Bibliography for Stoicism

Articles in Encyclopedia of Philosophy“Stoicism,” “Zeno of Citium,” “Cleanthes,” “Chrysippus,” “Panaetius of Rhodes,” “Posidonius,” “Epictetus,” “Seneca,”“Marcus Aurelius.”

Annas, J. (1993) The Morality of Happiness. New York and Oxford.Arnold, E. Vernon (1911). Roman Stoicism. Cambridge: University Press. Repr. ed. 1958. Not terribly good, but a lot of out of the

way information on minor figures, and quotations of a lot of texts.Baldry, H.C. (1959). “Zeno’s ideal state.” Journal of Hellenic Studies 79: 3–15. A good account of Zeno’s Republic.________ (1965). The Unity of Mankind in Greek Thought. Cambridge.Bobzien, Susanne (1999). Determinism and Freedom in Stoic Philosophy. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Brink, C.O. (1955). “Theophrastus and Zeno on nature and moral theory.” Phronesis 1: 123–45.Brunschwig, Jacques. (1994). Papers in Hellenistic Philosophy. Cambridge, England.Brunschwig, J. and M. Nussbaum (1993). Passions and Perceptions: Studies in the Hellenistic Philosophy of Mind. Proceedings of the Fifth

Symposium Hellenisticum. Cambridge UK: Cambridge University Press.Cicero. On Fate. On the Nature of the Gods. On Divination. On Duties, On Ends, Academica, Tusculan Disputations.Cooper, John M. (1999). “Eudaimonism, the Appeal to Nature, and ‘Moral Duty’ in Stoicism,” in Reason and Emotion (Princeton:

Princeton University Press) 427-448. "Posidonius on Emotions," 449-484. "Greek Philosophers on Euthanasia andSuicide," pp. 515-541.

De Lacy, P. “The Stoic categories as methodological principles.” Transactions of the American Philological Association 76: 246–63.________ (1966). The Meaning of Stoicism. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.R. Dilcher, Studies in Heraclitus (Hildesheim: Olms, 1995).H. Granger, “Argumentation and Heraclitus’ Book,” Oxford Studies in Ancient Philosophy 26 (2006), 1-17. Engstrom, Stephen and Jennifer Whiting (eds.) (1996). Aristotle, Kant, and the Stoics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Epictetus. Translations of G. Long (London: Bell, 1877) and P.E. Matheson (Oxford: 1916) are best.Fortenbaugh, William W. (ed.) (1983). On Stoic and Peripatetic Ethics: The Work of Arius Didymus. New Brunswick and London:

Transaction Books.Gould, Josiah B. (1970). The Philosophy of Chrysippus. Albany: State University of New York Press.*Hahm, D.E. (1977). The Origins of Stoic Cosmology. Columbus: Ohio State University Press. Sandbach claims it is important, but

exaggerates the influence of Aristotle.Hicks, R.D. (1911). Stoic and Epicurean. London: Longmans Green.Hunt, H.A.K. “Some problems in the interpretation of Stoicism.” Journal of the Australasian Universities Language and Literature Association

28: 165–77. On determinism and free will.Ierodiakonou, Katerina (1999). Topics in Stoic Philosophy. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Inwood, Brad (1985). Ethics and Action in Early Stoicism. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Jones, R.M. (1926). Classical Philology 21: 97–113. On Posidonius.________ (1932). Classical Philology 27: 113–35. On PosidoniusKerferd, G.B. (1972). “The search for personal identity in Stoic thought.” Bulletin of the John Rylands Library 55: 177–96.________ (). “Cicero and Stoic ethics.” In Cicero and Vergil, Studies in Honour of Harold Hunt, 60–74.Kidd, I.G. "Moral Actions and Rules in Stoic Ethics." In Rist, Ed., The Stoics. Pp.247-258.Lapidge, M. (1973). Phronesis 18: 240–78. On the elements in Stoicism. ________ (1987). "Stoic Cosmology." In Rist (1987) 161-185.Long, A.A. (1967). “Carneades and the Stoic Telos.” Phronesis 12: 59–90.________ (1968a). “Aristotle’s legacy to Stoic ethics.” Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies 15: 72–85.________ (1968b). “The Stoic concept of evil.” Philosophical Quarterly 18 (1968) 329–43.________ (1987). "Emotion and Decision in Stoic Psychology." In Rist (1987)233-246 .________ (1986). Hellenistic Philosophy : Stoics, Epicureans, Sceptics.________ (1996). Stoic Studies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Reesor, Nargaret E. (1987). "Necessity and Fate in Stoic Philosophy." In Rist (1987)187-202.Schofield, Malcolm and Gisela Striker (eds.) (1986). The Norms of Nature. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press._______ (1991). The Stoic Idea of the City. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press, 1991.Striker, Gisela (1996). Essays on Hellenistic Epistemology and Ethics. Cambridge, England. Manning, C.E. (1973). “Seneca and the Stoics on the equality of the sexes.” Mnemosyne 26 (series iv): 170–7.More, P.E. (1923). Hellenistic Philosophies. Princeton. An excellent work, see pp. 94–171 for Epictetus.Murray, G. (1921). “The Stoic philosophy.” Essays and Addresses. London: Allen and Unwin.

Nock, A.D. (1959). Journal of Roman Studies 49: 1 ff. On Posidonius.+Nussbaum, Martha (1994). The Therapy of Desire. Princeton University Press. An excellent treatment of the religious/therapeutic

side of Hellenistic thought.Pohlenz, M. (1948). Die Stoa. Göttingen:Vandenhoeck &Ruprecht. The best treatment, with no parallel in English.

Reesor, M.E. (1954). “The Stoic concept of quality.” American Journal of Philology 75: 40–58.________ (1957). “The Stoic categories.” American Journal of Philology 78: 63–82.________ (1965). “Fate and possibility in early Stoic philosophy.” Phoenix 19: 285–97.Rist, ed. The Stoics.Robins, H.R. (1951). Ancient and Medieval Grammatical Theory. London. See pp. 25–36 on the Stoics.Sharples, R.W. (1996). Stoics, Epicureans and Skeptics : An Introduction to Hellenistic Philosophy. London and New York:

Routledge,1996.VSolmsen, F. (1961). Cleanthes or Posidonius? The Basis of Stoic Physics. Amsterdam.Stanton, G.R. (1968). “The cosmopolitan ideas of Epictetus and Marcus Aurelius.” Phronesis 13: 183–95.Stough, Carlotte. “Stoic Determinism and Moral Responsibility,” in Rist () 203-231.Striker, Gisela (1996). “Origins of the Concept of Natural Law,” in Essays on Hellenistic Epistemology and Ethics (Cambridge: Cambridge

University Press) 209-220. Also “Following Nature: A Study in Stoic Ethics,” 221-280, “The Role of Oikeiosis in StoicEthics,” 281-297. Also,“Plato’s Socrates and the Stoics,” 316-324.

