THE STRATEGIES

OF MODERN SCIENCE

DEVELOPMENTInternational

scientific – practical conference

Yelm, WA, USA

29-30 March 2013

Science Book Publishing House Yelm, WA, USA

2013

Scientific Publishing Center "Discovery"otkritieinfo.ru

THE STRATEGIES OF MODERN SCIENCE DEVELOPMENTProceedings of the International scientific–practical conference

Yelm, WA, USA, 29-30 March 2013

The Strategies of Modern Science Development: Proceedings of the International scientific–practical conference (Yelm, WA, USA, 29-30 March 2013). - Yelm, WA, USA: Science Book Publishing House, 2013. - 210 p.

The materials of the conference have presented the results of the latest research in various fields of science: information technology and engineering, agricultural science, economics and jurisprudence, educational sciences end art criticism, social and political sciences. The collection is of interest to researchers, graduate students, doctoral candidates, teachers, students - for anyone interested in the latest trends of the world of science.

ISBN 978-1-62174-024-7

SECTION 1. Information Technology

THE USE OF THE PRIORITY MODEL IN OPTIMIZATION OF CORPORATE DATA NETWORK

ADMINISTRATING Alex V. Andreev, Maria M. Monakhova, Denis V. Mishin

Vladimir State University, Vladimir, Russian Federation mariya.monakhova@gmail.com

The main integrative platform of the modern automated management system for the enterprise (AMSE) is the corporate data network (CDN). CDN is distributed infrastructure which is organized component complex such as functional elements (end devices, telecommunication devices, protocols and data network services) (FE) and telecommunication links. In this context CDN administrating is target manager actions on FE implemented by administrator to ensure reliability, capacity and security of CDN as the objective goal of administrating [1].

CDN administrator is a person-machine system implementing set of network management functions. One of the actual tasks in providing need quantity of automated management system for the enterprise (AMSE) operation is designing a queue of set of all needed to execute administrating functions. With limited administrator’s amount optimization of such queue is one of the most actual tasks in providing needed quantity of AMSE functioning. Authors main the approach to the problem in ranging FE of CDN for extend of their share in providing transmission means to the certain finite set of the information processes of the AMSE. Problem solving of the ranging FE of the CDN is represented as developing information systems prioritization under the math model of the FE priority.

In this context priority is a common for every FE of the CDN index of objective importance in the set of information processes of AMSE. Theoretical tasks of network administrating are difficult scientific problem related with developing science-based models and algorithms of the adapted control. Analysis of the actual investigations in this sphere of existed on the market specialized administrating software environments permits to state absence of the effective ranging

FE of CDN mechanism. Today using peer reviews of FE of CDN with continuous modernization of CDN and changes of AMSE applications become ineffective because of their low dynamic. Absence of the theoretical and practical developments in ranging FE sphere determines relevance of developing science-based methodology of quantitative priority calculation of FE of CDN. This work introduces the notion of FE of CDN, suggests priority model and method of calculating based on degree of FE participation in implementation set of information processes of AMSE.

Designate set of FE of CDN as SCDN={s1,s2,...,sj}, where sr S –

functional element. Priority (R) is an index of importance of functional element for implementation of information processes of AMSE. Designate a quantitative priority value sr as R(sr). Designate set of all information processes of CDN PCDN={p1,…,pm}, where information process designate pi PCDN

Information process pi is an information interaction of two and more subjects (users, organization departments, corporations).

The aim of information process is a changes existing information if only one of them. Implementation of information process is related with using FE.

In general case information process is represented by: where Hi – quantitative assessment of

range pi, defined by expert group according to the degree of importance and urgency of a process; Ai={ai

1,…,aik} – set of senders functional

elements (FE) pi, Ai SCDN; Bi={bi1,…,bi

e} – set of receivers functional elements (FE) i, Bi SCDN; Wi={wi

1,…,wip} – set of primary oriented way

(all potential distances of network traffic between the subscribers), wi

qWi – way from aijAi to bi

jBi, wiq SCDN.

Priority numeric value of FE for pi is in proportion to coefficient of FE participation () in implementation information of information process and range of a process (H): where

Ri(sr) – priority numeric value of the element sr for the process pi; γi(sr) – coefficient of relative participation of the element sr in implementation pi that is determined by the count of its emergence on Wi.

For calculating γi(sr) the set PCDN should be represents as related connected undirected graph NCDN(S,L), where vertices of a graph are the elements SCDN, arcs of a graph are the telecommunication channel.

Fig. 1. Undirected graph NCDN (up), directed graph Ni (down)

Each information process of CDN as an ordered set of functional elements is a directed subgraph of the sought graph NCDN, Ni – directed graph pi (Fig.1). Set of all alternative combinations between senders’ FE and receivers’ FE in a process pi is called the set of ordered pairs {ai

j,bij} and is designated as Mi, ai

jAi, bijBi.

The set Mi is found as a Cartesian product [1] of the set of subscribers (Ai, Bi) by formula Define quantity of pairs {ai

j,bij} as |Mi| (cardinality of the set Mi). For the quantity of pairs |

Mi| of “sender-receiver” of process pi find all ways of interaction Wi={wi

1,…,wip}, including appropriate senders and receivers. |Wi| denote

number of found ways. Denote |Wi| as a number of found ways. Set of ways through sr denote as Wr

i, WriWi. |Wr

i| denote number of found ways Wr

i. Denote |Wri| as a number of found ways Wr

i. Parameter i(sr) determines number of |Wr

i| emergence on the set of ways Wi by formula (4).

Set the result (4) to the formula (2) and calculate numerical value of Ri(sr) (5). After calculating functional elements priority of the set SCDN on the whole set PCDN, a matrix of functional elements priority will be got (Table 1).

Table 1

PS

p1 p2 p3 … … … … pm

s1 R1

(s1)R2

(s1)R3

(s1)… … … … R

m(s1)… … … … … … … … …sj R1

(sj)R2

(sj)R3

(sj)… … … … R

m(sj)

For each element sr in graph NCDN associate priority m-vector {R1(sr), R2(sr)…Rm(sr)}, where m is a count of information processes of AMSE.

Using Euclidean metric [3] in a space Rm priority of element may be determined using weighted norm:

, where R(sr) is a

priority value for the element sr. Zero weight R(sr)=0 matches the element that is not belongs to the set PCDN.

Practical partConsider this methodology of the setting priorities by the

example of the CDN of enterprise “Zapadno-malobalykskoe” Ltd. Scheme of the CDN and its graph are shown in figure (Fig. 2).

Fig. 2. Scheme of the network (left) and its undirect graph (right)As input data is\are considered three basic\main information

processes on the part of the corporate data network (CDN).These processes have the following settings: H1(p1)=10, A1={s32,

s33, s34, s35}, B1={s11, s12}; H2(p2)=12, A2={s27, s32, s35}, B2={s1, s2}; H3(p3)=3, A3={s27, s28}, B3={s35, s36}. Calculate count of sender-receiver pairs for each process by\(according to the) formula (3): |M1|=8; |M2|=6; |M3|=4. Find count of all paths passing from sender to receiver, for each of pairs: |W1|=108; |W2|=96; |W3|=28. Find count of paths passing through each functional element (Table 2). Calculate coefficient of participation on each information process for functional elements (FE) (formula 4) (Table 3). After calculating functional elements priority on the whole set of information processes (formula 5), get the matrix of functional elements priority (Table 4).

