 . 0
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hebiographerof thetheater sarchitect B rune l
Thecupo labyw hichitw assurmountedissa id
nParisovertheCornMark et w hile in
onandintheli ghtnessofitsconstruction
tistruethetheaterhadadome butitw as
tv isible f romoutside. B eamish saccountsof
nitedStatesarenota lw aysreliable possibly
yanecdotes.
orkTheatretokendepictstwoshipsat
chor andacornucopia w ithablank e ergue
tadate( f ig. 5 . Theonetypew hichoccurs
w ork isthecornucopia there isacloseparalle l
ydepictingtheH ouseofC ommonsof17 7
d . 173 f ig. 6 . O nbothobverseandreversethe
notwithpunches.Thisischaracteristic
minJ acob andisunusua lforthisperiod w hen
hes.Thereverseisfoundcombinedwith
od.ThisisunusualforB ritishtokensof
ry ( theC onderseries w heremulingisvery
urW. Waters w rit ingin1 54 tosuggest
tretokenwasactuallymadeupfor some
therthanj ustforcollectors.431shalldiscuss
ow.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
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k
menreads " I P R O M S TO P A O N
E A R E R O N P E N N x " . A d if fe re nt s pe ci me n wi th
sauctionedas partoftheColonelW alter
manH. L ow inMay18 8. 44The51stsa le
t180 reportsthatreading.4 B ow ersand
arrettspecimenwiththatreading.46Stack s
imenasalsohavingthatreading.47B reen
e as " W E P R O M S T O P A O N D E M A ND
O N P E NN x " " asonotherJ acobstokens andsays
inorvarietiesremains unconfirmed. 48
en s I h a ve e a m in e d h o we v er r e ad " I P R O -
A NS C u tt i ng N e w Ne t he r la n ds G a rr e tt a n d R o p er
P R O M S . A t h ir d p ot e nt i al v a ri e ty i s t ha t
. Woodw ardaslot2463of theLev ick sa le:
beareronepenny . 4 A fourthpossiblevarie-
ed byH enryChapmaninlot5508of
w hereheso ldaTheatreatNew Y ork token
di ng " W E P R O M S T O P A T H E B E A R E R
5 0 U n t i l c on f ir m in g e vi d en c e em er g es i t a pp e ar s t ha t
is " I P R O M S T O P A O N D E M A ND T H E
P E N N x " a nd t ha t B r ee n W o od wa rd a nd C ha pm an
ges.
show slippageof theedgedies sothatthe
ttoor overtheD ofD E MAND. Thisslippage
ewY orkTheatretokens socataloguers
edgeerrors.
etyisa TheatreatNewY orktokenwith
ng I havefoundofthisis thelistingby
2 0 ( A d a m s. N . 8 3 5 1 B r e e n h ow ev e r c ou l d
nceof thistok en andca llsit" unverif ied.
ouldhavetoascertainthatitw asatruepla in
wn. SamuelH. H amercommentsaboutthis
eC o llectorw ho w henhefinds
rcevarietyofa coin bymeans
mmonimpressionofthesame
upan imitationofararevarie-
eev ilwhichsuchmendolivesaf ter
anunpublished" P la inedge inco l-
carefule aminationmayshow traces
ncethespecimenshouldbe
e theedgeofwhichhasbeen
napparentlygenuine" P la inEdge
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
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enproducedby" turning the
suchtreatmentwouldrenderthe
terthantheordinaryones a
truecharacterof thepiece.52
tesisthediea is. J acob stok ensshow
a es. Thediea iso f theA NSspecimen
tok enisj ustslightlyo ff si o clock w hich
that reportedfortheNorwebspecimen
anyotherdiea isw ouldbew orthyof remark .
matedthatthereare atleast14tokensstill
ok ensappearstohavee periencedanycir-
ee istenceofcastsandelectrotypes
seenafak eTheatreatNew Y ork tokenof
oken.ThiscombinestheNewY ork
AntientScottishW ashing. Thiswaslisted
o llection w rit ing
followingreverse:Awoman
etweensprigsofthistles.I n-
cottishWashing—* H oni. So it. Qui. -
hemeta lresemblesT in. Thisappears
chL evenpenny . Theedgeisplain
imenofauni uemuling. I thas
re.55
mW righttoF rederickC.C.B oyd and
einginthecollectionof J ohnJ . F ord J r.
nintheCondertokenseries— Conderhimself
mmick— andP eterSkidmoreissuedmany
meintothediesofThomasSpence andthen
hisdies o f tencutby J acob andthose
sua llymoreartful. (O nP eterSkidmoreac-
s e e Th e G en t le m an s M a ga i n e J u n e
bly themulew ascreatedbyP eterSk idmore.
kTheatrewasMarcI .B runel knighted
sconstructionof theThamesTunnel w hich
. F lee ingtheF renchR evo lution B runelar-
onSeptember6 17 3. 57WhenP ierre
es ardinsw entupstatetosurvey landforthe
settlementpro ectforF renchmenemigrating
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
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k
theyencounteredB runelinA lbany w hopro-
nce.Numismatistsarewellac uaintedwith
becauseof theveryattractivetok ensmade
rsforattendingboardmeetings( f ig. 8 ;
circulated be ingacceptedasthee uiva lent
edbyaNew Y ork merchant Thurman the
pervisedtheconstructionofa canalfrom
udsonR iver.5 B runel sbiographerssay
testtodesigntheUnitedStatesC apito l but
outbecauseofe pense.Thereisnorecord
mongthecontestentries noristhereany record
mpetition buttherecordsofthat first
ary.60I tispossiblethat B runeldidenter
sunlikelythathe couldhavewonitand no
amongthesurvivingdocuments.O n
runelsworeanoathbeforetheUnitedStates
stricto fNew York tobecomeaUnitedStates
edaschie fengineerof theC ityofNew York
nnonfoundry.62B runelwonanar-
nthenew theater hehadhisfriend
anlostout domuchof the interiordecora-
ewasopened onenewspapernamedas
lorPharou , buttheManginbrothers o f
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
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osw ouldlaterbeoneof thearchitectsofC ity
ck sC hurch(formerly theR omanCatholic
rincestreets. J oseph- rancoisandC harles
tsofthe StateP risonerectedinGreen-
7 locatednorthofChristopherStreet bet-
tandtheH udsonR iver. B y1803J oseph-
soserv ingasC itySurveyor anddrew amap
theseF renchemigrantsgotalongvery
he irw ork so it ispossiblethatallf ourmen
arou , andtheMangins hadahandinthedesign
e anderHamiltonhiredanotherF rench
E nfant todesignthedefensesof theNarrow s
edmuchof thew ork overtoB runel. 65L ' E nfant
nNew Y ork C ity w hichso impressed
eL ' E nfanttobethedesignerofWashington
hemigrantpopulationinNewY orkCity
F renchrefugeesincreasedrapidlyin
utbreakofthe revolutioninSaint-
inA ugust17 1. Wek now ofnofewerthantwo
aperspublishedinNewY orkCityinthe
eshort-l ivedJ ournaldesR evo lutionsde la
a int-D omingueof17 3. Thesecondbegan
1 7 5 u n de r t he t i tl e o f th e G a e t te F r a n-
w itha lternateco lumnsw ritteninF renchand
1 7 5 t h e pu b li s he r w as g i ve n a s J o h n D e l a -
17 5 itw asboughtandpublishedbyLabruere
y 1 8 1 7 6 i t c ha n ge d i ts n a me t o t he G a e t te
rw aspublishedw holly inF rench. F romJ u-
publishedbyC laudeP arisot& C o. w ho inearly
eek manStreet. The lastk now nissue isdated
67B runelw ouldnothaveapprovedof the
rtedtherevo lutionaryF renchR epublic and
differencesbetweentheU nitedStatesand
Y Z af fa ir. ( B rune lhimselfw asdesigningcan-
softheNarrowsbecausethe U nitedStates
evergeofw ar. TheGa ettew asrathertorn
butitw asa lsopro-slavery formanyof its
s.Aregularfeaturewasadvertisementsfor
asregularadvertisementsforat leastone
nfortunate ly itmak esnomentionofB runel
gof theNew Y ork Theatre preferringtocon-
anceandtheC aribbean w hichisw hat
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
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k
rs.Theywantedtoknowwhenit would
omes.I twouldhavebeeninterestingto
renchcontemporariesthoughtofhim. B runel s
ntionsthattwootherF renchemigresfound
Theatre. A nobleman B arondeR osta ing
ileabarrister M. Savarin playedinthe
ocationsof theirpastintoa gainful
therewasalargeF renchpopulation
17 0s manyhighlyeducatedandta lented
ectionofsk il lsfortheyoungUnitedStates.
nlyneededarchitectsandengineers.Many
eweachother andsharedtheworkaround.
twoyearsofNew Y ork C itydirectories
s d i re c to r y of 1 7 7 ( p u bl i sh e d in J u n e 17 7
runel s manufactory 17MurrayStreet " and
to r y fo r 1 7 8 ( p u bl i sh e d in J u n e 17 8 t h er e
e l s manufactory 38GeorgeStreet. 70B runel
factoryinNewY orkCitymakinguseof
butsoondecidedhemightsucceedbetter
try namelyB rita in. B rita ina lsohadthe
agingwaragainstB runel sownenemy
urtherreasonto leavewasthecollapseof
dtheaccidentaldrowningofB runel s
w hilecrossingthegreatfa llso f theB lack
esH arbor(nearw hatisnow Watertow n New
ity in17 9 , carry inga lettero f recom-
uary6 17 9 , f romAle anderH amiltonto
oubyMr.I sambardB runell
t- acobinbyprinciple andby
f I ngeniousMachines. H egoesto
oobta inapatentforone w hich
urposeofcopying.H ehasa
nandI be lieveourSecretaryof
forhimsuchpatronageas in
maybeproper.72
tosetuphisblock machinery w hichpro-
yalNavyinthestrugglewith Napoleon.A
atthewoodshavingscouldbe usedto
lbo es andheestablishedafactory forthis
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n
c - s
a - 4 . 0
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1808 o fw hichB runel sbiographerB eamish
micadvantagestothepublic
ationto B runelhimselfofbe-
hildren inthemanufactory.
adistinguishingandabiding
aracter andnow af tera few hours
spractice hehadthehappiness
genumberof thesespecia lob ects
videdthe meansofearning
ndsufficientlivelihood.73
tandSecondP arkTheatres
heP arkTheatrewasbuilt— Section
origina llyk now nasthe" V ineyards orthe
I t w as s u bs e u e nt l y ac u i re d b y J o h n W h i t e.
ntedandhisproperty forfe ited( presumably
duringtheR evo lution New York w as
epropertywasaf terw ardrestoredtohisw ifeA nn
ebruary17 5 w hodividedtheproperty into
veyances.Thenamesof theW hitesare
nStreet andoneblock north A nnStreet
eof thattoo lero f largecents Smith. O n
aacStoutenburghandP hil ipV anC ortlandt the
ture madeagranttoA nnWhiteof theen-
hbecamethePark Theatreare lots6 7
hepropertysurveyedbyE vertB anck er
7 amongtheNew York C ity realproperty
heaterasatrape o id w iththeparttoward
edC hathamR ow be ingrectangular butthesec-
henca lledtheMew s be ingatanangleto
he lotruns78feeta longPark R ow 130
5feetsoutherlya longTheatreA lley andthen
rk R ow . 76Will iamC . Youngcameacross
cturalgroundplanof thetheaterinthe
rk Historica lSociety ascribedtoB runel
ssecure: ineveryw ay I couldcheck it the
mensionsofthe lotandtowhatwe know
includingthenorthernanne w hichcon-
other roomsfortheactors.Thisanne
ontheT isda leengrav ingandonthetoken. 77
tenditsporticoto coverthesidewalk
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n
c - s
a - 4 . 0
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k
onC ouncilf o rthisonJ une1 17 5 but
d.78Ascanbeseen fromthetokenandthe
porticoasconstructedremainedflushwith
f theporticohadbeene tended thetheatre
ebuildingsontheR uedeR ivo li inParis
e tendoverthesidew alk w hichmay
sinspiration.Theplanforthe porticowould
ohnK. B eek manandJ ohnJ acobA storpetition-
w henthey rebuiltthetheater andtheStreets
nC ouncilre ectedtheplan.7 P ermission
erthesidew alk (notmorethanf ivefeet
uly1828 toE dmundSimpson. 80
are summedupinanindenturerecord-
ryF ilesof theNew Y ork C ityR egisteronMay
bly inthecourseof thesettlementof theEstate
deceased. Thisdocumente pla insthatinOc-
Ha llamandJ ohnHodgk insonproposedthecon-
chsubscriberw astoputup$ 375 w hich
cientforthe purposesofpurchasing
atre andprov idingScenery Machineryetc.
amaticenterta inments. Therewere115
scribercouldreceivea freeticketplusin-
eetick etandinterestat7% . $ 42 700w asrais-
acobMorton C arli leP o llock andWill iam
tedthetrustees. L ots6 7and8w erebought
5 0 0 0. O n J a n ua r y 1 1 7 7 b e ca u se o f d el a ys
dersborrowedmoremoneyfromD aniel
a d di n gt o n J o h n B . C ol e s J o h n Mc V i c k e r an d
ughtf romJ ohnHodgk insonhislo tfor
iv ingstonebecameanaddit iona ltrustee. B utsti l l
Thepromotersborrowed$ 20 000from
k forninemonthsat6% ; theyborrow ed
anchB ank of theUnitedStatesintheC ityof
inemonthsat6% . B utthetheatredidnotmak e
urthermore someofthetrusteeseither
nF ebruary10 1804 thepropertywas
eCoffeeH ousebyThomasCooper
dstruck of f toMcCormick Waddington
Shaw for$ 43 000.82They inturnso ldthe
nsonlottoJ ohnJ acobAstorandJ ohnK .
00onA pril21 1806.83
anuary2 , 17 8 withaperformance
t . I t w a s an n ou n ce d b y th e f ol l ow i ng
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n
c - s
a - 4 . 0
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Cisrespectfullyinformed theNewTheater
A R Y 2 , 17 8
A A D D R E S S t o be s po ke n by
NS O N
Mr. Milne ca lled
E , O r TH E N W H O U S .
pany.Afterwhichwill be
s C O M D Y o f
I T.
ofthe cast.
theMU S CA E NT R TA NM NT
R I CA NTA R .
w illbe leteverydayatthe
te et f r om 1 0 t o 1 o c l oc k a n d on
theafternoon.
theaboveofficeanytime
clock a f terwhichhourthey
T ick etO f f ice intheNew
c uaintedwiththe
mission byapplicationatthe
adies anddangerous
mokingsegars duringtheperfor-
verygentlemanw illconsenttoan
willpleasedirecttheir ser-
r horsesheadstowardsthe
andtakeupw iththeirheadstow ards
pectingthetakingof
e d in t h e B o O f f i c e f o r ge n er a l
five andthecurtain
si .
arere uestedtobepar-
earlyto keepbo es.
6 s . Ga l le r y 4 s . V i v at R e s p u bl i ca . M
orkshillings whichisavery logical
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n
c - s
a - 4 . 0
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k
auseoneshill ingisl21/ 2F ederalcents. In
stado llartosit inabo , seventy -f ivecents
hestra , andf ifty centstosit inthega llery
ntemporarynewspaperaccountsofthe
estodescribingtheinteriorof thetheater.
raturewhichhelpsustodeterminethe
f theP ark Theatre istheremark byThomas
co ldw eathertw obla ingf iresw erek eptupat
85Thiscorrespondstothe twochimneys
gwhicharevisibleon thetokenandthe
rmsofthe overall" feel ofthebuilding
iststodaywhichbestconveysanidea of
e( andofNew York C itypublicedificesof the
ofSt. Mark s- in-the-B ouw erie w hichisan
orary: itw asbegunin17 5andconsecrated
pleandtheporchare how ever nineteenthcen-
nthetheateropened B runelconstructed
inw hichheandaf riendhid thew indmill
dthef riendthenrecitedvarioussatires w hich
wledgeofthefoiblesofNewY orksocie-
andtheaudienceadvancedtodestroythe
maneuveredthemachineoveratrapdoor
enddescended andtheydepartedthat
7Unfortunate ly thisincidentisrecordedby
aterhistories(suchasO dell , w hichare
f thisincidentdidtak eplace itmusthave
therthanJ anuary2 , 17 8.
anuary17 8 thetheaterw asstil l inan
sonly inNovember17 8 w henthetheater
sslightly delayedbecauseofayellowfever
thatthe interiordomewasfinishedby
atscenepainterofhisday.88
the NewTheatre 8 andwason
edtoC hathamS uare( namedforWill iam
arlo fC hatham w hohadhadtheStampA ct
aparto f thecityw hereevery thingunw anted
B ridewell , theA lmsHouse andthe
ericans.Thiswaspartlybecauseofthein-
undingtheF reshWaterP ond( F o leyS uare
yeventoday .D evelopmentwasfurther
it le tothisarea becauseJ ohnWhite the
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n
c - s
a - 4 . 0
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8/9/2019 The token : America's other money / ed. by Richard G. Doty
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k
htwoplaysanevening lastingf rom6: 30or
hete tsof theplaysw ereof tencutinaquite
swerenotturnedout intheauditorium
tbygasaf ter1827 andtheaudiencecouldand
nly returningforthegreatsetpieces. I ta lian
ccountofthisfoible includingariedi
heaudiencecouldgo outforicecream.
il lthishugetheater thetotalpopulation
nhattanonly in1800w as60. 48 , 9 5w hich
ntain3-3% ofthepopulationoftheci-
thetheaterstagedoneplay foroveramonth
ryman w omanandchildinthecityw ould
eWill iamDunlaphadsomesuccessw ithhis
nplayw right( andR ussianagent A ugust
t D u n la p e nd e d a ba n kr u pt . 6 S t ep h en P r i c e w h o
unlap filledthetheaterbyresortingto the
system importingbignamesf romE uropesuch
o v em be r 1 81 0 a n d E d m un d K e a n ( 1 8 20 . I n
asL earatthePark Theatre opposite J ohn
gar. 7A taveryearlydate inNew Y ork C ity
gworldclassactors.B othCookeandK ean
heycametoNew Y ork hav ingabused
buttheygavesomebrilliantperformances.
riceforthis say ingthatthestarsystem
ompaniesinNewY orkCity butitseems
havef il ledhistheaterotherw ise . Thesi e
the hadtoshow.
rkTheatrewhichI wouldhavelikedto
rk performanceofMo art sD onGiovan-
w ithManuelGarcia scompany includingMaria
erlina.W hatmadethisperformance
ne attheurgingandin thepresenceof
oD aP onte w ho hav ingprovenhimself too
V ienna andL ondon hadto liveouthis
C ity . 8
arkTheatreatnighttimewasagreat an-
whocomplainedaboutparkingproblems.
815 theneighborstothetheatercompla ined
outthehackneycarriagesparkedon their
natthePark Theatre. 9
06w asdictatedmorebyhisloveof the
prof it infact itw asanunusua ldeparture
propertyinvestment whichwastobuy
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n
c - s
a - 4 . 0
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fA storthathe" se ldommissedagoodper-
ysof the ' O ldP ark , " andevenonthe
sshiptheTon uinhadbeenlost hestil l
notw ishingtoabandonhisfavoriteevening s
ooper anactorwhosebestpartwas
eaterf romA storfor$2 100quarterly w hich
sothathissurety StephenPrice w asof ten
iciency . In September1814 P riceto ldA stor
upthetheaterunlessthe rentwasreduc-
ouldgetoutofhisleasebecauseof theWar
considerit.100
ntheaters andthePark Theatrew asat-
eCommonCouncilwasawareofthis
establishedF ireE ngineHouseNumber4in
ornerofthetheater depositing30buckets
orningonMay25 1820 adisastrousf ire
Theatretotheground andw asthusdescrib-
eningP ost:
eo clock thismorning ourin-
ythedreadfulcryof fire and
romthetremendousglareoflight
emotepartsofthecity that
ildingofuncommonsi e
eatre.Noeffortcouldcheck
ossibleto doanythingmorethan
thecompletedestructionofthe
erythingit contained.Afterall
beenmadeit isimpossibletotell
ichit originated.I thas
ctorilyascertained thatthefirstap-
ar theridgeofthe southeast
itcouldnot therefore havearisen
yedinthecourseof theenter-
of theevening ashasbeen
upposed.Noristherethe least
wasdesignedlysetonfire but
accidentornegligence.
stantbusinessithasbeenfor
ery thingissafe bygo ingaboutthe
aftereveryonehasdeparted
everylight ise tinguished
lastnight asusua l andla in
ohes f romwhichhew asrous-
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n
c - s
a - 4 . 0
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k
f ire andlookingupsaw the
sappearanceattheplacew ehave
oinsurance onthebuilding
esceneryor otherproperty.
allsupon individualsconnected
whosenumberweunderstandto
ns includingmechanicsand
oncehadthetheaterrebuilt . Thisa ltruist ic
tleast oneofthewitsof thetown who
veningP ost:
hoeverhavebeenknown
whentheirown
t andoftrade
—w henthey rew ellpaid
nisrebuilt
a tly carv dandgilt
vas lathandplaster
* * * * andJ * * * J * * * * a * * * .103
he SecondP arkTheatre continuedto
sign forthenumberofwindows o f stories
edthesame.Thesuperficialappearance
echangein architecturaltaste:thetops
cosw eres uare ratherthanround. The
mained.104
P ricesponsoredtheappearanceofE dmund
nthonyStreet andw assosuccessfulthatin
reatenedA storandB eek manthathew ouldbuild
ycompliedwith hisproposalsforthe
rk . I nMay1821 how ever P ricesigneda
k Theatreatarentof$ 13 000ayear. H enry
ephew remark ed " TheTheatrew illbebeautiful
supportsuchanenormousrentcharge. B ut
ed:in1823theP arkTheatrewasassessed
on S e pt e mb e r 1 1 8 28 i t w as l e as e d to E d m u n d
tanannualrenta lo f$ 16 000 thetheater
w orth$ 150 000. Thetheaterw astota lly
terwhichitw asva luedat$ 200 000. I n1846
wersvalueditatonly$ 60 000 a lthoughthis
atefor ta purposes.105Astorhimself
48 andheleftmuchofhisfortunetoestablish
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n
c - s
a - 4 . 0
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l lybecametheNew York P ublicLibrary .
nageruntilhisdeathonJ uly31 1848
sleasedto ThomasS.H amblin whohad
eryTheatre.B uttheSecondP arkTheatre
eearlyeveningofSaturday D ecember
alistf romtheNew - ork EveningP ostrea llyap-
rit ing
clock thescenew hichw as
housandciti enscongregated
onehundredthousandonthetops
tthecity wasoneofthe
theflamesleapedandfrolickedto
ehundredfeetfromtheground
ichenabledpersonsatthe
thefinestmanuscript.The
nowmuch increasedbythe
ht.
nsuredfor$ 80 000.U nfortunately
isfire: afiremannamedAndersonfrom
uck byapieceofburningtimber andk ill-
nrefreshmentsofmeatandcoffeeand
ndatthe" Shakespeare onP ark R ow . There
mB .Astorwouldnotrebuildthe theater
hotelonthesite w hichrumorhadbegun
.Thisrumor turnedouttobetrue in
edidnotrebuildthetheater buttheydidnot
preferringtosellthe irinterestinthe lots.106
rkablyindulgentlandlords.I nthesum-
riblecho leraepidemicragedthroughNew York
astemporarilyclosed.Threeconsecutiverent
psonbouncedasaresult butWill iamB . ( son
cidedtooverlook theproblem andw rotetothe
ek manonA ugust4 1832:
avorof the30 U lto : A ndwill
ogetthe alterationinthe
de. —Since I w roteyouMr.
t hasbeenreturnedasunpaidand
ck fromhimwhichisunpaid
makegoodina dayortwo:
thercheck sothatunlesshe
alreadyhavein thecourseof
eeunpaid.I presumeyouare
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n
c - s
a - 4 . 0
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k
stressedstateof thecityto
urgehimatpresentwouldbeI
eposittoday the$ 1000toyour
ew Y ork . My fatherhasbought
nottorebuild thetheateragain andsplit
e l ot s ( S e ct i on 1 b l oc k 9 0 l o ts 6 7 a n d 8
eF irstandSecondP arkTheatresarenow
buildings.TheAstorE statesoldmostof
around1850 buttheycontinuedtohave
etwentiethcentury.L atertheaterswere
w butthey tendedtobecinemas not
suchcinemaw astheP ark R ow Theatreat
M a y 1 3 7 t h e P a r k R o w T he a tr e w as s h ow i ng
enceNightingale in" TheWhiteA ngel " w ith
otto " Shespurnedoneman sarms.. . to
108
eremainedforlot6. O nJ anuary17
recordingagrantf romthePark R ow R ealty
othschild A lf redC. deR othschildand
o f l ot s 4 -6 2 2 1/ 2 a n d 25 . O n J u l y 10 1 0 ,
nthe sametransaction onlyinthereverse
note aminedthesedeedsindetail butit is
entoftheR othschildsisrelatedtothe
erboroughR apidTransitC ompany w hich
thschilds U . S. agent A ugustB e lmont J r.
rmanof theboardof the I nterboroughR apid
eR apidTransitSubwayConstruction
Tw ouldhavebeenhurtby thePanicof1 07
epropertytransfersarean emergencyin-
othschildsintoapropertysubsidiaryof the
Ta live. Someof thesub-basementsonPark R ow
e tenda llthew ay totheB rook lynB ridge-
o f theeastside I R T 111so it ispossiblethat
tenditsstationsortrackseastwardtoPark
ow arecurrentlyoccupiedbybranchesof
so fcomputersandothere lectronice uipment.
econdP arkTheatreshavelongdisap-
rememberedbythenameofthe streetwhich
ndB eek manStreet: TheatreA lley . ( U n-
herstreetscommemorateearlierproperty
ndJ ohnK. B eek man. Thisstreetappearson
dpublishedin17 7 butisthenca lled" The
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n
c - s
a - 4 . 0
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palsoshowstheNew TheatreandtheOld
atplanswerealreadyafoottochangeits name
ebruary6 17 5 betweenA nnWhiteand
to" TheatreL ane. 113Ona mapof1808
ngworth itsnameis" TheatreA lley " w hich
versince.114B yanindenturerecorded
nnW hite describedasthew idow ofThomas
ick songrantedTheatreA lley totheMayor
tyoftheCityofNewY ork.115
acobs. Thisisprobablyidenticalto aB en-
ssuedhisow ntokenf romB irminghamin17 8
rw icks. 31 f ig. 9) . 116Thetok enappearstohave
ettersratherthanwith punches which
rk butJ acobusedparticularcareonthistok en
se ofthefinalS ontheothertokens
ve: " Thisismyw ork oritmaybean
whenlastnameswerebynomeansas
y en aminJ acobmayhavebeenJ ew ish the
w ishone butthere isclearlya J ew ishcon-
sues:theCabbageSociety( D alton-
a l t o n- H a m e r. Mi d d . 1 0 05 D a l t o n-
t h e bo e r D a v i d Me n do a ( D a l t o n-
D a l t o n- H a m er . Mi d d . 7 85 - 78 ) L o r d Ge o rg e
er. Midd . 775-782 Da lton-Hamer. Dublin. 12 ,
stoyw arehouseofL ondon(D alton-
. 1 7 T h e L o n do n m ag i st r at e P a t r i ck C o l u h o u n
ti-Semitic( andanti- rish , blamedmostof the
ntheJ ew s w ritingin17 6
finethemselvestothecoinage
w hilethe I rishw omenarethe
sofbase silver.... tis
ken
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n
c - s
a - 4 . 0
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k
gtheJ ew s a lthoughmanycases
obe coinersofcoppermoney
tent yetscarceaninstancecan
any concerninthecoinage
silver:neitherarethey e ten-
basemoneybutcopper.118
spre udicesdiminishhisva lueasasource
ewishpresenceinthetradein private
nce.
eterSkidmore whofrom17 7until180
herJ ohnSk idmore inSk idmore& Son
astheson whobranchedoutintothe
whichweresoldfromtheirshop at123
madeatthe irw ork sat15 C oppiceR ow
54thattheTheatreatNew York tok en
nyotherC ondertokens itsreverse isfound
wasissuedforcommercialpurposesmade
ter.120DonTa aysuggesteditwasused
sim ilartotheR ick ett sC ircuspiece. 121This
er.Weknowfromcontemporarynewspaper
hI havequotedabove thattherew erethree
r: 8shil l ings(onedo llar tosit inthebo es
tosit inthepit( orchestra ; and4shil l ings( 50
ry ( ba lcony . A nadmissionticketw ouldhave
uishingthese threepriceranges andthe
hasnosuch distinction.Thetokenalso
uldbeessentialifit weregiventosubscribers
bytheseason.Theearliest documentation
k C ity forplacesinbo es( inthiscase
atre foundbyD unlapwasinthesummer
wingnoticeappeared:
pectfullyinformed thatonac-
plaintsrelativetounfair
manyofwhichhavebeenlate ly
pied themanagers everready
e accommodationoftheir
aveadoptedamodetopreventany
urebyhavingticketsfor the
iveredby thebo -k eeper onpay -
ntak ingbo es w iththenumber
ameasurew hichthey f latter
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n
c - s
a - 4 . 0
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generalapprobation.H allam
paper. B y1826 itseemsthatsomeone
atthePark Theatrewouldgotothebo
ownonaw rittenlist. Loren oD aP onte
theforenoonandfoundhisname
allocations and therebeing
amebo , I hadmyname
ewasalreadyinhis chairwhen
yselfa thisside. 123
tergoerwouldsign upforabo , but
ecific seatwithinthatbo .
how ever thatthedistinctionbetw een
tors and" co insstruck forcirculation "
ist inctiontoday didnottrulye istatthe
ntury . C onsidertheTa lbot A llumandL ee
suredlyweremadeforcirculation andeven
fcentsandafew largecents.Although
tion numerouswildmulingsoftheir
onewiththeprisonreformerJ ohnHow ard.
