the structure of ip 2009

7/28/2019 The Structure of IP 2009

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The structure of the IP

Bound morphemes and auxiliaries


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Intro

So far:

Inflection hosts morphemes which encode

Tense, Agreement, Mood or Aspectinformation


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Intro

IP

2

Spec I2

I VP

{T/Agr/Mood/Asp}


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Intro

(1) John will ask Mary to marry him after the

exam.

(2) John asked Mary to marry him after theexam.

(3) John asks agirl to marry him after each

exam.


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Intro

Inflection hosts:

(i) bound morphemes : /z/, /d/, -ing, -en

(ii) free morphemes: modal verbs, auxiliaries


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Intro

IP2

Spec I2

I VP/d/

/z/

may etc.

havebe

do


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Intro

Conclusions so far:

(i) in spite of the difference between bound

and free morphemes, they are outside theVP

(ii) they all carry tense and agreement

information.


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Auxiliaries

One important difference:

(i) Modals are inherently tensed

(ii) Auxiliaries : present vs. past tense forms,

have non-finite forms


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Auxiliaries

Have and be are base-generated under VP;

they reach the node I as a result of

movement.

They move to T/Agr to merge with Tense and

Agreement markers


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Auxiliaries

John has left the country.


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Auxiliaries

IP2

Spec I

2I VP

5

V VP

have

be


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Auxiliaries

IP2

Spec I

2I VP

5

V VP

has left the country

g


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Auxiliaries

IP2

Spec I

2I VPhas 5

V VP

t left the countryg


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Auxiliaries

Modals are inherently tensed : they are base-

generated under I.

Have and be : reach Inflection as a result of

Move

Modal Vs: are base-generated under I


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Auxiliaries

IP

2

Spec I2

I VP

modals 5


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Auxiliaries

IP

2

Spec IJohn 2

I VP

can 5

dance


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Auxiliaries

Auxiliaries differ from lexical verbs:

In English, only auxiliaries and modals occurunder Inflection


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Auxiliaries

(4) John must have left.

must + VP

I VP

(5) John leaves tomorrow.

V + /z/

= ????


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Auxiliaries and bound affixes

The Stranded Affix Filter (Lasnik 1981)

an affix must be attached to a host, it cannot

remain stranded.

the stranded affix [/d/ or /z/] must merge

with a free morpheme


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Auxiliaries

IP

2

Spec I2

I VP

/z/ 5

arrive

IP

2

Spec I2

I VP

/z/ 5

arrive


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Auxiliaries

Verb raising or affix lowering?


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Auxiliaries

(6)

a. She always teaches syntax.

b. She will always teach syntax.

c. She has already told us about IP.

Always precedes lexical verbs and is

placed after the aux


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Auxiliaries

Always, often, never, already :

= in front of the lexical verb

= sentence-medial adverbs


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Auxiliaries

IP2

She

I2

I VP

/z/2

AdvP VP

5 5

often teach syntax


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Auxiliaries

IP2

She I

2

I VP

/z/ 2AdvP VP

5 5

often teach syntax


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Auxiliaries

(7)* She teaches often _ syntax.


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Auxiliaries

IP2

She I

2

I VP

/z/ 2

AdvP VP5 5

often teach syntax


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Auxiliaries

(8)She _ often teaches syntax.


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Auxiliaries

= In English, lexical verbs do not move to

Inflection to allow the affix to attach to a

verb. Instead, the affix lowers to V.


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Auxiliaries

BUT:

(9)John is already sleeping.

(10)John has already left.


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Auxiliaries

IP2

She I2

I VP/z/ 2AdvP VPalready2

V2V VP

have left


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Auxiliaries

IP2

She I2

I VP/z/ 2AdvP VPalready2

V2V VPbe dancing


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Auxiliaries

Have and be: move to Inflection

V-to-I movement

Lexical verbs do not move to I in English;

only auxiliaries move to I.


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Auxiliaries

IP2

She I2

I VPmay 2AdvP VPalready 5

know it


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Auxiliaries and negation

(11)

a.She hasnt eaten snails.

b.She isnt eating snails.

c.*She eats not snails.

d. She doesnt eat snails..


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Auxiliaries

= NOT always in front of the lexical verb

= only Auxiliaries and modals can be directly

negated by not/nt.


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(12)John has not left.NegPVP


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Negation

T/AgrP2 A

John T/Agr2

T/Agr NegP2

Neg

2

Neg VP

not has left


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Negation

T/AgrP

2 A

John T/Agr2

T/Agr NegP

2

Neg

2

Neg VP

not 5

isdancing

John is NOT dancing.


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Negation

T/AgrP2 A

John T/Agr2

T/Agr NegPmay 2

Neg

2

Neg VP

not leave


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Negation

T/AgrP2 A

John T/Agr2

T/Agr NegP2

Neg

2

Neg VP

not left


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(13) *John left not.