Table 2. Count of paths passing through each functional element i r 1 2 9 10 11 12 15 16 17 18 19 20 24 25 26 27 28 32 33 34 35 36

1 0 0 36 72 54 54 108 36 108 108 60 60 30 102 54 0 0 24 24 24 36 02 48 48 96 64 0 0 32 32 96 96 60 60 54 84 54 36 0 36 0 0 36 03 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 20 20 28 24 28 14 14 0 0 0 14 14

Table 3. Coefficient of participation on each information process for functional elements i r 1 2 9 10 11 12 15 16 17 18 19 20 24 25 26 27 28 32 33 34 35 36

1 0 0 0,3 0,6 0,5 0,5 1 0,3 1 1 0,5 0,5 0,2 0,9 0,5 0 0 0,2 0,2 0,2 0,3 02 0,5 0,5 1 0,6 0 0 0,3 0,3 1 1 0,6 0,6 0,5 0,8 0,5 0,3 0 0,3 0 0 0,3 03 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0,4 0,7 0,7 1 0,8 1 0,5 0,5 0 0 0 0,5 0,5

Table 4. The matrix of functional elements priorityi r 1 2 9 10 11 12 15 16 17 18 19 20 24 25 26 27 28 32 33 34 35 36

1 0 0 3,3 6,7 5 5 10 3,3 10 10 5,6 5,6 2,8 9,4 5 0 0 2,2 2,2 2,2 3,3 02 6 6 12 8,0 0 0 3,9 3,9 12 12 7,5 7,5 6,7 10,6 6,7 4,5 0 4,5 0 0 4,5 03 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1,3 2,1 2,13 3 2,58 3 1,5 1,5 0 0 0 1,5 1,5

Find total priority value for each functional element (FE) on the whole set of information processes (formula 6) and get weighted graph of part of corporate data network (CDN) “Zapadno-malobalykskoe” Ltd.

For the each functional element associate quantity value of its priority (Fig. 3).

Fig. 3. Weighted graph of corporate data network (CDN) “Zapadno-malobalykskoe” Ltd.

Offered method of priority calculating allows to range set of all functional elements of a CDN in each moment by priority as a general criterion for all functional elements of a corporate data network. Thereby when set of faults in a corporate network by offered approach may be formed queue on the functional elements of corporate data network service. Offered ranging of functional elements may help to determine problem places in CDN and accept appropriate measures to ensure reliability and vitality of corporate network.

Literature1. D.V. Mishin, M.M. Monakhova About the optimization of the

administration corporate area networks of the data transmission under scarce administrative resources // Herald of the National Technical

University "KhPI". Subject issue: Information Science and Modelling. - Kharkov: NTU "KhPI". - 2011. - №17. - P. 101 - 108. - 197 p. ISSN 2079-0031.

WEB-SERVICE TESTING OF DATA IN THE SPECIALIZED COMPUTER SYSTEMSO. V. Gerasimenko, L. V. Elenin*, V. N. Tkachev, A. N. Bukhanjko, V. E. Savanevich, V. S. Yazliev

Kharkiv National University of Radio Electronics, Kharkov, Ukraine vitalii.tkachov @ kture.kharkov.ua

* Institute of Applied Mathematics. Moscow Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation, i.elenin @ gmail.com

Specialized computer systems (SHS) are, as a rule, systems that address a limited range of problems [1]. For example, it is the frame processing in observatories.

Control of data points (frames) in most cases is based on the approach of "Remote Desktop." This is useful if the observatory to be close to the "controller". But most of the observatories are located in remote places and with unstable network connections. An example of such an observatory ISON-NM: data rate is 120 Kb / s. Use of the above approach is questionable. Besides, mobility is absent because access can be achieved only with a PC.

Unstable and limited bandwidth, communication channels is one of the major problems in the remote decision making when working with these systems. So, complex data is appropriate to expand the data sources themselves. This reduces the flow of data to verify the observations or their control.

The aim of this work is the creation of services for monitoring the results of data processing. It uses the HTTP-technology [2]. The paper does not address the processes of transmission and, in fact, data processing. Web-service is considered to be a kind of viewer to controls. Or it can be some

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kind of a firewall between the computer system and the user. Web-service requested by users of data processing systems with low-bandwidth communication channels.

In this system, users initiate a connection and send queries. In turn, web-server listens for the request, produce the necessary actions and return a message back with the result.

Considered web-service is implemented as a closed web-site. It is available for users of web-service. Access to new users is set by the administrator. Initially, the users are observers of observatories that are maintained web-server.

Web-site is adapted for mobile devices. Simultaneous work of several users, express and ordinary automatically sending of reports is allowed. Also, the following features are incorporated: compression of transmitted files (using fpack and other files 7z); speed control data (functional - Platform G6FTP) for each observer, and the function stops the transmission of data through web-service interface.

The flexibility of the service is implemented by Open-standard. All software is in the public domain. [3]

By the side of the user of the web-service it can be represented as follows. Web-server receives a request from a user. Processing of php-file-script by the interpreter is started. It is at this stage, a sample of the necessary information from the database tables and filling its web-page. The information on its corresponding frame in the database for each user is appropriate. It allows you to build distributed databases. Then the finished web-page goes to the user. Once the page is received by the user with Web-Server to browser software processes it and displays the user, while performing client-side script. [4]

Web-Service is implemented and operated. CBC in the U.S., New Mexico (ISON-NM - Astronomical Observatory remotely controlled); web-server located in Ukraine, Kharkiv, user (decision maker) web-service, is the head of the Observatory (Russia) [5].

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Control of data points (frames) in most cases is based on the approach of "Remote Desktop." This is useful if the observatory to be close to the "controller". But most of the observatories located in remote places and with unstable network connections. An example of such an observatory is ISON-NM: data rate - 120 Kb / s. Use of the above approach is questionable. Besides, mobility is absent because access can be achieved only with a PC.

Web-site allows the user to make decisions on any device that has a browser and Internet access.

Now suspicious areas on a series of frames OLDAS-CLT [5] (the software installed on the ISON-NM) are reset along with service information in a separate folder. Its contents are automatically transferred to the web-server. After the complete transfer of the next series of suspicious areas of personnel this series of frames are ready for review by an observer. To view and subsequently, make the right decision the user should go to the web-site to your account.

If bandwidth connection of "Observatory-Server" is essentially unstable, or the user works directly through a bad link - transfer will be longer, but the image, animation, linking of suspicious spot will be held in the comfort of the user mode.

Astronomy is also a promising application of this service.

Bibliography1. You Wei Lu, Zhen Zhen Xu, Feng Xia Prediction-Based

Independent Task Scheduling for Heterogeneous Distributed Computing Systems. – Advanced Materials Research. – 2012, 457-458 – P. 1039.

2. Web-site: http://tools.ietf.org/wg/httpbis/ - 2011.3. Tim Simcoe Open Standards and Intellectual Property

Rights University of Toronto. –4. Joseph L. Rotman School of Management. September 16,

2005 – 43 p.

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5. Savanevich, V. E.; Kozhukhov, A. M.; Bryukhovetskiy, A. B.; Vlasenko, V. P.; Dikov, E. N.; Ivashchenko, Yu. N.; Elenin, L. V. Program of Automated Asteroids Detection CoLiTec — New Features and Results of Implementation. – 43rd Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, held March 19–23, 2012 at The Woodlands, Texas. LPI Contribution No. 1659, id.1049.

MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF THE REQUEST PROCESSING IN A PARALLEL COLUMN DATABASE SYSTEM

Y. A. Grigoriev, E. Y ErmakovBauman Moscow State Technical University, Moscow,

Russian Federation, JK.Ermakov @ gmail.com

Nowadays many organizations have accumulated an enormous amount of data based on which it is possible to solve a variety of analytical and managerial tasks in any business. Problems of storage and processing of analytical information are increasing in importance and attracted the attention of experts and companies working in the field of information technology. On these solutions are especially being directed technology, collectively called data warehouse and business intelligence. According to the Gartner, the storage in the near future will remain one of the key components of automated information systems companies. [1]

One of the main and most promising architectural solutions for specialized databases in data warehousing is the column storage: large potential columnar systems confirm analyzes and forecasts of analysts [1,2-4]. For example, this work [4] shows a 200-fold reduction in input-output compared with the same relational database management system (RDBMS). Thus, for the designers of the system data task of choosing between traditional and specialized databases appears in a difficult way. To make informed technical decisions about choosing it is necessary to use database-modeling tools. For traditional RDBMS such methods already exist [5]. For the parallel databases, such studies are carried out [6-9]. The paper analyzes the information processes in parallel

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columnar databases and creates a mathematical model of evaluation time queries on a single table, which takes into account the specifics of such systems. The mathematical model [10,11] allows a comparison of the time in the parallel query processing and the row columnar data warehouse and a number of conclusions in terms of their use in a variety of information processing systems.

Work [10,11] provides a comparison of the information processing in the request line and column databases, which are allocated on the basis of specific features of columnar systems: data storage on a physical level in the columns, the operation materialization of tuples (early and late) and the ability to operate on compressed data. In a view of the revealed features a mathematical model for evaluating the time the query to one table derived, and then on the basis of experimental evidence its adequacy assesses The relative error has the following distribution for a series of experiments: <10% - 7 cases,> 10% and <20% - 2 cases,> 20% and <30% - 3 cases. The resulting distribution can speak of satisfactory model accuracy. On the basis of a mathematical model of a comparison of the average time to process the request in a single table and the row of parallel columnar data warehouse, an analysis comparing the results of the boundary conditions and the use of systems.

Graphic relationships in the query execution time of line database to query execution time in the database column (Y) depending on the ratio of the number of attributes involved in the query to the total number of attributes in the table (X = 100 * 2 * K / H) for different average products covered by one tuple (kC allows compression) are shown in Figure 1. Graphics processors are built for the number n = 2. Table. 1 values of Y for some X.

The graphs show that the use of less than 20% of the attributes of the query execution time in the database column less at times in comparison with a small database, with a larger number of attributes at query time increases almost in proportion to the number of attributes used in the query.For kC = 1 (no compression), the average query time in line and column DBMS becomes (Y = 1) when using 65% of the attributes (Table 1). Increasing the time of the query in the database column with a larger number of attributes can be used to explain the increase in the number of columns to read from the table (for line databases time does not change, because the records are read from the

15

disk entirely). When X = 100%, and kC = 1, the average query time in lowercase database in 1.5 (1/0.66) times less than in the database column. And of sufficient compressive columns picture changes: columnar database is better than horizontal, even with 100% in the request attributes (see Table 1.).

Table 1

kC=1 kC=5 kC=10X=2% (KA=KF=1) 31 70 99X=65% 1 2,5 3,8X=100% 0,66 1,65 2,5

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Fig. 1. The ratio of the run-time query

Fig. 2 shows a plot of the average time of the query column in database of the number of processors for different ratios used in the query attributes (10%, 50%, 100%) as well as run-time query in lowercase database. The graphs show that the fifteen-second mark of line database of the average time the query is achieved when the number of processors n = 10. Column Database, this mark is reached at the ratio used in the query attribute 10% (10 out of 100 attributes), even when n = 2 (and that in the absence of compression columns, kC = 1). Saving computing resources is available.

Fig. 2. The average query time in the database column (page).

The resulting mathematical model can be used to make well-founded technical solution of choice in a database. It is expected to continue studies of and to obtain estimates of time queries with more complex plans realization.

Bibliography1. Андрей Арсентьев. Хранилища данных становятся

инфраструктурным компонентом №1. CNews аналитика. 2010. [Эл. ресурс]. [http://retail.cnews.ru/reviews/free/BI2010/articles/articles6.shtml]. Проверено 27.06.2011.

2. Michael Stonebraker, Uğur Çetintemel. «One Size Fits All»: An Idea Whose Time Has Come and Gone.: [Эл.ресурс]. [http://citforum.ru/database/articles/one_size_fits_all/]. Проверено 27.06.2011.

3. Michael Stonebraker, Chuck Bear, Uğur Çetintemel. One Size Fits All? – Part 2: Benchmarking Results. 3rd Biennial Conference on Innovative Data Systems Research, 2007, Asilomar, California, USA.: [Эл.ресурс].[http://citforum.ru/database/articles/one_size_fits_all_2/]. Проверено 27.06.2011.

4. Michael Stonebraker. My Top 10 Assertions About Data Warehouses. / Перевод Сергея Кузнецова, 2010 г.: [Эл.ресурс]. [http://citforum.ru/gazeta/166/]. Проверено 27.06.2011.

5. Григорьев Ю.А., Плутенко А.Д. Теоретические основы анализа процессов доступа к распределенным базам данных. Новосибирск: Наука, 2002. - 222 с.

6. Ю.А. Григорьев, В.Л. Плужников. Оценка времени выполнения запросов и выбор архитектуры параллельной системы баз данных. МГТУ,2009.

7. Григорьев Ю.А., Плужников В.Л. Модель обработки запросов в параллельной системе баз данных // Вестник МГТУ им. Н.Э. Баумана. – 2010. - № 4. – С. 78-90.

8. Григорьев Ю.А., Плужников В.Л. Оценка времени соединения таблиц в параллельной системе баз данных// Информатика и системы управления. – 2011. - № 1. – С. 3-16.

9. Григорьев Ю.А., Плужников В.Л. Анализ времени обработки запросов к хранилищу данных в параллельной системе баз

данных // Информатика и системы управления.–2011.-№ 2. – С. 94-106.

10. Григорьев Ю.А., Ермаков Е.Ю. Модель обработки запросов в параллельной колоночной системе баз данных // Информатика и системы управления. – 2012. - № 1. – С. 3-15.

11. Григорьев Ю.А., Ермаков Е.Ю. Модель обработки запроса к одной таблице в параллельной колоночной системе баз данных и анализ ее адекватности // Информатика и системы управления. – 2012. - № 2. – С. 170-179.

THE ADAPTED ALGORITHM OF KUN-MANKERS IN ADMINASTRATIVE TASKS ECM-COMPUTING

ENVIRONMENTMaria M. Monakhova, Denis V. Mishin,

Sergey D. LuchinkinVladimir State University, Vladimir, Russia

mariya.monakhova @ gmail.com

Analysis of current research in the field of sustainable operation of distributed systems (eg ACS) suggests that one of the components of the quality of corporate functioning of ACS is the problem automate recovery of its data-processing environment (KRIVS). KRIVS recovery is made, as a rule, in the processes of administration, the decomposition of which can provide a lot of precedents F (operations) - functions of the administration (PA). Analysis of the administrative system KRIVS company suggests that the task of distribution is decided by the FA is not effective. This paper proposes a method for appointing the FA artist, based on an adapted algorithm for assignment problem Kun - Mankres, also known as the Hungarian algorithm.

Mathematically, the optimization problem assigning functions by administration in the form of a bipartite graph G '= (A', F '; Y) (Fig. 1), where A' = {a'1, a'2, ..., a'n }, A' A - a subset of available administrators KRIVS, F' = {f'1, f'2, ..., f'm}, F' F - subset FA, need to be addressed in the current phase of the administration, Y = {yij} - the set of edges connecting the vertices of A 'to the vertices of the set F',,, i> 0, j> 0.

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Figure 1 - The F '

We will assume that each administrator can perform any FA. This corresponds to the fact that each vertex of a' A' is related to all the vertices f' F', the incidence βa each vertex a' Ak in this case will be equal to the power subset FA ACS KRIVS, βa’=|F'|. Similarly, each FA can be done by any of the administrators. This corresponds to the fact that each vertex f' F' is linked to all. will be equal to the power available to a subset administrators KRIVS, βf’'= | A' |. Thus, a bipartite graph G '= (A', F '; Y) is complete (Fig. 1), a'A' and f'F' yijY.