Todd, Robert B. (). "Monism and Immanence: The Foundations of Stoic Physics," In Rist () 137-160.________ (1973). “The Stoic common notions.” Symbolae Osloenses 48: 47–75.Toynbee, J.M.C. (1944). “Dictators and philosophers in the first century A.D.” Greece and Rome 13: 43–58.Watson, G. (1966). The Stoic Theory of Knowledge. Belfast.Wenley, R.M. (1924; 1925). Stoicism and its Influence. Boston: Marshall Jones; London: Harrap.Wirszubski, G. (1950). Pp. 138–53 in Libertas as a Political Ideal at Rome during the late Republic and Early Principate (Cambridge).Zeller, Eduard (1892). The Stoics, Epicureans and Skeptics. London: Longmans and Greeen. Once the standard work. Chiefly valuable

now for Stoic ethics.

Verbeke, G. (1983). The Presence of Stoicism in Medieval Thought. Washington. Colish, Marcia (1985). The Stoic Tradition from Antiquity to the Early Middle Ages. 2 vols. Leiden.

Hellenistic Greek Religion

Tarn, W.W. (1952). Hellenistic Civilisation. Third ed. New York: World Publishing Co.

Cumont, Franz (1912). Astrology and Religion among the Greeks and Romans. G.P.Putnam’s and Sons.Grant, Frederick (1953). Hellenistic Religions. New York: Bobbs-Merrill.Hadas, Moses (1959). Hellenistic Culture, Fusion and Diffusion. Columbia University Press.MacGregor, G.H.C. and A.C. Purdy (1959). Jew and Greek. Edinburgh: Saint Andrew Press.Murray, Gilbert (1951). Five Stages of Greek Religion. New York: Doubleday.Nilsson, Martin (1948). Greek Piety. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Nilsson, Martin (1940). Greek Popular Religion. New York: Columbia University Press.Nilsson, Martin (1949). A History of Greek Religion. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Nock, A.D. (1933). Conversion. Oxford University Press.Festugiere, A.–J. (1954). Personal Religion among the Greeks. Berkeley: University of California Press.

To note: Third century developments from contact with East, i.e cults of fortune and fate, Sun and planets as gods, orientalizingmystery religions. Second century, astrology, and mystery religions sometimes as escape from the planetary gods. Tendencyto view the sect’s god as the only one, or at least the most powerful, others’ gods as aspects of one’s own, or subordinateto one’s own. So Isis cult: purification and lustration, raised to 8th sphere to meet Isis, soul becomes free of influence of starsonce free of the stain of sin, ascends to the goddess after death, freed from the body.

Greek Medicine

Sarton, George. Galen of Pergamon. Singer, Charles. A Short History of Medicine.

Taylor, H.O. Greek Biology and Medicine.

Momigliano, A. (1976). Alien Wisdom: The Limits of Hellenization. Cambridge University Press.Fraenkel, H. (1975). Early Greek Poetry and Philosophy. Trans. M. Hadas and J. New York: Willis. Brace Jovanovich.Burdert, W. (1992). The Orientalizing Revolution: Near Eastern Influence on Greek Culture in the Early Archaic Age. Harvard University

Press.Kierkegaard (1841). The Concept of Irony, with Continual Reference to Socrates. Trans. H.V. Hong and E.H. Hong. Princeton University

Press, 1989.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

The mention of a book or article in the bibliography can be taken as a recommendation for it. Includedare good translations of primary sources, and the most interesting and important secondary sources. Most ofthe latter are here because they influenced my exposition, but some argue for interesting views with which Idisagree. I have restricted myself for the most part to works in English.

Aaboe, Asgar (1974). “Scientific astronomy in antiquity,” in The Place of Astronomy in the Ancient World, ed. F.R.Hodson (Oxford) 21-42.

Ackrill, J.L. (1981). Aristotle the Philosopher. Oxford University Press. ________ (1997). Essays on Plato and Aristotle. Oxford University Press.Adkins, A.W.H. (1960). Merit and Responsibility. Oxford. An excellent treatment of Greek ethical thought

before the fourth century, working from literary texts. Its conclusions may be somewhat overdrawn,though many critics seem to overreact, and insist on misunderstanding them. For judicious correction,see Lloyd-Jones (1971) and A.A. Long (1970).

________ (1970). From the Many to the One: A Study of Personality and Views of Human Nature in the Context ofAncient Greek Society, Values, and Beliefs. Cornell University Press.

________ (1972). Moral Values and Political Behavior in Ancient Greece.Algra, Keimpe (1999). “The Beginnings of Cosmology.” Chapter 3 in A. A. Long (1999), 45–65.________, Jonathan Barnes, Jaap Mansfield, and Malcolm Schofield (eds.) (1999). The Cambridge History of

Hellenistic Philosophy. Cambridge University Press.Allan, D.J. (2nd ed. 1970). The Philosophy of Aristotle. Oxford University Press.Allen, Reginald E. (ed.) (1965). Studies in Plato’s Metaphysics. London and New York: Routledge and Kegan

Paul Ltd and The Humanities Press.________ (1970). Plato’s ̀ Euthyphro’ and the Earlier Theory of Forms. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, New

York: Humanities Press.________ (1980). Socrates and Legal Obligation. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. Contains a

translation of the Crito and Apology along with an excellent and well written discussion of Socrates’sphilosophy of law.

Annas, Julia E. (1981). An Introduction to Plato’s Republic. Oxford. ________ (1991). “Epicurus’s Philosophy of Mind.” In Everson ed. (1991).________ (1992). Hellenistic Philosophy of Mind. Berkeley, California: University of California Press.Anthes, Rudolf (1961). “Mythology in Ancient Egypt.” In Mythologies of the Ancient World, edited by Samuel

Noah Kramer (Garden City, New York: Doubleday), pp. 15-92. An interesting overview, though hisremarks about the general nature of Egyptian myths are unduly influenced by the notion of“mythopoeic thought.”

Anton, John P and George L. Kustas (eds.) (1971). Essays in Ancient Greek Philosophy. Vol 1. Albany, NewYork: State University of New York Press.

________ and A. Preuss (eds.) (1983). Essays in Ancient Greek Philosophy. Vol 2. Albany, New York: StateUniversity of New York Press.

Aristotle [4th century BCE]. The Complete Works of Aristotle: The Revised Oxford Translation. Edited by JonathanBarnes. 2 vols. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1984.

Aristoxenus [4th century BCE]. The Harmonics of Aristoxenus. Edited and translated with notes by Henry S.Macran. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1902.

Armstrong, A.H. (1959). An Introduction to Ancient Philosophy. Third edition, revised. Newman Press. Revision of 2d edition edition of 1949. Paperback reprint, Beacon Press 1965. A readable and

insightful short introduction, though somewhat dated.________, ed. (1967). The Cambridge History of Later Greek and Early Medieval Philosophy. Cambridge University

Press.Armstrong, Karen (2005). A Short History of Myth. New York: Canongate.Bailey, C. (1928). The Greek Atomists and Epicurus: A Study. Oxford. Reprint ed., Russell, 1964.Baldry, H.C. (1932). “Embryological Analogies in Pre-Socratic Philosophy.” Classical Quarterly 26: 27-34.Barnes, Jonathan (1979). The PreSocratic Philosophers. 2 vols. London. Revised edition in one volume,

London: Methuen, 1982. A philosophically lively, but still scholarly, discussion.________ (1985). “Theophrastus and hypothetical syllogistic”, in Fortenbaugh, W. W., Huby, P. M. & Long

A. A., edd. (1985) Theophrastus of Eresus: On his Life and Work, RUSCH 2 (New Brunswick/Oxford)125–41

________ (1988). Reply to Burnyeat (1988), in Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society. Supplementary volume44, 193–206.

