03-Sep-17

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The Study of Ancient Civilizations

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Warfare is the Agent of Historic Change

• Recorded history begins at approximately 3,500 B.C.

• Prior to that everything is called “Pre-Historic”

• 3,500 BC – 2017 AD (5,517 Years)

– Approximately 200 years of peace

– Technology improves the quality of weapons

– People become more aggressive

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The most violent century in the history of the world ?

The Twentieth Century !

Ancient

History

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Ancient Warriors

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The Nine

Principles of War

The Modern Warrior

of the 21st Century

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Historic Dating of Years and Periods of History

B.C. = Before Christ / A.D. = Anno Domini (“in the year of Our Lord!”)

Use None Other!

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How do we know what has occurred in the Past?

The Science of Archaeology!!

We discover

We analyze

We interpret

We report

How do we know what is being reported

in accurate or correct?

We (as students of history) read about

topics, study and research, and come to

our own conclusions.

We evaluate the (multiple) sources to

determine the credibility – Is it

believable?

Let us now do our own archaeological study

“Critical

Thinking”

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Jericho

Oldest known city in

the world?

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Count

the

Levels!

Digging

Down at

Jericho

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1010

Look at the Depth of Jericho

Count the Levels!

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Life in Jericho?

Written texts discovered include the

admonishments of a father to his son!

“Work hard, study, do not be lazy”

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Basics for Society / Civilization

• Man begins to settle down in one place

• Basic necessities to establish cities– Water (River Valleys)

• Drinking – Cooking

• Irrigation for agriculture

• Transportation to

move products

– Religion

– Language

– Government

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Water (River Valleys)• Drinking – Cooking

• Irrigation for agriculture

• Transportation to move products

Basic necessities to establish cities (cont.’)

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Nile River Valley

Climate / GeographyDry Desert – Water EssentialCataracts -- WaterfallsDeltaFlows to South – North (Upper to Lower)

• Upper Egypt (higher elevations)• Lower Egypt (Nile Delta)

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Narmer (Menes)(Ruler of Upper Egypt)

Crown of Upper Egypt

Crown of Lower Egypt

Creates World’s

First Nation

Unites both

kingdoms of early

Egypt

Capital: Memphis

(near border of two

kingdoms)

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Start of Egypt’s dynasties (30 in total)

3,000 – 332 BC

Cartouche(Name of the King/Pharaoh)

Leads to Translation of Language / Rosetta Stone

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Egypt is Rich in Natural

Resources

Notice Gold Deposits!

These will be fought

over for 3,000 years.

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Period of Three Kingdoms

Old Kingdom (2700 – 2200 B.C.)

•Pyramids – Giza Plateau

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Building for Eternity

The Pyramids

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Period of Three Kingdoms

Old Kingdom (2700 – 2200 B.C.)

•Pyramids – Giza Plateau•National Government develops•Theocracy•Memphis

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The Great Sphinx

Built 2550 – 2530 B.C.

Largest Monolith

Statue in the World!

Standing Guard at

Giza – Three Great

Pyramids

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Middle Kingdom (2200 – 1600 BC)Thebes becomes capitalPower declines Invasion by the Hyksos•Bronze weapons•Chariots•Rule Egypt for over 100 years

New Kingdom (1600 – 945 B.C.)Defeat of the HyksosBegin to use the title “Pharaoh”Valley of the Kings createdThutmose III builds the Egyptian EmpireAmenhotep (Nefertiti) -- Akhenaton – MonotheismTutankhamen (King Tut) -- Thebes

Period of Three Kingdoms

(cont.’)

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Amateur Archaeologist

Howard Carter in 1922

discovers King

Tutankhamen's Tomb

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Amateur Archaeologist

Howard Carter in 1922

discovers King

Tutankhamen's Tomb

Ancient Mystery

• Died at age 18

• Murdered?

Only tomb discovered

intact – with grave

goods!

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Ramses II

Longest Living Pharaoh

*67 years!

Moses?

Battle of Kadesh – Hittites

Abu Simbel

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One of the best documented battles of antiquity

Described and written about by both the Hittites and the

Egyptians (with their own points of view – “spin”!)

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Ramses as a Leader

• Young (Inexperienced)

• Brave

• Rash / Impulsive

• Adventurous

• Doesn’t always follow

advice!

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Egyptian Military

• Chariots

• Infantry

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The Hittites as Soldiers

Large numbers

of chariots

Use of Iron

Three soldiers

vs. Egyptian

two soldiers

per chariot

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Diplomacy at Work = Treaty

Each side claimed victory

Reality: it can be called a draw

Note!

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Result: The world’s first recorded peace treaty

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Egyptian Society• This life or next – it is the same!!• Upper Class – Royalty, Priests• Middle Class – Artisans, scribes, merchants, tax

collectors• Lower Class – Poor, Farmers, largest social group

Egyptian Religion• Polytheistic• King / Pharaoh = God• Prepared for the next world

Art• Tomb & Temple Wall Paintings• Statues

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Examples of Egyptian “Art”

Wall Painting

Statues

Embalming

British Museum - London

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The Scribe

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Egyptian Society• This life or next – it is the same!!• Upper Class – Royalty, Priests• Middle Class – Artisans, scribes, merchants, tax

collectors• Lower Class – Poor, Farmers, largest social group

Egyptian Religion• Polytheistic• King / Pharaoh = God• Prepared for the next world

Art• Tomb & Temple Wall Paintings• Statues

Writing• Hieroglyphics – Hieratic (Demotic)• Rosetta Stone – 196 BC• British Museum in London

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Rosetta Stone

British Museum

London, England

•45 inches in height•28 1/2 inches in width•11 inches thick•1,676 pounds in weight.