In solving the problem of destination by the FA need of many possible choose a matching (F'-A '), which best meets the specified performance criterion integral T. Since each edge yijY can be made several performance metrics t * ij, task assignment by the FA can be reduced to finding a maximal matching vertices of F 'to the vertices of the set A' so that the total performance of all combinations is optimal (Figure . 2).

Integral criterion efficiency T will assume the total execution time in the cycle of the FA administration. Thus, it is necessary to appoint administrators to set A 'as the administrative control of F' in such a way as to achieve a minimum time of complete recovery performance KRIVS:

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Figure 2 - the optimal assignment

(1) (1)

We take the value of the efficiency, which determines the weight of each edge yij Y graph G = (A ', F'; Y), the predicted execution time t * FA fj F 'administrator ai A'. Index t * - a complex function, which is calculated based on the individual competencies administrator settings the performance of a particular FA. In general, predictable

execution time FA define as: t*ij=f( ) (2), where: - the

average execution time fj administrator a i;- An indicator of the

competence of the administrator ai to implement fj; - the interval

between the time the last run fj administrator a i

, and the time of this appointment fj

administrator to perform a i;.The competence of the manager is an integral indicator of the

level of knowledge, skills and experience. In the simplest case, with the value of the index K competence assume probability of the FA administrator for a time not exceeding normative, where - standard execution time fj, - the value of the last execution fj administrator ai. We assume that the increase relative to the average time function is proportional to the probability of default functions: (3). Then the

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predicted execution time fj ai administrator will calculate the following: (4). Due to the loss of experience, the value increases as a function of the value of the exponential law: (5), where the interval between the time the last run and the time the next appointment fj administrator to perform ai. As part of the required tasks, the predicted time to time current assignment functions fj will be calculated as: (6).

The result is a matrix of the projected фcting A'F 'represents a binary relation sets A' and F ', each ordered pair of which is expressed by a numerical value of the integral index predicted time t * ij execution fj F 'administrator ai A'. If the administrator ai A 'can not execute a function fj F', the value of t * ij =.

Formulation of the problem. With limited administrative resources (power set A ') subject to the limitation that the performance of each f, fF', one is given the administrative resources necessary to ensure the optimal allocation of resources by the FA, ensuring minimal time, incidence KRIVS.

Feature of the optimal use F 'to A' is that one cycle F ', corresponding to | A' |of administration will run a subset of F'', F'' - the number of available administrative resources. A subset F'' will be formed depending on the conditions determined by | F '|: Condition 1: | F '| | A' | F'' = F '. Recovery performance KRIVS can be achieved in a single cycle execution stage as the administrative management; Condition 2: | F '|> | A' |. Expected full recovery KRIVS performance can be achieved in more than one cycle of the execution stage FA. Formation of F'' F ', for each cycle based on the priority values F'. Function with higher priority are allocated to earlier cycles, which provides priority restoring items with the highest relevance to performance KRIVS. This feature allows you to achieve the best possible performance gain KRIVS at each stage of the execution cycle FA.Solution. Form the matrix of the projected run-time FA: If | F'' | = | A '|, we construct a square matrix of size A'F'' | A' | = | F'' |; If | F'' | <| A '|, we construct a square matrix of size A'F'' | A' |, complementing its zero columns;

Search maximal matching with optimal performance predicted execution time in a bipartite graph G 'is a classic algorithmic

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assignment problem as a special case of the transportation problem. The simplest algorithm for solving such problems is the algorithm of Kun-Mankres, allowing to solve the problem in polynomial time O (n3). Applying the algorithm to the Kun-Mankres original matrix A'F 'to a single optimal solution for the assignment requires solutions at affordable FA administrators with minimal total projected recovery times KRIVS performance (6).

Application. Based on the calculations, it was found that the performance KRIVS enterprise as a result of the four incidents decreased from Yong = E4 = 507.17 to 159.55 (Figure 1.3.1).

The first cycle of the execution stage FAWe construct a subgraph G'' (A ', F'', Y) of a bipartite graph G'

(A ', F', Y) for the first cycle of the execution stage the FA (Figure 3):

Figure 3 - subgraph G'' (A ', F'', Y) of the first cycle

Let us search the minimum amount of estimated total time algorithm Kun-Mankres. Maximal matching optimal assignment F''-A '(with the least amount t *) is shown in Figure 4.

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Figure 4 - The maximum matching optimal distribution of the first cycle

During the first cycle of the execution stage the FA can predict performance gains KRIVS (Fig. 6).

Figure 5 - The maximum matching optimal allocation of the second cycle

Figure 6 shows a diagram reflecting the dynamics of the performance gain for the entire KRIVS stage (first and second cycles) performance of FA.

26

Figure 6 - Diagram of performance boost KRIVS

As a solution to the problem of minimizing the cycle time KRIVS restore performance, we proposed a method of rational use administrative functions of a machine existence of many alternatives that is, in a given set of execution requiring the FA and the many services available to carry them out performers - KRIVS administrators.

The method is based on an adapted algorithm for finding the maximal matching Kun-Mankres and family of related models. Proposed as additions to the algorithm model for calculating weights of the edges of a bipartite graph based on administrator settings ACS and algorithm design matrix based on the number of priorities and the FA allow to obtain the optimal solution for the distribution to be resolved at an affordable FA administrators with a minimum projected total recovery time KRIVS performance.

The provisions of this theoretical calculation results of the experiment proved to restore KRIVS productivity.

EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSYS OF ERROR-CORRECTING CODING

OF TURBO CODES IN THE DATA TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS

I.A. NebaevState University of Telecommunications Prof. M. A. Bonch-Bruevich,

Saint-Petersburg, Russian Federation, inebaev@spbgut.ru

Integration processes of infocommunicational space and the mass digitization of networks and data transmission systems have approved the estimate based on counting the number of bit errors as a primary metric characterizing the channel quality and the efficiency of error-correcting coding. It is known from the theory of connection that the bit error is a number of received bits which have been inverted due to the effects of noise environment, noise interference, the loss of synchronization and other destructive effects of the propagation environment information signal through the telecommunications channel. In communications technology such parameter is the name of the abbreviation BER (Bit Error Rate), i.e. bit error ratio of the total number Ebe transmitted bit Nb within a predetermined time interval t.

The time interval t in this case refers to the time during which the measurement was made.

It should be noted that the BER is versatile enough metric measurement noise performance and data transmission systems. It explains the use of this metric to evaluate the encoding efficiency in a wide range of technologies - from wireless data transmission systems in the HF radio asymmetric methods to connect subscribers to digital channels.

In telecommunications systems the deviation of the BER values from threshold values required by the QoS criteria adopted predetermined transmission system, the influence caused by a variety of factors: the rise or fall of noise in the channel and intersymbol interference wave, bit synchronization errors, the attenuation of the electric signal propagating in the medium, wireless multipath channel, etc. To improve (increase value) BER digital data transmission system is possible, for example, by increasing the signal power, i.e. increase the signal / noise ratio Eb/N0.It is obviously that it can cause a number of adverse effects such as overlapping of adjacent channels and, as a result, even greater number of bit errors. In terms of contribution to the technical and technological resources of a network, the best way to increase the efficiency and noise immunity of the data channel is possible due to the use of different types of modulation, line coding, or the selection of the most effective methods of error-correcting coding.