Barnes, Jonathan, Michael Schofield and Richard Sorabji (1975–79). Articles on Aristotle. 4 vols. London.Barnes, Jonathan, ed. (1995).The Cambridge Companion to Aristotle. Cambridge University Press.Barton, Carlin. (1993). The Sorrows of the Ancient Romans: The Gladiator and the Monster. Princeton University

Press.Bennett, Jonathan (1964). Rationality. An Essay Towards an Analysis. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul. A

sophisticated examination by a first-rate philosopher of what it is to be intelligent, and rational.Benson, Hugh H., ed. (1992). Essays on the Philosophy of Socrates. New York and Oxford: Oxford University

Press. A good collection of the most important articles published since Vlastos (1971a).________ (1997). Socrates and the Beginning of Moral Philosophy.” In Taylor (1997), Routledge History of

Philosophy: Vol. 1: From the Beginnings to Plato.________ ed. (2006). A Companion to Plato. Blackwell Publishing.Bett, R. (2000), Pyrrho, his antecedents, and his legacy, (Oxford: Oxford University Press).________ (2002). “Timon of Phlius.” In The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Edited by Edward N. Zalta.

(http://plato.stanford.edu/). Bevan, Edwyn (1913). Stoics and Skeptics. Clarendon Press. Repr. Cambridge: W. Heffer and Sons, Ltd., 1959,

1965. Four lectures, two on the Stoics, one on Posidonius, one on the Skeptics. A brief, readable andintelligent consideration in the old style, arguing for the superiority of Christianity.

________ (1923). “Hellenistic Popular Philosophy.” In The Hellenistic Age (Cambridge University Press),79–107.

Bobonich, Christopher (2002). Plato’s Utopia Recast: His Later Ethics and Politics. Clarendon Press.________ (2008). “Plato’s Politics.” In Fine (2008).Bodnar, Istvan M. (2001). “Atomic Independence and Indivisibility.” Ch. 7 in Preus (2001).Brandwood, Leonard (1992). “Stylometry and chronology.” In Kraut (1992). An excellent summary of

stylometric research on Plato’s dialogues.Brickhouse, Thomas, and Nicholas D. Smith (1985). “The formal charges against Socrates.” Journal of the

History of Philosophy 23: 457-81. Reprinted in Benson (1992) 14-34.________ (1994). Plato’s Socrates. Oxford University Press.Brittain, C. (2001). Philo of Larissa. Oxford University Press.________ (2005). “Arcesilaus.” In The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Edited by Edward N. Zalta.

(http://plato.stanford.edu). Broadie, Sarah (1999). “Rational Theology.” Chapter 10 in A. A. Long (1999) 205–224.Burkert, Walter (1972). Lore and Science in Ancient Pythagoreanism. Cambridge, Mass. Translated by E.L.

Minar, Jr. from the German edition of 1962. Superseded everything previously written on the

subject.________ (2008). “Prehistory of Presocratic Philosophy in an Orientalizing Context.” In Curd (2008).Burnet, John (1915–16). “The Socratic doctrine of the soul.” Proceedings of the British Academy 7: 235–59.

Reprinted in his Essays and Addresses (London, 1929): 126–62.Burnyeat, Myles F. (1976). “Protagoras and self-refutation in later Greek Philosophy.” Philosophical Review 91:

3-40. Reprinted in Everson (1990).________ (1980). “Can the Sceptic Live His Scepticism?” In Schofield, Burnyeat and Barnes (1980) 20–53.________(1981). “Aristotle on understanding knowledge,” in E. Berti, 97–139.________, ed. (1983). The Skeptical Tradition. Berkeley: University of California Press.________(1988). “Socrates and the jury: Paradoxes in Plato’s distinction between knowledge and true belief.”

Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society. Supplementary volume 44, 173–206.________(1990). The Theaetetus of Plato. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company. M.J. Levett’s translation,

revised, with a book length introduction.Burnyeat, M. and M. Frede, eds. (1997). The Original Sceptics: A Controversy. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing

Company.Calagero, G. (1957). “Gorgias and the Socratic principle ‘Nemo sua sponte peccat.” Journal of Hellenic Studies

1: 12-17. Seems to me to get it more or less right, but for criticism, see Coulter (1964).Canary, Robert and Henry Kozicki (1978). The Writing of History: Literary Form and Historical Understanding.

University of Wisconsin Press. Cherniss, H. (1935). Aristotle's Criticism of Presocratic Philosophy Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press. ________ (1944). Aristotle’s Criticism of Plato and the Academy. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press.Clark, R.T. Rundle (1963). Myth and Symbol in Ancient Egypt.Clay, Diskin (1988). “Reading the Republic.” In Griswold (1988): 19-34.Cochrane, Charles Norris (1940). Christianity and Classical Culture. Oxford University Press. Paperback edition,

1957.Cohen, S. Marc (1971). “Socrates on the Definition of Piety.” In Vlastos (1971a) 158-176.Cohen, Morris and I.E. Drabkin (1948). Source Book in Greek Science. New York: McGraw Hill. Reissue:

Harvard: 1966.Cooper, John (1985). “Plato, Isocrates, and Cicero on the independence of oratory from philosophy.”

Proceedings of the Boston Area Colloquium in Ancient Philosophy, 1: 77–96.________ (1970). “Plato on Sense Perception and Knowledge (Theaetetus 184-186).” Phronesis 15, 123-46.

Reprinted in Fine, ed. (1999)Corey, David Dwyer (2002). “The Greek Sophists: Teachers of Virtue,” Ph.D. dissertation at Louisiana State

University.CCornford, F.M. (1926). “Mystery Religions and Pre-Socratic Philosophy.” In Cambridge Ancient History, vol.

IV, Chapter 15. Cambridge.________ (1952). Principium Sapientiae: The Origins of Greek Philosophical Thought. Cornford’s last work,

solidly establishing his pioneering efforts to connect the earliest Greek philosophical speculation to itsmythical background. His readings, brilliant as they are, fail to connect Greek thought to itsideological functions. For this, see Vernant (1983).

________ (1934). Plato’s Theory of Knowledge. Routledge and Kegan Paul, Ltd., London. A translation andcommentary on the Sophist and the Theaetetus.

________ (1937). Plato’s Cosmology. Routledge and Kegan Paul, Ltd., London. A translation and commentaryon the Timaeus.

________ ( ). Plato and Parmenides. A translation and commentary on the Parmenides.Coulter, J.A. (1964). “The Relation of the Apology of Socrates to Gorgias’ Defense of Palamedes and Plato’s

critique of Gorgianic rhetoric.” Harvard Studies in Classical Philology: 269-303. A criticism of Calagero(1957).

Couprie, Dirk L. (2003). “The Discovery of Space: Anaximander’s Astronomy.” In Anaximander in Context: NewStudies in the Origins of Greek Philosophy. Albany: State University of New York Press.

__________ (2001). Article in the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy (www.utm.edu/research/iep),“Anaximander (c. 610-546 BCE).”