ystruck forcirculation thenbecomesamul-
etthisverymulingis alsoknownwith
theB aptistforcirculationontheIslandof
bot AllumandL eetokensfluidlymove
culation and" struck forco llectors and
tion aga inshow sthatthisisnotthehard
day whenitisnearlyimpossibleto spend
co ins. B en aminJ acobandP eterSk idmore
rculationnor forcollectors butsolely
heywouldsellintowhatevermarketwasat-
mayhavethought thattheycouldgetsome
nguptokensdepicting thetheater.After
n& C o. hadobtainedanorderf romTalbot A llum
centsandO badiahWestw oodw astry ing
sco inagecontract. 12 I f thespeculationfa il-
se ll ittoA merica theyk new theycerta inly
elocalcollectors market.B ritishcollec-
thingAmerican therewasagreatcult
partlybecauseofthehorrors oftheF rench
ngtonprov idedagoode amplethat
conductrevolutionina civili edfashion
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n
c - s
a - 4 . 0
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k
ableL atins. Thisintense loveaf fa irw asend-
nthe17 0s how ever any thing" A merican
maticitemsassociatedwiththe P ark
the threevarietiesoftheenigmaticAD -
k ensof1817(f igs. 10-11 . Theearliestdescription
whichw ehavefoundisinWill iamE . Wood-
ohnF . McC oyco llectiononMay17-21 1864
s " P a r k Th e at r e ch e ck ' A d mi t ' 1 8 17 c o p-
ldtoHof fmanfor40cents.126Thene tlist ing
sto fNew York statestorecards w hichw as
ector sJ ourna lo fMarch1885. This
manH. L ow says: " Thistokenisgenera lly
iontick ettotheo ldPark Theatre P ark R ow
bletoobta inno informatione itherforor
127ThePA D tok enwasnotlisted. Lyman
cesinhisauctionof thecollectionofB en-
er o f C ha r le s W . B e t t s , o n J a n ua r y 11 - 12 1 8 8 :
T t o ke n a n d on e e a m pl e o f th e P A D
40cents be ingso ldtoD anielP arish J r.
ecestotheA NS(accessionnumber18 8. 4 .
s " U n u e st i on a bl y P a r k T he a tr e N e wY o r k
standingotherplacesofamusementin
. S. havebeencreditedw ithit. 128L ow did
attributionotherthanhispersonalstate-
ithhis statementisthedate:thetoken
ndtheF irstP ark Theatreburneddownon
slaterdatefortheuseof thetok enisunlik e ly.
atreattributioniscorrect weshouldre-date
lliamE .W oodwardmaybecloseenough
thathisattributiontothePark Theatreshould
setokensbytheNewY orkCitytheater
buthe isusually concernedwithplaysand
ms
kTheatre
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n
c - s
a - 4 . 0
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atrerananadvertisementintheNew - ork
ghtithadaperformance andintheadver-
1817 anew phrase isadded: " L adies
estedtopurchasethe irt ick etsattheB o -
K eepersarestrict ly forbiddentorece ivemoney
sphrasedoesnotshow upearlierintheyear
vertisementafterwardforthene tseveral
wh e n th e s ys t em o f " A D M T a n d " P A D "
perhapsbecauseoneofthedoorkeeperswas
z lingthefunds. Thisisonlycon ecture
butnotP A D , waslistedbyW rightinThe
18 8. 130EdgarH. A damsalso listedthe
n ot t he P A D t ok en ( A da ms .N . 4l . 1 T he
setokenswhichI havefoundisinW ayte
earlyNew Y ork storecardsintheC oinC ol-
u n e 1 3 4 w h ic h s ho w ed b o th t h e AD M T a n d
. 132Thetok ensw erea lsodiscussedbyMelv inand
Tok enC ollector sP age inTheNumismatist
ere listedinDonaldMiller s1 62catalogueof
cethenhavebeentakenupintoR ulau s
uded( butdidnotdepict ordescribein
esof theA DM Ttok en. ( The lotsoldtoDanie l
natedtotheA NS. A ne aminationof thespecimens
acomparisonofthephotographsin R ay-
gsdistinguishesthesetwovarieties.Thefirst
aymondphotographof J une1 34 isf rom
atusedtomak ethePA D tok en w ithsmall
theA DM Tdoesnottouchtheova lo fpearls.
ichistheonein theF uldphotograph( and
isf romadif ferentpunchset: thepun-
mallserif sonthe I so f thedate the7islarger
etymayeasilybedistinguishedbecausetheT
ouchtheova lo fpearls. I havenotnoticed
kens andsofarhavenoticedtwovarieties
r om t wo p a ir s o f di e s a n d on e va r ie t y fo r P A D ,
es. Thereversedie forPA iseasily
falargediedefect intheovalof pearls
f irsthadtheA D M TandP A D tok ensmade
outofA D M Ttok ens sotheyputinanother
turerusedadifferentpunchset fromthe
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n
c - s
a - 4 . 0
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k
ot rare andsincewehavea goodidea
eenstruckto beginwith( twothousand
asold-outtheater , thatisnotsurprising. I ammore
these tokenswereissuedbytheP ark
y Woodward sandL ow sauthorityforthis.
sassociatedwiththeSecond P ark
estraightforward.Thisisa 17 9 dollar
6 B ow ers-B orck ardt. 158 thephotographsare
ateaccurately butitmightbe diestate
theMauriceM. Gouldcollection w hichhasengrav -
ymourHarris/ P ark Theatre / No. / N-Y
ndengraveduponthereverseWR ( cata logued
- N - 4 2 . 1 6 I t i s h ol e d at a b ou t 9 o c l oc k o n th e
e wornwiththescriptletters readingcor-
sthebusto fL iberty soshefacesdow nward.
be thenameofaleadingactor atabenefit
e isnoSeymourHarrisl istedamongthecast
ewhichhavecomedowntous. Thematter
iousinthatI couldfindnoSeymourH ar-
k C itydirectoriesf rom1832to1840. D irec-
stedasmallfractionof theinhabitants
ourHarrise isted heshouldbe listedin
andthe indicestotheF ederalcensusofNew
1840shownoSeymourH arriseither.The
a mystery.
ark atthispo intw asopenforitssummer
rmingDanie l- rancois- spritA uber sopera
Mas ue , 137w hichisperhapsmorefamiliar
versionofGiuseppeV erdi U nB allo in
uldf indw asanadvertisementforthatnight sper-
rk EveningP ost:
E — S i t h a pp e ar a nc e o f Si g no r A NT O N O ,
dthemostsurprisingandelegant
i n t h e W o r l d— a n d w ho s e e t r ao r di n ar y
o lante asatmostof theTheatres
vegainedhimthetit leo f " The lit-
earthisevening. Thisevening A ugust
presentedforthe12thtime the
S T A V U S T H E T H I R D , o r t h e Ma s k-
Mr. Mason A nk arstrom Mr.
nh o rd J o n es M d e An k ar s tr o m M r s.
M r s. B l a k e A r ve d so n M r s. W h e a tl e y. —
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n
c - s
a - 4 . 0
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S S U L .
no rD I A V O L O A NT O N O ' S
n th e F L Y I N G R O P E .
oaF errero sB enef it .
nprecise lyat7. P erfor-
ha lfpast7o clock. 1 8
gP ostforAugust11 andAugust12 1834
gspecialhappeningatthe P arkTheatre
-
piecew aswornbyabo attendantatthe
dandholedpieceswereusedas tickets
buttheyalmostneverhaveane actdatewrit-
allyindicate whichpartofthetheater
t he r t he g a ll e ry t h e pi t o r a b o . 1 3 I t i s
soutwardresemblance thatthispieceserv-
hePark Theatre .
ngof theSecondPark Theatre in1821 ago ld
0andthefreedomofthe Theatrewasof-
ddress.This contestwaswonbyCharles
nk B oston. 140Wehaveno idea how ever
havebeen anditmightwellbe acom-
thnospecific referencetotheTheatre.
p hi c al T e ch n i u e s
eof J acob sothertokensrevea lshow he
acobsinkthediesfor hishalfpennyseries
gates.Acomparisonof thetokenofSt.An-
l t o n- H a m e r. M id d . 5 6 f i g. 1 2 s h ow s t ha t i t
teenthcenturycopperplateengraving.This
everalH istoriesofL ondonwhichwere
f oftheeighteenthcentury.141The
ndershaftaretooclosein designto
usedC hamberlain( 1770 , H arrison( 1775 or
heyareallviewsfromthe northwest , butthe
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n
c - s
a - 4 . 0
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k
pictedhereisa reproductionfromH arrison
Theengrav ing unfortunate ly w asratherinac-
fSt. A ndrew sU ndershaf tismuchnarrow erand
eengraving 143andJ acobcopiedtheseer-
w orkedf rome istingcopperplateengrav ings
hewouldsimplifytheseengravings
wedthemmoreorlessfaithfully theac-
o f theengrav ingdecidestheaccuracyof
here isno indicationthatJ acobeverbothered
buildingshe depictedonthetokens.
cesthehistoricalimportanceof thesetokens
pendentsources butdependuponthe
4If theengrav ingse ist—andof tenthey
edifficultto locate—it ispreferabletobase
uildingsupon them ratherthanupon
thetok ens( andJ acob sespecia lly simplif y
avingstheycopy.Thetokenscan be
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n
c - s
a - 4 . 0
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grav ings how ever. F ore ample atok en
nhall( Da lton-Hamer. Midd . 104 notby
mplif iesanengrav ingof theL eadenhall w hich
eventeenthore ighteenthcentury w hich
eadenhallasit look edmuchearlier. 14 The
eengraving how ever suggeststhatit is
ntury andthetokenwhichshowsthe
hehallw asbuilt in141 andtakendow nin
ysuggeststhatthe engravingdepictedthe
he17 0s j ustbefore itsdestruction.
firstofall manyofthediesinkersfor
rwentandlookedatthe buildingsthey
dengrav ings. F urtherresearchinB rit ishe igh-
uldbedirectedtowardidentifyingthese
oinsandtokensinthe modernperiodare
ownright becauseoftentheengrav-
vive.I foriginalpapyrusdrawingsofthe
heColosseumsestertiuswouldberatherless
principleoftheuse ofsourcesthatone
necango nofurther:theearliest
raditionshould bethebest( philologists
natiocodicumdescriptorum .146Since
dosurvive think thetask isnottouse
s butrathertofind theengravingswhich
toproduceiconographicalstudiesin-
hung.
S a ra h C o , K e n ne t h E d l ow D r . J a y M. G a ls t E d wa r d J a n i s
P . New man D onaldG. Partrick andD onaldScarinciforthe ir
ns. I amalso indebtedtothesta ffo f theNew York P ublic
oca lHistoryandGenealogy theMicro f i lmR eadingR oomand
mattheMainR esearchB uildingandtheB illyR oseTheatreC ol-
nterL ibrary thesta f fo f theY a leUniversityLibrary the
C o lumbiaUniversity thesta ffo f themapsandprintsroom
L ondon thesta ffo f theNationa lA rchives New York branch
A rchivesofNew York C ity andthestaf fo f theCityR egister s
hohasdonemuchwork onthearchitecturedepictedonco insof
overykindlysuppliedmewith slidesoftheColosseumsester-
lterB reen sC ompleteEncyclopediaofU . S. andC olonia l
8 8 , p p. 1 04 -5 .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n
c - s
a - 4 . 0
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k
htywhosenameisassociatedwiththeold varietystudy
wasbaseduponthework ofDav idP rosk ey . Doughtyhimself
smatist hischiefoccupationissa idtohavebeenas" ahack
H ewasacorrespondingmemberofthe ANSunderthe
20 18 5 w henthenew C onstitutionw asintroduced
tateswerenotallowedtobecomecorrespondingmembers
e" grandfathered. He diedonOctober30 1 17. A NSA n-
p . 9 ; " P r o f i l es o f O l d - Ti m e Co l le c to r s an d D e a l er s " W a r r en
A . Stlberman eds. U nitedStatesLargeC ents17 3-1857. A n
M A 1 7 5 p . 5 80 ( b i og r ap h ie s c om p il e d by W . H . S h e l do n
o h n W r i g ht ; P e t er S m it h " N a me s wi t h No t es - P a r t Tw o " P e n ny -
p .3 43 .
ht y " S o me H i s t o ri c T ok e ns o f t he C i ty o f N ew Y o r k " P r o -
NumismaticandArchaeologicalSocietyofNew Y ork( New
- 40 .
" A u ct i on R e v i e ws " T h e C4 N e ws l et t er v ol . 1 N o . 2 ( D e c .
tP r i nt in g " p .1 2.
u i d e B o o k of U n i t e d St a te s C oi n s 4 8 th E d i ti o n 1 9 5 K e n -
a ci ne W I , 1 9 4 p . 57 .
A rrangementofP rov incia lC o ins Tok ens andMedalets
n I re land andtheC olonies w ithintheL astTw entyYears
o th e P e nn y Si e ( I p sw ic h 1 7 8 , p . [ v i .
eTradesmen sTok ensof theE ighteenthC entury (L ondon
SamuelH . H amer TheProv incia lTok en-C o inageof the
t ol ] , 1 1 0 , p . 1 1 0 R . C. B e l l T h e B u i ld i ng M e da l et s o f K e m p-
7 - 17 7 ( N e wc a st l e up o n Ty n e 1 7 8 , p . 9 1 .
7 -2 1 1 8 64 ( M c Co y , 2 1 63 .
6 -2 , 1 8 8 4 ( L e vi c k , 2 4 6 3 .
e c . 7- 17 1 2 1 ( J e nk s , 5 50 8.
ght " A mericanStoreorB usinessC ards " TheNumismatist
23 .
s e d . N e wY o r kC i ty a n d St a te S t or e C ar d s ( N e w Y o r k 1 1 3 .
orkstorecardswasprobablydonebyD avidP roskeyorL yman
U nitedStatesStoreC ards. A L isto fMerchants A dvertising
C heck s andKindredP iecesI ssuedfrom178 uptoR ecentY ears
TokensWhichP assedasMoneyandK now nasHardT imes
1 20 .
aymondcataloguethatI havefoundwhichliststhe
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n
c - s
a - 4 . 0
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lthoughthecata logueisfor1 34 itscopyrightdate is1 33
oguewasdonatedtotheSocietyonOctober23 1 33
anteq uern.Thecataloguealsoincludesaphotographof
graphwasreusedforall thelatereditionsofR aymond s
ayteR aymond StandardCatalogueofE arlyAmericanCoins
to n 1 3 4 ( N e wY o r k [ 1 3 3 ) . p . 1 3. C u ri o us l y a l th o ug h H . R .
ishTok ensR elatingtoA merica " TheC oinC o llector sJ ournal
l ishedbyWayteR aymond , mentionstheTheatreatNew York
sit" very rare hedidnotlist itseparate lyorreproduce
esofD ecember1 41andJ anuary1 42 eventhoughR ay -
hichhewas usinginhiscoin andtokencataloguesby
oughthe cracks.
t e d St a te s C oi n s ( R a c in e W I , 1 7 1 , p . 5 0 . E d w ar d J a n is
ork Theatretok enw asincludedintheR edB ook atthe
.
tabic C lassicNew York : GeorgianGentil ity toGrecian
ectureofNew Y ork . A HistoryandGuide vo l. 1( New York
yvo lumeof thise ce llenthistoryw hichhasappeared.
h a ng i ng N e wY o r k ( N e w Y o r k 1 3 ) .
S t o ke s T h e I c o n og r ap h y of M a nh a tt a n I s l a n d 14 8 - 1 0 - C o m-
rcesandI llustratedbyPhoto- ntaglioR eproductionsof
ans V iew sandD ocumentsinPublicandP rivateC o llections
5- 28 .
th , L o n gw or t h s A m er i c an A l ma n ac k N e w- o r k R e g is t er a n d
eTwenty-secondY earofA mericanI ndependence. C onta in-
naWork of theK ind. Embellishedw ithaV iew of theNew
17 7 .
thesplendidmapofNew York C itypublishedin17 7 drawn
edby J . R oberts w hichlabe lsthe J ohnStreetTheatreas" the
atbecametheP ark Theatreas" theNew Theatre ; it isreproduc-
nhoven TheC olumbiaHistorica lP ortraito fNew York . A n
ry inHonorof theTricentennia lo fNew Y ork C ityandthe
ba U n i v er s it y ( G a r d en C i ty N 1 5 3 p p . 10 4 -5 .
producesthecornerstoneoftheTheatre whichinhisday
wnrestaurant.I treads:" Thecornerstoneofthis Theatre
MayA D 17 5. J acobMorton W in. Henderson C arli le
er s L e wi s H a l l em [ s i c , J o h n H o d gk i ns o n m a na g er s . C ha r le s
New Y ork . I tsL andmark sandA ssociations( New York andL on-
.
istoryof theA mericanTheatreandA necdotesof thePrin-
k 1832 vo l. 1 p. 160. New Y ork erstendedtomoveevery
enomore reliableaboutpayingtheirrentin theeigh-
turiesthantheyarenow.
TheA mericanA lmanack New - ork R egister andC ity
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n
c - s
a - 4 . 0
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k
eTwenty- f irstYearofA mericanI ndependence. C onta iningMost
koftheK indandE mbellishedwithanAccurateMapof
pectiveof theTontineC ityTavern( New York 17 6 .
th , L o n gw or t h s A m er i c an A l ma n ac k N e w- o r k R e g is t er a n d
eTwenty-secondY earofA mericanI ndependence. C onta in-
naWork of theK ind. Embellishedw ithaV iew of theNew
17 7 , p.2.Thisis asettlementofclaimsoflosses byU nited
hewarbetweenSpainandF rance.AllclaimsofU nitedStates
weretoberegisteredat theofficeoftheSpanishconsul
y17 17 7.
furd F amilyR ecordsandE ventsCompiledP rincipa lly f rom
sintheR utherfurdC o llection(New Y ork 18 4 pp. 171-72
1 , v o l. 5 p . 1 33 4 .
e B o o k s a nd M a nu s cr i pt s D i v i si o n N e wY o r k P u b li c L i b ra r y a b l ac k
raphisintheB illyR oseTheatreC ollection New York
h o to F i l e B , T h ea t re s U S : N e w Y o r k : P a r k D a v i d M . St a uf f er
on C o pp e r an d S te e l ( N e w Y o r k 1 0 7 , P a r t 2 C h ec k - i s t
l ie rE ngravers p. 537 MantleF ie lding A mericanEngravers
iographicalSketchesandCheckL istsofE ngravings
17 , p. 46—thissupplementtoStauf ferlistsyetathirdvariety signed
al e d el i n. e t s c. ( F i e ld i ng . 24 .
uarianSocietycopywasconsultedonits microfichesetof
es o fw hichtheNew York P ublicLibraryhasacopy. I am
theR areB ook R oomof theNew York P ublicLibrary for
anceofthesevariouscopies.
. 2 ) , P a r t 1 p p . 2 7 2- 7 3 P a r t 2 C h e c k- i s t of t h e W o rk s o f
s p p . 53 5 -3 7 F i e l d i ng ( a b ov e n . 2 ) , p p . 28 5 -8 6 G e ne H e s s l er
e:AnE ncyclopediaofP aperMoney& P ostageStampArt( P ort
9 3 , p .3 04 .
o f theF irstC ensusof theUnitedStatesTak enintheY ear
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00 , P opulationofConnecticut vo l2 WindhamC ounty
rchives R ecordsof theB ureauof theC ensus. C onsultedon
, P opulationofC onnecticut vo l. 3 New L ondon To lland
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rgan C onnecticutasaC o lonyandasaState orO neof the
a r tf o rd 1 0 4 , v o l. 2 p . 1 51 .
ic a ( C h ic a go 1 7 3 , v o l. 1 3 s . v. " L e b an o n " p p . 87 7 -7 8 .
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p . 18 6 D u n ca n N ew Y o r k Ci ty D i r ec to ry f or 1 7 5 p . 21 4 J o hn L o w
or y f or 1 7 6 p . 1 7 ; [ D a v i d L o n g wo r th , T h e Am e ri c an
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nA ccurateMapof theC ity andaPerspectiveof theTon-
o r k 1 7 6 p r ef a ce s i gn e d J u n e 1 1 1 7 6 , p . 2 0 7
e wY o r k Ci t y D i r ec t or y f or 1 7 S u n pa g in a te d .
. 2 ) , p p . 2 7 2- 7 3 H e s sl e r ( a b o ve n . 3 1 , p . 3 04 .
n . 2 ) , p p . 6- 7 S e co n d Ce n su s ( 1 8 0 0 , P o p ul a ti o n of C o nn e c-
or d C ou n ty p . 3 6 N a ti o na l A rc h iv e s R e c o r ds o f t he B u r e a u
onmicro f i lm: M32 R o ll1.
completeworksofF laviusJ osepbus....Tr.fromthe
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L L D . I l lustratedw ithmargina lre ferences andnotes. .. B y
mpton. . .. E mbellishedwithupwardsofsi tybeautifulengrav -
a ldraw ingsofMessrs. Met , Stothard andC orbould
cademy andengravedbyA mericanartists. TheNew Y ork
cl l 1 7 2 t h e B a l ti m or e i mp r in t i s P e c h in a n d Co mp a ny 1 7 $ .
r thespecimensofearlyengravinginthe U nitedStates.
A n na l s of t h e Ne w Y o r k S ta g e ( N e w Y o r k 1 2 7 , v o l. 2
6.
Memoiro f theLifeofSirMarcI sambardB runei C iv il
residentof theR oya lSociety C orrespondingMemberof the I n-
c . & c . ( L o nd on 1 86 2 , p . 34 .
NotesonE ighteenthC enturyTok ens. B e ingSupplementary
sonthe" P rov incia lTok enC oinageof theE ighteenthC en-
t on a n d Sa m ue l H . H a me r ( L o n do n 1 5 4 , p . 1 2 .
May23-24 18 8 148. 1ow ethisre ferencetothecardindices
ctioncataloguespreparedbyW alterB reeninthespring
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G a ll e ri e s O c t . 1- 2 1 8 0 ( G a rr e tt , 1 5 2 .
, 1 8 3( R o pe r , 3 55 .
e di a ( a b ov e n . 3 , p . 1 05 .
2 6- 2 , 1 88 4 ( L e vi ck , 2 46 3.
e c . 7- 17 1 2 1 ( J e nk s , 5 50 8.
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e C ar d s ( a b o ve n . 1 6 , p . 5 0.
e di a ( a b ov e n . 3 , p . 1 0 5 H a m er " I n t ro d uc t io n " D a l to n a nd
10 , p . [ v i .
Tw oNew York TheaterTokensforSale : How ManyareR ea lly
9 3 pp. 1367-6 . Thisarticle liststhirteentok ens a f terScarinci
e lookedintheNorw ebsa leandfoundonemore sohehas
I wasrecentlytoldofapiece fromanoldNewY ork
w k eptinF lorida butthismaybeidentica lw ithoneof the
di a ( a b ov e n . 3 , p . 1 05 .
r i gh t " A m er i ca n S to r e or B u s i n es s C ar d s T h e Nu m is m at i st
r i g ht 1 13 0A .
to findbecauseofthee tremelyhelpfulguidebyH ar-
umismaticGuidetoB rit ish& I rishPeriodica ls1731-1 9 1
s h Nu m is m at i cs v o l. 2 P a r t 1 A r ch a eo l og i ca l ( L o n do n 1 9 3 ,
T h e B r u ne l s: F a t h e r an d S on ( L o n do n 1 3 8 , p . 1 2.
n . 4 2 , p p . 23 - 24 N o bl e ( a b ov e n . 5 7 , p . 1 5 V i c to r M or i n
B u l l e ti n d es R e c h e rc h es H i s t o ri u e s 1 3 8 p p . 22 5 -3 2 V i c to r M or i n
Numismatist1 42 pp. 717-20. R idde llca llsI tthe" F ranco-
rha lfdolla r " andca llsitaco in hisspecimenisholedand
ell A Monographof theSilverD o llar GoodandB ad( New Orleans
butR idde llgivesacata loguenumbertoa llco ins theC astorland
57 , p . 16 .
n . 4 2 , p p . 32 - 33 N o bl e ( a b ov e n . 5 7 , p . 1 7 G l e n n B r o wn
tatesC apitol vo l. 1 TheOldC apito l 17 2-1850( Washington
n . 4 2 , p p . 36 3 4 1 ( A p p en d i A . T h er e i s no r e co r d of t h is
ethScott E arlyNew York Natura li a tions. A bstractsof
dsf romF ederal StateandL oca lC ourts17 2-1840( B a lt imore
n . 4 2 , p p . 34 - 35 .
n . 4 2 , p p . 33 - 34 N o bl e ( a b ov e n . 5 7 , p . 1 7. R o b e r t H a r ri s on
yofNationa lB iography (L ondon 1886 s. v . " SirMarcI sam-
5 , saysthatthetheaterw hichB runeldesignedwastheB ow ery
beright.TheB oweryTheatredidnotopenuntilO ctober
mC . Y oung D ocumentsofA mericanTheatreHistory vo l. 1
yh o us e s 17 1 6- 1 8 9 ( C h ic a go 1 7 3 , p . 7 6.
1 , v o l. 5 p . 1 34 ; J o h n A. K o u w e nh o ve n T h e Co l um b ia
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ew York . A nessay ingraphichistory inhonorof the
rkCityandtheB icentennialofColumbiaU niversity
1 5 3 , p . 1 03 A l an B u r n h am e d .. N e w Y o r k L a n d ma r ks . A S tu d y
ctura llyNotableStructuresinGreaterNew York ( Middletown
33 -3 4 7 0 -7 1 3 5 7 3 66 H u t ab le ( a bo ve n . 1 ) , p p. 6 4 1 2 6. T he
nandthedescriptionof himasbrothercomesfrom
oManginswereI nvolvedwiththeP arkTheatreweknow
equotedbyStok es " Greatcredit isduetoMessrs.
Mangin s1803map asreproducedforV a lentine sManual
theL oca lHistoryandGenealogyDiv isionof theNew Y ork
n . 4 2 , p . 3 6 .
n . 6 4 , p . 3 3 W i l l i am S c al e T h e P r e si d en t s H o u s e . A H i s to r y
8 6 , v o l . 1 p p . 1 -2 1 R i c ha r d W . S te p he n so n " A P l a n W b ol f l y Ne w .
f an t s P l a n o f t he C i ty o f W a s hi n gt o n ( W a s hi n gt o n D C 1 9 3 .
ongere ists butagoodengravingsurvives theNew
ye ample isreproducedinPhil ipL . Mossman Moneyof the
nfederation.ANumismatic E conomicandH istorical
( N e w Y o r k 1 9 3 , p . 2 5 5.
H istoryandB ibliographyofA mericanNew spapers
te r M A 1 4 7 , p . 64 4.
J a n . 24 1 7 8 c o ns u lt e d in t h e mi c ro f il m s er i es " E a r ly
AfterreadingtheR epublicanpropagandaspewedforthfrom
e onecanunderstandtherationalebehindtheA lienandSedi-
n . 42 , p . 33 -
N e w Y o r k Ci t y D i r ec t or y f or 1 7 7 p . 1 35 L o n gw or t h N e w
r17 8 unpaginated.
n . 4 2 , p p . 35 - 36 M o ri n ( a b ov e n . 5 8 , p . 7 20 .
o n F e b .6 1 7 9 t o R u f u s K i n g i n L o n do n H a r o l d C. S yr e tt
s o fA l e a n de r H a m i lt o n v o l. 2 2 J u l y 17 8 - Ma r ch 1 7 9 ( N e w
7 5 , p . 46 5.
n. 42 , p. 104. A laterbiographerofB runelw rites" I t isa lmost
w B e a m i sh s s m ug r e ma r ks i n 1 86 2 . N o bl e ( a b ov e n . 5 7 ,
a l P r o pe r ty F i l e s f or S e ct i on 1 B l o c k 9 0 O f f i c e of t h e Ne w
Manhattan.
glici a tionof theL atinw ordforbook ishow lega lvo lumes
tinNew Y ork State .
tweenA nnWhite w idow grantor andWill iamDick son
17 5 recordedDecember16 17 7. A ttachedtothisindenture
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surveyedbyEvertB anckerO ctober28 17 7. Thisinden-
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sv irtua lly theentireblock e ceptforthetheater butnatura lly
w sthetheateraswell. Of f iceof theNew Y ork C ityR egister
pertyF iles l iber52 pp. 276-80.
n . 6 3 , f a ci n g p. 5 2 .
Councilofthe CityofNewY ork1784-1821 vol.2
n e 12 1 80 1 ( N e wY o r k 1 1 7 , p . 1 50 .
nutes vo l. 11 March6 1820toA ugust20 1821 pp. 557
tes vo l. 17 March10 1828toA pril6 182 , pp. 235
numberas 115.D unlapgivestwofigures:130and 113.
a lmostcerta inlycorrectly that130w asadictationerrorfor
dby*375resultsin113wholesubscribers and86and2/3hun-
ber.Thissuggeststo methatthecorrectnumberwas 115
subscriberswereinarrearswiththeirpayments 115maybe
and113thenmisheardas130. Dunlap H istory ( above n.
1 0 O d eU ( a bo ve n .4 1 , p .4 .
May16 1850 Grantors: ThomasC ooper( Masterin
Morton C arli lePo llock W ill iamH enderson Grantees: D aniel
a dd i ng t on J o h n B . C ol e s J o h n Mc V i c k a r J o h n C. S h aw O f f i c e
M a nh a tt a n R e a l P r o pe r ty F i l e s l i be r 5 3 , p p . 4 1 - 6 .