This paper analyzes the approach to solving the problem of increasing the reliability of data transmission systems based on the use of error-correcting turbo. The research results are obtained by using a special programmable simulation model to reproduce the data transmission system using turbo compound aggressively noisy channel data and cyclic (iteratively) a turbo decoder based on the use of soft decision algorithm and MAP. Analysis and evaluation of the effectiveness of the proposed complex method of error-correcting coding is performed on a set of metrics based on the method of counting xBER.

From a mathematical point of view, the ratio of the number of bit errors to the number of Ebe transferred bits Nb is a good approximation to an approximated bit error probability pe. It is considered that pe is expected value BER. However, it should be noted that this approximation (approximation) is accurate only if the measurement

29

conditions during a long time interval at relatively high bit error rate Ebe.

It is known from the theory of probability that the probability of detection of incorrect information bit is the expression:

(1)

If the transmission system uses the signals "1" and "0" described as:

,

where w (t) - function of the noise, provided that a uniform distribution of the spectral density N0/2, we obtain:

, (2)

where T - the pulse period.Using (1) and (2) we obtain:

, (3)

Where λ=0 for p1=p0=1/2.The average energy of the signal can be found using the

expression: (4)

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Using (3) and (4), the final expression for the calculation of the probability of incorrect detection information bit under the influence of w (t) becomes:

.

A mass characteristic of bit errors in the data block (frame) formed for transmission over the network has practical importance for the analysis of the effectiveness of noise data link. In that case you need a global metric that reflects the number of bad frames to the total number of transmitted data PER (Packet Error Rate). Given that the bit errors in the data block are uncorrelated PER expected value is defined as the probability of packet errors pp. For a packet length N-bit burst error probability pp may be represented as:

.This expression can be approximated by the expression for the

case of probable errors small value:

Estimating of the number of bit errors in the format of a given network frame is not the only useful metric efficiency of error-correcting coding. In digital data transmission system with a correction coding estimate of the number of erroneous bits to decode the procedure in relation to the total number of transmitted bits is used. This metric is called the tBER (transmission BER). Assessing the reliability of data transmission system and its vulnerability to external energy shocks becomes possible with tBER.

An important metric of assessing the effectiveness of error-correcting coding is the value iBER (information BER) showing the ratio of uncorrected bit information vector after the procedure of self-correction code to the total number of decoded bits. From the point of coding system effectiveness, this Figure can be considered equivalent to the decoding error probability DEP (Decoder Error Probability).

To assess the effectiveness of error-correcting coding by the turbo methods discussed above in the framework of the developed system the series of measuring transmission of information structures on the AWGN channel were conducted. Combining pairs of parallel

31

convolutional encoders with the resultant code rate r = 1/3 is applied as the composite turbo encoder at the transmitter side. Interleaver is used in the turbo for the decorrelation of the coded streams. Turbo decoder is based on the principles and applications of soft decision iterative decoding algorithm based on the MAP.

The main characteristics of the process data transmission system using turbo codes are tabulated in Figure 1.

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Fig.1. Basic parameters of data transmission.

The packets of 512, 1024, 2048 and 4096 bits are used to assess the effect of the size of data packet transmission on the efficiency of the turbo. Amount of data transferred in each case is approximately equal to 10 Kbps. Accounting total number of error bits to perform decoding procedure allows to evaluate the reliability of the data channel turbo encoding method and in the transmitter. Counting the number of bit errors after decoding procedure allows evaluating the effectiveness of the method of decoding the decoder and the amount of information requiring retransmission.

Fig.2. Figures data at a ratio of Eb/N0=0.79.

The left diagram in Figure 2 shows the number of bit errors in the data block of the specified size before actually executing the decoding procedure. It should be noted that the number of bit errors for different lengths of packets is sufficiently close values between a maximum and a minimum value of a gap up to 200 bit errors. Figure 1 shows the average number of bit errors for the package specified length. It can be concluded that the number of erroneous bits to the decoding increases in proportion to the length of the data packet.

The effectiveness of the method of decoding the turbo is clearly reflected in the right diagram Figure 2. Cumulative chart graphically demonstrate the ratio of the total amount of data transferred to the number of erroneous bits to decode. Iterative decoding algorithm used in the disposition of soft decisions can make all the correction of erroneous bits without producing retries sending data via feedback. Increasing of the transmission reliability of information through the turbo leads to a number of positive effects, the most obvious of which are to reduce the time for retransmission of damaged data and the ability to increase channel capacity by reducing the energy of the physical characteristics of the signal.

Figure 3. Figures data at a ratio of Eb/N0=0.39.

Re-transmission of data at a lower ratio Eb/N0 is demonstrated in Figure 3 charts. Unlike the previous test, there is the presence of uncorrected errors decoder. It should be noted that this implementation supports a maximum number of iterations equal to the turbo decoding Q = 18. If correcting any errors in the code vector after the last allowable decoding cycle is not possible the decoder stops decoding procedure, the remaining counts the number of bit errors, and performs retries specified frame with the help of ARQ.

Analysis of the left diagram in Figure 3 leads to the conclusion that frames of maximum length (4096 bits) are most efficient from the standpoint of immunity at a given level of noise in the data. However, in a table of values in Figure 1 may also be noted that the number of uncorrected bit errors after decoding at frame length is not large. Therefore, despite the availability of decoding error, the relation between the number of bit errors to decode and bit error rate after decoding procedure of the turbo code shows maintaining a high level of reliability of data transmission on the channel due to the complex method used turbo.

The right chart shows graphically the ratio of the transmitted information for each packet length to the number of erroneous bits to a decoding procedure and afterward as in the previous case. Performance indicators of error-correcting code keep the trend to ensure an adequate level of protection (reliability) of data transfer.

Fig.4. Figures data at a ratio of Eb/N0=0.25 .

The results of the measurements carried out in the case of extremely low Eb/N0 values are reflected in the diagrams Figure 4. Charts allow you to observe a significant increase in the number of decoding errors. In these circumstances it is necessary to take into account the tendency decoder to the effect of error propagation caused by the iterative decoding procedures using a posteriori information about the symbol. Due to the error decoding code symbols in the early processing cycle gradually transferred posteriori error information to the next stage of decoding happens. It should be noted that in order to avoid this effect it is necessary to modify the decoding algorithm so that the turbo decoder makes stop producing the set criteria.

The left diagram in Figure 4 shows that in spite of filling of decoder by wrong decisions much of the code word is decoded correctly. However, observation of accumulation curves in the right diagram Figure 4 leads to a conclusion about the existence of a large number of turbo decoding error correction of which is only possible with the use of a feedback channel and system ARQ. It is also important to note that changing the length of a transmission unit introduces no significant changes to the overall picture of validity of data transmitted. Thus, the use of a turbo in this case involves the need to modify the decoding algorithm and a change in the design of the system data. However, given the use of a layered defense against errors you can use turbo code as the primary means of error correction in conjunction with the protocols and means of higher levels.

In conclusion it should be noted that using objective methods of evaluation in terms of error-correcting code xBER become apparent benefits of self-correcting data transmission systems based on turbo code. The attainable values of reliability data indicate a high degree of efficiency considered code to apply it as a primary means of correcting bit errors in channels with high impact noise.

Bibliography1. Berrou C., Glavieux A, Thitimajshima P. Near Shannon limit

error-correcting coding and decoding: Turbo codes // IEEE Int. Conf. on Communications. Switzerland: 1993. C.1064-1070.

2. Bahl L. R., Cocke J, Jelinek F, Raviv J. Optimal Decoding of Linear Codes for Minimizing Symbol Error Rate // IEEE Transactions on Information Theory. 1974. T.20. C. 284-287.

3. Морелос-Сарагоса, Р. Искусство помехоустойчивого кодирования. Методы, алгоритмы, применение. – М.: Техносфера, 2006.