Creed, J.L. (1973). "Moral Values in the Age of Thucydides." Classical Quarterly 23, 213-231.Crombie, I.M. (1962, 1963). An Examination of Plato’s Doctrines. Vol. I. Plato on Man and Society. Vol. 2: Plato

on Knowledge and Reality. London. An excellent work, though rather repetitive and long-winded, andoften less philosophically penetrating than the later works cited here.

________ (1964). Plato: The Midwife’s Apprentice. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul. A well-writtensummary of the results of Crombie (1962, 1963).

Cross, R.C. and Woozley, A.D. (1964). Plato’s Republic: A Philosophical Commentary. London: Macmillan.Somewhat oversimplified commentary.

Couissin, P. (1929), “Le Stoicisme de la nouvelle Academie,” Revue d'histoire de la philosophie 3: 241-76, tr. byJennifer Barnes and M. Burnyeat as “The Stoicism of the New Academy,” in Burnyeat, ed. (1983)31-63.

Crivelli, Paolo (2008). “Plato’s Philosophy of Language.” In Gail Fine (2008).Curd, Patricia (1998). The Legacy of Parmenides: Eleatic Monism and Later Presocratic Thought. Princeton University

Press.Curd, Patricia, and Graham, Daniel (2008). The Oxford Handbook of Presocratic Philosophy. Oxford University

Press.Dancy, R. M. (1989). “Thales, Anaximander, and infinity.” Apeiron 22,149-190.________ (1991). Two Studies in the Early Academy. Albany, NY: SUNY Press. ________ (2003). “Speusippus.” In The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Edited by Edward N. Zalta.

(http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/speusippus). ________ (2004). Plato’s Introduction of Forms. Cambridge University Press.________ (2003; rev. 2008). “Xenocrates.” In The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Edited by Edward N.

Zalta. (http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/xenocrates). Dannhauser, Werner J. (1974). Nietzsche’s View of Socrates. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press.Dennett, Daniel C. (1995). Darwin’s Dangerous Idea. Simon & Schuster. A Philosopher’s well–informed

account of evolutionary theory, discussing in the last chapters the evolution of mind and thinking.________ (2006). Breaking the Spell. Penguin Books. A sophisticated account of religion from an evolutionary

point of view.Denyer, Nicholas (1991). Language, Thought and Falsehood in Ancient Greek Philosophy. London and New York:

Routledge.Devereux, Daniel T. (1994). “Separation and immanence in Plato’s theory of forms.” Oxford Studies in Ancient

Philosophy 12, 63–90. Reprinted in Fine (1999).________ (2008). “Socratic Ethics and Moral Philosophy.” In Fine (2008).DeWitt, Norman Wentworth (1954). Epicurus and His Philosophy. University of Minnesota Press.Dicks, T.R. “Thales.” Classical Quarterly 9 (1959) 294-309.Dillon, John (1977; rev. ed. 1996). The Middle Platonists: A Study of Platonism, 80 B.C. to A.D. 220. Duckworth. ________ (1993). Alcinous: The Handbook of Platonism, translated with an introduction and commentary. Oxford:

Clarendon Press.________ (2003). The Heirs of Plato: A Study of the Old Academy (347-274 B.C.). Oxford: Clarendon Press; New

York: Oxford University Press.

Dilthey, Wilhelm (1957). Dilthey’s Philosophy of Existence: Introduction to Weltanschauungslehre. New York:Bookman Associates. Translation of The Types of World Views and Their Unfolding Within the MetaphysicalSystems, Gesammelte Schriften VIII 75–118, by William Kluback and Martin Weinbaum.

Dio Cocceianus Chrysostomus [ca. 40–120 CE]. Dio Chrysostom. Discourses. Greek edition with translation byJ.W. Colhoon. 5 vols. The Loeb Classical Library. Harvard University Press. 1932.

Diogenes Laertius [3d century CE]. Diogenes Laertius. Lives of the Eminent Philosophers. Greek edition withtranslation by R.D. Hicks. 2 vols. The Loeb Classical Library. Harvard University Press. 1925(revision of vol. 1, 1938). A set of biographies including many quotations from earlier works nototherwise preserved.

Dobson, J.F. (1918). “The Posidonius myth.” Classical Quarterly 12, 179 ff.Dodds, E.R. (1928). The Parmenides and the origins of the Neoplatonic ‘One’.” Classical Quarterly 22, 129–42 ________ (1951). The Greeks and the Irrational. University of California Press: Berkeley. Reprint, Peter

Smith, 1986.Douglas, Mary (1966). Purity and Danger. An Analysis of Concepts of Pollution and Taboo. Routledge and Kegan

Paul.Dudley, D.R. (1937) A History of Cynicism, London: Methuen.Düring, I. and G.E.L. Owen, eds. (1960). Aristotle and Plato in the Mid-Fourth Century. Göteborg.Edelstein, Ludwig (1936). “The philosophical system of Poseidonius.” American Journal of Philology 57: 286 ff. Edwards, C.H., Jr. (1979). The Historical Development of the Calculus. New York: Springer Verlag. Chapter one

provides a conceptually sophisticated review of Greek mathematics.Eliade, Mircea (1964). Shamanism: Archaic Techniques of Ecstasy. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.

A detailed study of Shamanism. Claims that it lies behind Indian meditative religions, Taoism in China,Orphism in Greece, and Nordic mythology.

Ellis, Havelock (1963). Preface to Plato.Everson, Stephen, ed. (1990). Epistemology. Companions to Ancient Thought 1. Cambridge: Cambridge

University Press. An excellent collection of philosophically sophisticated essays on Ancient theory ofknowledge.

________ ed. (1991). Psychology. Companions to Ancient Thought 2. Cambridge: Cambridge UniversityPress. An excellent collection of philosophically sophisticated essays on Ancient philosophy of mind.

Ferrari, G.R.F. ed. (2007). The Cambridge Companion to Plato’s Republic. Cambridge: Cambridge UniversityPress.

Field, G.C. (1930). Plato and his Contemporaries. London: Methuen & Co.Fine, Gail (1978). “Knowledge and Belief in Republic V.” Archiv für Geschichte der Philosophie 60: 121-139.________ (1979a). “Knowledge and logos in the Theaetetus.” Philosophical Review 88: 366-97. Reprinted in

Fine (2003).________ (1979b). “False belief in the Theaetetus.” Phronesis 24, 70-80. Reprinted in Fine (2003).________ (1980). “One over many.” Philosophical Review 89.________ (1984). “Separation.” Oxford Studies in Ancient Philosophy 2: 31-87. Reprinted in Fine (2003). On

Aristotle’s contention that Plato “separated” the Forms from particulars, while Socrates did not.________ (1986). “Immanence.” Oxford Studies in Ancient Philosophy 4: 71-97. Reprinted in Fine (2003).________ (1994). “Protagorean Relativisms.” Boston Area Colloquium in Ancient Philosophy 10 (Latham, Md:

University Press of America), 211-43. Reprinted in Fine (2003).________ (1996). “Conflicting appearances: Theaetetus 153d-154b.” In C. Gill and M. McCabe, Form and