J uly8 1806 Grantors: D anielMcC ormick J oshuaWad-
ol e s J o h n Mc V i c k a r J o h n C. S h aw G r an t ee s : J o h n J a c ob A s to r
a n O f f i c e of t h e Ci t y R e g is t er M a nh a tt a n R e a l P r o pe r ty F i l e s
J a n . 27 1 7 8 p . [ 3 ; T . A ll s to n B r o w n A H i s to r y of
r o m th e F i r s t P e r f or m an c e in 1 7 32 t o 1 0 1 ( N e wY o r k 1 0 3 ,
de ll( above n. 41 , facingp. 6. Thereareslightdif ferencesin
mentasit appearedinthevariousNewY orkCitypapers.
erdidnotprintthe ticketpricesinits firstadvertisement
conta inthem: C ommercia lA dvertiser J an. 31 17 8 , p.
nthemicro f ilmseriespublishedby theA mericanA nti uarianSocie-
ew spapers.
n . 8 4 , p . 1 2.
n . 6 4 , p p. 6 2- 63 3 5 ; H u t ab le ( a bo ve n . 1 ) , p p. 1 8- 1 .
n . 4 2 , p p . 33 - 34 .
a b ov e n . 2 5 , v o l . 2 p . 8 0 .
n . 21 , v ol . 5 p . 13 4 ; " P a r k Th ea tr e " P h y l li s H a rt no U , e d. T he
C r e a
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t h e Th e at r e ( O x f o rd 1 5 1 p p . 60 2 -3 .
p O n B r o ad w ay . A J o u rn e y U p t ow n ov e r Ti m e ( N e w Y o r k
n . 2 1 , v o l. 5 p . 1 47 0 q u o ti n g th e N ew - o r k E v e ni n g P o s t of
sephN. I re land R ecordsof theNew York Stagef rom1750to1860
v o l. 1 p p . 17 2 -7 3 n . 1 . Th i s is a n e p a nd e d ve r si o n of a r ti c le s
ntheE veningMirror 1853-57.
n. 91 , p. 172. WeshouldrememberthatI re landw roteatleast
e i sorigina lbuildinghadburntdown. I re landisthesource
nB reen " D esignedby thearchitectB runel thisbuildinge -
chlikehisconception. B reen E ncyclopedia( above n.
n . 41 , v ol . 2 p . 8 S to ke s ( a b ov e n . 21 , p . 14 70 q u o t in g th e
osto fA ug. 28 1807. B reena lsoq uotesthisf igure: B reen E n-
. 3 , p. 104. B ecausetheaudiencesatonback lessbenches 2 372
ew oulde pect.
nteriorviewof theSecondP arkTheatrefrom1821
above n. 63 , facingp. 53 a lthoughtherethepicture isin-
irstP arkTheatreanddatedaround1805.A comparison
scriptionof theopeningintheNew - ork EveningP ost
turemustshowtheSecondP arkTheatrein1821.Thearti-
e inH artnoll( above n. 8 ) , isa lsovery informative .
susOf f ice SecondC ensus 1800. R eturnof thew holeNumber
vera lD istrictso f theUnitedStates accordingto" A nA ct
ensusorE numerationof the I nhabitantsof theUnited
bruary thetw enty -eighth onethousandeighthundred
1 , p. 32. Thisw asconsultedonmicro f iche intheseriesEarly
n . 41 , v ol . 2 p p. 3 8- 7 .
t er a ry N e wY o r k ( a b o ve n . 2 4 , p . 7 2.
o me M em oi r s( N ew Y o r k 1 5 ) , p p . 44 6- 54 A pr il F i t L y on T he
L o n do n 1 5 5 p p . 25 - 6 6. I t s h ou l d be n o te d t ha t t he r e ma r k
thatC astleGardenw as" thef irstrea lhomeofopera in
ct. C harlesH emstreet Nook s& C ornersofO ldNew York ( New
.5 .
Mi n ut e s v o l. 8 J u l y 6 1 8 14 t o J u l y 27 1 8 17 ( N e wY o r k
t e r J o h n J a c o b A st o r B u s i n es s M an H a r v a rd S t ud i es i n
o. 1 ( C a mb ri dg e M A 1 3 1 , v ol . 2 p p. 9 8 - 0 .
utes vo l. i une22 1801toMay13 1805 pp. 187-88
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e ni ng P o s t M ay 2 5 1 82 0 p . [ 2 . Y o u ng ( a bo ve n . 63 , p .
e f ireasMay24 w hichisincorrect B row n(above n. 84 ,
f thef ireasMay25.
e ni n g P o s t A u g. 2 8 1 8 21 p . [ 2 . T h e na m es m a rk e d by s t ar s
nJ acobA stor.
n . 6 3 , f a ci n g p. 6 3 .
n . 10 0 , v ol . 2 p p. 9 9 0 - 1 .
e ni n g P o s t D e c . 1 8 1 8 48 p . [ 2 . T h e re m ar k i n H a r tn o ll t h at
theatertoHamblin andthendied iscontradictedby the
d mu n d Sh a w Si m ps o n " H a r t n ol l ( a b ov e n . 8 ) , p . 7 42 .
n . 1 00 , v o l. 2 p p . 12 1 6- 1 7.
eC ollection New York P ublicLibrary C lippings Theatres:
k .
turesforSection1 B lock 90 Of f iceof theNew York C ity
havenote aminedtheorigina ldeeds.
A me ri c a( C hi ca go 1 4 3 v ol . 1 1 8 7 -1 4 2 p . 81 . Th e " B e l -
aborate itemsare il lustratedinGeorgeS. C uha " Medals
ork Subw aySystem: Part2 " TheNumismatist1 7 , pp.
fromsomeonewhohasmanagedthepropertyonP ark
yB . Tay lorandengravedby J . R oberts. See
n. 23 , pp. 104-5. There isa lsoaphotocopyava ilable inthe
ea logyDiv isionof theNew Y ork PublicL ibrary.
F e b r ua r y 6 1 7 5 r e co r de d D e c e mb e r 16 1 7 7 G r an t or : A nn
amD ick son R ea lP ropertyF iles O f f iceof theNew York C ity
l iber52 pp. 276-80.
thismapinaphotocopyof theG. Hayw ardcopyprepared
sManualfor1850intheL oca lHistoryandGenealogyDiv ision
cLibrary .
property libersforSection1 B lock 90 O f f iceof theNew
Manhattan.
g r ap h ic a l D i c t io n ar y o f Me d al l is t s ( L o n do n 1 0 7 , v o l. 3 p p .
f someof J acob sw ork s. F orrerspe llsthe lastname" J acobs "
aasB . I t isnotclearhow F orrerdeterminedJ acob sf irst
cludedhew asidentica lw ithB en aminJ acob. B reena lsogives
as" B . J acobs " presumablyderivedf romF orrer B reen
e n . 3 , p . 1 05 .
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r ( a b ov e n . 10 , p p. 9 5 1 18 1 41 1 71 -7 2 1 1 . 20 5 4 60
t , " T he C ab ba ge S oc ie ty " T be S he ke l 2 8 ( 1 9 5 , p p. 2 - 31 .
houn , A TreatiseonthePo liceofL ondon Conta iningaDeta il
ndMisdemeanorsbywhichPublicandP rivateP roperty
resent I n uredandEndangered: andSuggestingR emedies
eF irstA mericanEdit ion( P hilade lphia 17 8 ; prefacesigned
1 7 6 . D i c t io n ar y o f Na t io n al B i o gr a ph y ( L o n do n 1 8 87 ,
as s e , " P a t ri c k Co l u h ou n " v o l. 1 1 p p . 4 03 - 5 w h er e C ol u h ou n s
erinsilence.
ins A D ictionaryofMak ersofB rit ishMeta ll icT ick ets C hecks
d Co u nt e rs 1 7 88 - 1 1 0 E d w ar d B a l d wi n e d . ( L o n do n 1 8 ) ,
n. 43 , p. 12: " Thismayhavebeenorderedf romNew Y ork
at isusednowhereelse.
beC omprehensiveC ata logueandE ncyclopediaofU nitedStates
r e vi s ed b y J o s ep h H . R o s e an d H o w a rd H a e l co r n ( N e w Y o r k
y ( a b o ve n . 2 5 , p p . 1 1 - 2 0.
ve n . 9 8 , p . 45 2.
" A C o in o f T hr e e Co u nt r ie s " C N 1 6 8 p . 2 1 3 B r e en E n -
. 3 p. 104.1havenotbeenabletoconf irm independently f rom
umismaticsV lack saccountofthis countermark.
op e di a ( a b o v e n . 3 , p p . 10 2 -4 1 3 7- 4 1.
17 - 21 1 8 64 ( M c Co y , 2 2 4 .
ok ens O therThanThoseof the ' C opperhead Series I ssued
k T b e Co i n Co l le c to r s j o u rn a l 11 2 ( 1 8 85 p . 4 1.
J a n. 1 1- 12 1 8 8 2 5.
v e ni ng P o s t S ep t. 1 8 1 81 7 p . [ 3 .
" T h e Am e ri c an S t or e o r B u s in e ss C a rd s T b e Nu mi s ma t is t 1 8 8
eomissionof thePA D tok enindicatesthatWrightcopiedthe
or sJ ournal( above n. 127 , andhadnotseentheentries
esamemonth.
oe C ar d s ( a b o ve n . 1 6 , p . 2 7.
d " E a r ly N e wY o r k St o re C ar d s T b e Co i n Co l le c to r s J o u r-
.6 6.
uld " TheTokenC ollector sP age " TheNumismatist
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A C ata logueofU . S. StoreC ardsorMerchantsTok ens. The
A D escriptivePriceL isto fP rivate lyStruck Tokens Most
o f t he U n o f f ic i al C o in a ge o f t he U . S . ( I n d ia n a P A 1 6 2 p .
A .
E arlyA mericanTok ens. A C ata logof theMerchantandR elated
arlyR epublicanAmericafrom1700to1832 thirdedi-
1 9 1 , p . 45 ( R u l au E - N - 41 a nd R u l au E - N - 41 A ; a ls o fi rs t ed it io n
s e c on d ed it io n ( 1 8 3 , p p .2 - 30 .
n. 135 , p. 45-Thecoinw aslistedinthef irstedit ionandthe
scata logueasw ell R ulauincludesaphotographstarting
eea lsoR obertStark " C ountermark sonEarlyU . S. Do llars "
l 8 ( 1 9 3 p . 3 5. T h e co i n is n o t li s te d a mo n g th e l ov e t ok e ns
sintheSolTay lorMailB idSa le F eb. 20 1 77( Maurice
erhapstheco inw asinP art1of theMailB idSa le( theA NSlibrary
iscatalogue orGouldsoldthe coinprivatelybeforehis
41 , vo l. 3 1821-1834 p. 673. Manyof theoperasw eknow
neteenthcenturyin earlierversionsbyAuber( Gustave
s c a ut o r R o s s in i ( O t e l l o . M a ny a r e no w f o rt u na t el y b e in g
e ni ng P o s t A ug . 9 , 1 83 4 p . [ 3 .
nd A W . W a t e r s T i ck e ts a n d P a s se s o f Gr e at B r i t a i n an d I r e la n d
Metal I vory etc. forUseatTheatres P ublicGardens Show s
Societies SchoolsandC olleges a lsoTruck T ickets C o ll ie ry
sses GamblingL otteryandR acingT ick ets etc. D escribedw ith
e a mi n gt o n Sp a 1 2 2 ; C h ri s to p he r B r u n el " A T a le o f T wo
10( 1 73 , pp.18-20.
e ni n g P o s t A u g . 23 1 8 21 p . [ 2 ; H . N .D . " R e c o l le c ti o ns o f
T h e Ne w Y o r k T im e s A u g. 4 1 8 72 N e w Y o r k P u b l ic L i b ra r y
lection C lippings Theatres: U . S. : N. . : P ark Stok es( above
61 7 O d el l ( a b ov e n . 4 1 , v ol . 2 p . 5 7 v ol . 3 p . 5 .
ondonIllustrated1604-1851. A SurveyandI nde o f
dtheirP lates( L ondon 1 83 .
A New andUniversalH istory D escriptionandSurveyof the
estminster theB oroughofSouthwark andthe irA d acent
nlyA lltheP arishesWithintheB illso fMorta lity B utthe
alaces Seats andCountry totheE x tentofTwentyMilesR ound
earOneH undredandF if tyMiles. .. . E nrichedw ithUp-
E legantC opperplateE ngravings E x hibitingA rcbitectra l
ve A n ti u e a n d R u r al V i e ws o f C hu r ch e s C h a p el s P a l a c es G a te s
H o s p i ta l s B r i d g es a n d O t h er B u i l d in g s P u b li c a nd P r i va t e
s B eautifulP rospects andC aptivatingSituations B esides
e ys & c . ( L o n do n 1 7 76 . I h a ve e a m in e d th e c op y o f H a r ri s on
mapsandprintsroomof theGuildha llLibrary L ondon w hich
hehistoryofL ondon.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n
c - s
a - 4 . 0
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g an d P r i s c il l a Me t ca l f L l o yd s a t H o m e ( L o n do n 1 8 6 , p p .
sefulassemblageofv iew sofSt. A ndrew Undershaf t including
whichcontradicttheeighteenthcenturyengravings.
nglishTradeTok ens. TheI ndustria lR evo lutionI l lustrated
, p. 60: " Somenow prov ide importantarchitecturalev idencefor
d. B e ll( above n. 10 , p. [ 4 : " They formavaluablerecord
ne istence andothersdestroyedbyA re enemyaction or
ardlook ingplanners .
f ( a b ov e n . 1 43 p . 2 4.
ik 4 th e d. ( L e ip i g 1 6 0 , p . 5 .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n
c - s
a - 4 . 0
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geCents
erstamps
onference
ticSociety New York
4
maticSociety 1 9 5
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n
c - s
a - 4 . 0
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writea largeandwide-rangingbookon
ts.I nfact thisbook-to-behasbeenlonger
ngI haveeverw ritten forin1 55 w hen
erstampedlargecentswas afreshsub-
f irstdreamedofwrit ingaboutthestoriesbehind
parto f thisbook hasbeenw ritten intheform
nograph TheStrangeC areerofDr. W ilk ins:
87 andthebook - lengtheffort TheWater-
ms ma t ic I n u i ry ( 1 9 2 . I n a d di t io n I h a v e
onthesub ectforTheNumismatist
orld andotherforumsinprint. Someday the
w thisstudyoutliningfeaturesof thisinteresting
secretswell andunlikedateandmint-
nitedStatescoins whichareforthemost
ortsand correspondenceandotherwise
pedpieceshaveleftapaper trail.
mismaticscholarstostudy thepiecesand
fteninconnectionwithlookingthroughnine-
s new spapers andothersources. What
neates anotherbuildsupon. F rank G. Duf -
K e n ne t h L . H a l le n be c k R u s s e ll R u l a u a n d
aveeach inthatorder tak enthew ork of
pforward.D oubtless anothergeneration
stswilllearnmuchwhichis presently
ces iswhatmakesthemsointeresting.
ndanameinadirectoryorothersource
erstampseenonacent.SometimesI have
a ldays lookingthroughnineteenthcentury
coveringathing.B utthishasspurred me
dn tbeha lfasmuchfuntoco llectthese
nownaboutthem.MyW aterfordWater
ook s eachaboutonespecif icissuerof
eachoccupiedseveralmonthsofmylife
months I hastentoadd.
shouldhaveitspurpose.I proposethat
avebeeninterestingformeto ownand
hisbrief studyistoshare withyouthe
argecentcounterstamptypes andgive
entativeissuers.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n
c - s
a - 4 . 0
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Cents
rstamps
redasetofmonthly issuesofTheNumismatist
ndastimeoutf rommyhighschoo lstudies
spermitted sk immedeachissue paus-
est.P artwaythroughtheissuesof the
eredinthe J ulynumberanarticle
untermark edU. S. L argeC ents bearing
ne. 11readthearticlew ordbyword then
eI encounteredGould sarticle I hadapass-
hesub ectofcounterstampsingenera l most-
nedf romreadingF rank G. Duf f ie ld sseria l
whichbeganinThe Numismatistin1 1
1.
ntsseemedtobeincrediblyfascinating
a ldo enof themhereandthere largelyby
hoadvertisedin TheNumismaticScrap-
Numismatist.Aspart ofthesearchI
andherespondedbysendingmea selec-
eaverageofadollareach. I simplyhad
tampedlargecentsI couldfind
studiedthecentsinmy ownpossessionand
list ingsinthe1 47Gouldarticle. U pto
eenwrittenconcerningthe
ves.L istingswerecomprisedoftheinscrip-
andlittlee lse .
yw ouldsomeonecounterstampacent and
nthe" how w ouldtheydo it " category
a long-agocounterstamperw ouldhavehadtohave
todothework.As makingapunchor
tsomethingtobedonecasua lly j ustto
theremusthavebeenanotherpurpose
typeofactivitiesduringthe earlynineteenth
entera-re uiredtheuseof ametalpunch
usiness
gni edthatcerta inpunchesof theha llmark
s thatI hadseenonlargecentsw eresim ilar
usedbysilversmithsandj ewelerstomark
dishes andothermetalw are . I contacted
tionedthisconnectionto him andhe
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n
c - s
a - 4 . 0
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gatefurther.Apparently noonehadever
area.
eralguidestosilversmiths marks andw as
do enormoreonlargecents A ssimple
toagenerationofnumismatistsschooledin
mps tok ens andothermerchants pieces
tion. I nafo llow-uparticle inThe
5 7 G o ul d n o ti n g th a t I w as a " w e ll - kn o wn
8yearso ld w hichhedidnotmention ,
g.I wasthrilledbeyondallmeasure
uired
Gouldofferedmehispersonalcollection
hhehadbeengatheringfor over25years.
iringhisho ldingenbloc pay ingsomething
t. Notlongthereafterthecollection
ormedoveralongperiodof timebylarge
bodyw asof feredtome andI ac uiredit
5 myholdingofcounterstampedcentscom-
eces including25e amplesofcents
rmiths. A stheyearspassed ac uired
s probably turningdowntw icethisnumber
stray letters etc. w hichdidnotf itmy
e ac u a in t an c e of R o y H . V a n O r m e r a n d in
ementstopurchasehisco llectionof
w hichhadbeenquiteafew yearsinthemak -
everalhundredtrulyoutstandingpieces
nterest. I n1 84and1 85I ac uireda
ampsf romJ ohnJ . F ord J r. w hohadpur-
fromthecollections ofF .C.C.Boyd and
addition J ohnhadhisow ninterestin
umerouse ampleshadbeenac uiredhereand
especia llyduringthecourseofhisinvo lve-
ntoftheNewNetherlandsCoinCompany.
anenbaumwasanothersourceformany
s includingaco llectionofcentsstampedw ith
o encentsstampedw iththemark ofDr.
rstonthesceneandtoac uireanunsorted
uchanopportunitypresenteditselfin
fnearly200piecesw asputupforbidsin
w hichhadneverbeene aminedbyaspecialist
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n
c - s
a - 4 . 0
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Cents
j umbledtogetherloosely inabo andhad
periodof yearsbythelateD onCorrado
of theWorthyC o inC ompany inB oston w hich
c viaprintedpremiumpriceguides a
oardy ie ldedsevera lsilversmiths stampsand
mepieces. Therew ere o fcourse q uitea
includingthosewithstrayinitialsand
oughscarcevarietiese istedtomak ethepur-
chasewaseffectedbyMilesCogganof
go r y G. B r u n k a s so c ia t ed w i th t h e U n i ve r si t y
edmeaboutmycollectionofcounterstamped
towritea bookonallAmerican
entsandallotherdenominations andwanted
ewhatI had.Arrangementswerecon-
summerGregspenta weekinourconference
ouplethousandlargecentsandtak ingdeta iled
ngpiecesfor photography.Releasedin
sA mericanandC anadianC ounterw ork edC oins
thehobby andservedtocondensebet-
ofwhat wasknownonthesub ect.
rstamps
pecialfascination. I amw ritingnotof
butof " ordinary piecesbearingdatesf rom
lliamH . Sheldon inE arlyA mericanC ents 2
hestatedthatsooneror laterthee -
lturnfromotherseries evenonescon-
ndreturntothec ollectingofhumblelarge
cordingtoSheldon seemtopossessana lmost
litynotencounteredinanyother metal
ngmorethanoldmoney lookatahand-
15 whentheycontainedrelativelypure
hshadesofgreen red brown andevendeep
ndingsofthesenot elsewherematchedin
autumnleaves.
ntsgoonestepfurther.Thesurfacesof
rntobeginw ith w eredamagedorenhanc-
urv iew point bybeingstampedw ithaper-
ersmith sha llmark oratradeslogan.
mintedin17 3andlastcoinedin1857.
gseemstohaveoccurredfromthe17 0s
hatmostactivitytook placefromabout
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n
c - s
a - 4 . 0
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otuntil j usta few yearsagothatI evensaw
nterstampedlargecentdated1857.
terstamped
rtamplargecents Tobeginwith cents
ywereeveryw here atleastinthenortheastern
s.Centsdidnotcirculate activelyinthe
w eretheypopularintheSouth andthisiswhy
designby thistime w erenotco inedattheSan
08andnotattheD enverMintuntil1 11
y andNewO rleansfacilities.H owever
oMaineandsouthtoaboutV irginiathecop-
nusedineverydaytransactionsinvolving
Substantialnumbersofcentscirculated
anada particularly inO ntarioandQuebec
s.
centsbya latergeneration a f terthe" small
edesignreachedcirculationinMay1857 cir-
theywerecarriedintoeveryareaofA merican
ousetothemosthumblefarmdw elling f rom
et. E q uippedw ithahandfulo fcentsin say
ercouldbuyagoodmeal completew itha
rnightinatrave lers stop travelonaturn-
mittancetoa circus.Centswereavitalpart
ofeverydayAmericanlife.
d fromvillagetovillage thetypical
ings. I tw asbuta logica lstepfora
ethatanadvertisementstampedona cent
gtoproduce wouldlastalong time
ndwide.
pica lsilversmith sshopof theearlynine-
wereoneor severalhallmarkpuncheswith
fork s ladles chaf ingdishes porringers and
intheshop orpurchasedfromamanufac-
lmarkwasasymbolof pride themark
thesametime cents usua llyw ornby the
rece ivedandspentacrossthecounter and
pocketswhentheyboughtlunchorstabled
hebusinessit tookbutamomenttotake
faceupw ardonaf irm levelsurface posi-
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n
c - s
a - 4 . 0
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Cents
refully andwhackitwithahammer.
ours ordayslater thecentw asonitsw ay
ustasleavesfa ll inginastreamarecarried
s evidencedbythemany
ow ntoday thevastma orityofw hich
scarefullypositionedontheobverse.The
ecarefullyandwithan eyeforposterity.
estion: I f youhaveyourchoiceofoneof
ts whichwouldyoupick
0grade w ithattractive pleasing
ade q uitew orn butbearingon
m p r ea d in g S TO N & B A L /
. h a vi n g be e n so s t am p ed c i rc a 1 85 3 -5 4
elerscomprisedofSeymourH .
fthese two
rade attractive ina llrespects.
rly smooth butcounterstamped
U T T S / M T R O P O L I T AN / CO F -
3 3 - B d W A , a s o uv e ni r o f a lo n g- f or g ot t en
City.
goneof these
0grade attractive ineveryw ay.
0 c o un t er s ta mp e d V O T T H E L A N D
he F r e e So i l P a r t y in t h e el e ct i on o f 1 84 8
dthatAmericashouldbe free
achinstance youk now precise lyw hy
unterstampedlargecentsyearsago andw hy
boutthemtoday.
sj ustmentionedhavebeenattributedto
ernumberremainasmysteries althoughyear
rksare identified.Who wastheperson
G Scarefully inahori ontalposit iononthe
nts What wastheoccupationofthein-
N. . TR A C nameonalargenumberof
a te n t me d ic i ne ( i f i t wa s o ne w as O I L O F I C ,
s andwhatclaimsweremadefor it
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n
c - s
a - 4 . 0
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dentifiedthroughresearchinolddirec-
orisevidentfromthe addressgivenonthe
thenthisq uestionarises: Whate lsecanbelearn-
per
veaw ell-w orncentof the1836erastamped
nscription: WM. GR U MB I N / C O A C H /
E R , P A . I k n ow n ot h in g a bo u t Gr u mb i ne a p ar t
e.I cansupposethatthelogotypepunch
centwasmade forotherpurposes perhaps
ornamentationonhiscoaches ortomark
hatathril l itw il lbe if insomedark barn
m acoachbyGrumbine isfound andit
R oyH . V anOrmer. H eow nedalarge
hthe inscription: J . Y O U S otherw ise
knownaboutY ous andpublished
ereofnohelp.ThenR oyhadastrokeof
heidenticalstampon arifleknowntohave
ous w hopracticedhistradeasagunsmith
sylvaniafrom1854to1861.Allof thesudden
undistinguishedandunidentified came
hemselvesintothreemaincategories.I n-
onhasbeenpaidto thesecategoriesbypast
ultthatasurveyof literatureonthesub ectfa ils
erecounterstampedwithwhatI call
chweremadewithhallmarkpunches.
sfollows:
unches: Centsstampedf romthesepuncheshavethe
ein thesurface.Thevastma orityof
recreatedbyusinglogotypepunches.A
metalhadtobe displacedtocreatea
e andtheresultwasthata lightblow
tea distinctivenotationonacoin.The
elengthy asev idencedby theM SC HU TT S
T AN / CO F F E E R O O M / 43 3- B d W A m en ti on ed
e-popularU S / G. G. G. / & / G. G.G. G.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n
c - s
a - 4 . 0
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Cents
usedincommercebymanydifferent
rticularlythosewhoworkedinhardermetals
hecommoncounterstamp C A STST E L ,
ations wasoriginallyusedtomarksuch
ters too ls agricultura limplements and
eofsinglenames sometimeswiththe
orinit ialsa lone butof tenw ithj ustasur-
chlogotypepuncheswithinitials aloneinclude
hilecounterstampedcentswithinitialsandasur-
SH , J . D O D G , C .C .D Y E R , H . R E E S ( a
whoalsomarkedhiswareswiththisstamp ,
E T T a m on g t ho u sa n ds o f o th e rs . I n n o mo r e th a n
nterstampsisthe firstnameofa
tedbymorethanasingleinitial.R aree -
A C B A R N S ( a B r i d g ep o rt C o nn e ct i cu t
whousedthisstamptomarkhis output
a mo ng o th er s.
nches: C entsstampedf romthesepuncheshave
smalldepressedrectangleorother
hema orityofha llmark punchesw ereoriginal-
workedinsofter metalssuchassilver
wter.Thesewerethepunchesoriginallyused
a m pl e s in c lu d e J . F I S H E R ( N e w Y o r k ci t y
L & E L T O N ( G en ev a N ew Y o r k si l ve rs mi th s , a nd
( S yr ac us e N e w Y o rk j e we le rs .
t ifpunches: C entsstampedf romthesepunches
agles dogs andothermotif s sometimesin-
ll.E aglesaremostoftenseenand areoften
edtomarkguns andothermilitaryand
nterstamps alsoasub ectwhichhas
canbedividedintoseveralstyles:
tters: Thisisthemostoftenseensty le w ith
ppercase. Ex amplesincludeD R A E , O &
nd R . N E .
perandlow ercase: Thissty le ismuchrarerand
irstlettersofa nameinuppercaseand
w er c a se . E x a m pl e s in c lu d e T. . F i s k D . .
eney .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n
c - s
a - 4 . 0
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ew countermark sarek nowninita lic( orslan-
ybe inuppercaseoracombinationofupper
plesofitalicnamesin uppercaseinclude/.