4. Вернер, М. Основы кодирования. – М.: Техносфера, 2006.

DEVELOPMENT OF METHODICAL MANUAL ON "TESTING OF BATHE PATH" (FOR STUDENTS OF THE SPECIALITY"COMPUTER SCIENCE AND

ENGINEERING" AND "SOFTWARE ENGINEERING")S. Polevshchikov

FGBOU VPO "Perm National Research Polytechnic University", Perm, Russian Federation, hwgdi@mail.ru

Testing is the process of implementation of the program to detect errors [1]. This process is studied by students of specialities "Computer Science" and "Software Engineering" in a number of disciplines, such as "The standardization of software engineering", "Software Engineering", "Mathematical foundations of software verification", etc.

In the field of software engineering department staff ITAS PNIPU published a number of papers [2-4]. However, the challenge remains to develop a topical series of manuals dedicated to software testing. Consider the features of the development of a manual on "Testing the base path."

This toolkit contains:1) a brief theoretical information;2) problems, divided into 10 options (each option on two tasks);3) Examples of tasks;4) checklists.Testing base path relates to the methods of testing the "white

box", the use of which is known for the internal structure of the program, and investigates the internal elements of the program and the connection between them. [1]

The way to test the base path gets the opportunity of a comprehensive evaluation of the program and then to use the assessment to determine the required number of test cases. [1] Test

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cases are designed to test the basic set of paths (routes) in the program. They provide a one-time performance of each program statement in the test.

The policy manual is a series of tasks, divided the variants. All options within the methodical manual contain two objectives. There is the same level of complexity characteristic for all variants. Each of the students carries the variant.

Let us consider one of the options as an example. Students are encouraged to solve two problems:

Task 1.The picture shows a flow graph. It is necessary to calculate the

cyclomatic complexity (three ways) and list independent linear path.

Task 2.Write a console application written in any language (Pascal,

Delphi, C + +, C #, Java, etc.) in accordance with the requirements specified below. To test the console in the way of application base path (like for example the procedure of calculating the average value of [1]) using the following steps:

1) Flow graph is formed on the basis of the program.2) Determine the cyclomatic complexity of the flow graph (for

each of the three formulas.)3) Define a basic set of independent linear paths.4) Prepare test cases that trigger the execution of each path.

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5) The actual results of each test case are compared with the expected results.

Requirements for the console application:The user enters a one-dimensional array of 10 elements,

consisting of the integers. You need to display only those elements of the array (and number of these elements) that are both positive and that the remainder of dividing by 2 to 1. Also, display the sum and the average of the elements that satisfy the above mentioned conditions.

The first task is simpler for learner to develop the ability for a given flow graph to calculate cyclomatic complexity and find independent linear path. The second task is more complex, the student develops the ability to independently perform all the steps of testing the base path for a particular program. It should also be noted that in addressing the problem it is necessary to use the knowledge and skills obtained in the study subjects "Computer", "Programming in a high level" (the skills of writing programs in a language of higher level) and "Discrete Mathematics "(knowledge of graph theory).

Let us consider the example of the solution of problem number 1, given in manuals.

Formulation of the problem.The picture shows a flow graph. It is necessary to calculate the

cyclomatic complexity (three ways) and list independent linear path.

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Solution.Compute the cyclomatic complexity of the graph each of the three ways:1) The flow graph has 3 regions, so the cyclomatic complexity is

V (G) = 3;2) V (G) = 7 arcs - 6 knots + 2 = 3;3) V (G) = 2 predicate node +1 = 3.Let us list independent way for streaming graph:Path 1: 1-5-6.Path 2: 1-2-3-6.Path 3: 1-2-4-6.

At the end of a manual there is a list of test questions. Sample questions:

1) Which corresponds to the graph nodes streaming?2) Which corresponds to the arc flow graph?3) How many edges out of the predicate node streaming graph?4) What is the cyclomatic complexity, if the flow graph arcs 10 and 7

knots?A student must answer to data security questions himself in preparation for the defending of the report. The teacher will ask similar questions for the defending of the report. Summing up the above-described, we can say that the purpose of writing of a manual is to provide students the ability to produce software testing using testing base path. Getting experience teaching students in this study aids, the latter will be improved.

Bibliography:1. Орлов С. А., Цилькер Б. Я. Технологии разработки

программного обеспечения: Учебник для вузов. 4-е изд. Стандарт третьего поколения. – СПб.: Питер, 2012. – 608 с.: ил.

2. Файзрахманов Р. А. Проектирование автоматизированных информационных систем на основе объектно-ориентированного подхода : учебное пособие / Р. А. Файзрахманов, А. В. Архипов ; Пермский государственный технический университет .— Пермь : Изд-во ПГТУ, 2011 .— 222 с. : ил.

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3. Файзрахманов Р. А. Структурно-функциональный подход к проектированию информационных технологий и автоматизированных систем с использованием CASE-средств : учебное пособие / Р. А. Файзрахманов, К.А. Селезнев ; Пермский государственный технический университет .— Пермь : Изд-во ПГТУ, 2007 .— 266 с. : ил. — Библиогр.: с. 266 .— Прил.: с. 245-265.

4. Файзрахманов Р. А., Братчиков И. А. Оптимизация процесса производства программного обеспечения на основе построения плана обучения исполнителей. Вестник Пермского национального исследовательского политехнического университета (ПГТУ). Электротехника, информационные технологии, системы управления. 2009. № 3. С. 74-80.

S ECTION 2. Engineering

FRACTURE TIUGHNESS STUDY OF WELDS SHIPBUILDINF STEEL AT LOW TEMPERATURES.

K. A. MuravyevBranch of Tyumen State Oil and Gas University in Surgut, Russia

mkasing@mail.ru

The development of new technologies to create innovative and reliable ship structures is the need to improve the quality of shipbuilding steels and their welded joints, especially when welding and repair work carried out mostly in winter at low temperatures (up to-500C). As the basis for the creation of floating funds for different purposes of welding and assembly work to a large extent determine the reliability of structures under construction, the real ship's metal products of cracking most often caused by the presence of welded joints.

Generalization of causes of welded joints in shipbuilding let to identify the main one - cold cracking in the heat affected zone (HAZ) due to its increased tendency to brittle fracture.

45

The probability of cracking increases when welding at low temperatures, which is associated with the formation of hardening structures and hydriding heavy metal weld.

Ensuring reliability of ship floating funds is largely determined by a rational choice of construction materials, combined with the best options for mounting welding process conditions.

The lack of evidence-based criteria for selecting technology options welding at low temperatures complicates the design of optimal technology, and often leads to unnecessary complexity and significantly more expensive installation of shipbuilding structures through the implementation of additional measures (pre-and post-weld heat insulation of field joints, etc.).

Analysis of the literature [1,3,5-8] and the results of its own studies show that the evaluation of technological options welding and establish reasonable conditions to prevent the formation of cold cracks should be used indicator σpmin, characterizing the resistance of steel to cold cracking. For shipbuilding steels with wall thickness up to 18 mm critical σpmin at low temperatures (down to -600 C) is 360 - 400 MPa [3,8].

Existing scientific, technical, and design and technology development which have to improve the service life of the shipbuilding designs and products are characterized by inconsistency and uncertainty, the lack of practical recommendations for optimal selection of electrode materials and welding technology mounting rotating joint in the changed conditions of river and sea vessels, causing a need for more research.

Therefore, the aim of the pilot study was to weld crack ship steel made in the field conditions at low temperatures.