Argument in Late Plato. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Reprinted in Fine (2003).________ (1997). “Forms as causes: Plato and Aristotle.” In A. Graeser, ed. (1997), Mathematics and

Metaphysics (Bern: Haupt), 69–112. Reprinted in Fine (2003)

________ (1998). “Plato’s refutation of Protagoras in the Theaetetus.” Apeiron 32, 201-34. Reprinted in Fine(2003).

________ (1990). “Knowledge and belief in Republic V-VII.” In Everson (1990): 85-115. Reprinted in Fine(1999).

________ (1992). “Inquiry in the Meno.” In Kraut (1992): 200–226. Reprinted in Fine (2003).________ ed. (1999). Plato 1: Metaphysics and Epistemology. Oxford Readings in Philosophy. Oxford: Oxford

University Press. A first-rate collection of essays by various authors.________ (2003). Plato on Knowledge and the Forms: Selected Essays. Oxford.________ (2008). The Oxford Handbook of Plato. Oxford.Fine, John (1983). The Ancient Greeks: A Critical History. Harvard University Press. In my view, the best political

history of Ancient Greece available.Finkelberg, Aryeh (1986). “The Cosmology of Parmenides.” The American Journal of Philology 107: 303–317.________ (1990). “Studies in Xenophanes.” Harvard Studies in Classical Philology 93: 103-167.________ (1996). “Plato’s Method in the Timaeus.” The American Journal of Philology 117: 391-409.________ (1997). “Xenophanes’ Physics, Parmenides’ Doxa, and Empedocles’ Theory of Cosmogonical

Mixture.” Hermes 125: 1-16.________ (1998). “On the History of the Greek ‘Cosmos’.” Harvard Studies in Classical Philology 98, 103-136.________ (1999). “Being, Truth and Opinion in Parmenides.” Archiv fur Geschichte der Philosophie 81, 233–248.Finley, M.I. (1956). The World of Odysseus. Particularly interesting for Finley’s account of views concerning

virtue in the ninth century B.C.E. Finley is a solid historian not much given to nonsense, and alwaysrefreshing to read.

Fraenkel, Herman (1925). “Xenophanes’s empiricism and his critique of knowledge.” In Mourelatos (1974)118-131. Original German version in Hermes 60 (1925) 174-92, as Part II of “Xenophanes-studien.”

Frankfort, Henri, ed. (1946). The Intellectual Adventure of Ancient Man. Chicago: University Press. Reprint ed.,as Before Philosophy. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1949. A good overview of the mythological thoughtof Egypt and Mesopotamia. Chapters on Mesopotamia by Thorkild Jacobsen.

________ (1948). Kingship and the Gods. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. A detailed, perceptive, andscholarly study of kingship and its relation to the religious world views of Egypt and Mesopotamia.

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1970. An intelligent examination of theories of myth produced by anthropologists, and an applicationof anthropological techniques of analysis to ancient Mesopotamian and classical Greek myth. Sophisticated, judicious and insightful.

________ (1974). The Nature of Greek Myths. Woodstock, N.Y.: Overlook Press. A reconsideration of thematerial in Myth, with some new analyses, but restricted to Greek mythology.

Kirk, G.S., and J.E. Raven (1957; 1983). The Pre-Socratic Philosophers. 2d ed., revised, with M. Schofield. Contains literal translations of the important fragments and testimonia, extensive scholarly discussion,and bibliography, with a long and helpful introduction.

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Angeles: University of California Press.________, ed. (1999). The Cambridge Companion to Early Greek Philosophy. Cambridge: Cambridge University

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informed discussion and an extensive bibliography.Long, H.S. (1949). “The unity of Empedokles’s thought.” American Journal of Philology: 142-158.Lorenz, Hendrik (2008). “Plato on the Soul.” In Gail Fine (2008).________ (2009). “Ancient Theories of the Soul.” Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Edward N. Zalta (ed.),

URL = http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/. Lovibond, Sabina (1991). “Plato’s Theory of Mind.” In Everson (1991): 35–55.Lukes, S. (1970). “Some problems about rationality.” In Wilson (1970), 194-213. Defends the rationality of

the thought of “primitive” men.McCabe (MacKenzie), Mary (1987). “The moving posset stands still: Heraclitus fr. 125.” American Journal of

Philology 542-555.McKim, Richard (1988). “Shame and truth in Plato’s Gorgias.” In Griswold (1988): 34-48.McKirahan, Voula Tsouna (1994). “The Socratic origins of the Cynics and Cyrenaics.” In Vander Waerdt

(1994).McMullin, Ernan (1984). “The goals of natural science,” Presidential Address in the Proceedings of the American

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that Parmenides did not reject the "Way of Seeming" as false, and that he thought reality to be space,which is capable of thought.

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Journal of Philosophy, Supplementary Volume 17, Aristotle and his Medieval Interpreters, ed. Richard Bosleyand Martin Tweedale, 7–24.

________ (2008). “The epistemology and metaphysics of Socrates,” in Fine (2008).Meinwald, Constance Chu. (1991). Plato's Parmenides. New York: Oxford University Press.________ (1992). “Good-bye to the Third Man.” In Kraut, R. (1992): 365-396.________ (2002). “Plato's Pythagoreanism.” Ancient Philosophy 22.1: 87-101.Minar, Edwin L. (1942). Early Pythagorean Politics in Practice and Theory. Baltimore: Waverly Press.Moline, John (1981). Plato’s Theory of Understanding. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.

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account.Mourelatos, Alexander P.D. (1970). The Route of Parmenides: A Study of Word, Image and Argument in the

Fragments. Yale University Press.________ (1971). “Mind’s commitment to the real: Parmenides B 8.34-41.” In Anton & Kustas (1971),

59-80.________ (ed.) (1974a). The Pre-Socratics: A Collection of Critical Essays. A good collection of papers written

in the late 60's and early 70's, with a full bibliography.________ (1974b). “The deceptive words of Parmenides’s doxa.” In Mourelatos (1974a).________ (2008). “The Cloud-Astrophysics of Xenophanes and Ionian Material Monism.” In Curd and

Graham (2008).Mueller, Ian (1992). “Mathematical method and philosophical truth.” In Kraut (1992).Nadaff, Gerard (2003). “Anthropogony and Politogony in Anaximander of Miletus.” In Anaximander in Context:

New Studies in the Origins of Greek Philosophy. Albany: State University of New York Press.Nails, Debra (2002). The People of Plato: A Prosopography of Plato and Other Socratics. Indianapolis: Hackett.Nehamas, Alexander (1975). “Plato on the imperfection of the sensible world.” American Philosophical Quarterly

12:105–117. Reprinted in Fine (1999).Nietzsche, Friedrich (1875). Philosophy in the Tragic Age of the Greeks. Trans. Marianne Cowan. Chicago: 1962.

An interesting and provocative book.________ (1876). The Pre-Platonic Philosophers. Trans. Greg Whitlock. University of Illinois: 2001. A

translation of Nietzsche’s notes for his classes.Nozick, Robert (1993). The Nature of Rationality. Princeton University Press.Nussbaum, Martha (1979). “Eleatic conventionalism and Philolaus on the conditions of thought.” Harvard

Studies in Classical Philology 83: 63-108.________ (1986). The Fragility of Goodness: Luck and Ethics in Greek Tragedy and Philosophy. Cambridge

University Press. A first-rate examination of Greek thought concerning human goodness and itsdependence on luck, dealing with the tragic authors, Plato’s Protagoras, Republic, Symposium andPhaedrus, and Aristotle.