. P O L L A R D , a nd S.S .J A C M AN.
few countermarks theseusua llybe ingof the
k now nw iththenameof themak ere pressed
theha llmark of J . N. Ha lle pressedinf low-
turestudentof theseriesw ille amine
measuretheheightandwidthofthe in-
irgeneralcategories perhapsusinganoutline
A counterstampof the2- sty lethusw ould
andhaveami tureofuppercaseand
h y
eduponlargecentsformanypurposes.
hatcometo mind:
dvertisetheirtradeto awideaudience
sinessesstampedcents makingthemvir-
P atentmedicinecompounders hote lowners
restaurateurs andothersmarkedcentswiththe ir
y withtheiraddresses.Someadvertisersused
yforthepurposeofcounterstampinglarge
. Suchstampsw eredesignedsothatthe in-
theboundariesofacent ssurface and
atit seemsthatadvertisingoncentswas
atingsuch apunch.W ell-knowne amples
L K I N S ( a P i t ts f ie l d N e w H a mp s hi r e de n ti s t
tureshisnameina curvedarc soasto
dofacentinf ronto fMissL iberty sface
/ B O L T O N / MO N T R E A ( d ru gg is ts w ho a dv er ti s-
dianandA mericancopperco ins .
hs j ew elers gunsmiths munitions
sof tools stencilmak ers andothersw hous-
nchesinthe ordinarycourseofbusiness
msoftenemployedthesesamepunches
memetalsmithsundoubtedlyintendedto
rgernumberofindividualssimplymarked
the manyknownstraystampingsofCAST
enoncents w ithoutanaccompany ingname in-
s prevalent.R elatedarestraystampings
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n
c - s
a - 4 . 0
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8/9/2019 The token : America's other money / ed. by Richard G. Doty
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centdecadessomeenterprisingindividua lshave
hmodernpunchespertainingtoW ells
esternsa loons etc. tocreatepiecestose lltoco l-
alueorinterest totheseriousnumismatist.
redincirculationin17 3 andit ispro-
certainpieceswerecounterstamped.The
ngcoinswasinvogueby thattime and
arkedbysilversmiths goldsmiths
.Someoftheseindividualsalsomarkedlarge
evalentinAmericancirculation.
sseenone tantcounterstampedcents and
thefactthat earlier-datedcentsarein
ater-datedones itisstill obviousthat
tivitytookplaceafterabout1830 with
blybeingin the1850s.
dcontinuously f rom17 3to1857 w ith
f theyear1815. TheA ctofF ebruary21
eplacementofthelarge centwiththenew
heretirementofearlier-datedcentsbeganim-
probablethatmostcounterstampingoflarge
7 andasev idenceof thisI po inttothe
aminingappro imately10 000
tsovertheyears I haveonlyencountered
edate1857 I n1857 thepublicw asaware
withdrawn.Thus therewasnopoint
andpassingthemalongin circulation.
terstampedcentswasconductedbythe
theory thenumberofcounterstampssurv iv-
shouldbeinproportionto thenumber
hatyear sdate butinpracticethereare
wouldseemtoverifythatdie datingwas
Mintintheearlyyears anditwascom-
nhandfrompreviousyears untilthey
wellbeof interesttolargecentcollec-
ore ample thef indingsontherarityofcents
survivingcounterstampedcentsinthis
ngdistributionofdates:
7 3 ( 4 , 1 7 4 ( 8 , 1 7 5 ( 1 2 , 1 7 6 ( 6 , 1 7 7
4 , 1 7 9 ( none .
centsincludedtwoChaincents andtwo
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n
c - s
a - 4 . 0
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Cents
ngthesi eof thesample thedistribution
a s e p e ct e d e c e pt f o r 17 3 f o r wh i ch
rgernumberof17 3centsmaybee pla in-
amplesw ithcounterstamps eventhough
nsidered" damaged w eresavedf romcir-
cradledaysofnumismaticsinthe1840s
earliercounterstampswouldhavebeen
0 ( 1 8 , 1 80 1 ( 3 0 , 1 80 2 ( 6 1 , 1 80 3 ( 1 0 1 ,
1 6 , 18 06 ( 1 ) , 1 80 7( 3 3 , 1 808 ( 8 , 18 0 ( 4 .
othemintagefigurespublishedinthe
ns thefo llow ingq uantit iesw ereorigina lly
1 7 5 1 8 0 1: 1 3 6 2 8 3 7 1 8 02 : 3 4 3 5 1 0 0 1 8 03 =
4: 9 6 5 00 1 80 5: 9 4 1 1 16 1 80 6: 3 48 0 00 1 80 7:
0 0 7 0 0 0 a n d 1 8 0 : 2 2 2 8 6 7. T h e ra t io o f s ur v iv -
otmatchthepublishedmintagefigures
mintagefigurefor 1806inparticularis
bemoreplentifulthan1805-Centsdated
imes moreplentifulthanthosedated
notref lectedby thenumberofsurv iv ingpieces.
publishedmintagefor1808includedcents
rdates with1807beingaglaringlyob-
mesincreasinglyapparentthatthesurvival
entsmaybea guidetooriginalmintages.4
0 3 1 , 1 8 1 1( 4 , 1 8 1 2 1 1 , 1 8 1 3 6 , 1 8 1 4
, 1 817 ( 8 4 , 18 18 ( 9 1 , 18 1 ( 53
osurpriseshere.Thereisa nicecor-
er-mentioned180 , withamintageof
ngcounterstamps andthe1811 o fw hich
andofw hich4counterstampsw erea lsoseen
unlikesurveysthatmightbemadeofun-
s hands theprecedingdataarenotaf -
housandsofR andallH oardcents( dated
wascounterstamped.
0 ( 4 4 , 1 82 1 ( 2 8 , 1 82 2 ( 6 5 , 1 82 3 ( 1 8 ,
2 7 , 1 82 6( 3 5 , 1 8 27 ( 5 6 , 1 8 28 ( 6 2 , 1 8 2 ( 2 8 .
datedcounterstampse istthanthelow
w ouldseemto imply suggestingthatco insdated
dedin themintageof1822orlater years.
18 2 1 ( m i n ta g e: 3 8 , 0 0 0 as n o te d 2 8
and1825( mintage: 1 461 100 27
donots uarewitheachother.Additional
n.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n
c - s
a - 4 . 0
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30 ( 4 2 , 1 83 1 ( 1 1 0 , 1 83 2 ( 5 6 , 1 83 3 ( 3 5 ,
8 1 , 1 836 40 , 1 83 7 1 33 , 1 83 8 1 37 , 1 83 ( 6 5 .
fsurvivingcounterstampsandthe
emtobefairly consistent.
0 ( 6 5 , 1 84 1 ( 3 3 , 1 84 2 ( 7 1 , 1 84 3 ( 4 8 ,
6 3 , 1 84 6 8 6 , 18 47 1 0 ) , 1 848 15 1 , 18 4 ( 1 00
fsurvivingcounterstampsandthe
emtobefairly consistent.
0 ( 8 3 , 1 85 1 ( 1 8 , 1 85 2 ( 8 3 , 1 85 3 ( 1 7 2 ,
( 3 8 , 1 85 6( 6 2 , 1 8 57 ( 1
fsurvivingcounterstampsandthe
eemtobefa irly consistent e ceptforthe
ts ofwhichtheauthorhas onlyseen
arityof the1857maybee pla inedby tw o
the333 456reportedmintedmayneverhave
2 B y early1857thepublicw asawarethato ld-
wouldsoonbeathingof thepast andtherew as
nterstampingthemforadvertisingor
y-datedcounterstampscannotbe
umberofknownlater-datede amples
nedincirculation themoreopportunities
ped.Thusacentdatedearlyinthe 1800s
manydecadesbythe1850sandhad been
portunit iestobestamped. On theotherhand
idespreadcounterstampingoflargecents
856 thenacentdated1851 fore am-
ustf iveyearsofopportunity forstampingby
e ceptionstothepreceding andamongthem
ounterstampsinNorthAmerica.The
ins o fP ittsfie ld New H ampshire isbe liev -
ostlyfrom about1857throughtheearly
tedlargecents andthestampofDev ins&
gists w asprimarilyappliedinthe1860s dur-
n abundantsupplyofU nitedStateslarge
sonCoins
tsthathaveastampj ustononeside have
ndcounterstampedlargecentsyielded
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n
c - s
a - 4 . 0
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Cents
verseonly:81%
everseonly:10%
verseandreverse:9 %
eliminated andtheseco insareaddedtoboth
categories thefo llow ingdistributionemerges:
verse( somehavereversestamp
everse( somehaveobversestamp
u nk d i d a si m il a r su r ve y b u t on e i nv o lv i ng a l l
st la rgecents , andlim itedj usttocountermark s
vertising.H isdataareas follows:
verseonly:86%
everseonly:11%
verseandreverse:3%
rpercentageof obverse-onlystamps
orpiecesspecificallycounterstamped
Suchpiecestendedtobe stampedmore
raynames.
ssuers
TT S/M TR O P O L I TAN/CO F F E E R O O M/
eandcontainsmany letters. Thestamperfound
asbestimpressedupon well-wornlarge
rfaces asisevidencedbysurviving
dhavethecounterstampsharpbutthe
oth indicatingthatthestampwasap-
adthestampbeenappliedto asharply
entyearsin circulationafterhavingbeen
rstampw ouldbew ornaw ay toagreatere -
edtw ostampsw ithhisname D R . G. G.
rvedinanarctomatchthespaceontheobversef ie ld
rontofMissL iberty sface andinthatloca-
ma orityofhiscounterstamps. V O T THE
w ascreatedonastamptof itnice lyonthesurface
eseveralotheradvertisingorpoliticalpunches.
anysilversmithstoplacetheirpunch
facent rightontheheadofMissL iber-
thickestpartof thecoinandthus wasthe
eeplyimpressedhallmark.Also inthisposi-
better seenbysubse uentownersofthe
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n
c - s
a - 4 . 0
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R G SandB .P AR K E R usuallywereplaced
ontheobverseofcents a lthoughB urges
placed someofhisdiagonally.E achwas
h andcarehadtobe takensothatthe
placedacrossthecent. TheH . R E E S
enryR ees aP hilade lphiablacksmith w as
heobverseofa centatthetop ofMiss
ooperCollection
cetoca llany thing" f irst " fo rthemoment
meonediscoverssomethingtoantedateit.
nlycorrecttostatethatE douardF rossard sO c-
u e of t h e Co l le c ti o n of J o s ep h H o o p er E s .
da conta inedoneof themoste tensive list ings
entstoappearin asalecatalogueupto
wt erlandin1837 cametoA merica in1858
erofthenumismaticcollectingfraterni-
eeditoro f theCo inC o llector sJ ournal
ttStamp& C o inC o. I n1877hisownhouse
adeitsdebutandq uick lybecameapointo fcon-
asF rossardgavehisunvarnishedviewsof
ntemporarynumismaticscene allofthis
w ere invogue. Hisf irstauctionsa le bear-
r6 1878 inauguratedaseriesw hichw ould
uchevents including15conductedby
sdeathin18 9 . F rossardisrememberedto-
fhisera particularly inthef ieldofU nited
asacompetentcata loguer. B y18 2 w hen
ereconducted F rossardw asamongthe
professionandwaswidelyrespected.
ephHooper aprominentnumismatisto fhis
p e O n t a r io C a na d a a n d wa s a f re u e nt c o n-
st his" H ooper sR estrik es co lumnat-
.H elaterservedasP residentofthe
sociationfrom18 8untilhewas succeed-
nP . W right aprominentco llectoro f tokens in
erco llectorsofhisera H ooper sinterestsw ere
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n
c - s
a - 4 . 0
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Cents
oncatalogueinq uestion P artI I ofthe
sF rossard s113thsa leonO ctober6 18 2
econsignor snumismaticinterestsand
sed:
ada go ld silverandbron eco ins
me silverco insofB runsw ick
untries fore igncopperco ins E nglish
en spennyandhalfpenny tokens
da lsandtok ens B o len s
edStatesdollars cents ha lf cents
dcoinsofF erdinandandIsabe lla
mismaticw ork s co incabinets.
atedtobe" withoutreserve " wascon-
A . L eav itt& C o. auctioneersw ith
B roadw ay New Y ork C ity at2: 00inthe
ctober6 18 2. L otscouldbee amined
heday ofthesalefrom9 a.m.to1p.m.
ry . I tw asthecustomof thetimeforapro-
suchasF rossard topreparethesa lecata logue
obeheldby aseparateauctiongallery.
pedcentswasdescribedas follows:
S . C N T S. O l d c o p pe r i ss u es 1 8 16 - 18 4 5
dates , punchedorre lief
latedbyfirmsin theStatesand
nalphabeticallistof names:
& P o t te r N e wY o r k 1 8 3 5 B o s t o n
ll W . H . B ai le y H . S. B u rg es J . B r us o W .
A . Ch ap in C as t St ee l J . W . Ca rr A . .
D . O . D a n f o rt h D e v i n s & B o l t on M o n-
E v a ns O l d C ha ng e L o nd on E . .
A th ol M as s. I . . G er ri sh G re en G . .
. G u il d C .N . G il b er t G l yn n J . W .
l C . G. H a y e s A . C. H i l t o n C . H a l l
ne I . K i ng E . . L i gh t E . L e ac h J . C.
m i s C . O . L o n gl e y G . A . L e a r n ed M e tr .
y N . . E . S. M ea d J . . M c e n n y
. C. M a rc h M o se s G . W . Mi n ot t C .
a g e C . C. P a i g e C . W . P a y ne M . P e r -
J . D . P o w el l P u t n am C as t St ee l P . M .
J . H . R o o t G . St ar bi rd S ti ck le r J . H . S mi th
s A . D . S we e ts e r S W . M . St u ar t L . .
o r W . T ay lo r N . . T ra cy T ry on A . .
U seG.G.G.andG.G.G.G. D r.G.G.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n
c - s
a - 4 . 0
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n e r A . D . W e b s te r A . N. W h e e le r
a lso letters tw ovarietiesofeagles
ni ueco llection highly interesting
kensand coinsoftheJ ackso-
struckonveryfairto fine
33pes.
piecesreali edfivecentsper coin for
ceconsistentw iththeva luationofunmarked
therw ords thecounterstampingneither
mthe value.I nthesamesalefour die
26cents GoodandV eryGoodgrades fet-
asdidthreee amplesofnon-stamped1837
od.
tcarelessinhiscataloguing orperhapsin
ehadw ritten for" J . . Mc enny should
e n ne y " E . C. M a rc h w a s re a ll y E . C . M ar s h
asgiveninsteadof thecorrectA . D. Sw eetsir and
correctlyas" A . . Tutle. E ightyspecif ic
merated plus" letters ( apparentlyco ins
s , tw ovarietiesofeagles ahound ashie ld
. Whichcounterstampsappearedonthetw o
tdisclosed.
oopercounterstampsisnotknown.
nedasa lotandremaintodayinsomedusty
asafedepositbo , unnoticedandforgot-
theyw eredispersedande isttoday inscat-
sotherthan counterstampspecialists.At
vebeenforgotten fortheywereunknown
allenbeck andB runk a llo fw homw ereap-
ssard scata loguelisting. F ore ample B runk
T H E / M A G C A N s ta m p on a n 1 84 1 d im e
donSpanish-Americansilvertwo-realpieces
butnotona largecentasownedbyHooper.
ccumulation
nterstampedcentsis representedby
o llector sB lueB ook w hichcontainedin-
rB . Gould o fWinterport Ma ine. Thew riter
atedtwobushelsof largecents andby
heeditorhehad found" between80and
unkonthem. 8Thefollowingstamps
edfrom1818 to1855:
. B . A r el l F . B a s c o m C as t S te e l ( t h r ee
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n
c - s
a - 4 . 0
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Cents
ol le tt F . . D a m on P a t e nt G . D e la no
o n tr ea l J . M. F a r dy O . . F i t ch P .
er E . B . G i l ma n T . . G or ge rs G ri sw ol d
E . W . L o om is E . M c Na ma ra J . O . M eg -
N e wY o r k N . N e wt o n N o r m an
( f ou r e a mp le s ; P a t t en O r r en P e a ve y
. . P o rt er C .R i c h E . . R o bb in s J . H o yt
a l W . . S co tt A .B . S e ym or e C .A .
ge F r a nk E . T h o m ps o n B o s to n 2 3
U s e G .G .G . & G . G. G. G. L . N. W a tt s N .B .
er L . S . W h e D r . G .G . W i l ki n s M .
o o d s . ( T o t al : 5 2
lyby f irst init ia l :
. B . B . D . N. D . E . & R . E . B . H . E . N .D .
G .C. C. H . .C .& H . . C. I . .B . & J . .G .
. J . . G. J .R . B . J .W . T. . S. S. S. . & C.N. C.
U .S.D. W.A. W.D . . W.H . andW W .
operandGouldholdingswerethese
e D ev ins& B o lton Montrea l UseG. G. G.
G. G. Wilk ins. Thisf itsinw ithlogic fortoday
gecentcounterstampsarethosebearing
nimprint w ithDr. G. G. Wilk inspiecesclose
isanimprintk nowntothee tentofdo ens
.Gould scoinsisunknown butunlike
oinscataloguedbyE douardF rossard the
asbeenincorporatedintothewriting
MauriceM. Gould co-ownerw ithF rank
C oinC o. inB oston w astheonlyperson
aspecialtyof collectingcounterstamped
nfar-rangingcorrespondencewithdealers
aticsocietiesatthetime andnooneelse
aimaninterest.
althananintensecollector butover
daccumulatedseveralhundredpieces
nd collectorswhoknewofhisinterest.
w ho likeGouldcontributedsevera lart icles
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n
c - s
a - 4 . 0
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umismaticpress w asby the1 60s and
acollectorofsuchpieces.
beckformedcollectionsofseveralhun-
darrangedtheminorder. In the1 80sR oy
undredsofpiecesand wasprobablythemain
centsinauctionsandmail bidsalesdur-
ecade.SteveTanenbaumformedadate
ndotherco insw iththeDR . G. G. WI L K I NS
andthemuseumcollectionoftheB ank
dholdingsofcounterstampedlargecentsand
mp r in t : D E V I N S / & / B O L T O N / M O N -
ealerW arrenB akerinformedmethattheB ank
ctioncomprisesover300piecesattributed
erstampedcentsmentionedinthepre-
i l ly e r C. R y d e r F . C. C .B o y d J o h n J a y F o r d
k e J u l es R e i v e r a n d J o h n G i lb o dy a mo n g ot h er s
dlargecentsasasidelinebut notastheir
Ama orboostinappreciationfor
nthe1 80sw henK rausePublications
sseriesofpriceguidestoearlyA mericantokens
dcoinsamongthem.Thepublicationof
dC anadianCountermark edC oinsin1 87
rther.
ccounterstampedlargecentsaregiven
ftheresearchthatbeckonsto theinterested
ed theG. G. G. andWashington- afayette
the" tobecontinued category .
cine
ingcounterstampedlargecentsin1 55
ac uiredwereseveralpiecescounterstamped
U S / G. G. G. / & / G. G.G. G. Whata ll
anyone sguess. Thecon ectureofMaurice
nadvertisementforGoddard sGreat
the abbreviatedcounterstampsometimes
representedGoddard sGooseGrease. Thiscon-
usse llR ulauinhisbook A mericanMer-
860.
goosegreaseisamatter fordebate but
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n
c - s
a - 4 . 0
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Cents
wasapparentlypopular atleastincer-
ary -si ehardboundcata logue Mc esson&
urent 1883 indeedlistsnon-brandedgoose
ceof 75centsperpound.I tseems
namedGoddardmighthavesoldgoose
sson& R obbinsdid andimploredA merican
hebenefitso f thegreasebystampingU nited
gestion" U S / G. G.G.
thatoneofthe Gsstoodforgonorrhea
pandedcousin G. G.G. G. w erecuresfor
nthedaysbefore penicillin.
earlyas17 8arek nownw ithoneorthe
mps mostcentsandotherpieces including
mallasthethree-centcoin arefromthe
icularly the1850s w iththe latestk now nco in
1857. NoF ly ingEagleandI ndiancentsare
ons.I tseemsprobabletomethat the
S / G . G. G . " a n d " U S / G .G . G. / & /
ook place inthedecadeof the1850s until
dprobablyoccurredmainlycirca1854-57
arlier-datedcoins.
k v isitedmyof fice inconnectionw iththe
is bookoncounterstamps( hepreferred
amongthesub ectsw ediscussedw asthe
G.G.G.Neitherofushadany newideas.
iptw ascompleted andtheprintingdeadline
patedthata lphabetica llyunderthe" G
okwouldappearalistingfor G.G.G.and
thenotationthatthe meaningofthese
ndthatatheoryor twohadbeenpropos-
G.G.counterstampswerewellknown
orof counterstampsbeyondthedilet-
veralpieces itwasindeedunfortunatethat
entified.
aC a lifo rniacollectoro fcounterstamps w ho
stbeforethebook w enttopress—locateda
idedtheanswer.The mysterywas
k A mericanandCanadianC ountermark ed
ntin1 87 onpage75thisnotationw as
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n
c - s
a - 4 . 0
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N S GR A N D GR E A S J U I C . F o r on e
avearguedaboutwhatwas
S G. G.G. MauriceGouldad-
thattheinitials mean" God-
w hileothershavecla imedthatthis
bertSagershassolvedthepro-
the pressestoincludehisiden-
tfounda largecentw itha longer
G O O D W I N S / GR A N D / G R E A S
T H E H A R / G.G .G .
correspondedwithmeabouthisfind and
ctober1 8 , I receivedacataloguefrom
oinstobe offeredinamailbid saleclos-
andbehold L ot2 83w asdescribedas
N S /G R AN D /G R E A S J U I C / F O R TH E
nf ive linesonobverseofan1840large
5 ) . A p pa r en t ly t h e se c on d k no wn
te co inV eryGoodw ithfull
" w asinadvertentlyomittedf rom
onthe lotfor$300plus10% buyer sfee
w orld srecordpriceforan1840centw orn
ever thea ll-importantGoodw in snotationw as
andthismadethedifference. Herew asthe
apieceslightlyfinerthan theSagercoin
dhere butitdidn t.Atthe Coinage
ceonOctober2 , 1 9 4 fo llowinga
spresentarticle therewasaq uestion-
GeorgeF uldcommentedrathercasuallythat
oratioStorer sbookpublishedmore
Medicina inNummis. 12WhenI returned
opybymailf romtheA mericanNumismatic
o loradoSprings. Loandbeho ld Storeriden-
446 " Godwin s[ sic GrandGrease Juice
A . T h is g o es t o s ho w t ha t h is t or y a n d o f te n
goesincircles
eofthe markonalargecent dated1836
1876. I nv iew of latersurveys I cannothe lp
tewasrecordedinerror andthatawell-
rdatewas intended.13
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n
c - s
a - 4 . 0
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Cents
se J uicemusthavebeenapomadeoro il
ayversionof " greasyk idstuf f . A sunap-
mayseem today inthenineteenthcen-
nostrums.Goodwin sGrandGrease
w ithG. G.G. andsolvedtheriddle e ceptw hy
n a s G. G .G . . o r w as " j u i ce a g e ne r ic
atthegreasew asinj uiceform A ndw hat
G. product w hatdidthee traGstandfor
r
of Goodwin.Whowas he F rom
thefieldof researchforpatentmedicines
otionsand lotionswerecompoundedin
States. I nparticular thestateof
edofactivityin thisregard.Ayer sSar-
casedpostagestamps.L ydiaP inkham
ionwidewithadvertisementsforher cures
erveF oodclaimedtohea lj ustaboutevery
d.TheyallhailedfromtheB ayState.
otedtoNewE nglanddirectoriesof
ry andbeforecheckinglistingsforNew
easternlocationsI headedfortheNew
eew hatI couldf ind. F irst inhandw asThe
heyear1852. In k eepingw iththeera spen-
mbellishment I shouldmentionthatthe
venonthetit lepageisTheB ostonDirec-
E mbracingtheC ityR ecord aGenera lD irec-
ndaB usinessD irectory w ithanA lmanac
o J u l y 1 8 53 p u bl i sh e d in B o s t o n by G e or g e
hingtonStreet 1852.
locatedonpage107some41dif ferent
ston. B en aminGoodw in agrocer l iv -
l ishaGoodw in abrok er didbusinessat17
edinC ambridge etc. P i uingmy interestw as
oodw in Geo. C . chemist 9 7U nion h. at
asaGoodw inw how asachemist( thenomenclature
aryorpharmacist andwhomightindeed
s.Nearlyallpharmacistsdid.H isbusiness
on andhemadehishomeintheB ostonsuburb
asintimeI foundthatTheNew E ngland
rtheyear1856 a lsopublishedbyA dams listed
npage217thefo llow ing: " Goodwin G. C . 99
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n
c - s
a - 4 . 0
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asingoodcompanyw ithH olman sNature s
catedat77C ornhil l , P utnam sE radicative(456
gh t s I n d ia n V e g e ta b le P i l l s ( 4 3 H a n o ve r , a n d
s.
ectoryinmylibrarywasdated I 860andcon-
y 1 1 8 5 - H e r e I h a d so m e re a l lu c k f o r on
agenoticereading:
Nos. 11and12MarshallSt.
t . Haveonhand andof ferfor
ices themoste tensivestock
n P A T N T M D I C N S P e r-
arations To iletandMiscellaneousA r-
ew England. DepotforGoodw in s
D r . L a n g l ey s R o o t a n d H e r b B i t t er s
a li a n H a i r D y e a n d Ge n er a l Ag e nc y f or
dw in& C o. se llero fpatentmedicines
ed" ha irpreparations obv iouslyane -
ourceofGoodwin sGrandGrease J uice
ly notradenamesofGoodw in sha ir
ned soI canonlysurmisethatG.G.G.was
e1860directoryitwas statedthatGeorge
w nedbyWill iamB . H ibbard w ho lived
171it wasstatedthatH ibbardboarded
C.Goodwinhimselfwasnottobe found
. Perhapshehadrelocatedtoanotherplace
ftheSubscribersto theNewMapofMaine
uconta inedaone-thirdpageadvertisement
n locatedat11Marsha llStreet B oston
mpletestockofAmericanand
hairdyes hairpreparations
ry soaps brushes rubbergoods
cigars andapothecaries art iclesto
landStates andatthevery
allistof nostrumsmadebyotherfirms
asasa lesoutlet: B randreth sP il ls Wright s
s M of fa tt s P i l l s H e r ri ck s P i l l s L a n g le y s B i t te rs
rs B u r n e tt s C o co a in e M r s. W i n s lo w s S o ot h in g
uf f P a r so n s R a t E x t e r m in a to r W o o d s H a i r
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n
c - s
a - 4 . 0
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Cents
a Sa l ve M c a n es V e r mi f ug e a nd P i l ls A y er s
er s S a rs a pa r il l a K e n ne d y s D i s co v er y B r o w n s
iment Schenck sSyrup P eruvianSyrup B in-
o l fe s S ch na pp s F a h n es to ck s V e r mi fu ge L y on s
s B a l sa m W i s t ar s B a l s a m a n d P i n -W o r m S yr u p.
reofG. G. G. G. G.G. G. oranyotherpro-
in.15
tinthesamepublicationbyD r. J . W.
prietorsofTheWhiteP ineC ompound named
ributionagent.16
nessD irectoryfor1868listedGeorgeC.
anover anentrywhichw asalsoseenin
1875 and1877( I donotpossessdirectories
.The1875and1877 directoriesnotedthat
Colton sselectflavorsusedfor cooking.
my library I locatedacopyofF orB itters
nR ing w hichdescribesvarietiesofpatent
sbitters typicallyconsistingofflavoring
k e sP lantationB ittersbe ingaprominente -
forI ndianV egetableandSarsaparil laB it-
eli irwasproducedbyGeorgeC. Good-
uthorhadlocatedthef irm sadvertising
gin1846 andcontinuinguntilabout18 0.
ngsa id hadbegunhisbusinesscareerin1840
hewholesaledruggisttradein the1850s.
by1860thef irmw asownedbyWill iam
he1870- 0periodtheow nersw ereC harles
bster. ( Go ingback tothe1860B ostonDirec-
orF . B . W ebster w how ork edat11Mar-
ress andboardedat41Hanover thesame
ill iamB . Hibbard.