First of all, the present authors found that the heating mode field joints of welded construction, which eliminates cracking when welding in the winter time, you need to choose on the basis of the weld metal cooling time from 300 to 1000 C - t300

100 (Fig. 1), because of the extended metal cooling in this temperature range is increased release of hydrogen to the atmosphere and reduces its concentration in the welded joint. Thus, increasing the heating temperature of 60 - 800C at welding in freezing temperatures than normal conditions leads to the same long-term cooling of weld metal in the range of 300 to 1000 C, that helps to

46

reduce the hydrogen content in the weld seams below the critical and prevents the formation of cold cracks.

Fig.1. Effect of time of cooling weld metal on the tendency to cold weld cracks: 1.2 - 10HSND; δ = 14 mm, 3.4 - 15 HSND; δ = 12 mm, the electrodes 2, 4 - UONI-13/55, 1.3 - ANO - TM, the hydrogen content in cm3/100 g 1.3-

1.5; 2,4-5,0

47

Statistical analysis of the results of the tests described in [3,9], allowed to establish a correlation between the parameter and the duration σrmin weld cooling from 300 to 1000C (t300100)cr above which prevents the process of cracking when welding shipbuilding products and designs in field conditions:(t300100) cr = 7000 - 2500 · lqσpmin, with (1)(Steel 10HSND: qpog = 12 ... 21 mJ / m; [H] differential = 10 ... 30 cm 3/100 g; δ = 10 ... 25 mm);(t300100) cr = 5200 - 2000 · lqσpmin, with (2)(for steel O9G2S, 10G2S1, 17G1S, 15HSND and 14G2SAF: [H] differential = 1 ... 8 sm3/100g; qpog = 12 ... 21 mJ / m; δ = ≤ 20 mm).

Of (1) and (2) allow you to select the best option welding structures (without preheating) by fitting steel and nizkovodorodistyh electrodes that provide the required technological strength of the weld conditions:

σpmin ≥ σt (for high-strength steel) and σpmin ≥ 300 MPa or σpmin ≥ 0.8 σt (for high-strength steel) - Fig. 2.

Fig.2. The relation between the parameter Gpmin and the critical duration of

cooling   for steels of different strength: a-increased (10HSND, 17G1S, 15G2AFYU, 09G2S-δ = 14mm) strength, b - high(15HSND, 17GSU, 14H2GMR - δ = 16 mm) strength, percentage of cracking: ○ - 0%; ▲ - 3 - 10%; ● - 11 - 30%; ♦ - 31 - 100%.

Heating temperature field joints can be calculated from the expression:

Tpod = 2000 - 700 · lqσpmin, (3) for high-strength steel, for example, 15HSND, 13G2AF,

17G1SU, 15G2AFYU;Tpod = 1700 - 660 · lqσpmin, (4)for low-alloy high-strength steel.Therefore, on the basis of relationships (1) - (4) in the

calculation of the parameter σpmin can determine the critical cooling time of the welded joint in the range 300 - 1000 C, and determine the mode of pre-heating of steel, eliminate the occurrence of cold cracks in the welding circuit in the cold (up to - 500 C).

The suitability of this method of choosing the optimal technology option is checked during welding and assembly work using the shipbuilding and steel 10HSND 15HSND in field conditions at -35 ... -500C. To do this, perform weld field joints of these steels thickness of 14 mm and 16 mm respectively. At the same time providing heating pipe joints up to 1000C in accordance with (4). When welding the joints of these steels in the maturing process and use of the products crack in the mounting joints and HAZ (OSHZ) were observed. As the results of the tests for the implementation of welding shipbuilding structures without pre-heating it is necessary to apply the electrodes, forming a weld metal with low diffusion-mobile hydrogen and steel with high fracture toughness. The selection condition welding technology option without heating: σpmin ≥ σt (high strength steel) and σpmin ≥ 0.8 σt (high strength steel).

It is known that the optimal values of heat input welding and preheating can be determined from the analysis of the decomposition of austenite anisometric diagrams given to the thermal cycle of welding. Such diagrams to predict the structure of the mechanical properties, resistance to cold cracking OSHZ must be supplemented by the results of metallographic analysis, hardness measurements, tests delayed fracture, determine the concentration of dissolved hydrogen in the metal. There is a quantitative relationship between the various factors fracture, which can be used to select the optimal welding conditions of field joints shipbuilding structures under negative air temperatures, in particular, [7]:

49

M = 460 · 455 · C2 + C · [H]differential + 256 · ([H]differential) 2 - 526 · C - 456 · [H] differential + 169

where M - the amount of martensite in the structure (%) C - carbon content in steel (%); [H]differential - the concentration of diffusible hydrogen (cm3/100 g).

Drawing on thermokinetic diagrams of welded steel cooling curves with indication of the resulting hardness makes it possible to determine the structure of the metal in the different zones of the welded joint, its hardness and set the maximum permissible period of cooling.

Practical advice on welding were developed with all the features of weldability of shipbuilding steels.

The most complete information on weldability are obtained by thermokinetic diagrams of steels, supplemented by data that allow you to select the optimal welding conditions and guarantees the required mechanical and service properties of welded joints in the absence of likelihood of cold cracking. As an example, Figure 3 shows one of these charts to become shipbuilding 10HSND. The region with the best resistance to brittle fracture and high cold resistance metal OSHZ shaded, inside it there is a critical cooling curve below which prevents the formation of cold cracks in the root of steam. Critical cooling curve to provide the required ductility seam is on the site with lower cooling rates. However, the shift in the low-speed cooling is connected with the growth of grain, and, therefore, with decreasing cold resistance of welds. With this in mind should identify optimal thermal conditions of the welding process.

50

Fig.3. Thermokinetic diagram 10HSND steel, completed with the data on the effect of cooling rate on the formation of cold cracking, ductility and toughness of the weld zones: 1 - critical cooling curve to prevent cracks in the root of the weld in the heat affected zone; 2 - critical cooling curve for plasticity seam; shading - optimum cooling area to provide the required toughness.

Therefore, the proposed method of selecting welding technology option tested in field conditions during the construction of ship designs and products can be used to optimize the process conditions installation and repair welding at low temperatures, providing increased technological strength and reliability.

Comprehensive research found that decreasing the hydrogen content in the joints can significantly increase the area of optimum welding conditions for welded joints without cold cracks.

For example, the use of coated electrodes of low hydrogen core ANO-TM for welding steel 15HSND authorizes a welding and assembly work with wall thickness up to 12 mm without pre-heating at low temperatures. At the same time, heating mode must be selected on

51

the basis of a critical long-term cooling of the weld metal in the temperature range 300 - 1000 C, above which cracks are formed (Fig. 4).

Fig.4. Generalized chart 15HSND was to determine the optimum welding of channel: shading - the area receiving equal and cold-resistant compounds: 1 - critical curve at low temperatures, and 2 - the same as in normal conditions, the F-ferrite, P - perlite, M - martensite, B - bainite.

These optimal conditions allow welding crack in the winter with the use of low-hydrogen electrodes.

([H]differential ≤ 3 cm3/100 g).Systematic study of weldability of steels alloyed shipbuilding at

low temperatures and long experience in welding and repair work on the stocks as well as in places of temporary camps boats allow us to formulate the basic provisions of welding technology reducing the hydrogen embrittlement and increasing fracture toughness of welded joints:

1) reducing the level of diffusible hydrogen in the weld metal of various technological means;

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2) decrease in the rate of cooling, which provides a more plastic and less prone to hydrogen embrittlement of the weld metal and HAZ, and enhance the effect of removing hydrogen from the metal during cooling;

3) increasing of preliminary and in some cases associated heating temperature(up to 100 - 2000 C), which reduces hydrogen embrittlement;

4) thermal treatments - "Holiday" - weld immediately after welding at elevated temperature, which is removed in the process of diffusion of hydrogen;

5) welding conditions should be chosen taking into account the fact that for every 10-degree increase in air temperature should be reduced heat input welding of 3 - 5% due to the lower value of the welding current. Thus, conventional welding low alloy steels and high strength shipbuilding appointment should be made with the electrodes of the primary heat input equal to 1.3 - 2.5 mJ / m;

6) use for the manufacture of structures for northern cold-resistant steels characterized with increased resistance to hydrogen embrittlement at low air temperatures.Thus, the experimental results have allowed to develop

evidence-based best practices to increase the fracture toughness of welded joints shipbuilding designs, providing the choice of optimal variants of welding using thermokinetic diagrams turning metal structure welded joints.