Nuyens, F. (1939, Dutch; 1948, French trans). L’Evolution de la psychologie d’Aristote. Louvain.O’Brien, Denis (1969). Empedocles’s Cosmic Cycle: A Reconstruction from the Fragments and Secondary Sources.

Cambridge University Press.O’Grady, Patricia (2004). “Thales of Miletus.” In the Internet Encylopedia of Philosophy at

www.utm.edu/research/iep. The most thorough and careful treatment of Thales available.Onians, Richard B. (1951). The Origins of European Thought about the Body, the Mind, the Soul, the World, Time

and Fate. Reprint ed., Ayer, 1980. A remarkable and scholarly book, outlining the traditional worldview in the eastern Mediterranean in ancient times. The author pulls in every conceivable literarysource and philological point to back up his picture.

Owen, G.E.L. (1960). “Eleatic questions.” Classical Quarterly 10: 84-102. Reprinted in Furley and Allen II(1975), 48-81 and in Owen (1986) 3-26.

________ (1965a). “The place of the Timaeus in Plato’s dialogues.” in Allen (1965) 293–338.________ (1965b). “The platonism of Aristotle.” Proceedings of the British Academy 50: 125–50. Reprint in

Barnes et al. (1975/1979) vol. 1, and in Owen (1986) 200–220.________(1986). Logic Science and Dialectic. Collected Papers in Greek Philosophy. Edited by Martha C. Nussbaum.

Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press.Palmer, John (1998). “Xenophanes Ouranian God in the Fourth Century.” In Oxford Studies in Ancient Philosophy

16.________ (1999). Plato's Reception of Parmenides. Oxford: Clarendon Press.________ (2000). "Aristotle on the Ancient Theologians." Apeiron 33 (2000), 181-206.________ (2000). "Skeptical Investigation." Ancient Philosophy 20 (2000), 351-75.________ (2003). "On the alleged incorporeality of What Is in Melissus." Ancient Philosophy 23 (2003), 1-10.________ (2004). "Melissus and Parmenides." Oxford Studies in Ancient Philosophy 26, 19-54.________ (2008). “Parmenides.” The Stanford Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL

= <http://plato.stanford.edu/>. ________ (2009). Parmenides and Presocratic Philosophy. Oxford University Press.Passmore, John (1967). “Philosophy” and “Philosophy, Historiography of.” In The Encyclopedia of Philosophy,

edited by Paul Edwards. New York and London: MacMillan and Collier.Patterson, Richard (1985). Image and Reality in Plato’s Metaphysics. Indianapolis, Indiana: Hackett Publishing

Company. An excellent discussion of the metaphysical status of the Forms.Penner, Terry (1973). “The unity of virtue.” Philosophical Review 82: 35–68.________ (1987). The Ascent from Nominalism. Some Existence Arguments in Plato’s Middle Dialogues. Dordrecht:

D. Reidel.________ (1992). “Socrates and the early dialogues.” In Kraut (1992).Peterman, John E. (2000). On Plato. In the Wadsworth Philosophers Series. Wadsworth.Peterson, S. (1981). “The Greatest Difficulty for Plato’s Theory of Forms: The Unknowability Argument of

Parmenides 133c-134c.” Archiv für Geschichte der Philosophie 63, 1-16.________ (1996). “Plato’s Parmenides: A Principle of Interpretation and Seven Arguments.” Journal of the

History of Philosophy 34, 167-192.________ (2000). “The Language Game in Plato’s Parmenides,” Ancient Philosophy 20, 19-51.________ (2003) “New Rounds of the Exercise in Plato's Parmenides.” Modern Schoolman 80, 245-278.Peters, F.E. (1967). Greek Philosophical Terms. New York University Press.Plato [4th century BCE] (1961). The Collected Dialogues of Plato. Edited by E. Hamilton and H. Cairns.

Princeton University Press. The translations are by various scholars, representing the best availableat the time of publication. Includes all the dialogues, including those of unreliable attribution, and theauthentic letters.

________ (1997). Plato: Complete Works. Edited by John M. Cooper, associate editor D.S. Hutchinson.Hackett Publishing Company. An improvement on Hamilton and Cairns, containing all the works inthe edition of Thrasyllus, including those now regarded as spurious, and all the letters.

Porphyry [3rd century CE] (1823). Select Works of Porphyry: containing his four books on Abstinence from Animal Food;his treatise on The Homeric Cave of the Nymphs; and his Auxiliaries to the Perception of Intelligible Natures.Translated by Thomas Taylor, with an appendix explaining the allegory of the wanderings of Ulyssesby the translator. London: printed for Thomas Rodd, 17, Great Newport Street. Reprinet: Guildford(1994).

________ (1983). Porphyry on the Cave of the Nymphs. Translated by R. Lamberton (with the Greek text)..Barrytown, New York.

________ (2003). Porphyry’s Introduction. Translated with a commentary by Jonathan Barnes. Oxford.________ (1992). On Aristotle’s Categories. Translated by Steven K. Strange. Ithaca, New York.________ (1989). Porphyry’s Letter to his Wife Marcella Concerning the life of Philosophy and the Ascent to the Gods.

Translated by Alice Zimmern. Grand Rapids, Michigan.________ (1994). Porphyry Against the Christians: The Literary Remains. Translated by R.J. Hoffmann. Guildford.________ (). Launching-Points to the Realm of the Mind. Translated by K. Guthrie. Reprint: Guildford (1988).Powell, J.G.F. (1995). Cicero the Philosopher. Oxford University Press. A first-rate collection of twelve papers

on various aspects of Cicero’s thought.Preus, Anthony (2001). Before Plato. Essays in Ancient Greek Philosophy VI. Albany, New York: State University

of New York Press.________ (1982). “Socratic psychotherapy.” The University of Dayton Review 16 (1): 15-23.Primavesi, Oliver (2006). “Empedokles in Florentiner Aristoteles-Scholien.” Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und

Epigraphik 157: 27–40.________ (2008). “Empedocles: Physical and Mythical Divinity.” In Curd and Graham (2008).Prior, William J. (1985). Unity and Development in Plato’s Metaphysics. Croom Helm.Pritchard, Evans, ed. (1957). Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament. Princeton, New Jersey:

Princeton University Press, 1957. Radin, Paul (1927). Primitive Man as Philosopher. Appleton. 2d ed. 1955. New York: Dover 1957. The only

book I know on the topic. Radin takes a Marxist approach, but is not at all doctrinaire. His down toearth, intelligent analysis is rooted in his own field work.

_______ (1937). Primitive Religion. New York: Viking. Reprint ed., New York: Dover, 1957. Asophisticated discussion connecting religious belief and practice to social and economic structure. Radin’s treatment is balanced by a real sympathy for the world view of his respondents and the wisdomit contains.