40-60
indnessofA nneB entley I spentadayatthe
a lSociety w here I consultedB ostondirec-
40through1860.Ayear-by-yearsynop-
saf f i lia tedwithB yam& Goodw in a
ithEz ek ie lB yam atUnion cornerof
ewasat17Minot.
n agentoftheNorthAmericanP atent
ithbusinesspremisesatUnion cornerof
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n
c - s
a - 4 . 0
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notlistedin1841 butitw asnotunusua lfor
k ipaperson slist ingforyearortwo even
hangeofaddressinthe meantime.
isthesameas1841. Ez ek ielB yamislisted
tystoreat76U nion.
n agentoftheNorthAmericanP atent
6Union. B yamisnotlisted.
sellerofdrugsandmedicineat 76
s thesameastheprecedingyear.
adruggistat76U nion. Hishouse isin
druggistandf rict ionmatchdepot. His
dresseswereunchanged.
medicines. Addresseswereunchang-
vertisementw ascarriedforE . B yam sMatch
eet " manufacturero f theA mericanP atent
ard block anda llk indsof roundw oodand
Thef irmalsomadeB yam& W ashingtonmat-
184 , B yamadvertisedmatches" w ithand
n 1 8 50 B y a m B r u c e & C o . s M a r c h D e p ot w as
et B oston w ithabranchat37L ightStreet
sted.
achemist(druggist a t76Union w ith
s thesameastheprecedingyear.
achemistat9 7U nion w ithhishome
s thesameastheprecedingyear.
s thesameastheprecedingyear.
sellerofmedicineandfancygoodsat
s ho m e in L e i n gt o n.
s thesameastheprecedingyear.
sbusinessisoperatedbyWill iamB .
tedasmedicinesandfancygoodsat11and12
oorsf romUnionStreet. Goodw in shomeis
sthe sameastheprecedingyear.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n
c - s
a - 4 . 0
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Cents
gis thesameastheprecedingyear.
sthe sameastheprecedingyear.
alsmightgetoutofhand proposetostop
nt andtosummari ethesituation:
e-centpiecesareknowntome onedated
stampedw iththe inscription" U S /
/G R AN D / GR E A S J U I C / F O R T H E H A R / G .G .G .
ecordedan1836-datedcentw henhedidhis
mmis.
ercoins areknownstampedwiththe
G . G. G . a n d " U S / G . G. G . / & / G . G. G .G . "
d1857.
f t he " U S / G . G. G . a n d " U S / G .G . G.
sprobablytookplacecirca1854-57.The
U S / G O O D W I N S / G R A ND / G R E A S
T H E H A R / G .G .G . p ie ce s to ok p la ce i n 18 40 o r la te r
therG.G.G.counterstamps.
w in sGrandGrease( J uice , apreparation
G.representsisunknown.
emarkedG.G.G.andothersaremarked
w ever nocounterstampse istw ith
mpanyingG.G.G.Thus itseemsthat
e twopreparations andwhenG.G.G.G.
ate thetwowereadvertisedtogether.
th moreo lderdatesarestampedw ithj ust
C o. o fB oston w asase llero fha irprepara-
duringwhichtimesomeonestampedcoins
S / G . G. G . " a n d " U S / G . G. G . / & l
hatGeorgeC . Goodwin& C o. w asthe
runk
sbook A mericanandC anadianC ounter-
ollowingknownspecimensof
7Manyofthesepiecesareinmy
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n
c - s
a - 4 . 0
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c me ns : 1 7 8 ( 1 , 1 8 03 ( 1 , 1 8 12 ( 2 , 1 8 17
, 1 832 1 , 1 834 1 , 1 835 1 , 1 837 1 , 1 838 1 , 1 842
1 84 6( 1 , 1 84 7( 1 , 1 84 8( 7 , 1 850 ( 1 , 1 85 1( 3 , - B E -
3 , 1 85 4( 2 , 1 85 5( 1 , u nk no wn da te ( 1
1 : 1853( 1
35 ( 1 , 1 836 1 , 1 837 1 , 18 38 1 , 18 3 ( 1 ,
1 , 1 853 ( 3 , 18 54 ( 1 , 1 856 ( 2
1 , 1 8 32 ( 1 , 1 8 37 ( 1 , 1 8 41 ( 3 , 1 8 42 ( 1 , 1 8 43
1 85 3( 1 2 , 1 854 ( 2 , 18 55 ( 2 , 1 85 6( 1
1 85 3 ( 2 , 1 85 4 ( 3 , 1 85 5 ( 1
eyedbyB runk:8
G. G. G.:
7 8 ( 1 , 1 80 3( 1 , 1 81 0( 1 , 1 81 4( 1 , 1 82 3( 2 ,
1 , 1828 2 , 182 ( 2 , 1837 1 , 1838 3 , 1840 1 ,
1 , 1 84 4( 1 , 18 45 ( 1 , 1 84 6 2 , 1 847 ( 2 , 18 48 ( 3 ,
3 , 1 85 3( 2 , 18 54 ( 3 , 1 85 5( 4 , 18 56 ( 2 , 1 85 7( 1 ,
1 85 3 ( 2 1 85 4 ( 2
4 ( 1
eyedbyB runk:5
N S /GR A ND / GR E A S J U I C / F O R TH E H A R
83 8 ( 1
eyedbyB runk:1
n-relatedcounterstampssurveyedby
per
e& B allwasfoundedinSyracuse New
ungmen C a lv inS. B a llandS. H. Stone w ho
pofNorton& H otchkiss. 18Stone& B a ll
a f terwhichB allcarriedonthetradea lone
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n
c - s
a - 4 . 0
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Cents
essin1 03byse llingouttoStetson&
businesstheentrepreneursaresaidtohave
ofadvertisingbycounterstampingq uarter
n: S TO N & B A L / S R A C U S / N . .
e H e r al d J u n e 27 1 8 7 b a se d u po n a n
all notedthatquarterdo llarsstamped
comeback lik ethecat somehavek nock -
erestamped andthework
sttwoyearsofthe partner-
heseq uartershavebeenheardf rom
e pectedw ays.
break ingoutof the[C iv il w ar
anditisthe opinionofMr.
enawaydownSouth andnot
begintomaketheirreap-
hasabout$10w orthofstamped
nreturnedtohimbybothac ua in-
allparts ofthecountry.Agreat
ved allofwhichheanswers
ormationisasked....
nthestreetwhohandmeoneof
forpeopleto f indus asI be lieve
rh an t e c e pt i ng S . . O r m s b ee w h o
kandpaperbusiness whohas
nessin thiscityduringthe44
e& B a llw asfounded the ideaof
snotnewtoat leastoneofthepartners
ar k C . S. B A L w as u s ed b y C al v in S . B a l l e ar l ie r
gecentsdated182 , 1837 and1838 as
Canadiantokens.20
ne& B all saidtohavebeenappliedonly
3 areofatleastthreetypes: ( 1 STON
an gu la r ha ll ma rk p un ch ( 2 S TO N & B A L i n a
3 S TO N & B A L / S R A C U S / N . . i n t hr ee
tainedtheaddress anditw asquarter
werethesub ectof the18 7reco llec-
tthatnumerouscoinsotherthanquarters
cludinglargecents dimes q uarters ha lf
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n
c - s
a - 4 . 0
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eigncoins. How ever j udgingf romthef re-
eenonthenumismaticmark ettoday q uarter
ofC.S.B A L andthelaterhallmark
A L aretypica lo f thoseusedbymanufactur-
smiths how ever modernauthorityD. A lbert
21
ratureonsilver marks
silversmiths. A sagenera lrule
he nineteenthcenturyis
smark.Thispracticewas
rstorestamping.Thepractice
usioninidentifyingtheactual
nthcenturysilver.I ntermsof
a llonly so ldit. Theyw eretrained
andrepairedclock sandw atches. The
eepingtheschoolclocksin
erectedthefirstilluminated
oftheirstore.
rica
tiveissue
deL afayette F renchheroof theA merican
AmericaandwasproclaimedbyCongressto
st. Numerousprinted medallic andother
ngthecourse ofhisstayin theU nited
dedintotheyear1825.
ngnumismaticitemsassociatedwith this
- afayettecounterstampmadefromthedies
essedontheobverseand reverseofcon-
s.Theobversediehasthe inscription
S H I N G TO N i n a p a r ti a l ci r c le s u rr o un d in g a p or t ra i t
t w hile thereverse isinscribedG N R A
w i th t h e da t e 18 2 4 be l ow s u rr o un d in g a p or t ra i t of
x amplesofcounterstampedcentsseenby
gtonontheobverseofthe hostcoinand
e.
arilyinsilver butatleastonewhite
.Counterstampsaremoreplentiful but
liststhefollowing:
6 1 8 1 7 1 8 18 1 8 20 1 8 22 ( 2 ,
ow ndate. D imesdated1820
o llardated1824. Spanish-
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n
c - s
a - 4 . 0
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Cents
datenotstated.Spanish-
ated1824.
ettecounterstampissaidtohavebeen
C harlesC . Wright w how asq uitepossibly
plishedofall Americanengraversofthe
erisengagedinresearchonthenumismatic
s1824-25v isit andthebiographyofWright.
dingamanuscriptbiography hasbeen
er but so far notasinglecontemporary
edWashington- afayettecoins.H opeful-
mayseeaC OA C presentationonL afayetteand
perhapsevenamonographonthesub ect.
pedCents
sues
ssrepertoireofcounterstampedlarge
ga llery o fpiecesil lustratingthediversity
smerchantsandother entities.
d.U nlesstherewasanumismaticreason
unterstampedsideofthecoin isshown.
ectionoftheauthor.
avebeen B R .
c r ef u ll y p ut h i s
f this17 3
neaglemotif
probablynot
yleof the
waspro-
ta l a
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n
c - s
a - 4 . 0
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eobverseofan
dly this
nottelephone
50s presumably
d
gindustry.
hinto
lddisclose
L i n t wo s e pa r at e
an 1848
n butpro-
ectionof
t isw here large
despitethe
.So farasis
erenotusedin
tarState .
L E , a n i
A D E L P H I A i de nt if ie s
obably the
s munitions.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n
c - s
a - 4 . 0
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Cents
E T N A on t h e
resumably
be ingthenameof
sreferredto
onor
waspro-
omark
w in& J ones
ustcent.
osedofJ abe
n B . J o n es w a s a c -
nddecade
C B A R N S o n
17 8cent.
rerof
eplatesand
C onnecticut.
ampw asused
s although
arked—
erado endif -
stencetoday.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n
c - s
a - 4 . 0
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17 3cent
a n d is b e li e ve d t o be
ayley
whowasac-
native ly the
A le ander
Y ork C ity in
S / CH O C O L A T
t h e ob v er s e of a n
ntis
oneof
dicatingthat
ebeen
1870s at
eplentiful
dlongsince
rceinthe
C a n d N.
me r b ei n g th e m ar k o f
practicedinthat
gh1841.
edtomark
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n
c - s
a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 The token : America's other money / ed. by Richard G. Doty
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Cents
o have
hedifferent
smissing NG -
S ( s eem ing ly E x -
/ B O S T O N /
n d an e a gl e m ot i f.
MA N /
/ NO N R E C O I L / & i P A -
/S R I NG I E L D /MASS.
onthereverse
madef rom
s carefully
oned. A sthe
e uired
robablymade
ece rather
ising.J ohn
o r k C i ty i n -
sbe lievedto
byC.B .Allen
rated
anufactured
revolver
N G R / P H I L A
eofan1817
dbythis
rearmsto
ofw hichw as
sidentAbraham
rf irm ow nedby
slocatedonF ront
n181 , thead-
ntStreet.The
about1806
ringer s
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Cents
I L E / S A V E / W AR -
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Cents
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S / M T R O P O L I T AN
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Cents
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8/9/2019 The token : America's other money / ed. by Richard G. Doty
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8/9/2019 The token : America's other money / ed. by Richard G. Doty
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of theN. .
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M O N T / H O U S
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nection
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ngonein
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cent.This
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ofdateslater
htheparty remain-
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gthe ballot
romslavery .
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Cents
George
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amousofall
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believed
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ght fora
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avebeenincon-
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te sbust.
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w ellw asagermina-
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ere.
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din four
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Cents
heimprint
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7 p p . 4 4 - 7 .
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rresearchis thenumberofdiesknowntobe usedoncents
er thisisfraughtwithdifficulty asthroughoutnumismatics
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chsourcethisinformationise tracted.
nmybook TheStrangeC areerofDr. W ilk ins: A
( W o l fe bo ro N H , 1 8 7 , p p. 9 - 1 2.
onby thef irst init ia lfollow sthesty leusedbyGregoryC . B runk
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ldbefoundunder theperson ssurname notfirstinitial.
nstance iftheinitialsJ .Q . .werefoundona cent andif
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. P u b l i c . I t r e a l ly s h ou l d be l i st e d as " P . J . Q . t o f ac i li t at e f ur -
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nd Washburndissolvedthe business.Gouldmovedto
cameaprominentfigureandspeakeron thecoincluband
mehe contributedacolumntoCoinW orld.O veraperiod
iscounterstampedlargecentstome.
A mericanandC anadianC ountermark edC oins( R ock ford
.75.
M .D . ( c o py r ig h t by M al c ol m S to r er B o s t o n 1 3 1 .
ethemotto I NGOD WE TR U STonthereverse( usedin
it isnotk now nw hetherHoratioStorerw ouldhavecheck ed
ornnearlysmooth.
h ac e J r . & C o. e t a l P o r tl a nd M ; s e e pp . 3 18 3 3 1 a n d o ne -
onp.338.
swerealso advertisedonencasedpostagestamps:Ayer s
o co a in e A y er s S a rs a pa r il l a a n d B r o wn s ( B r o n c hi a l T r oc h es .
plarremedy originatedbyDr. P o landin1855 atGof fstow n
ire w asatf irstdesignedonly forco lds coughs hoarseness
esofthethroatandlungsgenerally forwhichcomplaints
afew monthsafteritw asf irstadvertised tw opersons
art andusingitforacough discoveredthatitw asaw onder-
mmation....
A mericanandC anadianC ountermark edC oins( R ock ford
p p. 75 -7 6.
mationaboutStone& B allistakenfroman article
" i n T he S y ra c us e H e r a ld J u n e 27 1 8 7 r e pr i nt e d in t h e TA M S
1 9 0 p p . 1 6 5- 6 6.
w nthatsilverco insw erehoardedby thepublicbeginninginthe
oinsmadeofthis metaldidnotactivelycirculateuntil the
ciepaymentsina largew ayca. 1876—" D ow nSouth had
ounterstamps: B runk p. 22 B runk No. 2130 fortheStone
s B runk p. 170 Nos. 38520 38530 and38540.
be r t H o e ff l in g q u o t ed i n T AM S J o u rn a l O c t o b er 1 9 0 p . 1 65 .
ndL . D. Satterlee A mericanGunMak ers p. 36.
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pression
onference
ticSociety New York
4
maticSociety 1 9 5
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o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
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8/9/2019 The token : America's other money / ed. by Richard G. Doty
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Medalproclaimingthecessationofslavery
ofGreatB ritainbyActof P arliamenton
edalcontainedamessagetothe peopleof
l ud i ng i n i ts l e ge n ds A V O I C F R O M G R E A T
M R I C A ( f i g . 2 . 3 T he t e t o f t he a r ti c le d e sc r ib i ng
rgeThomsonofB rita inv isitedtheU. S. to
gardtocontinuationofslavery inU. S. and
ayersandgenerousaidinpromotingaboli-
rt icle inTheNew Y ork Evangelistw ascopied
heE mancipatorinitsJ anuary6 1835issue
edforsale at25centseach.The saleof
emsinAmericawasfollowingasimilar
f ig. 3 .
37 TheEmancipatorpublishedthefo llow-
hasmanufacturedsomeAnti-
M D A S s i mi l ar i n a pp e ar a nc e t o ne w
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n
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a - 4 . 0
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eavyand aremadeofpurecop-
maleslave incha ins inanim-
hemotto " A mI notaw omanand
utionisadmirablyw elldone. Onthe
ce nt er t he wo rd " L I B E R T " , s ur -
ndoutside ina circle " U nited
semedalscanbehadat theAnti-
43NassauStreetinanyq uantity at
merelycovers theactualcost.
sim ilarmedals w ithaman
hthemotto " A mI notamanand
cew illbethesame. Thef riendsof
ernowtoputa medalinto
n thecountry withoutcost
mmensevalue.I tisa tractthat
itfa llsintothehandsof the
il l" readandcirculate .
mallpartso f thecountry post
tothecauseofliberty arere-
ngof theadvertisementhasbeenfound
TheEvangelist. I nspiteof theof fertoother
thecauseofliberty topublishtheadver-
chinsertions havebeenlocated.Theadver-
themattersconcerningthe tokens.I tgives
maleslavetokenaspriorto itsactual1838
es.I tpointsoutthat thefemaleslave
New J erseyartist. I tshow sthatthe
cietywasprimarilyinterestedinthe" im-
ava lueof the iruse. A ccordingtotheorgani a -
nlycovering theiractualcostwhichinclud-
nywhereintheU nitedStates.Thesale
stheirintendedcirculatingvalue.E ither
was obviouslyprofitingonthematter.4
opperperpoundfortokenswith amean
hmakestheintrinsic valueofthemetal
3 1/2cents.5Thetokensarespecifical-
erthan asmoneyinorderto attemptto
admissionthattheyare" sim ilarinappearance
vebeenaharmfuladmissionina criminal
rnishesthefirstevidenceofthe
maleslavetok en( L ow 54a R ulau82 . 6I t
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n
c - s
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a tokenwas" proposed onNovember
fore itse istencehasitsf irsthistorica lsupport
mentindicatesthemaleandfemaleslavetokens
the illegalityoftheissuanceofthis
beenstronglyassertedunder U nited
othtokenscarried awreathsimilarto
Statescents: the legendU N T D STA T S
ncircularformwasinthesamegeneralposit ionas
ce n ts a n d th e w or d L I B E R T 1 8 38 i n t wo
reathwasin adeceivinglysimilarposi-
N C NTintw olinesinthecentero f the
scents. I nadditiontotheforego ing the
amediameter weightandthicknessas
alogicalconclusionfrom thethreatof
elargeissueof thefemaleslavetoken
nthattheNinU N T D isamirrorim-
eoftheN improperlyrisingfromlowerleft
kemighthave beendeliberatelyleftun-
mstances.R ecuttinganewdiewouldhave
udtry ingtomak eacorrectiontoane -
asprobablydeterminedthattimewasof
butionof theanti-slaverytokenshadto
ritmightbe preventedaltogetherbythe
dtoe plaintherarityof theAmerican
ken( L ow 54a R ulau82 . Thefemaletoken
nq uantityfirst.Thefemaletokenshad
dforsa letothepublic. Whilew ait ingtosee
e femaletokenswastakingplaceand
sourceto payforstrikingaq uantityof
ns thethreatoflawenforcementcould
ssuersfromorderinga substantialpro-
ti-slaverytokens.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n
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leanti-slaverytokenwasadvertisedin
followingnewsitemappearedintheNew
merce-.
O P P E R C O I N S — W e a r eg la d to s ee t ha t
doptedto putanendto the
chhasbeenso boldlycarried
hecoppercoin. I thasbeendone
andtocompletetheassortment
p themanufacturingofcents
hem—andpoorfe llow hew ill
inspiteofany thinghisespecial
erance.Someofthemarket
sinessofbuyinglight centsand
antity atadiscount andpassing
nts.Theanti-slaverycoinwe
The wholebusinessisdoing
ghttobestoppedforthwith.
al oftheanti-slaverycause.H edoes
ght.H ereferstotheslave onthetoken
hef igureasanegro asapoorfe llow anduses
maleanti-slaverytokenwasmentioned.
thereforehadbeene amined thusprov-
amplesofithadbeenstruck byNovember
maleanti-slaverytokendiescouldhave
husthere isananswerto thechallenge
iscoveredastow hyL ow 54ahasremained
. 8Therewasapparentlynoproduc-
amplesofthe1838maleanti-slavery
dbynumismatistsduringthenineteenth
anmaleslavetokenwasobviouslyadapted
17 6 B rit ishanti- slavery tok ensw hichcon-
I N O T A M A N A ND A B R O T H E R a n d M A
P P R E S S O N C AS TH R O U G H O U T TH E W O R L D ( fig.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
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erseydiemakerandcoineroftheanti-
choices astheadvertisementsspecifical-
ndthemanufacturerarethesame.Two
theninB ellev il le onthePassa icR iver
ew ark E sse C ounty New J ersey.
e llevil leandNew Y ork C ityw asatok en
eedattributedH ardT imesTok ens
112 113 125and126. Mof fett issuedhis
sNew Y ork C ityaddressat121Prince
dprobablynothave beenreferredtoina
aNew J erseyartist.
lew asthefoundingmemberof thef irmof
k n ow n a s th e " B e l le v il l e Mi n t ( f i g. 6 L o w
i bb s w as b o rn i n B i r m in g ha m E n g la n d i n 1 80 ,
erehe j o inedJohnGardnerintheproduc-
uttons meta lstorecards metaltok ensand
untries.Thatenterpriseobtainedits sheet
omas & F uller abrassroll ingmillf irm
llevillepropertysotheycouldeasilywork
nsofthatfirmwasanE nglishtrained
ingstruckthe1833L iberianonecenttoken
rselectionto makeanti-slaverytokens.
ceseemstocorrectaspeculationthat the
ov il le sic ManufacturingC o. ; anassertion
dbyE dwardH ulsemanwhoworkedin
ets andNew York C ityandw hose init ia lH
Tok ens andacommentthattheTok enwas
12The NewY orkCitydirectoriesfrom
ulseman13andforthe1837directorythe
eredinl ate1836.ThusH ulsemancould
dingtotheadvertisementinThe E man-
erseycraftsman.Thedelicacyoftheslave
hlyskilledengraver( inspiteofthe let-
eE nglishtrainingofStevensswingsthe prob-
e llevil leMint ( Gibbs Gardner& C o. j o intly
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n
c - s
a - 4 . 0
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F uller be ingengraversandmak ers. The
ndicatethat thediesforboththe female
ensweremadebythesamedie cutterand
whentheadvertisementofthe anti-slavery
ewspapersintheU nitedStateswererun-
s editoria lsanddiscussionsof themurder
P a r i sh L o v e o y ( 1 8 02 - 37 a P r e sb y te r ia n mi n is t er
w asthefirstA mericanmarty rto f reedomof
ouslybeenforcedoutofhispulpit inSt. L ouis
rbe ingeditoro f theSt. L ouisT imesandthe
bothofw hichcontinuouslypublishedstrong
nkingthatitwouldbehelpfulto movefrom
acrosstheMississippiR ivertoaf reestate
nsferredhispresstoA lton I l l inois w herehepublish-
econtinuedtopromotetheanti-slavery
ldiatribesagainstslaveryandinflamed
ery.H isanti-slaveryfeelingswerebased
rounds.E achofhisfirst threepresses
ssippiR iverbyhisopponentsandon the
mobsetfire tothewarehousewherethe
oadedfromariverboat.I nclimbingto
hef lamesLove oyw asshotandk illedon
tisaco incidencethatduringtheperiodofpro-
tokenstheanti-slaverymovementtook
andama orsetback f romhismartyrdom.
ns
spensionofspeciepaymentsbyAmerican
7 14resultedinthewithdraw alf romgenera l
ver andgoldcoinandthe emergency
ndiv iduals businesses cit ies andcoun-
ata premium.Thepapermoneyconsisted
sofa dollarandthelowerdollar
derisive lyca lled" Shinplasters atermw hich
edtoContinentalCurrencyandother
doubtfulvalue.CopperU .S.centsand
ins a lthoughremainingincirculation could
ransactionswithoutthepresenceofU .S.
uartersandSpanishandSpanish-American
ventheU. S. Mintw assometimesreluctantto
eriodas evidencedbythefollowinglet-
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n
c - s
a - 4 . 0
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ntheOctober26 1837Philade lphiaPublic
generallybelievedthatour
rgo ldorsilver coppersf romthis
entlysuchhas beenthecase.
iredof disbursingthislatter
shtocheck thedemandforit w e
it isthatthey refusetogive" pen-
essdenominationthan
s ontheauthorityof the" fo lks
hesitatingly re ected. C ananybody
nsw erourq ueries— W hy andby
ursued? Wepauseforareply .
eforprivateintereststo cointokens
urtherstimulatedbecausetheintrinsic
coinwasfar belowitscirculatingvalueand
fitavailablein coiningcoppertokensof
totheU. S. copperco inage. I naddit ionthere
nessadvertisingaswell aspoliticaland
thefacesof thetokens.
tokensinthe fallof1837causedcom-
1837U. S. Ga etteofPhilade lphia describ-
2 0 ( f i g. 7 :
percoin aboutaslargeasacent
nB oston. O ntheoneside is
T T U T O N w i th t h e le g en d
ed it , " c u rr en t , " 1 8 34 , — O n th e
wr e ck o f t he s h ip E X P E R I M N T
B u r e n , " m e ta l li c , — " c u r r en t ,
hibit ionof thesignsof thetimes.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n
c - s
a - 4 . 0
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etheintroductionand saleoftokens
ngthemat adiscount.Thispracticewas
r14 1837New Y ork J ournalo f
greatq uantitiesofcopper
circulate ascents butwhich
rallytoolight buttheworst
thebadmetaltheyaremade
enttendency tobecomefoul. Worst
ebasementof thecurrentco in by
y improperly mak ea largeprofit
the irspuriousco insbe inggenera lly
0to60centsthehundred. They
deviceother thanthatofthe
onthat w ouldsub ectthe
cesnotprofitable . I t isq uitetime
istrasha ltogether. * * * Wehope
bepursuedwiththedirty" no
mptedtobeputforthso
TimesTokensalsoledto newspaper
s atleastinB a lt imoreandPhilade lphia
verytokensinNewY ork.
altimorecommissionmerchantwhoroutine-
peradvertisementscoveringeachtypeof
a le suchasB ritanniaTeaP ots silk w oo l
ands boots shoesandbrogans pins bone
ps t a pe e t c. O n O c t ob e r 30 1 8 37 a n d fo r
heplacedthefo llow ingadvertisementinthe
lD ailyAdvertiser( knownasthe
s k 1 5 0 0 0 Co p pe r C ou n te r s
yE. H . Merrill
dthatanewlyarrivedcaskof
d15 000pieces butnopricew asindicated.
coppertokenstheywouldpass foranag-
wouldhaveatotalweightof about340
d " CopperCounters wouldordinarily
er struck withadesign intendedtobe
rcountingboardca lculations andbetter
orj etons.Nosuchmeaningwasactually
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n
c - s
a - 4 . 0
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ment.Thepieceswereidentifiedin a
mmentinTheSunonDecember2 1837
L I O N S F O R D E F E N C a nd NO T O N C N T
T ( S uc h ty pe s ar e kn ow n as L o w 2 1- 36 [ f ig . 8 , 3 ,
6 - 7 1 an d 9 5 - 7 a s w el l a s R u l au 1 6 3 5 - 6 0 an d
eobv iouslyHardT imesTok ensstruck e itherin
cut orA ttleboro Massachusetts orboth.
C E intheMerrilladvertisementwasto
meansgold andsilverbutdoesnot in-
a lt imoreA mericanofO ctober11 1837
dthew ordS E C E w henof feringtobuy
uarterdo llars atapremium.
wasdeliberatelydeceptiveand
derthattheauthoritieswerepromptly
kensin generalwereillegalandwere
blishedin theNovember2 1837
edger:
ereceivedacoppercoinof the
e abouttheweightofonecent on
alehead resemblingthatof
w iththeneck ofabullandthe
rroundedby thirteenstars the
luribusU num ontheother
andsurroundedbya laurel
otonecentfortribute . C ongress
d regulatingthevalueof
yestablishedtheco ins andpro-
o fcounterfeit ingthem but w e
ecit i enf romcoining. I f so
gal.Theremust besomecheat
theyw ouldnotbemade. Wecau-
m.
chareclassifiedas L ow21-36and6 -71
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n
c - s
a - 4 . 0
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nd58-60.
opperonecenttokenswerebeingpro-
rt isementfortheF euchtwangercent( L ow
hilade lphiaonO ctober6 1837 w hichread:
R C NTS
ustreceivedandforsa leby
N
angerhadre uestedC ongressonSeptember
is" invention o fameta lnamed
omposit ion forU . S. centco inageinasmall
ig. 9) . U . S. MintD irectorR obertM. P atterson
w roteSenatorThomasH artB entonofMissouri
dywellknownunderthe namesGerman
kfongandwasimpracticalforcoinage.16
uchtwangerencouragedpublicityforhisone
by thefo llow inginsertsintheU . S. Ga ette
tmber11and12 1837:
anger o fNew York hasissuedaGer-
edattheedge ontheonesidea
ereverseaw reath w iththewords
snameonthecircle . I t iso f the intrin-
ndaboutthesi eofadime. They
orsmallchange.O nehundred
erday w ithasampleofM.
of " onecent tow hichwerefer-
paper. I tw asabeautifulpiece
a llow edsuchtit le muchmorecon-
ecoppercoin andshouldsilver
n fashion wethinkthiskind
verye ce llentattendant.
C S
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n
c - s
a - 4 . 0
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htw anger scentsmightbeusedinplace
dinTheSun B a lt imore O ctober30 1837:
ecountryisfloodedwithcop-
si eandw eightofcents most
dinscriptionsdefamatoryof
butmanyaremereadver-
resincopper.There aretwo
oston andahundredaremade
ordingaveryfairprofitto the
sionofGermansilvercents might
utthe circulationofH ardTimesTokens
t standby.TheadvertisementofE .H .
hesaleand circulationofcoppertokens
owinglettertobewritten:17
T H E SO L I C TO R O F T H E T R E ASU R Y
ryof theTreasuryhasreferredtothis
ceivedfromB altimore
coppercoin.I tisstatedto be
e tensive lyputintocircula -
sedinthenewspaperby acom-
retailingthemto anyonewho
etore uestthatyouw illcause
thetruthof thesestatements and
tuteproperlegalproceedings
sectionoftheact of8thMay
ocopperco insorpieceswhat-
aidcentsandhalf cents be ingthose
nitedStates sha llpasscur-
lbepa id, oro f feredtobepa id
oanydebt demand cla im mat-
andallcoppercoinsor pieces
ndhalf cents w hichsha llbepaid
rrece ivedinpayment contrary
d sha llbeforfe ited andevery
mshall havebeensopaid
orreceivedinpaymentshallalso
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n
c - s
a - 4 . 0
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ars andthesaidforfeitureand
covered withcostsofsuit
onorpersonsbywhominfor-
reofshall havebeengiven.
urs
F TH E T R E A SU R Y
imore
onunderSection2ofthe ActofMay
uotedwasasubstantialerror. Theomitted
ustpriortotheq uotedportionre uired
publishedaf ter% 50 000inU. S. coppercoin
tomakethelaweffective.Thiswasnever
e lawwasneverinforce.18I naddition
Section25of theA ctofMarch3 1825
anillegalpieceas being" inresemblance
coin whichhasbeenormayhereafter
eU nitedStates. How everthe law also
efraud ; andthiswouldbeadecisionforthe
enverydifficultfor theprosecutiontoprove
ntbyeitherthemanufacturerorby those
twasanobviousand openmoney
timoremadeseparatepurchasesofthecop-
. H. Merril lonOctober30-November1
chsuchpurchasewiththeir nameonthetag.
fiveseparateprosecutionsresultingon
inf ivef inesfor110eachoratota lo f$50. C om-
widely.Since theconstableswereentitl-
untofthefinespersonallytheywereac-
tion.O ntheotherhandthe verdictwas
fluentialmerchant" abovethereachof
es* w hichmak esourlaw slikespiders
rgeflies tobreakthroughwhilethesmall
oured. O therscomplainedinthepress
ascondonedwhileprosecutionfor
enswasenforced. SincetheU. S. P ostOf -
out thetokensitwassuggestedthatthe
ownagency.1 Thustheproprietyorim-
rwassomewhatcloudedbye traneous
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n
c - s
a - 4 . 0
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ber25 1837 therewasameetinginNew
partsof theUnitedStatesw ho af termany
postponedtheirconclusionsastowhen
resumed.Thetokensbearing
R S H I N L A S T R S an dt he da te No vr 18 37 ( L o w
6-57and66-67 hadbeenpreparedaspro-
tokenmoneyandconfirm thedateof
ribution( f ig. 10 .
37 P attersonw rotethefo llow ingletterto
ev iWoodbury outlin ingthattherew as
eanddistributionofcoppertokensin
si ingthatthe law sofMay8 17 2andMarch
hebasiso faprosecution: 20
d1837
esometime agotoput
culation inP hiladelphiaand
sedforsalebyone ofourmer-
eedingwas however prompt-
rD istrictA ttorney Mr. R ead
etheGrandJ uryof theU. S.
ttendingto therepresentations
myself madeapresentmentupon
waspublishedinsomeof the
ensehasbeencommittedat
avecandidmeasuresto betaken
seof callingyourattention
w hich asI havereasontobelieve
rculatedin NewY ork.A
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n
c - s
a - 4 . 0
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oughtmefromtheretendif-
fthemsuchimitationsof thelegal
mightbebroughtunderthe Act
nstcounterfeiting.Allofthiscomes
cto fMay8 17 2 Section2.
purious coinsareevidently
hmentastheyhavethe same
ht somenote ceedingthree
ecent forwhichtheyarepass-
of thesespuriouscoppersmay
heyhavehadtheiraddressesmark-
o ins— oneisEz raB . Sw eet
— A notherisSmithC lock
74 B o w e r y N — A n ot h er i s R o b i n-
A n o t he r N ew Y o r k J o i nt S t oc k E x -
6 TontineB uilding WallSt.
ghttometheNew York O bserver
ollowingStatement:
o f spuriousC entsare incircula -
rnalofCommercesaystheyare
dby thehundered( sic at62cents
arketwomenmakearegular
ntsand" nocents by thequan-
ingthemoffinplace ofreal
cipatoro f lastw eek advertisesanew
earancetonewcents — nearly
recopper forsa leattheA nti-
treet.Theyhaveanti-slavery
oppercoins arelargelyincir-
utI havenoe actinformationon
heonlyoperationoftheMint
e andifthisill egalinterference
edthe profitwillbeso con-
blytoreducethe e pensesof
t te r so n
ury
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n
c - s
a - 4 . 0
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8/9/2019 The token : America's other money / ed. by Richard G. Doty
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to thesa idA aronP otter him
veanddef raudasaforesa id a ll
i l l iamH. Scov il le sic w ere
and GovernmentoftheU nited
ofandcontrary totheform
ofCongressofthe U nitedStates
prov idedandofevile ample
ending.
issuedacopperstorecard ortoken
vertisinghisow nbusiness(L ow 130[ f ig. 11
u105and107 butthe indictmentw asfor
whichweredeceivinglysimilarto U .S.