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Rosetta Stone

Three Languages: Hieroglyphs

Demotic (Hieratic – Cursive)

Ancient Greek

• Written in 196 B.C.

• Account of Ptolomy V and his divine cult

• Discovered in Rosetta, Egypt in 1799 (Napoleon – France)

• Translated by Champollion in 1822

What other language does this look like?

Answer: Aramaic; Hebrew; Arabic

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Development of the World’s First Towns & Cities

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•A hollow box, covered with inlaid

little beads of lapis lazuli and

small carved figures.

•It was found laying in the corner

of a burial chamber above a head

of a man.

•When found, the original wooden

frame was decayed, and two

mosaic panels, set in the

bitumen, were broken.

•It was envisaged that it had been

carried on a pole as a standard.

Another suggestion is that the

hollow box formed a part of a

musical instrument.

•It was decorated on its four

sides with inlaid mosaic scenes

representing all social classes at

war and peace.

•At the top of the "peace" panel, a

singer and a harpist playing the

vertical harp (also known as a

lyre harp or a lyre like those

found in many "royal" tombs)

entertained the king.

The Standard of Ur (2600 – 2400 B.C.?)

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Mesopotamia

“Land between the two rivers”(Tigris / Euphrates)

• Fertile Crescent = Iraq• Flood waters• Irrigation = Agriculture in a

dry environment

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Sumer = Birthplace of

the World’s First Cities

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Sumerians – Sumer

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Sumerians – Sumer

100’s of small locations

• Ur, Uruk, Nippur, Eridu, Babylon, Lagash, Umma, Kish, Agade, Erech

• Development of city-states

City and surrounding land (2 -15 miles out)

• Governed independently from other city-states

councils

monarchs -- military & religious leader

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Center of city = Ziggurat•religious purposes

•polytheistic

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Mounds of Nippur – Once on the

banks of the Euphrates

Map of Sumerian City

Depicting various features

of the city in Cuneiform

writing

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Writing Develops in Sumer

Cuneiform pictures

wedge shaped

clay tablets

well preserved

leads eventually to the first alphabet

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Inventions

•Concept of “60”

•Wheel

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Because of Hot/Dry Climate, People Often Sleep on Roof!

The City of Ur

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Oldest Known Map in the World – Nippur, 1500 BC

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Oldest Known Map in the World – Nippur, 1500 BC

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Oldest Known Map in the World – Nippur, 1500 BC

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Oldest Known Map in the World – Nippur, 1500 BC

Sumerian way of war

•Bronze (copper & tin) weapons

•Chariots – pulled by Onagers

(small horses) or donkeys!

Which leads up to the

world’s first Empires

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World’s First Empire Develops

Sargon I – Akkadian’s Legend – Basket – River

• NW Portion of Mesopotamia• Unites all the city-states of Mesopotamia• Only last for 100 years.• Akkad language is adopted – becomes

language of early diplomats (Kadesh i.e.)

Ebla – royal archiveselected kings - removed by a council

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Hammurabi – Babylonian Empire

Strong government

Babylon – major trade center

Law Code – greatest accomplishment

7’ Stele

similar to Bible / Mosaic law

concerns aspects of daily life

Babylonian Society – similar to that of ancient Egypt

nobles – priests

merchants , artisans, scribes, farmers

poor, slaves

Ends with advance of the Hittites from west (Modern Turkey)

Louvre, Paris,

France

Will be resurrected 1,000 years

later

Neo-Babylonians – Chaldeans

Nebuchadnezzar

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Proto Indo – European Language (“P.I.E.”)

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Sub-Asian ContinentHimalayasProtection from the North

Pakistan, India, BangladeshEffects of nature -- floodingSeasonal weather – winds

Indus Valley CivilizationHarappan Civilization HarappaMohenjo-Daro

• 2500 – 1500 BC ? • Grid Patterns – Centrally Planned• Sewer System• Actively engaged in trade• Pictograms ?• Demise ? Natural / Manmade ?

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Mo(h)enjo-Daro

Citadel & Administrative

Center

(Urban Planning)

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Precise Grid Patterns with Sewer System

Indoor Toilet

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What

is this?

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Public Baths

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Vault for Community Wealth

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Measuring Devices from

Mohenjo-Daro

Weights cut according to strict standards.

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Metal weapons, tools, and ornaments

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Question ????

What is this?

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Answer !!!

An Elephant Goad!

Think Circus!

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Indus Valley Civilization

Demise ?

Language has not been deciphered

Flood

Famine

Disease

War

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Early China

Influence of Geography Relative Isolation

Diverse Climate Deserts / Mountains / Plains

Major Water WaysHuang He / Chang Jiang / Xi JiangContribute to Fertile Agriculture

Early Dynasties (3000 BC)Yang – shao

PotteryXia – 2000 BC

First Dynasty (first emperor)

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Ends -- 1908 – China’s Last Emperor

-- Republic

-- Sun Yet-Sen

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Shang Dynasty

First Record of China’s History

Anyang-- One of Seven Capital Cities

Polytheistic-- Oracle Bones

Bronze Work-- Weapons-- Urns / Cauldrons

Chinese Script-- Characters

Internal Disputes – Decline and Fall

Mandate of HeavenAuthority from God-- Continues through history –

“Divine Right of Kings”

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Polytheistic --

Oracle Bones

Chinese Script --

Characters

sounds

objects

words

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• Bronze

• Jade

• Inventions

Chinese Craftsmanship

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Medical Advances --

Acupuncture

Not that type of Acupuncture!!

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What is this Bronze object from

the Chinese Shang Period?

An

Executioner’s

Ax Head!

{:-(

….

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China

in

Turmoil

Decline

of the

Zhou

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Han Dynasty

• China Unifies

• Peace

• Expansion

• Great Wall

completed