Randall, John Herman (1970). Plato: Dramatist of the Life of Reason. New York: Columbia University Press.Rankin, H.D. (1983). Sophists, Socratics and Cynics. London and Canberra, Totowa, New Jersey: Croom

Helm, Barnes and Noble.Raven, J.E. (1948). Pythagoreans and Eleatics: An Account of the Interaction between Two Opposed Schools.

Cambridge University Press. Reprint ed., Ares Publications, 1981. I find much of Raven’s accountof the “number atomism” of the Pythagoreans plausible, but see Vlastos (1959) for an influentialcritique necessitating at least some revisions.

Rickless, S. C. (1998). ‘How Parmenides Saved the Theory of Forms’, Philosophical Review 107, 501-554.________ (2007a). Plato’s Forms in Transition: A Reading of the Parmenides. Cambridge: Cambridge University

Press.________ (2007b). “Plato’s Parmenides.” In the Stanford Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.Rist, J.M. (1969). Stoic Philosophy. Cambridge. Contains a good discussion of the Stoic view of suicide.________ ed. (1978). The Stoics. Berkeley, Los Angeles, London.________ (1989). The Mind of Aristotle: A Study in Philosophic Growth. Toronto.Robinson, Richard (1953). Plato’s Earlier Dialectic. 2d ed. Oxford. Ch. X: “Hypothesis in the Republic,”

reprinted in Vlastos (1971b).Roochnik, D. (1990). The Tragedy of Reason. New York: Routledge.Rorty, Richard M. (1979). Philosophy and the Mirror of Nature. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Presss.

Especially Ch. III.Ross, David (1923; rev. 1930, 1937, 1945, 1949). Aristotle. London: Methuen & Co.Rowe, Christopher J., ed. (1993). Plato: Phaedo. Cambridge.Runciman, W.G. (1959). “Plato’s Parmenides.” Harvard Studies in Classical Philology. Reprint in Allen (1965) Ch.

VII, 149-184.Ryle, Gilbert (1966). Plato’s Progress. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. An entertaining recasting of

Plato’s life which, though not generally accepted by scholars, is still worth reading.Saggs, H.W.F (1962). The Greatness that Was Babylon. New York and Toronto: New American Library.Salmon, W.C. (2001, 2nd ed.). Zeno’s Paradoxes. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Co. Inc.Sambursky, Samuel (1959). Physics of the Stoics. London: Routledge and Kegal Paul. Translates the more

important texts. For some doubts concerning Sambursky’s efforts to draw analogies with modern

physical concepts, which is the center of the discussion, see the review by A. Wasserstein in Journalof Hellenic Studies 83 (1963) 186–190.

Sandbach, F.H. (1975; 1989). The Stoics. Chatto & Windus, Ltd.; 2d ed. Bristol Classical Press. Repr. ed.1994, Bristol Classical Press and Hackett Publishing Company. Especially good for Stoic ethics.

Santas, Gerasimos (1979). Socrates. Philosophy in Plato’s Early Dialogues. The Arguments of the Philosophers.London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.

Sayre, Kenneth (1983). Plato’s Late Ontology. A Riddle Resolved. Princeton University Press.Schofield, Malcolm, Myles Burnyeat, and Jonathan Barnes (eds.) (1980). Doubt and Dogmatism: Studies in

Hellenistic Epistemology. Oxford.Schofield, Malcolm (1980). An Essay on Anaxagoras. Cambridge University Press. Especially interested in

Anaxagoras on Mind. Surveys current scholarship.________ (1991). “Heraclitus’s Theory of the Soul and its Antecedents.” In Everson (1991) 13-34.________ (1995). “Cicero’s Definition of Res Publica.” In Powell (1995).Scott, Dominic (1999). “Platonic recollection.” In Fine (1999). This is extracted from Scott’s book, Recollection

and Experience: Plato’s Theory of Learning and its Successors (Cambridge: 1995), 3–80.________ (2008). “The Republic.” In Fine (2008).Sedley, David (1981). “The end of the Academy.” Phronesis 26: 67–75. A review of Glucker (1978). ________ (1999). “Parmenides and Melissus.” Chapter 6 in A. A. Long (1999), 113-133________ (2008). “Atomism’s Eleatic Roots.” In Curd and Graham (2008).Seneca (1958). The Stoic Philosophy of Seneca. Translated by Moses Hadas. W.W. Norton & Co. “On

Providence,” “On the Shortness of Life,” “On the Tranquillity of Mind,” “Consolation to Helvia,” “OnClemency,” and selections from the Letters, well translated, with a valuable introduction.

Seneca (1969). Letters from a Stoic. Translated by Robin Campbell. Penguin Books. A selection from the Letters.Shaw, Gregory (1995). Theurgy and the Soul. The Neoplatonism of Iamblichus. Pennsylvania State University Press.Sherry, David (1999). “Thales’s Sure Path.” Studies in History and Philosophy of Science 30A(4), 621-650.Shields, Christopher, ed. (2002). The Blackwell Guide to Ancient Philosophy. Blackwell Publishing.Shipley, Graham (2000). The Greek World after Alexander 323-30 B.C.E. In the Routledge History of the Ancient

World, general editor Fergus Millar. London and New York: Routledge.Smart, Harold R. (1962). Philosophy and Its History. LaSalle, Illinois: Open Court Publishing Company.Smith, Andrew (1974). Porphyry’s Place in the Neoplatonic Tradition—A Study in post-Plotinian Neoplatonism. The

Hague.Snell, Bruno (1953). The Discovery of Mind: The Greek Origins of European Thought. Harvard University Press.

Reprint in Harper Torchbooks, 1960.Solmsen, F. (1929). Die Entwicklung der Aristotelischen Logik und Rhetorik. Berlin.________ (1965). “Love and Strife in Empedocles' Cosmology.” Phronesis 10: 123-45; repr. in Furley and

Allen (1975) vol. 2, 221-64.Sorabji, Richard (1983). Time, Creation and the Continuum. Cornell University Press.________, ed. (1987). Philoponus and the Refection of Aristotelian Science. Cornell University Press.________, ed. (1990). Aristotle Transformed. The Ancient Commentators and their Influence. Cornell University

Press.Sprague, Rosamund Kent, et al. (1972). The Older Sophists. University of South Carolina Press. Translations

of the fragments of the Sophists’ writings, and ancient reports of their views, with introductory essayson each figure.

Stokes, Michael (1986). Plato’s Socratic Conversations: Drama and Dialectic in Three Dialogues. New York: Barnesand Noble.

Stone, I.F. (1988). The Trial and Death of Socrates. Boston: Little & Brown. Argues that Socrates actually had

violated the terms of the amnesty extended to opponents of the Democracy after the overthrow of theThirty in 404. For criticism, see Irwin (1989a).

Striker, Gisela (1980/1996), “Sceptical Strategies,” in Schofield, Burnyeat, and Barnes (1980) 54-83, repr. inStriker (1996), 92-115.

________. (1996). Essays on Hellenistic Epistemology and Ethics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Swanson (1960). The Birth of the Gods: The Origins of Primitive Beliefs. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of

Michigan Press.Taylor, C.C.W. ed. (1997). Routledge History of Philosophy. Vol. 1: From the Beginning to Plato. Routledge.