8NewY orkD ailyE x presssupported
copperpiecesweremadetoorderand
otas coin asevidencedbythelegend
answertotheScovil l indictmentw asf iledin
w henScov il lposteda$ 1 000bond. B ecause
eprosecutionScovillletthe bondforfeit
0 bynotappearing. I nF ebruary1842 af ter
wer thecasewasdismissedbythe
rer( Connecticut ofO ctober4 1838 q uoting
w York E x pressaboutthe" notonecent
stated:" Thepublicatthattime demanded
tionwhichwouldbetakenby common
esw ere.
ymotivatedH ardTimesTokenshad
asedindue course.Noonewaseconomical-
tentandthepoliticalincisivenessof some
vebeenappreciatedbythose whohada
erWhigsinpow erorD emocratsoutof
ulationofH ardTimesTokensformany
onin1837 seemstohavebeenthebasis
onJ une26 1844 in uiringofC rockerB ros.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n
c - s
a - 4 . 0
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utnopublicationresulted. Someof thecontent
sharedwithothers priortoits presen-
nageof theA mericasC onferenceatthe
cietyinNewY ork.
J r. andC lydeK eeler " A C onnectionB etw eenthe1838A nti-
5 4 a n d th e U n d e rg r ou n d R a i lr o ad " T A MS o u rn a l 1 7 4 p p .
ydocumentationregardingthistokenis lackingandthename
ssuedit isunknown....Hopefullyfurtherresearchwillreveal
nterestingtok en ; E rnestB eersteck er " TheDilemmaof
ei ng S l av e To k en " T A MS J o u rn a l 1 7 , p . 2 47 .
" H a r d T i me s T ok e ns P a r t of U . S . L e g ac y " C o i n W o r ld F e b .
r t W . J u l ia n " P o l it i cs o f 1 83 0 s I n f l u en c ed D e s i g ns o n M er c ha n ts
cNewsJ an.13 1 87.
l d " A n ti - Sl a ve r y To ke n s T h e Nu m is m at i st 1 5 7 p . 3 7
d " A n ti - Sl a ve r y Me d al s " T A MS J o u rn a l 1 6 2 p . 4 2 p l . 8.
H a r d Ti m es T o ke n s 2n d e di t io n ( N e w Y o r k 1 8 9 ) , p . 3 1
e n . 1 , p . 2 47 .
L i v e Am e ri c an N u mi s ma t ic I t e ms T h e Nu m is m at i st 1 1 2
a b o v e n. 3 , p . 4 3 s h ow i ng p u nc h t ri a ls o f L o w 5 4 a nd 5 4 a.
teduponbyC harlesI . B ushnell A nA rrangementof
P oliticalTokens etc.( newY ork 1858 , p.117 B eerstecker
. 24 5.
e n . 3 , p . 4 0 1 E r n es t B e e r st e ck e r " T h e Ge n et i cs o f L o w 5 4 a "
p.53.SeeTheNumismatist1 88 p.54and1 86 p.401 R ussell
T ok e ns 1 8 32 - 18 4 4 ( I o l a W I , 1 8 7 , p . 2 5. F o r t h e h is t or y o f th e
lavetokens( L ow 54a seeB ow ersandMerena Mar. 26-27
er t H u d s on C o ll . n o . 45 - S ee a l so R u s s e ll R u l a u S t an d ar d C at a lo g
s 17 0 0- 1 0 0 ( I o l a W I , 1 9 4 , p . 8 2 c i ti n g da t a pr o vi d ed t o
.
" H a r d T i me s T ok e ns o f t he L a r ge C en t S i e " C o in C ol l ec t or s
p . 16 2 1.
U n i t e d St a te s S to r e Ca r ds ( N e wY o r k 1 2 ) , N n o s. 5 8 5
2 7 .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n
c - s
a - 4 . 0
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l fr e d Z . R e e d " B i o g r ap h ic a l No t es o n t he P r e si d en t s of t h e U n i te d
o r s J o u rn a l 1 3 8 p . 1 8 T h om as S c hw e ic h " H a r d T i me s
acksonianAmerica " TheNumismatist1 81 p.315.
e n . 3 , p . 3 9 ; R o b er t J . L i nd sm it h " E d w ar d H u ls em an " T AM S
17 .
ardT imesTok ens(L ow 47 48 .
er N ov . 25 1 83 7 p . 1 4 R e e d ( a b ov e n . 9 ) , p . 1 .
d g ar H . A d a m s " D r . L e w is F e u ch t wa n ge r " T h e Nu m is m at i st
i l l i am J . S c hu l t , " W h y t h e F e u ch t wa n ge r C om p os i ti o n Me t al C o in s
ko u t B l o w " T h e Nu mi s ma t is t 1 3 8 p . 9 4 ; N u mi s ma A u g.
s o f th e F e u c ht w an g er C e nt N u m. S c ra p bo o k Ma g . 1 5 7 p . 2 34 3
onMak ing3C entNick e lB lank s " Num. Scrapbook Mag. 1 63
outsoures TheI dentif icationofF euchtw angerC entsL ow 120
, 1 81 .
15 , p . 1 4 R e e d ( a b ov e n . 9 ) , p . 15 2 P h i l ad el ph ia P u b li c
8 37 .
" C irculationofP re-U . S. MintC opperC oinsinNineteenthC en-
rica sC opperC o inage 1783-1857 C O A C P roceedings1( New
p .1 03 .
mo re , N ov . 28 1 83 7 D e c . 2 1 83 7 D e c . 16 1 83 7 D e c . 20
37 .
nt C o rr e sp o nd e nc e 1 0 1 / 1 / 8 T r an s fe r B o 2 7 J u l ia n ( a b ov e
New York .
s " J . M. . & W . H . S co vi ll " T he N um is ma ti st 1 1 2 p . 23 3 R e e d
p . 1 .
o rr e sp o nd e nc e 1 0 1 / 1 / 8 T r an s fe r B o 3 5 .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
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kensand
onference
ticSociety New York
4
maticSociety 1 9 5
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n
c - s
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aionTokens137
w arda longF ourthA venuetoU nionS uare
rinceStreet. I tw asonthissoutherne ten-
id andonNovember14 1832 serv ice
passengercarsridingonrails andpulled
ach.Theserviceeventuallyrancarsevery
passengerscouldboardat anyblockalong
enyears ofoperationthefarevariedbet-
dahalf centsforasingletrip regardless
narek now ninw hitemeta l pew terandcop-
hthreedistinctcounterstamps arosette( f ig.
onthewhitemeta lissues andapa lmbranch
ularande tendeduse isindicatedinthat
amplesarew ellw orn. Thereasonforthe
notdocumented. The init ia lsB SN ,
associatedwiththe firmofB ale& Smith
leengraversandmanufacturersofthetoken.
tokenswerenotusedafter1840.
rlaemR ailroadwassplitin 185 whenthe
alwasplanned.Therailroadbecamee -
eamlocomotiveswhichendedserviceat
nal.Thetracks inthecitystreets south
ngotherroutes becamethe" C ityLine " us-
ly.
forNewY orkCityseemstobeginaround
ofomnibusoperatorsinacity directory
when22differentfirmsare listed
cles. Theyoperated27approvedroutes
and ahalftofourmiles. Allbuttwoof
of48th Street.Why thereislittlemen-
850in contemporarysourcesisnot
efirmslistedafter1850 matchthetoken
spopulationin1850had risento515.547.6
tages theyhadfiat notflangedwheels
de doors ratherthantherefinedrearen-
ompanieslistedin1851 only si issued
tok ensw erestruck inleadthesi thw asstruck
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n
c - s
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hesi operatorsranmorethanoneroute
e legend" TransferT icket itseemsvery
he tokenswasforusebetweencom-
rsedepictsanomnibusoffourwindows
andstairsleadingfromthe reardoor.
st therouteorline nameandthe
meaddedornamentation.
etaltokensare:TheE ighthAvenueL ines
C o. w hooperatedtw oroutes( f ig. 3 . The
Street dow nEighthA venueto4thStreet
w nthroughC armine B edfordandHouston
oMaidenLanetotheF ultonF erry . Thesecond
andwentdownE ighthAvenuethrough
thendowntoWhiteha llandSouthF erry . This
stsinararevarietyw iththeSandersonname
ucktoken.
neofH asking& Wilkins operatedoneroute
nF ourthA venuetoB roadw ay thenon
landtheSouthF erry ( f ig. 4 . A nengravers
eoperator snameasHask ins w ithan" S
pp& B rownoperatedthreeroutes( fig.5 .
t southboundonNinthAvenuetoH udson
y anddownB roadway toB ow lingGreen.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n
c - s
a - 4 . 0
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aionTokens13
t28th Streetandfollowedthesameroute
irdroutebeganat 31stStreetandwent
4thStreettoHudson dow ntoChambers
yP lace.
enueL inesofMarshall& Townsendoperated
eventhA venuetoGreenwich overtoSi th
roadwaythensouthtoF ultonandeast
f ig. 6 . Thediew asorigina llyengravedas5th
ietiesofthe tokense ist:struckwiththe
ded5th the" 5th scratchedoutonastruck
ngleblockingover" 5th&" inthedie. The
toaplura l" Marsha lls remaineduncorrected.
erunbyY oung& Ward operatedtwosimilar
bothstartedat34thStreetandprocededsouth
eturnedat8thStreet theotherat6thStreet
ay toWhiteha llandtheSouthF erry .
illiamTyson& Co.operatedfromthe
msburgF erry throughGrandStreettoanddown
throughC analtoGreenw ich dow nGreenwich
erseyCityF erryontheH udsonR iver( f ig. 8 . 7
ssuedin brassintheseries.There are
arieties:thefirst withthelegendalongthe
esecondwithanarched legendnearerthe
aredistinguishedbytheplacementofstops
.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n
c - s
a - 4 . 0
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ngpointsof oneormoreroutesand
alongB roadwaysomewherebetween
l thusifa transferweretotakeplace it
beeninthatarea.H oweverthereisno
norastothe amountofthefaresharedbet-
nwhichtookin themoneyandthecom-
the transfertoken.
rodeon thetopoutsidefront.The
sidethef ront underthedriver w hohad
fromwhichhecouldsee thefare
w ntothepassengerthere uiredchangeor
nsin thisgroupwereissuedwitha small
be strungwhenkeptbythedriver.
st intheco llectionof thefare agrooved
riorwallofthecoach torolla coinfare
w hichremainedatthef ront.
groupsoftokensarea challenge asonly
elegraphL ineisreadilyavailable.Allthe
edie. Thusitissafe tosayallwerestruck
w edonotk now thatf irm snamenorwhy
n amoredurablemetalthanlead.
thefarechangedfrom2centspermile
o10cents andaf terbusinessw aslosttocom-
romisedat8cents.Cashwasthe methodof
ndchangewasgivenincash untilthe
usoperatorssubstitutedforchangecard-
2 3 5 and6cents goodforfuturefares.
the publicwithprotest andwere
64.8
thecornerofB roadwayandChambers
1852byoneJ acobSharp. Hereportedthat
035omnibusesand4 77 othervehiclespass-
62omnibusesand4 723othervehiclespassed
mnibusserviceata 13-secondhead-
ng. Quitecrowded. I ntime Mr. Sharpw ould
chise sothistabulationwasdonewith
rest.
companies B y1854 Will iamTysonno
e andby1857 a llo f theoriginal22
franchiseswerebeingoperatedbyother
rgedintoone ofthreelargercompanies.
sfertok ensremainedinuse orw hetherthey
rfirms isnotknown.Theomnibusroute
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n
c - s
a - 4 . 0
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aionTokens
eC ityDirectoryaf ter1862. How ever om-
entionedinnew spaperaccounts ande -
the1880s.
1853 theC ityCouncilha ltedthegranting
efranchisesandturnedtheir attention
df ranchisesonSecond Third Si th E ighth
railroads arereallywhatwetodaycall
ainthelucrativefranchises therailroads
Councilmembersby amountsbetween
oreachf ranchisegranted.10
s only theThirdA venueR ailR oadissued
our.All fouraremadeoflead.The firsttwo
tw ithacoachdesigndif ferentthanthatof
ues( f ig. 9) . Thesecondtw otokensdepict
eitherend aswouldbeusedfor ahorsecar
ra lq uestionsarise . Whydepictanomnibuswhen
ef irmname especia llywhenaddit iona lf ran-
ggranted andwhythereversedesigna-
arlem
teda5 centfareforanydistancebet-
61stStreet w itha6centfarefortherideto
lroadwasapprovedtolaytracks onThird
arlemR iver inactuality track sinitia lly
lle. Thee tradistanceseemstohavebeen
he ThirdAvenueO mnibusfranchise—
hoj usthappentobetw oof thetw elvedirec-
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n
c - s
a - 4 . 0
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ailroad.11Sooursetoffour tokenscan
nsfernorthboundorsouthboundfrom
ndthecollectionof thee tra fare.
theO mnibusfromthepreviousgroup
aneofglassineach windowandthefact
coachcomesj usttothebottomof the
ngthe railcarshowsingooddetail an
bepulled byhorsesonrailslaid inthe
elsandlackof adoubleandmoreornate
yin thepre-CivilW arperiod.
thobversedesigns inthegroundarea
mallletter" L . O ntheomnibusdesignit
thera ilcarit isundertherightwheel( f ig.
bv iousengraver sinit ia l C oulditbeaL ovett
ovett onemustberememberthattherew ere
graversinNewY orkatthistime:George
homas. 12Thisisane cit ingdiscovery andone
research. - .
eNew Y ork seriesistheDurk ee& C o.
2 . The1830CityDirectoryhasaNathan
3andin1835asahote loperator. Noother
acea D urkeenearanO mnibusfranchise.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n
c - s
a - 4 . 0
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aionTokens143
nearthatofasmall cent mayplaceitin the
tthereareno listingsintheC ityDirectoriesof
ssueforthecollector butforthetime
mpaniescollected31.7millionfares in
arsand1 722horses. 14Thedriversand
12-to15-hourdaysand werepaidunder
owners theprof itw as1.7centsper5centfare
ar thecitygrew rapidly andby1870
f942 000livede ua llynorthandsouthof
mostofManhattanI slandwasservedby12
heycollectednearly167millionfares for
SteamR ailroadfranchisesbeganconstruc-
inga longSecond Third Si th Seventh
es.Nonewereto issuetokens.
6of theL aw sof theStateofNew Y ork ca ll-
t curtailedfurthere pansionofhorsecar
buta llow ede istingroutestocontinueopera-
esweree panded adiscussionofcable
tertained andonceagain theproposal
ddefeated.
ccessionofmergersofsmallerhorsecar
irdAvenueR ailwayCompanyorthevery
StreetR ailwayCompany.I nmostcases
ecarswerenot repainted andthusthe
ontinued( f ig. 13 . A mergerof the42nd
andSt.NicholasAvenueR ailwayintothe
edanowscarce whitemetaltokentobe
susthatit wasgoodat86thStreetto
mA venue. " B oulevard w asthetermused
thenstil l la rgelyundeveloped. B othof these
servedbythecarsof theThirdAvenue
tf irm.
erviceonthe streetsofManhattanuntil
ongo ingq uestforbettertransportation a f ran-
toconstructacablepoweredrailway
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n
c - s
a - 4 . 0
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B ow ery ca . 1880.
ssfullyemployedinSan F ranciscoin1873-
buriedconduitasacentral thirdrail.
horsecars itre uiredahighcapita le -
peration andvigilantmaintenanceofthe
ork.I tsutilityin relativelylevelNewY ork
afewyearsadvancementsintechnology
electricpowerand theintroductionof
orseand cableroutes.
yNewY orktokenwasforatransfer
a ilroadtotheCableLineforO neF areGo-
his23mmw hitemeta lissue isabito fapu z ler
ertransferringfromthe ThirdAvenue
vated w hichw asa lsooperating toacablecar.
erlydirection Whynotatransferinthe
CableL inetotheThird Avenueroute
ently reliablesourcesforanswers.
hasstressedthetoken andlittlehas
useof theticket. I ronica lly inthebegin-
stages andnow170yearslaterthere
techA mericaca llsit—F areC ards aga in. Stage
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n
c - s
a - 4 . 0
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aionTokens145
perators horsecars steamelevatedra ilroads
streetcarsandby1 04thesubw ay too a ll
ainfarecollectioncontroldevice.Many
consideredthemselvesrailroads andafter
ets.
mentsinprintingfrombasicletterpress
liowork ( f ig. 16 w orthyofbanknotes. T ick ets
18butmoreoftenthan notwereforone
eF if th
7.
cketof
k lyn
e non-refundable. P rio rtothetw entiethcen-
sj usta largecollectionbo . I tcouldaccept
arietyofcard ticketacompanywantedto
.Mostcompaniesacceptedcoins oronecol-
sold othercolorticketsingroups oftwo
adiscounttorew ardf re uentuse. A tother
dacardpassvalid foraweekora month
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n
c - s
a - 4 . 0
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aionTokens147
ricanA lmanac New York R egisterandC ityD irectory forthe
A me r ic a n I n d e pe n de n ce ( N e w Y o r k 1 8 31 .
NecessityofaSettledSystemforB uildingR ailroadsintheC i-
k Ti m es A p ri l 1 6 1 8 5 .
ad s " T h e Ne w Y o r k T im e s N o ve m be r 1 8 1 8 58 .
n . 1 .
erseded StreetC arMenF avoringtheCableMotor " TheNew
er 1 2 1 8 64 .
ank Dr. R ichardD oty forthe I nv itationtoparticipate inthis
nKleebcrgandNormandPepinforreadingvariousincarnations
elpful suggestions.AspecialthankstocollectorSteve
ftokensandticketsfrom hise tensiveNewY orkcollec-
anneSamelsonandStanleyDusek forthe loanof the irco llec-
ibrarymaterials toNeilSchaferforsomeearly tickets
phsandslides F rank Dcak of theA NS andatK rausePublica-
dandWayneC onner.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n
c - s
a - 4 . 0
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natedAmericanssincethenation wasfound-
orationsofLew isandC lark furbuyersre-
gon. A tthesametime traderstook
Me icanterritory toe changeforgo ld
ater emigrantsusedthesetra ilstosettle inthese
migrationtotheF arW estincreased
eTra il openedin1821 ledf romIn-
t o S an t a F e N e wM e i c o o r — b y an e t e n-
panishTra il—toL osA ngeles. I tsaw anin-
verageofabout150peopleayear in1843
850s.B etterknownwastheO regonTrail
andOregonTrail. I t too beganinI n-
andterminatedinA storia O regon. The
ffbeyondtheR ockyMountainsandled
ngwithasinglepartymigratingto Califor-
er1 400people le f tforO regonin1844and
iththeGoldR ush over20 000people le f t
edafinecourthousein1855-
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n
c - s
a - 4 . 0
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nk nown. He f irstappearedintheP hilade lphia
compiledin1836. A tthattime inhis
asatrader l iv ingat342S. 2ndSt. A daughter
out1836 andason Michae lW. about1838
n1840 anotherson Morris w asborninthe
0w astak eninOctober( f ig. 3 , 4there
the Abrahamshousehold:A.Abrahams
Michael Morris thenanewborn tw ow omen
f F A Mi l. iR H .
« / I
. ^
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n
c - s
a - 4 . 0
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ms
oungersistersorservants andtw oelderly
ndfather bornabout1765 andgrandmother
imeAbrahamsresidedinthe1st Ward
ania . ( ThesuburbofSouthw ark w asincor-
hilade lphia in1854. H ew asstill l iv ing
36 w hentheD irectory for1840w ascom-
ccupationw aslistedas" w aterman " thatis
acrosstheD elawaretoC amden N. . The
vesthis occupation buttheAbrahams
o9 C atherineStreet onlyafew doorsf rom
ew aspossiblyassociatedw ithJ acobLarson
anotherwatermanwhoislisted twolinesbelow
see tinctoccupationsthatonefinds
.TheonlyinformationthatI havecome
ook TheB ook ofTrades publishedin
dreprintedmany times thef irstA mericanedi-
iladelphiain1807.Theoriginalwatermen
Thames beforethebridgeswerebuilt.The
" A w atermanre uiresbutlitt le toenablehim
. aboat a pa iro foars anda longpolew ith
tthe lowerend thew holecosto fw hich
unds.Sometimestwomenbelongto one
aboatbe longstoasinglew aterman. 6
anotherson w asborninP ennsy lvaniaabout
hisfirstwifeapparentlydiedwhileonly
wo later AbrahamAbrahamsmarried
2or23 w how asborninEngland. A roundthis
ork State w hereanotherson E liasM.
bout1846.
amAbrahamsmovedagain thistimetoSt.
inthetobaccobusinessforanumberofyears.
adaretaildrygoodsbusinesson8thSt. inSt.
brotherlivingthere inNovember1854 though
hertheyprecededhimthereornot. 7
hamslearnedof thehugeprof itstobemadein
1 8 4 o r e ar l y in 1 8 50 h e mo v ed t o J a c ks o n
hereheformedapartnershipw ithaMr. R osen-
to f re ightgoodsfromI ndependencetoSantaF e
. V anE pps tosuperv isethe irw agon
ysuccessful:theirfirstmentionin L ouis
ency inMarch1850 reported" J ewsdoa
medentirelygoodforanycosts they
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n
c - s
a - 4 . 0
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r d
f1850 tak eninA ugust hew aslistedasa
ship J ack sonC ounty Missouri( f ig. 4 , near
thetimeofthecensus therewereeightper-
sw ife daughter a llo fhissons aSarah
a s bo r n in L o n do n a n d a sl a ve M i ch a el M o rr i s
erea ll inschoo l. SarahL ev i possiblya
wasprobablyaservant.
romJ anuary1851 w asa lsopositive . On
nbought1/ 4gallonofmolassesf romthestore
dependencefor15cents puttingitonaccount
1852 A . M. A brahamscameinandsettledhisac-
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n
c - s
a - 4 . 0
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8/9/2019 The token : America's other money / ed. by Richard G. Doty
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T
N
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n
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ms
roblemshadbeguntoarise . TheNovember
athew as" crampedforfunds. C ondi-
mber thereportersw rotethatR osentha l s
hadlefttheirbusiness" muchdisarrang-
thoughitw asrumoredthattheyw eredisso lv -
evertheless onD ecember16 1853
ndP hebeA brahams " hisw ife " so ldtwo
11and12inHenryR ubey sA ddit ion tothe
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n
c - s
a - 4 . 0
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locatedfourblock ssouthofhisstore( f ig.
rigina llypurchasedthese lotsisnotknow n. 14
heboughttheeastha lfo fL ot17innearby
f ig. 8 , 15andmayhavemovedhisfamily there .
4 itw asrecordedthatthe$ 2 000chatte lmort-
2 w assatisfiedinfull.
o rtgagew asrecordedonhislo tinWestport
ng t o M il e s W . B u f o rd a n d J a b e S mi t h a n d a
rthisamountby A.M.Abrahams.AD eed
uary18 1854 gaveassecurity theeasthalf
nofWestport a llthegoods w aresand
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n
c - s
a - 4 . 0
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ms
houseonthislo t anda llthegoods w ares
toreR oom" now k eptandoccupiedby
theCityof I ndependence. 16Soby
hehadasecondstore inWestport thoughhe
pendencestore. I amnotcerta inw hat
otheseveraldeedsthat refertotheI n-
Storehouse untiltheWestportstore
portisca lledaStorehouseandI ndependence
msunlik e ly thatsuchaprimelocationasthat
rew ouldbeconvertedtoamerew arehouse
dthere orperhapshej ustoccupiedless
insteadof thew hole" house. O nA pril
ft h e $ 4 2 0 0 lo a n of M a y1 7 1 8 53 -
Abrahamshadtwostoresandno debt
rtmortgageof$ 3 500 plusadvancesf rom
tthefirmof AbrahamsandR osenthalwas
few dayslater onMay1 they took out
chattelmortgageonhis lotinW estport
othWestportandI ndependence butw ere
140f romaWill iamR ice at6% interest.17
brahamsandR osenthalcontinuedtosend
goodstoNew Me icoandC hihuahua but
ouldnotgetreturnsf romMe icoandasked
creditorswerewilling towait butothers
andthecreditreporterbegantoe press
eplanningto cheat.18O nAugust12
lpaymentof$ 2 250toB ufordandSmith
ge.
hefallo f1854. In O ctober itw as
adleftI ndependenceforSt.L ouisaboard
r ostensiblytopickupa governmentdraft
demands.AbrahamsandR osenthal
12 000andunabletopay andthe loca l
toattachtheir80 mulesifnotsatisfied.
althenthreatenedtomakeassignmentsto
rthose inI ndependence if sued andthis—
omisestopay— stoppedthisaction.1
smortgageonhislo tinWestportfe lldueun-
hforeclosedforthebalance onNovember2.
ber25 1854 theeasthalfo fL ot17inWestport
shattheeast frontdooroftheCourtH ouse
o u i s V o g el f o r $ 1 6 7 0. 2 0
Abrahamssnote:of the$ 3 500bor-
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n
c - s
a - 4 . 0
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2 2 5 0 an d V o g e l $ 1 6 7 0 f o r a to t al o f
anenoughtocoverthe interestande pensesof
receivedsomemoneyback.B uthewas
W estportbyNovember25 1854.
andR osentha lhadnocreditby thispoint
oI ndependenceandstillpromisedto
uttoavoidattachmentofthe mules
aldrovethem150milesintoH owardCoun-
becaughtinf l ight. How ever A brahamshad
sbrotherinSt. Louis thw artinghis
epshadbeentakento shieldtheirholdings
heI ndependencebusinesscommunityhad
erunning" alargeswindling
54 thef irmofA brahamsandR osenthalw as
ntinuedtopromisethattheywouldmake
alldebts thelocalcreditreporterwrote
hataf raudisabouttobe imposedoncreditors
gdebtswerevariouslyreportedinNovember
2 000to$20 000. Therew ererumorsthat
12 000inSeptemberand$ 2 000more in
nied. B othA brahamsandR osenthalmoved
ber1854. The lastcreditreportonthem for
cinct: " B rok eup runof f putoutandgone
edebts andreputationofinfamousscoun-
endorseit. Thereporteraddedthat
rsin P hiladelphiathatthemuletransac-
2
senthalreallysetouttodefraudtheir
I tseemsunlikely.Certainlytheirbusinesses
topoormanagementonR osentha l spart. The ir
swaveredbetweensuspicionbasedon
sedongreed lettingthelattergetthe up-
to e tendcredittoa troubledopera-
ahamsshowedhisownwiliness ashetried
mhisbankruptcy.B utitis improbablethat
putationforgood characterandhones-
ssswindlerwithin18months.
ofoundintheSt. L ouisC ityD irectory
veoperatedTheP eoplesO utf itt ingStore
throughlate 1855oreveninto1856
ofhim inWeston. More lik e ly though
s forhew aslistedasamerchantintheSt.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n
c - s
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ms
or1857 tw oyearslater A brahamA brahams
nmerchantandtrader withsonMorris
aclerk andsonMichael 18 boardingatthe
ly 1860 w henthecensuswastak en the
nupstillanotheroccupation:Abraham
rea ll l istedaspaw nbrok ers. He w asthenliv ing
rdinghouse andev idently thecensustak erob-
mtheotherboarders sincehissurname
orrect asaretheagesof J osephandE lias
wnmerelyasU .S.H iswifewaslisted
nd buthernamew asgivenasMary not
shownasbeing10yearso lderthansheactua lly
erinaccurate information amre luctant
r athirdwife.
omtheB usinessD irectory for1863 his
andeventook outaquarterpagead( f ig.
edtotheDirectory thene ttw oyearsasaclerk
awnbrokers( e ceptforElias 17 w ho
sC ommercia lCo llege . A B en aminA brahams
sinpartnershipw ithhissonJ oseph. B y 1865
withothermembersofthefamilylisted
s.
S I t D H l N S H j .M i r. CTO H Y . j j j
n 1 i NM d Sr il S.
nlyamount onil l
f fi & B Y ,
na lP roporly
A H A MS
f i rs t d oo r f ro m F o u r th S t . L o u i s. M o .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
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A K K F AM L Y S W1NU MAC I I N , 18tllO enslcitlearned
O .
NA H A MMX
G A N
rli
te l.