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Negation

auxiliaries are directly negated and theyalways precede the marker of Negation

< NICE properties

Lexical verbs cannot be directly negated:they cannot directly precede nor followNegation


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Negation

(14) She does not teach morphology.

(15) She did not leave.

= Do-Insertion orDo-Support


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Negation

Q:why isDo-Insertion required in the derivation

?

(16) *She not teaches morphology.

= the bound morpheme cannot lower to V

=in accordance with the Stranded Affix Filterbound morphemes cannot remain stranded;

they need a PF host


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Negation

Agr/TP2

Spec Agr/T 2

Agr/T NegP /z/ 2

Neg 2

Neg VP 2

NOT V 2

V .

affixation is blocked teach


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Negation

*She teaches not/teachnt morphology .

= the lexical verb does not move to IP


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Negation

Bills not like beer.

The affix cannot attach to the verb because

Negation intervenes between the lexical verb

and the inflection marker.

Do is inserted as a last resort, providing averbal support for the affix.


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Negation

Agr/TP 2

Spec Agr/T 2

Agr/T NegP DO /z/ 2

Neg 2

Neg VP 2

NOT V 2

V .

go


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Conclusions

Modal verbs: base-generated under Inflection

IP2

Spec II 2

I VPwill 2

Spec V

2

V DP

become a linguist


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Conclusions

< I will have told him about it.

< I will often go there.

< I will notgo there.


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Conclusions

Have and be: base-generated under VP

IP2

Spec I2

I VP2

Spec V2

V AspP


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Conclusions

Have and be : move to Inflection

= V-to-I movement< I have often arrived late.

< I have notarrived late.


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Conclusions

Lexical verbs DO NOT move to Inflection

in English

< *John likes often syntax.

< * John likes notsyntax.


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Further evidence: SAI

(17)

a. Will she leave for Cyprus?

b. Has she been there before? Is she teachingus about AUX?

c. *Leaves she for Cyprus?


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SAI

Auxiliaries can invert with the subject

in yes/no questions.


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SAI

CP2

C2

C IPwill2

Spec I

DP 25 I VP

she t 5

leave for Cyprus


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SAI

= I-to-C movement

= whatever material is under I moves to C


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SAI

CP2

C2

is IP2

Spec I

DP 25 I VP

she t 5

t leaving for Cyprus


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SAI

Have/ be:

V to I to C movement


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SAI

CP2

C2

IP2

Spec I

DP 25 I VP

she 5

leave for Cyprus


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SAI

* Leaves she for Cyprus?

lexical verbs do not invert with the subjectinyes/no questions

< lexical verbs do not move to I


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SAI

When the material which Inflection hosts is

an affix, it will require a host

do is inserted as a Last Resort.


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SAI

CP2

C

2IP

2

Spec I2

I VPDO /z/ 5

leave for Cyprus


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SAI

(18) Does she leave for Cyprus?


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Auxiliaries

(19) She will kill us softly, wont she?

(20) *She teaches us syntax, teachesnt she?

(21)She is teaching us syntax, isnt she?

(22)*She teaches syntax, teachesnt she?


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Auxiliaries

Auxiliaries can occur

in tags.


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Auxiliaries

(23) I can explain the Principle of Projection

andso can you.

(24) *I teach syntax and so teach you.

auxiliaries occur in codas.


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Auxiliaries

(25)

a. But I HAVE told you we had a class today!

b.*But I TOLD you we had a class today!

c. But I DID tell you we had a class today.

Auxiliaries receive stress in emphaticaffirmation


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Conclusions

(i) Infl (I) hosts both bound and free

morphemes

(ii) Both bound morphemes and auxiliarieshave phrasal status

(iii)Have and be: base-generated under V and

move to I(iv) Modals: base-generated under I


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Conclusions

(v) Only have and be move from under VP to

I < S-medial adverbs, negation, SAI

(vi)Do is inserted under I as a Last Resort< Stranded Affix Filter

(vii) The elements which occur in I: SAI, tag

questions, codas, emphatic affirmation< theNICEproperties


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Lexical verbs vs. auxiliaries

So far:

different distributional properties


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Lexical verbs: semantic contentevent

structure assign theta-roles to their

arguments

Auxiliaries: abstract content no event

structure do not assign theta-roles to

their arguments


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Do: the auxiliary by excellence (Denison

1993).


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the English modals have descriptive content

which carries weight at the level of

interpretation possibility, necessity

John might have killed the cat.

They neednt have sent them the letter.


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BUT:

no event structure they do not assign theta-

roles to their arguments= no theta-role to the phrase in their Specifier

position

the structure of ip 2009

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