London and New York.________ (1997a). “Anaxagoras and the Atomists.” Ch. 6, pp. 192-223, in Taylor (1997), Routledge History

of Philosophy: Vol. 1: From the Beginnings to Plato.Tarán, L. (1965). Parmenides: A text with Translation, Commentary and Critical Essays. Princeton University Press.Thompson, D’A. W. (1910). In Aristotle: Historia Animalium. In W.D. Ross and J.A. Smith (eds.), The Works

of Aristotle Translated into English, vol. 4. Oxford.Trepanier, Simon (2000). “The Structure of Empedocles' Fragment 17.” Essays in Philosophy: A Biannual Journal.

Volume 1, Number 1.Untersteiner (1949). The Sophists. Translation of I Sofisti (Turin: 1949) by Kathleen Freeman. Oxford: 1954.Van der Eijk, Philip (2008). “The Role of Medicine in the Formation of Early Greek Thought.” In Curd and

Graham (2008).Van der Waerdt, Paul A., ed. (1994). The Socratic Movement. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press.Vernant, Jean-Pierre (1984). The Origins of Greek Thought. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press. First

published in French in 1962. Especially see Chapters 3, 7 and 8, on the political background of earlyGreek thought.

Veyne, Paul (1987). A History of Private Life. Vol 1. From Pagan Rome to Byzantium. Harvard University Press.Vlastos, Gregory (1945,1946). “Ethics and physics in Democritus.” Philosophical Review 54:578-592, 55:53-64.

Reprinted in Furley and Allen, vol. 2, and in Vlastos (1993) I.________ (1946). “Solonian justice.” Classical Philology 41:65-83. Reprinted in Vlastos (1993) I.________ (1947). “Equality and justice in the early Greek cosmogonies.” Classical Philology 42: 156-178.

Reprint in Furley and Allen and Vlastos (1993) I. Argues convincingly for a political background toearly Greek physical thought.

________ (1952). “Theology and philosophy in early Greek thought.” Philosophical Quarterly 2: 92-129.Reprinted in Vlastos (1993) I.

________ (1953). “Isonomia.” American Journal of Philology 74: 337-366. Reprinted in Vlastos (1993) I.________ (1955). Review of Cornford’s Principium Sapientiae. Gnomon 27:65-76. Reprinted in Furley and

Allen I, and in Vlastos (1993) I.________ (1955a). “Heraclitus.” American Journal of Philology 76:337-368.________ (1959). Review of Kirk and Raven... Philosophical Review 68: 531-535. Criticizes Raven’s theories

about Pythagorean number atomism, for which, see the first edition of Kirk and Raven (1957) andRaven (1948).

________ (ed.) (1971a). The Philosophy of Socrates: A Collection of Critical Essays. Garden City, New York:Doubleday & Co.

________ (ed.) (1971b). Plato. A Collection of Critical Essays. I: Metaphysics and Epistemology. Garden City,New York: Doubleday and Co. Inc. Anchor Books.

________ (ed.) (1971c). Plato. A Collection of Critical Essays. II: Ethics, Politics, and Philosophy of Art andReligion. Garden City, New York: Doubleday and Co. Inc. Anchor Books.

________ (1972). “The unity of the virtues in the Protagoras.” Review of Metaphysics 25, 415–458.

________ (1973; 2d ed. 1981). Platonic Studies. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.________ (1983). “The Socratic elenchus.” Oxford Studies in Ancient Philosophy 1: 27–58. Reprinted in Fine

(1999), ch. 1.________ (1985). “Socrates’s disavowal of knowledge.” Philosophical Quarterly 35: 1–31. Reprinted in Fine

(1999), ch. 2.________ (1987). “Socratic irony.” Classical Quarterly 37: 79-96. Reprinted in Benson (1992).________ (1988). “Elenchus and mathematics: A turning-point in Plato’s philosophical development.”

American Journal of Philology 109: 362-96. Reprinted in Benson (1992).________ (1991). Socrates. Ironist and Moral Philosopher. Cambridge University Press; Cornell University

Press. Rejects, in particular, Irwin’s view that Socrates was a hedonist.________ (1993). Studies in Greek Philosophy. Volume 1: The Presocratics. Volume 2: Socrates, Plato and their

Tradition. Princeton University Press.Wallis, R.T. (1972, 2nd ed. 1995). Neoplatonism. London and Indianapolis: Gerald Duckworth & Company and

Hackett Publishing Company.Wedberg, Anders (1955). “The Theory of Ideas,” Ch. III of Plato’s Philosophy of Mathematics. Reprinted in

Vlastos (1971b) ch. 3.________ (1982). History of Philosophy. Volume 1: Antiquity and the Middle Ages. Oxford University Press.

Perhaps the best short history of philosophy ever written. Wedberg provides extraordinarily clear andperceptive analyses of the arguments and positions of the various philosophers. He deals withphilosophy in its connection with natural science, not religious thought.

West, M.L. (1971). Early Greek Philosophy and the Orient. An excellent and judicious account, though probablynot skeptical enough.

Wheelwright, Phillip (1959). Heraclitus. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton Unversity Press. Completefragments in Greek and English, with detailed discussion of each one.

White, Nicholas P. (1976). Plato on Knowledge and Reality. Indianapolis, Indiana: Hackett Publishing Company.Wians, William, ed. (1996). Aristotle’s Philosophical Development: Problems and Prospects. London: Rowman &

Littlefield. A collection of classic pieces as well as surveys of contemporary work.Wilcox, Joel (1994). The Origins of Epistemology in Early Greek Thought. A Study of Psyche and Logos in Heraclitus.

Studies in the History of Philosophy, 34. Lewiston, New York: The Edwin Mellen Press.Wilson, Brian R., ed. (1970). Rationality. New York, New York: Harper. A collection of essays bearing on

the rationality of preliterate peoples and of their practices and beliefs. The pieces are chosen torepresent the range of current views, and many show considerable philosophical as wellanthropological sophistication.

Windelband, Wilhelm (1899). A History of Philosophy. Revised edition. (First edition, 1892.) Translated byJames H. Cushman. Reprinted in 2 vols. (Harper & Row: New York 1958).

________ (2d ed., 1894). Geschichte der Alten Philosophy. Translated by James H. Cushman, 1899. CharlesSchribner’s Sons.

Woodruff, Paul (1990). “Plato’s early theory of knowledge.” In Everson (1990) 60-84. Argues that Socrateswas a skeptic not about knowledge as ordinarily understood, but about “expert knowledge,” that is,the pretensions of the expert to a superior sort of knowledge rooted in an understanding of underlyingrealities.

Woozley, A.D. (1971). “Socrates on disobeying the law.” In Vlastos (1971a).Zeller. A History of Greek Philosophy to the Time of Socrates (1881). Socrates and the Socratic Schools

(1877). Plato and the Early Academy (1888). Aristotle and the Earlier Peripatetics (1897). Stoics,Epicureans and Skeptics (1880). Eclecticism (1885).

Zeyl (1980). “Socrates and hedonism.” Phronesis 25: 250-269. Argues against the view of Nussbaum (1986)

and Irwin (1977) that Socrates was a hedonist, holding the hedonism in the Protagoras to be adoptedad hominem to refute Protagoras.

Zolberg, A.G. (1981). “Origins of the modern world system. A missing link.” World Politics, Jan 1981.