. l - i il H i m i il r . r em 1 2 10
h lirl . tt mrenmiil
i v
nllrcl- rlnle ii iall le rcnne
b i n n t
.M lr r. r. l . i l l vi -i . .
m. l onvent le t.
l v M r r im i lo f il r. ih l ni r c * r
. r. ( ' n i ue i ii l i d 3 1 a m i
r . T .l T S l. ( l i n l n
ll i hi f m i ll i i y K ' i n il i i. t i l. R W ,
i . h. n t l n t . ll c uu n in n t
r K T C l i. i r U - l l r ln - r r . 3 n .i
l i ii n ii A ( « . , l m U . K v c rr t t
pnw nliro lirr i- f l lmn. 3 l
. v in ( A l n Al ni mi A ( * « . , l nl u
( A . U . n n A K . l v lw i n A li r a .
l O n V r .3 17 O l iv e
| | . l I n * , m li lm mi * , i lr rm n n l cl nn k
n .4 l li r . m l . a i i i n. b e i.
v rie lt
mrnuk er 1111lira
lpon. nd». i. id in -h. ni
I l .r rb .r n an d D o tk r
er bd . R 13. S. ii i 1
iw in i yi n n r . wi . lh l. l l
t
t . | i le r 1 .1 00 .i i i. I M
k. r n . 1 1i i - V l l nn e r , r . l il l
* . i
n er ( 1 c t cr A c kc r nM n n , n
U g n n ii i nr . ic t ni y l i d
lor N. M. ll. l l . r. Sl
li ir < : . . M n. I i k. ew .H a
A c k k- y . li d U n l i r i ' .
l hi i , l l I ' I I I '
iddleN.rkrl r.
y '
.n .k e r M 7 O l i i . i f
8. W . rthmue 1MMV k -
lorgnn. l . l l ido iirr. H
v i S m in n cl l l . ri u i i y i .
n .y A l. T .1 3 13 \ V n > l i i n ; l n n r .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n
c - s
a - 4 . 0
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8/9/2019 The token : America's other money / ed. by Richard G. Doty
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-token-americas-other-money-ed-by-richard-g-doty 176/236
8/9/2019 The token : America's other money / ed. by Richard G. Doty
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ms
ookonmakersofB ritishnineteenth-century
s andheassuredmethat theywerenot
hamdiew ork .
suggestedthattheyweremadeinSt.
ew eresevera ldiesink ersthereatthattime
hams sseveralbusinessandfamilycon-
erylikely.W hereverthemintwaslocated
vebeenj uststartingoutwithtok enproduction
henicetiesof striprolling dieharden-
ssued Therearetw opossible
ta lstorecardorasatradetok en. D uringthe
rdtokensimitatedthe designofcurrentU .S.
0go ldpieces foruseasgamecountersorpok er
ef ferkornhasw rittenof thiseraastheSpie l
hamstokensarestruckin brass arethesame
ece andareevenmarkedw itha" 10 onthe
ey lack boththeLibertyheadandeagle .
s the" 10 muststandfor10cents. Though
his halfdimetokensofGermansilver
sGroceryofSt. L ouisaboutthist ime. C er-
of smallchangealongthefrontier:
A n na l s of P l a tt e C ou n ty M o . no t es u n de r J u n e
mallco inhasa ll le f tthecountryand'shin-plasters
redeemablew hen$5ispresented. 28
ea smallsumcomparedtothecost ofan
n Abrahamsmayhaveneededtokensto
eal etc.j ustastwentieth-centurygeneral
sMik eP fef ferkornhassuggestedtome or
purchasesby hisresidenttrade.Another
as ametalcoupon tobedistributedin
rantstoca llonThePeoplesOutf itt ingStore
scount.
late mypreference isfortheco inshort-
ation.ThoughsomeAbrahamstokensseem
e mightassociatewithgamecounteruse
e heavywearoftenseenonsuchpieces.
muchlikea goldcoin andtheydon tseem
sw emighte pectforcounters. I f theyw ere
thereoughttobemore I ndependencetok ens
eyshouldbefoundthere instead e amples
havecomefromthe I ndependencearea.
intheappendedcorpusof I ndependence
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n
c - s
a - 4 . 0
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out10years agoonpropertyoriginallyown-
ioneerD r. L yddallW. Tw yman w holived
erytimeAbrahamAbrahamskepthisstore
locationisw esto f I ndependence closeto
ilpassedonitsw ay totheMissouriR iver.
e la rgecent andearlyglassa lso foundin
D onP arish thoughtthatastoremayhave
50s.2 Thisfindiscertainlymore sug-
ielmarkeuse. Thetokenisinrather poor
mprovedbybeingcleaned withawire
.60 intheappendedW estoncorpus
oundinsomej unk anddonatedtothe
seumin1 78 byanon-co llectingcouplef rom
as. U nfortunately theyareno longeratthesame
78 andhavenotbeenlocatedsothatmore
hamstokensofI ndependenceand
te especia lly fortheWestontokens ita t
haminimumnumberofsurvivors. F orI n-
atleast10 andprobably11different
ppearancesshown ofcourse thereare
ncethanthis.Thiswill necessitatearevi-
estimateof f rom5to8surv ivors. J ohnF ord
tstherarity tobeHighR 6toL ow R 7 on
rabout10to20pieces. Thisseemstometo
ablytoocommontobe countedac-
asthis asmanyareheldin smallercollec-
missed. I ncompleteasit is thecorpus
ast41andprobably44 differentpieces
cesmentioned. Onceaga in B ruceSmith s
ne istenceseemslow thoughI cannot
pecimense ist. How ever otherspecialists
chhighernumbers:SteveTanenbaum
d 1 5 0 or m o re a n d J o h n F o r d R a r i t y 3 " a t
a le or201to500 Myow nguess sub ect
00to150 oraboutthreeto fourtimesthe
I thinkthatthehigherestimatesaredue
concentratein thehandsofafew
emingtobecommonerthanthey reallyare.
uitescarcecomparedtoothertok ensof theperiod.
almintagewithanydegree ofcon-
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n
c - s
a - 4 . 0
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ms
AssumingthattheI ndependencetoken
cteristicratio of2% wouldgiveanoriginal
0if10to20piecese ist. Thisw oulde ua l
00if thetokensw ere intendedasdimes
ome.W eareprobablyunlikelytoget any
I favor$ 50faceasamorereasonable
ereminted youmaywellask w hereare
I suspectthatA . M. A brahamsdestroyedthem
hisstore sendingthoseonhandback
w ithhisnew address. Thisw oulde -
highgradepieces.TheW estonpieces on
ostly le f tovers w ithvery few w ornpieces
open suchashorttime.The originalmin-
hesame say500.
ro ectI thoughtthatthehighgradepieces
1860s asthepriceofWestontok ensfe ll
2centsin1884. How ever asaresulto f
deteriorationfor specimensofvarious
atat leastonewell-usedpieceisfroma more
herpieceinnearly uncirculatedcondi-
allAbrahamstokensare originalstrikes
heuncirculated/aboutuncirculatedpieces
that isnotyetclearedup however:
estontok ens. A sstatedearlier there is
brahamsever beinginW eston.Thisis
sincePa ton sA nnalso fP latteC ounty lists
eston yearbyyearfromthe1840s through
msisnevermentionedatall.
rahamstok enshaveadiesink er serror
aregivenas" M. A . insteadof thecor-
t ly thediesink erw asa lsoabeginneratthe
rcarefully layingoutthename" A B R A HA MS
rovertheheadofWashington hene t
. M. sothatthey look edcorrectonthe
forgotthatthisreversedthem ontheactual
enmoreegregiouserror onthesecond
thatA brahamshadastore inWestport
o f1854. Westportistheclosesttow nto I n-
ston isaconsiderabledistancefartherup the
hmorefamousat thistime.Supposethat
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n
c - s
a - 4 . 0
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eston asseemslik e ly butw henhe
store inWestporthedidsoora lly and
apshadneverheardofW estport—thought
perhapsthediesink ersimplyneglectedtomak e
der andj ustassumedthatWestonmust
nmeant.
thereareanumberofsim ilardiesink er s
tokenseriesofabout10 yearslater.And
tharecordof beingfoundinMissouri
heKansasC ityarea ad acenttoWestport
w allow edupbyKansasC ity Missouri but
. I f thistheory iscorrect then the" Weston
edinWestport Missouri betweenlate1853
omuchhelpinpreparingthispaperthatmyef fortsamounta lmost
ofothersratherthanan originalstudy.F irst anything
okensnecessarilybuildson theresearchofB ruceSmith
Censusof1850recordfor Abrahamsindetail.O fgreatvalue
ocalhistorianR ayMaiero fSibley MO, w hogenerously
sentmarkedcopiesofthe originaldocumentation pro-
SantaF eTra ilA ssociation1 9 3symposium andansw ered
ef ferk ornofSt. L ouismadeaspecia ltriptotheSt. L ouisPublic
ouiscitydirectoriesandcensusrecordsfor1860to18 0
inalsin manycases.SteveTanenbaumlookedupallthe
hiladelphiadirectoriesinhislibraryfor thetimewhen
havelivedthere.J oeL evinecheckedtheP hiladelphiadirec-
ofichefrom1837through1847 andprovideddataonauc-
ens.R ichardD otycheckedtheSt.L ouiscitydirectory
ahamslist ings. PatO ' B rien sresearchonL ouisTappan s
entedinhispaper " J ew ishTradersontheSantaF eTra il "
ssociationsymposium September25 1 9 3 provede treme-
A brahams sactiv it iesinI ndependenceandSt. Louis. Mrs.
ro f theWestonHistoricalMuseum prov idedquotationsf rom
photographs andinformationonthetokensin theircollec-
edmetoconsultthe SuperiorStamp& Coin/A-Marklibrary.
eofthesale ofanAbrahamstokeninone ofhisauctions.And
tors collectors anddealersinmerchanttokenshave
ationontheirholdings goingsofaras toweightheir
heneverpossible verifiedthesourcescited anda ll
myown.
ountainA dventures andaV iew ofOurW esternE mpire
. 2 , p p . 4 5 - 6 .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n
c - s
a - 4 . 0
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ms
P ennsy lvania 1stWard Southw ark C o. o fP hilade lphia
anA.Abrahams anAbrahamAbrahamsandanAbraham
adelphiaC ounty inadditionto f iveotherA brahamsfamiliesw ith
roughoutthestate.F romreviewingthecensusrecordsfor
onlyA.AbrahamsofP hiladelphiaCountyhadchildrenmat-
A brahamsof J ack sonC ounty MO, tenyearslater. Tocon-
Abrahamsofthecensuswith theA.Abrahamsofthe city
esofthoselistedbeforeand afterhiminthecensus were
340S. 2nd(1841directory ; A brahamA brahams 342S. 2nd
ndC has. B . A bernethy NW 2nd& German( 1841directory .
d. L itt leB ook ofE arlyA mericanCraf tsandTrades( New
s e e al s o T h e B o o ko f T ra d es o r L i b r a ry o f t he U s e f u l Ar t s ( P h i la d el p hi a
, p p . 14 - 15 .
reditreportso fL ouisTappan sMercantileA gency
B r i e n i n " J e w is h T ra d er s o n th e S an t a F e T r ai l S T A S ym p os i um
3 .
e n .7 .
0 M i ss o ur i J a c ks o n Co . p . 2 71 .
o ur i J u n e 5 1 8 52 R e g i s tr y o f D e e ds B o o k T p p . 80 0 -8 0 1.
s t J a c ks o n Co . M i ss o ur i M a y 17 1 8 53 R e g i s tr y o f D e e ds
ve n . 8 .
ve n . 8 .
e e d J a c ks o n M i ss o ur i D e c e m be r 1 6 1 8 53 R e g i s tr y o f
p p. 1 1 - 2 0 .
st J a c ks o n Co . M i ss o ur i F e b ru a ry 1 8 1 8 54 R e g i s tr y o f
p p. 2 38 -3 .
s t J a c ks o n Co . M i ss o ur i M a y 1 1 8 54 R e g i s tr y o f D e e ds
3 .
ve n . 8 .
bo ve n .8 .
teesSa leofR ea lE state J ack sonC o. Missouri November
o f D e e ds B o o k W , p p . 25 3 -5 5 .
ve n . 8 .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n
c - s
a - 4 . 0
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ve n . 8 .
el A nA rrangementofTradesmen sC ards P o lit ica lTok ens
Medalets & c. C urrentintheUnitedStatesofA mericafor
s ( N e wY o r k 1 85 8 , p . 6 , p l. 2 .
n . 23 , p . [ 5 .
en A D escriptionof theMedalsofWashington o fNationa l
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1 8 61 , p . 5 1 n o . 11 1 .
n s M e da l s a n d Se a ls A n ci e nt a n d Mo d er n ( N e wY o r k 1 8 61 ,
St o re C a rd ( c i ti n g B a n ke r s H o m e M ag a i n e , T h e
8.
n A nnalso fP latteC ounty Missouri f romitsE x ploration
7 w ithGenealogiesof itsNotedF amilies andSk etchesof its
i sh e d P e o pl e r e pr . e d. ( C a pe G i ra n de a n M O , 1 6 0 .
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onference
ticSociety New York
4
maticSociety 1 9 5
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t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
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piesauni ueplaceinAmerican
ubstitutefor money itfilleda specificneed
merchantsalike andusheredinanew in-
nganddeliveringthese tokensprobably
seventeenthcentury.R outesalesmen
tothe localmerchants tookontheline
ens( manufacturedbyoneof thema or
C hild sorStaunton . I f themerchants
imately18.50perthousandcustomtokens
of hisstockissuesfor$ 6.50orsoper
reali eadecentprofit.Thesewere sold
nitedStates( mainlyNew York andthe
heama ingsuccessofthis merchandising
000differentvarietiesoftokensbeing
ouringofw ellover25 000 000copies
centageofthesetokenswereissuedor
orprivateco llectors( suchasEdw ardGrohand
butthevastma orityof thesevarietiescirculated
eceivedaspecimeninhis pocketchange
chmayhavebeenanaccidenta llossf roma
manyinnovationsincoinageandcur-
ngvariousemergencyspecie.TheCivil
ducedtheC ivilWartok en butother
rmonetarysystem.Thepapermoneyof
partofoureverydaylifethat itishard
stemofpapercurrency ( basically thegreen-
nly135years. Thef irstf ractionalcurrency
ere issuedduringthew ar. Tow ardstheendof the
and nickelthreecentwerestruck.Thenow
dWeTrust w asintroduced eventua lly f in-
ceptthecent. Thef irstbron eI ndian
patterns in1863andachievedgeneral
weepingchangeshavehada lastingef-
arysystem.Wehaveonly mentionedcur-
TheConfederacyissuednumerousforms
rnment state countyandprivateissues.
e" emergency issueshaveneverreceived
cetheydeserve.E venthemetallicissues
houghverylimited areaveryimportant
aosthate istedintheSouth. O necan
kof tokensissuedintheConfederateStates
establishedprivateminterswerelocated
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n
c - s
a - 4 . 0
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Concurrentlybanksandmunicipalitiesissued
ndera dollar.Sincethesolvencyofmany
uestionable theyweremistrustedfrom
bettercurrency outofcirculationaccor-
. 4
sticform ofemergencyspeciewasthe
nimitativeofGovernmentcents theyfirst
NewY orkinlate1862.These coppers
earthew eightof thesmallbron ecent met
5I nthespringof 1863theL indenmueller
ork—amillion piecesbeingstruck.6
thenissuedtheKnick erbock erones( manyof
llowingparagraph inq uantitiesinmany
nswereissued— thepatriotictokens
rds. Thepatrioticseries mainly issuedinand
dpatrio ticslogansontheco ins andboreno
ents.Manyofthespecimenswereingeneral
t lypopularI ndiancent. Today a f terf ive
ograph thenumberofpatrioticvarieties
ver1 500toover1 800varieties. 7The
issuedfrom23 statesandalmost300towns.
it ionof " U . S. C iv ilWarStoreCards " 8
ieslisted.Anadditional180 orsonew
onH arrisf romstudiesof theA NSco llec-
hesecondedit ionofF uldin1 75. Others
heC WTSJ ournalovertheyears andw ill
omingthird edition.
fthesmallcent si e( afewwerelargecent
entsi e f lans w erecommonlyacceptedas
rtheva lue w hichwasa lmosta lw aysone
hasi edthatmerchantscouldmak eatidypro-
yswhena centcouldactuallybuy
hecopperva lue inthemw asonly23/100thsofa
ubtedlyasourceof greatreliefand
couldnotberedeemedinquantity forU .
problemthat soonattractedtheatten-
rnment. Hetrich& Guttagstatedthatthe
fNewY orkre uestedL indenmuellerto
okens whichtheyhadacceptedin the
tthishe laughingly refusedtodoso. The
anditisl ikelythatincidentssuchasthis
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n
c - s
a - 4 . 0
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vernment.Theoutpouringofbron ecents
restillnot sufficienttosuppresstheCivil
F ina lly in1864 anacto fC ongressfor-
lstoissueany formofmoney.Asfaras
ederalgovernmentdidnottryto press
ainstanyofthedie sinkersbefore1864.10
thathasbeenslowto berecogni edby
rMelv inandmyself contactedScov illMfg. C o.
osee if theyhadany informationontok ens
nineteenthcentury.F ortunately theyhad
dw ardH. D av is w hoservedashistorianfor
sla teninetiesin1 77. Hew asamember
Tandhadak eeninterestinScovil l shistorica l
ttons tokensandmedals.Severalarticles
nC iv ilWarTok ensw erew rittenj o intlyw ith
heNSMintheearly1 50s. D av isa lso
monographabouttheL afayettebutton
arlyScovillrecordsweredestroyedby
830 sandoneinF ebruary1881 D av isin-
mainingrecords werestoredatW ater-
totheL ibraryofC ongress.13I fmemory
eenandthew riterattemptedtov iew the
ry butw ereto ldtheywereunava ilable . R e-
nvener R ichardD oty e licitedthe location
ata thatwereinitiallyatY aleandnow
ssSchoo l sB ak erLibrary inB oston. Whena
w asobta inedinthesummerof1 9 4 there
umesofvariousrecordsofthe 1860-65
withtheaidoftheir researcharchivist
ltedinvo lumesofdecayedleatherdustbutlitt le
intheScovillcollection V olumes7 8 and9 ,
yinvoicingofvariousmerchandisefrom
Thisincludedsuchdiverseproductsas
lesandeagleplates re f lectors rivets buglesand
erprocessingincludedbrass( sof t scrap ova l
rmansilver lead silver springscrapandsheet
ncesto tokensormedalsintheperiod
0 0 0 pa g es .
mismaticentriesstatedthat300copper
o lenofWorcesteronMay5 1864( C OD
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
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pece. D irectevidencee iststhatScov il lmade
oundabouteightdifferentcompletely
artokens wellstruckanduncirculated
enotedengraverJ arv isE. E ll isatthefac-
efo llow ing( a llpatrio tics F uldnos.
1 8 / 2 31 a n d 23 1 /3 9 . 1 6 Th e re w e re s e ve r al
edinthestorecardbook butadil igentsearch
allthem.This listisonlypartially com-
nceandbackgroundof theseuni uemuleshas
hed.Themulesmadenological sense
enfound andtheyareretainedas part
Scov ill . Whenw ee amineda llthere-
v il loverthecourseofsevera lyears it isob-
ro fpieces includingsomeE nglishmedals
etitivesamplesaccumulatedforcomparison.
ftheseScovill issuesarenotnotedin the
mined andw edidnotfee lcomfortableassum-
buttonsasadisguise. Wee aminedw hat
especiallyin1828-30period butfound
.I rememberthatD avisfoundarecord
rishtok enofNew O rleansandmintageatone
locatethisintheHarvardholdings. 17
mes somecompetitors appearrepeated-
cords:
ssilver
dpurchaseofscalesandparts
aterpartnershipwithScovillfor
cturing
se ll& E rw inMfg. C o. buttons
ostondistributorforN. Y . Store
m5 000setsof " w reath
ings[ madetwosidedbrassshe lls
ns B ostonbrassitems
at remainedatScovillinthe early1 50s
visthoughtthatmostwereuselesshistorical-
ghttobe late issues. I ntheearly1 70s B ruce
nsylvaniaH istorica lSocietyhe lpedtodistribute
asearlyas1840w erefound. B ecauseof the
st E . H. D av istriedto f indC iv ilWartok endies
singlediewas found whichmatchesF uld
relativelycommonpatrioticpiecewhichcir-
area . Thisw asamassivedie roundin
ly3 indiameterand4 high. Thetopw as
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
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ttachmenttotheco iningpress andthedie
ottomsurface— nocollarwasevident.
rik ings(orsplashers f romthedie inlead
thediedisappearedintheearly1 60s a f ter
ca llsee ingadietria lo f the174die inlead
otaw arew here itreposes( seeF uld174/ nc .
waspresentedtotheF uldswithcompany
about1 53- I tdidshow somediscolora-
esurfaceswere intact.
0a.U ndoubtedlya
yissuefromH unt-
t lerissue.
0A -la . Ex tremely rare
manticshowingan
ncoln.
b. A raresutlerissue
a. Scarcemidwestissue
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
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0A- fo( enlarged . A . Weberissuef romL ouisvil lestruck over
.Arare Maryland
versedie( by
issuedabout1880.
115 - la . Popular
gandinscription
.
0 - 5 f. P o p ul a r
ork show ing
klinstruckinsilver.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
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30 - 4 fo . B r o a s P i e
erliberty seated
M s h ow i ng a c ro s s
a525A-le.Coindealer
rank linhead. I n
0 B - 4 e 6 0 C -l a
relatedmerchantissues
Nashv il le possibly
ia8 0G- la. Storecard
ngshow ingf lying
artokensuptothe epicpublicationof
24isinteresting butquitespotty . Thef irst
l ineyE. C hase inthe J ournalo f the
Society in1863. 1 I t l istedsevera lhundred
I nanirregularseria ll ist inginA Nf rom
onymouslist ingof " C opperheads appeared. 20
nauthoredby E dwardGrohorJ .N.T.
er anotheranonymouslist ingof " C iv ilW ar
ott sCoinCollector sJ ournalin1882and
E dgarH. A damspublishedoneinhisC o in
Thisappearedf romA pril1 16through
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n
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ournalw asdiscontinued. TheA damslisting
eplates andte tweretheinitial basis
naddit ion therewereanumberof f ine
glemerchants inTheNumismatistf rom1 12
dgarA damsandWaldoC . Moore. Publication
nsceasedforthemost partwhenH etrich
pearedin1 24. 23Thisw asacomplete list ing
C ivilWarpatrio ticandstorecardsk now n.
eganagain20yearslater whenthene t
eliteratureas aserieswasagroup ofar-
ett inthe1 43and1 44issuesofThe
nginthe1 45NumismaticR ev iew 24
sedboththepatrioticandstore cardseries
wvarietiesandcorrectinglistingsof about
ittleadditionalinformationaboutCivil
aspublisheduntil1 5 w iththeappearance
25
ooksorarticlesa lludetoC iv ilWartok ens
son singleissuers manyofwhichwere
i edpublications.TheseincludeW .S.B aker
a rd K u r th i n 1 4 1 2 7 a nd a c o nt r ov e rs i al a r ti c l eb y
4 3 o n th e S to n er & S h ro y er t o ke n s 2 8 J . D o y l e
; 2 M el vi n an d Ge or ge F u l d ( 1 5 2 th ro ug h 1 5 6 ; ' °
s( 1 4 a nd 1 5 8 ; " R o be rt P . K i n g( 1 2 4
W . T .R . M a rv in ( 1 88 0 ; " a nd D o u gl as W a t so n
asi ethecomplete invo lvementof theCiv il
TS inthefurtheranceofC ivilWartok en
67 theC WTSJ ournalhascontinua lly
usauthors especiallyinregardtodetail-
dualissuer completewithbiographical
willnotdetailtheselistings butreferthe
e esforthe J ournal. TheC WTShasa lso
errataandcorrectionstothe fourthedi-
kina softcovercasing.Alsoincludedin
ie -a -grams by J ack Detw ilerusedfor
es( f irstpublishedintheC WTSJ ournal ,
fmetalcompositionsofmanyofthe
aspioneeredthestudyof thecomposit ion
eCivilW artokens mostlypublishedin
tisinterestingtoreali e thata lthoughcop-
bric brasswasusedformany issues( w ith
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n
c - s
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mainly intheA lbanyandTroyNew York area.
the1 85A NA convention D r. Wilsonsum-
btainablecharacteristicsof thevariousplan-
k ens.36Thereare listed13( 2typesoc-
dif ferentmeta ltypes e cludingstruck over-
. Thevarious" simple characterist ics
TA S F O R C V I L W AR TO K E NS
( s e e be l ow n . 3 6 .
ndused sparinglyonlyonstorecards andsomemaynot
Table2 arediameterandthick ness( mm ,
rringcharacterist ic co lor(mostusefulonuncir-
touchstoneprocedure magnetism andthe
ficgravityre uiringascalewith atleast
methodtoweighin water.E lectron
eenrunona numberofspecimens but
cost atanindependenttestinglaboratory
smighthavethisdoneatnocost . 37The
dbytheW ilsonpro ectisvoluminous.the
neof themoreinterestingresults.The
materialprev iouslycalled" lead —how ever
sshow thatthebluishtypesw ithano ide
specificgravityof10.0-11.0 whilethe
yz incwithaspecific gravityof7.0-7.3.
rculatedalmoste clusivelyinNewY ork.A
nstruckoverU .S.copper-nickel( C-N
asionsoverU . S. l iberty seateddimes( asw ell
tersandsomeE nglishsilver .
e off-metalenigmaisthatasimple
rerestrucklaterforcollectors isnotvalid.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n
c - s
a - 4 . 0
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O L S F O R TO K E NS
tics
tandards
py
metry
e
( s e e be l ow n . 3 6 .
arlydie statesinthevariousoff-metals.
torscontractto haveoff-metalsstruckatthe
e Withthe largeco llectorbaseofC ivil
ybethetimehascometo makeaconcerted
theoff-metalvarieties.Atpresent all
ectedasfullycontemporary( withafew
x ceptionsforinstance aretheuseofaC iv il
raddressesonlyvalid after1865forthe
50yearssince I a ttendedthe1 47A NA
naltruist icladof15. There I mettw o" die-
lJ ack aofOhioandB illW ildofF lorida . They
ngregularU .S.coinswasfrivolous and
rnsandC ivilWarcents. I heededthe iradvice
. S. co llection( itw asn ttoobad in1 4
eJ osephB arnettcollectionofC ivilWar
elfbecameimmersedinthisfield— for
onlyw erethey interesting butthebasecost
sapieceforunpickedpieces.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n
c - s
a - 4 . 0
8/9/2019 The token : America's other money / ed. by Richard G. Doty
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twiththetokenshasbeenrewarding
throughouttheU nitedStateswithfellow
pethatsomeoftheyoungernumismatistsof
cit ingfie ldofstudy thatisinneedofsome
dgethepioneersofCivilW artoken
don E dgarA dams Dr. GeorgeHetrich
ephB arnettandMelvinF uld. My thank stomycrit ic
B arryTaymanandtomyw ife D orisfor
eB akerL ibraryoftheB usinessAdministra-
rdUniversityandR esearchA rchiv ist L inda
ensiveScovillmanuscriptavailableforstudy.
w iththecooperationof theL ibraryofC ongress
urrent" restingplace o f theScov il lpapers
obertL ovettmanufactureddiesandafewcentsfor use
ot" co ldfeet fearingretalia tionasasympathi er( hisengrav -
uriedthecents( tok ens anddiesuntilw e lla fterthew ar.
" J o h n Ga u lt a n d J . C . A y re s : E n c a se d P o s t a ge M a ke r a nd H i s
R i c h ar d G . D o t y e d . T h e To k en : A me r ic a s O t h e r M on e y C O A C
Y o r k 1 9 5 .
eriodisgenera lly consideredtorunf rom182 toabout1840
nitedStatesandmanyotherbanksfailedcausing ourfirst
SeeE ricP . New man " ThePromotionandSuppressionofHard
ichardG.D oty ed. TheToken:America sO therMoney CO AC
Y o r k 1 9 5 .
atesthatw hensevera lcurrency typesare incirculation the
utthebettercurrency ( orco in .
uliusGuttag C iv ilWarTok ensandTradesmen sStore
A 1 2 4 .
ld P atrioticC iv ilWarTok ens origina llypublishedseria lly
ook Maga ine( C hicago 1 5 ) ; mostrecently therev is-
nhasbeenissuedby theC ivilWarTok enSociety ( 1 9 4 .
v il W a r T o ke n s ( a b o ve n . 6 .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n
c - s
a - 4 . 0
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ld U . S. C ivilWarStoreC ards C iv ilWarTok enSociety
a b ov e n . 5 p p . v- v i.
otethattheB rit ishw how eref loodedw ithcopiesofha lf
nthcenturydidnotconsiderissuanceofthese minorcoins
l d E d wa r d H . D a v i s " S u b e c t I n d e o f A d a m s
handGuttag' C iv ilWarTok ensandTradesmen sC ards , " NSM
" A da m s ' U n i te d St at es S to re C ar d I n de , " N SM 1 5 4 p p. 5 37 -4 7.
rdtothe24gold presentationbuttonsforGeneral
vllf o rhisU . S. v isit in1824. Thedie-sink ing( signed w asby
. C . Wright seeE. H . D av is TheL afayettePresentationB ut-
ebu ry C T 1 5 1 .
" T h e Sc o vi l l D i e s — A n Af t er A c ti o n R e p or t " U n p u b li s he d
80 R egistrar P hilade lphiaH istorica lMuseumC ollection( 8pgs.
donthepopularH ardTimestokens L ow46and47 show-
f romtheashes.
ection( HMC , appro . 450vo lumes. B ak erL ibrary H ar-
B oston MA . Quotedbypermission.
ok 8 p g 43 2 M ay 5 1 86 4 as n ot ed .
e istheunlik e lycombinationofahorseandanass. I n
sanunlik e lycombination( usua llyunre lated o f tw odies o f ten
al.
iv a te c o mm u ni c at i on 1 5 2 .
e n . 13 , p . 1.
" C atalogof tokens circulatingduringtherebellionof1861 "
ericanPhilosophica lSociety V o lL X , pp242-258P hilade lphia
yEdw ardGroh " C opperheads A descriptivecata logueof
iccurrency issuedintheseveralStatesof theU nitedStates
nd in g in 1 86 4 " A N V o l . 1 p p. 1 3 2 3 2 , 3 8 4 6 5 2
V o l. 2 p .5 2 V o l .3 . p p .2 4 6 6 V o l. 4 p p. 16 2 4. ( N ew Y o rk
f theR ebell ionTok ens " TheC oinCo llectorsJ ournal V o l.
1 7- 23 4 1- 45 6 0- 70 8 2- 87 1 03 - , 1 13 -1 6 1 2 - 31 1 53 -5 6 1 6 - 76
3 , p p. 7 -1 3 2 2- 25 3 6- 44 5 6- 63 6 5- 6 , 8 - 6 1 04 -1 0 1 21 -2 7
-6 , 187-20 . B asedontheE dw ardGrohco llectionnow atthe
appearedinthef ina lsectionof thearticleonp. 20 " We
theW arofR ebellionTokenswithoutagainthankingMr.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n
c - s
a - 4 . 0
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t assistanceinthepreparationofthesepapers withoutthe
onourlistwouldhavebeenfragmentaryandof butsmall
" C i vi l W a r T r ad e sm e n s T o ke n s of O h i o C o in a n d Me d al
p p. 1 - , 2 2- 28 3 - 43 6 2- 68 8 2- 88 9 6 - 1 00 " C i v il W a r
isconsin " CMB 1 ( 1 16 , pp.102-5 117-24 ; " TheCivil
" C M B 1 ( 1 1 6 , p p. 1 35 -3 8 2 ( 1 1 7 , p p. 7 -1 2 2 3- 2 , 3 - 43
s of K e n t u ck y " C M B 2 ( 1 1 7 , p p . 4 3 -4 4 " T h e Ci v il W a r
CMB 2 ( 1 17 , pp.44-45 " TheCivilW arTokensofAlabama "
p .4 5.
a b o v e n . 5 .
SupplementtoC iv ilWarTok ensandTradesmen sC ards " The
. 2 5 4- 5 8 3 7 2 -7 6 4 6 1 - 63 5 4 - 5 1 6 4 3 -4 7 7 2 5 - 27 7 7 - 9 ,
t is t 1 4 4 p p . 33 - 37 1 2 0- 2 2 2 1 3- 1 4 4 1 4- 1 7 6 0 4- 8 " S u p-
k ensandTradesmen sC ards " NumismaticR ev iew 2( 1 45 ,
8 ; GeorgeandMelv inF uld A GuidetoC iv ilWarStoreC ards
1 65 .
M e da U i c P o r tr a it s o f W a sh i ng t on ( P h i la d el p hi a 1 8 85 .
" C iv il W a r To ke ns o f D . . W i ng & C o. " N SM 1 4 1 p p.
A New V iew of theStoner& ShroyerTok ens " The
p . 33 7 -3 .
t t A C e nt u ry o f C am p ai g n B u t to n s 17 8 - 1 88 , ( H a r t f or d C T
uld " MedaU icMemoria lso fF rank lin " TheNumismatist
2 8 " T h e W e al t h of t h e So u th T o ke n s " N S M 1 5 8 p p . 1 7 85 - 2
r B o u tw e ll " T h e Nu m is m at i st 1 5 2 p . 3 5 ; " T h e To k en s
u " T h e Nu m is m at i st 1 5 5 p . 3 3 " T h e To k en s o f th e G re a t
Nu m is m at i st 1 5 2 p . 8 87 .
os " C iv ilWarTok ensof I l l ino is " C hicagoC oinClubA n-
) ; " T he C iv il W a r To ke ns o f I n d ia na " N SM 1 5 8 p p. 1 - 24
12-15 1124-25 1345-48 1548-48.
" L i n co l n in N u mi s ma t ic s " T h e Nu m is m at i st 1 2 4 p p . 55 a n d
mentsappearingTheNumismatistfor1 28and1 33.
heMedalsof theMasonicF raternity ( B oston 1880 .
I l l us t ra t ed G u id e t o W i sc o ns i n Ci v il W a r T o ke n s ( I o l a W I ,
e ad P l a nc he t Ty pe A na ly e d " C W TS o ur na l W i n te r 1 8 8
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n
c - s
a - 4 . 0
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ad C W T St or e Ca rd s An al y e d " C W TS J o ur na l S um me r 1 8 , p p.
C haracterist icso fC iv ilWarTok enP lanchetMeta lTypes "
NA C onvention B a lt imore MD , J uly1 85.
es onU .S.coinanalysisbynon-destructivetestingus-
adoneatM. . T . by thewriterinthe late1 50smostlyon
" X - R a y U s e d t o D e t ec t C ou n te r fe i t U . S . Go l d D o l la r s " C W 1 5 4
3 .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n
c - s
a - 4 . 0
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A yer:
mpMak er
onference
ticSociety New York
4
maticSociety 1 9 5
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n
c - s
a - 4 . 0
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omen mostresponsiblefortheE n-
manufacturedasasubstituteforsmallchange
r: J ohnGault the irinventorandmanufac-
Gault slargestclient. 1
esofwarhavebeentimesof great
ostilitiesgreatlyalterlocaland national
ilW arbroughtaboutvastchangesin the
tion.Citi ensonbothsides ofthecon-
ndsilver andbeforelongtherewasa
circulation.Commercebeganto suffer
sortedtoall mannerofsubstitutesfor
packetswith 25centsworthofflour
paceofquarters. Othermerchantsandin-
eirownpapermoneyin smalldenomina-
e . Thesepromissory " scrip notescould
ssuers.Shoppersfoundthemselveswith
sattheendof theday eachgoodonlyatthe
sopressedintoservice.W hilethesehad
alsohadaseveredrawback:oncesoiled by
beworthlessaspostage.Theadhesiveback-
s.H umidityandmoisturefrompeople s
ostick towhateversurfacetheycamein
stampsinsideprotectiveenvelopes
e outsideoftheenvelope.P rintersand
enbyproducingsmallenvelopeswith
de.W hiletheenvelopesprotectedthe
tect recipientsfrommiscreantswhowould
aresofpaperintheenvelopesandpassthem
et io n
ostonnamedJ ohnGaultdevisedasolu-
ncasedpostagestamp.Gault sinvention
tampswhile stillallowingthemtobe
dona brassdiskwithasmall pieceofcard-
topthestampwasplaceda diskofclear
sf ramew asbentaroundthesandw ich locking
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n
c - s
a - 4 . 0
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A yer
. A boutthesi eofaq uarter Gault sen-
stocirculatewithoutfearofdamageor
orhisinventiononA ugust12 1862 and
ntotheScovill ManufacturingCompany.
uldcirculateatthe facevalueofthestamp
er thecostoftheir manufacture( notto
. H isso lutiontothisproblemwasas
soldadvertisingonthebackof thestamp
tapremiumto produceencased
messageontheback.E ventually31mer-
himself wouldadvertise34differentpro-
achpiececarriedits messagefromper-
dhandsinthe marketplace.Gault sadver-
biggestmerchandisersoftheday.Ama -
usinessesarestil l inoperationtoday : theL ord
ore(New Y ork , Shil l ito sdepartmentstore
B a i le y B a n k s & B i d dl e j e we l er s .
stampswereusedinGault sencasements:
1 0 , 1 2 , 2 4 , 3 0 , a nd 9 0 . Th ef ou rs ma ll es td en om in a-
latingcoinsand arethemostcommon.
minationswereusedonlyforpostageand
ff iculttouse incirculation. The24 30 ,
sarevery rare .
a lt imore in1831to I rishimmigrantsJ ohn
nMagee( born17 8 . H ehadtw obrothers
terHenry ( born1827 youngerbrother
andsisterA nn. A round1840thefamilymoved
ultpassedawayin1847.The discovery
dyoungJ ohntoC alif o rnia insearchofhis
nashipsailing aroundtheH ornofAfrica.
Americancountriesalongthe si month
Californiahereturnedto B oston where
op andlivedwithhismotherand 16-year-
amachinist combinedw ithhisentrepenuria l
ntsevera linventions includinga lock stitch
es anil luminatedcoa lho lecover andan
ationheadedtowardthe CivilWar he
aments patentingthreekindsofartillery
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n
c - s
a - 4 . 0
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tentdraw ingforaP ro ectile aw ardedto
6 .
onJ uly24 Gaultappliedforthepatent
umismaticandphilateliccirclestoday— a
StampC ase ( f ig. 2 . Thepatentdrawingissti l l
hivesinW ashington.Thedrawingshows
es.Theaccompanyingdocumentation
ars.Theoriginalpatentmodelsomehow
asrecendyso ldatauctionbyB ow ersand
featuresa10cent Washingtonstamp.
ds" J ohnGaultB usinessCard inscript
cardinscribedwiththenameand date
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n
c - s
a - 4 . 0
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A yer
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n
c - s
a - 4 . 0
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so ldw henhisE ncasedP ostagepatentw as
1862. F ourdayslater onA ugust16th his
now23andemployedasabookkeeper
egimentoftheMassachusettsV olunteers.
dasacapta inonDecember4th 1862. In
ear-oldmotherwasdiagnosedwithinsanity.
edicalcareand hisyoungerbrotheroff
beganmanufacturinghisnewproduct.
ostagestampsproducedwerethosebear-
tor.Thesewereundoubtablycreatedby
ngpieces forhisownbusinessand
rtisingclients.Thesepieceswereinscribed
1 86 2 ( t op a nd " J . G au lt ( b ot to m . T he se
cedinalleightstandarddenominations:
tra ito fF rank lin
rtraitofW ashington
n portra ito f J e f ferson
traitofW ashington( fig.4
portraitofW ashington
lac portraitofW ashington
portraitofF ranklin
ortra ito fWashington
oston itseemsnaturalthatmanyof the
estampswerebasedin Massachusetts.The
C . A yer& C o. o fL ow ell MA . A yermanufac-
. H isproductsw ereusedaroundthew orld.
messagesgracedGault sencasedpostage
icP il ls, A yer sSarsaparil la andTak eA yer s
rethemostcommonofa llencasedpostage
ew EnglandmerchantsissuedGault s
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n
c - s
a - 4 . 0
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A yer
orninLedyard C onnecticutonMay5
ersisC ook A yer( bornMay8 17 6 and
nA ugust17 17 2 . H isyoungerbrother
w asbornonD ecember8 1822. Therew eretw o
aurisa .
edin1825 P ersismovedthefamily to
ton whereherfatheroperatedaflannel
hadhisf irstmechanicaltra ininginthemill.
e ll MA to livewithhisuncle J amesC ook .
poralintheWarof1812 hew asamanufac-
arlymayorsofL owell.Asbrother
earslater:
becameac ua intedw ithmy
ohim took himw ithhimto
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n
c - s
a - 4 . 0
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mtoWestfordA cademytocomplete
uation J amestook aclerkship
rugstore[ inthesummerof
wi t h U n c le J a m es a n d as U n c l e J a m es
avea lw aysunderstoodthatmy
etosomee tent mak ing
tertaining forbothofwhich
if t. Duringhisle isurehoursin
fto thestudyofthecompoun-
qua lif iedasaphysician. Mr. R ob-
eadingdrugstore inthecity w as
answhichgave J amesarare
amiliarwiththem andmany
dinhimtothee tentof tak ing
unusualcasesoroperations.
tMr. R obbinsJ amespurchas-
erhisown name.
edrugstore inA pril1841. Hew asj ust
sepricew as$ 2 486. 61 w hichheborrow-
aidinthreeyears.As reportedbyF rederick:
amestheneedofsomestan-
anscouldorderfor coughs
waswarmlyapprovedbythe
C herryP ectora l w asgenera lly
complaints.W ithoutother
thedemandinducedhimto
arket.F romthistimethe
marketabsorbedhimso much
unthe drugstore.
0 32year-o ldJ . C . A yermarriedJ osephine
plepurchasedalargehistoricstone
reetastheirresidence.Theyhadthree
nning H enrySouthwick andL esley
ew rote inan185 letter:
asyw oman . . . verygirlishinher
eyliveinan immensestone
uitenice lyandhandsomely but
hisbrotherF rederick w how asmanaging
se N , andinvitedhimtobecomehis
ricksoldhisinterestin thegeneralstoreand
rehebecameaone- thirdpartnerin . C . A yer
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n
c - s
a - 4 . 0
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8/9/2019 The token : America's other money / ed. by Richard G. Doty
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/the-token-americas-other-money-ed-by-richard-g-doty 218/236
rocesses.H efinancedtheL akeSuperior
I ronC ompany. H eac uiredtimberlands
millsnearby . Hemadetw oj ourneysto
uly3 1878attheageof60. H isdeathwas
yyearsofoverwork ande haustion. He
metery w herehisgrave ismark edbya
rF rederickmanagedthebusinessuntilhis
k C ityandteamedupw ithpartnerJ oseph
stingsindicateK irkpatrickhadbeen
k P lace( acrossf romC ityH allpark since
K irkpatrick& Gaultissuedanencase-
tensivemessagethanGault ssparedesign:
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n
c - s
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A yer
gonthiscurrencyto beaddressedto
N o . 1 P a r k P l a ce N Y . ( f i g. 7 .
ncasedP ostageinNewY orkCity:
ny DougantheHatter Drak e sP lantationB it-
L o r d & T ay l or M e nd u m s F a m il y W i n e E m -
aLife I nsuranceC ompany S. Ste infe ld and
eemorew ere innearbyP hilade lphia : J . B a iley
a n d N & G T a y l or C o . Th e N ew E n g l a nd N e w
phia issuersaccountfor22of the34dif ferent
andbymostmeasures over85% of thetota l
s.
ctinseveral newspapers.One suchad
r6 1862New Y ork Hera ld:
L I CCU R R E NC —A P L I CAT O NSfor
onthenewmetalliccurrency
T p a te n te e N o 1 P a r k P l a c e N e w
everalofhisclients inthistimeperiod.
ampsrunninglow andthenew P osta land
sbeginningtoalleviatethecoin shortage
erofE ncasedP ostageStampswere
alsobroughtbadnewsfrom thebat-
pril Gault sbrotherSamuelw ask il ledat
ouisiana.
piecesnowknownasCivilW arTokens
ut sbusiness somuchso apparently that
meofhis businesstosellingthem.O n
efo llowingadappearedinHarper sWeek ly :
N S of C O P P E R . .. T he b es t q u al it y a nd i n
edat$8perthousandby J O H N
r k P l a c e t w o do o rs f r om B r o a d wa y
presspromptlyforwarded.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n
c - s
a - 4 . 0
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t ionsapproachingin1864 theen-
aletterto incumbentAbrahamL incoln
o. 1P ark P lace Gaultw rote:
eorfour millionmedalsin
kenessesofY ourself& Andrew
tandV iceP residentandwanttoget
ocopy f rom ortheone thatyou
ated.I shallgetthemup in
ndmeaLik enessI sha llbehap-
uly9 , 1864 Gaultpublishedthefollowing
k ly :
I C M D A L I O NS or CAM A GN
ccurate lik enessesofcandidatesonmetal
all iccases sentmymail 15cents
o en. L iberaldiscountstothetrade.
ho lesa leby JO H NGA UL T No.
o r k.
nbuttonsweremanufacturedinasimilar
gestampencasements.Allbearhis patent
62 ( f i g. 8 .
gsforGault areincompleteafterthewar.
his occupationenigmaticallyas" O il .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n
c - s
a - 4 . 0
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A yer
8 Gault smotherpassedaw ay inaB oston
yearheappearsin thedirectoryat71
i uorbusiness.
r-o ldGaultmarriedthe42year-oldP amela
A pr i l 15 1 8 28 , a n a ti v e of E a s t W i nd s or C on -
ochildren. J ohnGaultapparentlysettl-
essfortheresto fhiscareer. Hecontinued
roadw ayaddressuntil18 3 w henhewas
tensively spendingmanyoftheirwinters
. F rom18 8they livedattheMurrayHill
venue.
h il l ne s s G a ul t d ie d o n Ma r ch 1 , 1 0 0 a t
. Thecauseofdeathwaschronicnephrit is or
sinthe livesofthetwomenwho were
eissueof E ncasedP ostageStampsdur-
ohnGaultandJ amesCook A yerbothlost
ngadulthood.Theywerebothtinkerers
hardtoearntheir fortunesatanearly
atein life.Theyeachforesawaneedin the
edandso ldaproductto f i l lthatneed w hile
advertising.
mpsw ere j ustonesmallaspecto f the irrespec-
theyw ere j ustonemorepieceofadvertising
tehis vastbusinessenterprise.F orGault
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n
c - s
a - 4 . 0
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ntionandbusinessventureamongmany.
s theyareoneco lorfulcomponentof the
nage.
ontheresearchef fortso fR obertKinca id w how ork ed
ginalcensusdata deathrecords obituaries andother
onale pense. H eandF redL . R eedI I I directedmyef forts
cLibrary TheNew- ork HistoricalSociety andtheP rinceton
ispro ectw asmy introductiontothew orldofnumismatic
ratefultothesetwogentlemenforthe opportunitytohelpand
othankthe AmericanNumismaticSocietyfortheirkind
C OA C 1 9 4. QuotationsascribedtoF rederick A yerare
ncesofF rederick A yer( B oston 1 23
ascompiledf romHarper sWeek ly November6 1862
uly9, 1864 andTheC ommonwealthofMassachusetts
Sa ilorsandMarinesintheCiv ilWarP eriod vo l. 4( Nor-
-Thestandardreferenceforencasedpostagestampsiscurrently
dD av idQ. B ow ers TheStandardCata logueofEncasedP ostage
N H , 1 8 ) . I t w i ll s o on b e s up p la n te d b y R e e d s f o r t hc o mi n g
asedStamps TheI ssuersandTheirT imes.
ucetheillustrationsincluded herein theauthorisgrateful
I ( f ig s. 1 4 ; R o b er t K i n ca id ( f ig s. 6 -7 ; a nd Q . D a vi d B o we rs ( f i g s.
l lustrations(f igs. 2-3 5 , aref romtheauthor sco llection.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n
c - s
a - 4 . 0
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onference
ticSociety New York
4
maticSociety 1 9 5
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n
c - s
a - 4 . 0
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offeredtwo1785Confederatiocoppers
mallcircle( f ig. 1 , andtheotherw iththe
g. 2 . Theco insw erehighgradeandtheprice
ccordingtothe" R edB ook thepricew asvery
dw asapamphletonStruck C opiesofE ar-
onfederatiocentsweredescribedon
c h a rd D . K e n ne y s a id t h at i n 1 86 3 J o h n A.
MA struck tw oofeachtype insilverand40
oyedthedies. Thediesw erenice lymade w ith
mthegenuinecoins.To makecertainthat
k enforthegenuinee amples B o lenplac-
A NN Sasasecretmark . Thismark w as
feredtome( f ig. 3 .
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n
c - s
a - 4 . 0
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nTokens
eownerof thetwopiecesandhe lowered
5.00each—whichseemedreasonable.There
mycollection andsomeofthemwere
startedtocollectthem— nottoo
heycamealong.
asthefirstin anewseriesofW ayteR ay-
c to r s o u rn a l ( V o l . 1 , N o . 1 , i s s u ed i n 1 5 2 .
w asparto f theyearly subscriptionat$3. 00per
opiesstruckfromdies butK enney
ecopies.ThecopiesofC.W yllysB ettsand
meroustomentionhereandare deserving
neof theco insstruck byB ettsw astheNew
of theF ugiocent w hichconta inednarrow rings
son theoriginalcoins.
eandstruck 65B arC ents 40HigleyC op-
s 40New Y ork L iberNatusE agles and40
piecesand brasse ampleswerestruck
anymulesw eremadebymi ingthedies.
toothers whomadeadditionalcopies.
co indealer( a lsobank er brok er etc. f rom
ck manycopies includingtheNonV iV irtuteV ici
rasherD oubloon New E nglandTok en and
medals. Onepiece theWashingtonC ent
obeacompletefabrication asnoorigina lis
hilade lphiaco indealer issuedcopiesof the
arandB alt imorePenny . Thesew erecerta in-
becauseheplacedhisadvertisementon
dsw asaseriouscoinco llectorinNew York .
he17 6H alfC ent w ithpo le . Whenhedied
lbut12piecesw eredestroyed. Hea lsostruck
C O L U M B I A / N O V A C O N S T L L A T O p ie ce s
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n
c - s
a - 4 . 0
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ok 3butK enneywasnotableto f ind
ick eson authorof theA merican
hilade lphia 185 ) , in185 struck copies
ge Tok ensandlatermadecopiesof theU . S.
ollarwasstruckforthe 1876Centennial
menswerestruckinsilver.The dieswere
als andthereislittle chanceofconfus-
eac uiredbyThomasL . E lder a famous
aterbyR obertB ashlow w hostruck
shlowalsoboughtthediesfor theCon-
uckthousandsoftheminmanydifferent
hedieshadbeenusedbyHa elt inetomak e74
endamagedbystrik ingthemw ithana e.
how allo f thedamage. ThediesfortheC on-
tdamaged how ever itmaynotbepossible
Dick eson sandB ashlow srestrikes.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n
c - s
a - 4 . 0
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nTokens
ngland firmofK ettle& Sonsmadecopper-
1803U. S. Q uarterE aglesandH alfEagles
g. 5 . Theyw erenotmadetodece ive because
w a s pl a ce d a t th e r ig h t of t h e da t e ( f i g . 6 . O n
een removedandmaybeconfusing( see
r o vi d en c e R I , d e al e r h a d co p ie s o f th e 1 77
madein1 36( f ig. 7 . H ehadhisinitia lsH. M. G.
w avebelow How e sbattleship( f ig. 8 .
o fearly coinsistheP ineTreeShil ling.
yfirms includingW hiteheadandH oag
I nternationa lSterlingC ompany (f ig. 9 ) , and
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n
c - s
a - 4 . 0
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esofthe1788MassachusettsCentand H alf
w erenice lydone andEmersonhadatiny " E "
ntof theheadof the I ndian(f ig. 11 .
byC . Wy lly sB ettsw astheNew Haven
ugioC ent. Thisw asmadef romdiescopiedf rom
nterlockingringsaremuchnarrowerin
originals.
madeby ThomasWyatt oftheNew
pence(f ig. 12 . U nabletoobta inactua lcoins
WyattfurnishedacopyofF e lt s183 book
y 4whichinturn wascopiedfrom
inage publishedin1763. F e ltcarriedoverthe
o lk estoaddshadingtothe il lustrations.
engraverfa ithfully copiedeachline andtheyshow
coinsstruck f romhisdies( f ig. 13 Wyatt
includingtheOak TreeShil l ingand
reeSi pence Threepence andP ennyandthe
itse lfa fabrication . 6
weentheoriginalcoinsandthese copies
swerestruckto furnishe amplesofthe
s isalsoshownbythe personalmarks
semarksmadeiteasy todifferentiatebet-
copies. O fcourse themark scouldbe
K E T T E " o n o ne c o in b u t an h o ne s t ef f or t
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n
c - s
a - 4 . 0
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nTokens
deB ook ofUnitedStatesC o ins 47threv . edit ion K enneth
la W I , 1 9 4 , p . 37 .
" Struck CopiesofearlyA mericanC oins " TheC oinC o llec-
n. - e b. 1 5 2 p p. 1 -1 6.
beE arlyC oinsofA merica( B oston 1875 , p. 316.
A nH istorica lA ccountof theMassachusettsC urrency ( B oston
sitep. 248.
lesofE nglishSilverandGoldC o ins( L ondon 1763 , pl. 30
TheSecreto f theGoodSamaritanShil l ing A NSNNM142( New
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n
c - s
a - 4 . 0
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cSocietyistobe commendedforstag-
nceon" TheTok en: A merica sO therMoney "
ardDotyof theSmithsonianI nstitution
hetimingoftheconferencewas e q uisite
olvingintoone ofthemostactiveand
mismaticdisciplines andj usttw omonths
StandardCatalogofU nitedStatesTokens
ecttow ardw hichmypersona le f fortshavebeen
s.1This papere aminestheroleofthe
enturies.
k enisameta ll icsubstituteforgovernmentcoinage
advertising.Therearesomanye cep-
hisbasic rulethatintriguingdebatecould
mantics.
ns atokeniswhateverwechooseto
ememberingthatthelinebetweentokenand
Sometimeseventheline betweentoken
bemadeofmetalto deservethatterm.
reusuallyconsideredtokensrather than
mple andtechno logy inthenineteenthcen-
vulcaniteandothersubstancesto the
eather mother-o f-pearlandothernon-meta llic
ts f romtimetotime try tonarrow the
.Manysaya tokenmustbe" worth
k en. F ore ample itmustbe" goodfor
oneride onebusheloronetask . Theyoverlook
onofstorecards. Wehavenoob ectionto
causeweknowtheyarewell-intended—
age.Numismatistscaninfluenceit butonly
tancecan constrictit.Thisauthorhas
eologicalorsemanticeffort inhistoken
ring" useful to" pure . O neq ualityatok en
issetinconcrete : atok enmustnothavebeen
ranyclear legaltenderpurpose.
nsinAmerica
e lvesthattheEnglishco loniesinA merica
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n
c - s
a - 4 . 0
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0 0
tokens intheearlyeighteenthcentury.
edifferent.
l i a t ionprecededourow ninthisactiv ity
icantlacosandpilonesmayhaveappeared
arrativeaccountsinC hileandP erumention
teenthandseventeenthcenturies. Me ico
tetlacosandpilonesby1753. My1 9 2
canTok ens1700-1 20setsforthsourcedata
dStatesdidprecedeCanadain tokenis-
ationalisticcomfortthatmayaffordus.O ur
ohavebeentheR igault& D aw sonbrass
unty V irginia bearingdates1714and
eforwhichtheso-ca lled" Gloucestershil l-
k now n butitmayhavebeenatobacco
airly goodacceptancewasthe1737
uelH igleyofGranby Connecticut.
-datedMotthalfpenny tok enhaslongbeen
rsttruetradetoken butresearchinrecent
therits murkyprovenance.I tmaywell
807( f ig. 1 .
teenthcentury Americawasinfected
tok encra e w hichmayaccountforthe
bo t A l lu m & L e e o f Ne w Y o r k a s w el l a s th e
gtoncoppersdatedasearlyas 1783( though
eriod17 1to1820 .
heseeighteenthcenturyissuestobe part
nstory.The 1766-datedcoppersofThe
dTradestruck by JamesSmitherofP hilade lphia
ne betweencoin tokenandmedal.
etouseas thebeginningdateforthe
America.E nglishimmigrantR ichard
makingbusinessinNewY orkCitythat
irm inB irm ingham E ngland begane porting
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n
c - s
a - 4 . 0
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chasthose ofTredwellK issamandC.&
reintendedto— anddid—serve duty
nceshigherdenominationcoinswereim-
ansilver" bits ( 121/ 2cents , butinthemain
heU. S. Mintf rom17 3onw astheob ect
acksoniandemocracyledin1833toa
ok enmak ing. I thasbeenestimatedthatin
dofallcoppercentsin circulationwere
struckcents.
and metalliccontent—startedchanging
1period.R eplacingthecopper" cents
orbit im itations severa lvaria tionsnow
sthe dominanttokenmetal andimita-
10and$ 5go ldco insstartedtoappear
ibertyH eadorEagleD isplayeda longw ith
ftentheywereissuedwithreedededges
kingtofurther enhancethesimilarity.
dbeenusedsparinglyastokensasearly
re uentthroughtheendof theHardT imes
rusagewidenedfrom1845on. Agreatmany
ution butremarkablestrideshavebeen
s especiallysincewenumismatistsarecon-
ithtradesfornamematches.B y
meanevery tradef romsilversmithandgunsmithto
cutlerandclockmak er.
ck el w hitemeta landvariousbron esw ere
fer1845 a longwithsilverandlead. E ven
mostprobablycreatedasvanitypiecesfor
y.
tatesMintchangedthe largecoppercentto
andbannedfurtherlegaltenderstatus
esq uick ly fo llow edthe2 mmto1 mm
tq uantitiesofworn-outSpanishsilver
ecounterstampingactivity.
though sawlessmonetaryusagefor
sreignedsupreme.Atleast thosepieceslarger
mofferedasmoneysubstitutes.B utin1858
red: 1 mmcoppercent-si ed" store
cagoandelsewherewhichnotonlyimitated
reversebutpassedcurrentas privatecents.
owedtheCivilW artoken.
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n
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0 0
mericanhistoryhavetheneedfora
nabsolute becausethereigningauthori-
ea circulatingmediumofsmallchange
commerce.
eColonial/ arlyR epublicanera and
etw eentheStates. I nthef irst instancethe
rita infa iledthe irsub ectsinA merica
epeoplebeganhoardinghardcurrency
n1862. Withinayeartherewasnoonew ill-
almeventhough theMintremained
tesforsmallchangeappeared from
chits topostagestamps bothencased
mmercedemandedsomethingmore
mallcentsofcopper brass etc. appearedin
illionCivilW artokensmusthavebeen
whereastherehadbeenperhaps10
nsinpublichands in1837.
tiesofC iv ilWartok ensarecataloged mak -
periodoftokenissuancein Americauntil
1864cutoffmostfurther tokenissuance
ssovere ignco inagerightw asactua llybe ing
e pansionofunbackedmoneysupply.
rca
bannedtheuseof tokensasmoney
tter inAmericainthe nineteenthcen-
dthantheydid anywhereelseintheworld.
nterstampedcoinskeptappearingwellinto
dealsosaw vulcanitestorecards " she llcards
arsordouble eaglesmadeofembossedmetal
cks , andsomethingq uitenew the" trade
w asautil ita rianemission" goodfor a
s 1 2 1 /2 c e nt s a c o rd ( o f wo o d , a m e al o r
B il l ia rdtableandsa loonf i turemanufac-
pply the ircustomerswithtokens andthe
etokenswhichappearedin thelast30
nturyis q uitelarge.Thisareaofattribu-
dby scholarsineverystateof theU nion
eties alreadydocumented.I nmostcases
esappeartohavebeen small—perhaps
C r e a
t i v e C o m m o n s A t t r i b u t i o n - N
o n C o m m e r c i a l - S h a r e A l i k e
/ h t t p : / / w w w . h
a t h i t r u s t . o r g / a c c e s s
_ u s e # c c - b
y - n
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a - 4 . 0
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butitre uireslitt le imaginationtoreali e that
ssibleissuers thenumberofpiecesin
usthavebeenstaggering.
nuedto beissuedaftertheCivilW ar
the1876CentennialF airinP hiladelphia
nEx positioninC hicago.
onofaluminumtotokenmanufacture
ndby theturnof thecentury thecheap beautiful
ndedtokenusageevenfurther.
nearlyA merica( before1840 , tok ensw ere