Bibliography1 Kasatkin B. S., Musiyachenko V. F. Low-alloy high-

strength steel for welded structures. - Kiev: Technique. - 1970. - 186 p.

2 Larionov V. P. Grigoriev R. S. and others. Recommendations for implementation welding and assembly work in the manufacture and repair of metal structures and parts of machinery designed to work in the Far North. / / - Yakutsk: Ed. Yad of the USSR. - 1980. - 24 p.

3 Larionov V.P., Sleptsov O.I. Criteria for the assessment of the propensity to cold cracking when welding low alloy steels at

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low temperatures / / Welding and brittle fracture. - Yakutsk: Publishing. Yad of the USSR. - 1980. - P .3 - 9.

4 Makarenko V.D., Grachev S., Prokhorov N.N. and others. Welding and corrosion of oil and gas pipelines in Western Siberia. - Kiev: Naukova Dumka. - 1996. - 549 p.

5 Makarenko V.D. Reliability of oil and gas systems. - Chelyabinsk: Izd CSTI. - 2006. - 826 p.

6 Makarov E.L., Chaburkin VF Lifshitz PILOT and others. The choice of welding technology, which provides resistance against weld cold cracking / / Welding. - 1972. - № 8. - P.30 - 32.

7 Makarov E.L. Cold cracks in welding alloy steels. - Mashinostroenie. - 1978. - 247 p.

8 Sleptsov O.I. Studies on the choice criterion of tendency to form cracks welded alloy steels in freezing temperatures / / Technical Problems of the North. - Yakutsk: Publishing. Yad of the USSR. - 1978. - P. 51 - 53.

9 Sleptsov O.I. The choice of welding technology, which provides resistance against weld cracking / / The efficiency of technology: Vol.1. - Yakutsk - 1980. - P. 13 - 14.

THE MODEL DEPENDENCE LABOR AND SOFTWARE RELIABILITY

Dmitry A. SheenokKrasnoyarsk Institute of Railway Transport, Krasnoyarsk, Russia

dmitryshkras@rambler.ru

When contracting for the development or modernization of large-scale software systems is very important to adequately assess and forecast labor of the performer. The discrepancy between the planned and actual costs may result in penalties by the customer, and even lawsuits. Also an important factor is the quality of the final product, and in particular the reliability of its operation for such critical applications as workflow, traffic control, financial services, military and space technology.

Development fault-tolerance software - single aspect develop reliable information systems. Reliability of the software is the most

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important criterion of quality. Improving the reliability of all components of a software system reduce the risks and responsibilities of the performer. But it is more expensive. It is therefore necessary to plan properly the existing workforce to implement reliable software and to do not derail deadlines.

Consider the most popular and documented model COMOMO II (Constructive Cost Model II). It was the creation of Barry Boehm in 1999. Calibration of parameters was performed on 161 projects.

To predict the adequate deadlines of the project phase and assess its complexity, it is necessary to perform a preliminary design of a software product. As a result of the decomposition of the project is a set of components that make up the software. The model estimates the cost of software COCOMO II called such components as functional points.

The use of functional points is a method of measuring the size of the software, based on an assessment of the functionality that description of the logic and functional specifications in the technical requirements for the development of software [1, p.55].

The use of function points is convenient in that they are based on information available at the early stages of the life cycle. As functional points (or object pointers) may be taken on-screen forms, reports, modules, interfaces, etc.

Each instance of these functional types divided by the level of difficulty - easy, medium and difficult. Level of complexity has a set of weights that are applied to the corresponding value of labor [1, p.56].

The model uses a regression formula with parameters based on industry data and the characteristics of the particular projects. There are two stages of the project evaluation: a preliminary assessment in the initial phase and detailed assessment after analyzing the architecture [1, p.32].

For a preliminary assessment of the following parameters:1. PERS – qualified staff.2. RCPX – the complexity and reliability of the product.3. RUSE – design for reuse.4. PDIF – the complexity of the development platform.5. PREX – experience of the staff.6. FCIL – equipment.7. SCED – compress the schedule.

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For a detailed assessment of the following parameters:1. RELY – required reliability.2. DATA – the size of the database.3. CPLX – the complexity of the product.4. RUSE – required reusable.5. DOCU – documenting the life cycle.6. TIME – Time limit performance.7. STOR – limitation of memory.8. PVOL – platform limitations.9. ACAP – the analyst.10. PCAP – the programmer.11. AEXP – experience with the application.12. PEXP – experience with the platform.13. LTEX – experience with the programming language and tools.14. PCON – the continuity of personnel.15. TOOL – the use of software tools.16. SITE – multi-source development.17. SCED – required development schedule.

Obviously, such a model does not allow you to specify the desired level of reliability, as parameters RELY and RCPX set by the table, and their values are not informative.

Planning costs for achieving a given level of reliability required to make a model that can be applied for a new component of the software. It is assumed that the functional point of one type and complexity require similar costs for achieving a given level of reliability. It is therefore necessary to get the dependence of the development time and reliability for each type and complexity of the functional point by using statistical data from previous projects.

Jelinski-Moranda model for software reliability prediction can be calculate probability of fault in given time period, by statistic data of testing [2]. The model is based on the fact that in the process of software testing significance intervals of testing time between the detection of two errors has exponential distribution with failure rate, which is proportional to the number of undiscovered errors. Each detected error is eliminated, the number of remaining errors is reduced by one.

If we compare each of the error and elimination time, you can get the dependence:

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Ri (Ti),where Ti – time for develop and test a software component, which corresponds to a functional point, after the elimination of the i-th error; Ri – reliability of the software component after elimination the i-th error.

Consider the example of the development of specific software module. According to the Jelinski-Moranda model for software reliability prediction, the reliability and testing time were obtained. Also was reported the time for eliminating errors. Prior to the testing, coding spent 5 hours. Statistic and calculations are presented in table 1.

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Table 1Statistic and calculations

Error number

Testing time to detect error ttest, h.

Reliability after eliminating error R.

Time for eliminating error te, h.

Development time tdev, h.

Development and testing time T, h.

1 0.2 0.61 0.9 5.9 6.12 0.3 0.67 1.2 7.1 7.43 0.5 0.73 4.6 11.7 12.24 0.3 0.80 1 12.7 135 0.6 0.82 0.2 12.9 13.56 1 0.90 2.1 15 167 1.2 0.92 0.3 15.3 16.58 1 0.97 0.4 15.7 16.7

Development time after eliminating the i-th error is calculated as follows:

where tcode – encoding time before testing. Development time after removing the i-th error with the test is

calculated as follows:

Figure 1 shows the dependences Ri(tdevi) and Ri(Ti).

Figure 1. Dependence of the development and testing of the reliability

For planning costs of the system for more accurate estimates can be to settle on a few developments and then to approximate the values obtained, having a smooth curve R(T).

Since modern software systems are very complex, by the accuracy of the calculations of reliability and labor costs for its achievement can’t have high demands. Despite this, the calculation of reliability is useful as a justification for the cost and quality of work for contracts to develop or modernization systems.

References1. Glazova M, Modeling the cost of development projects in IT-

companies: dis. candidate. econ. sciences: Moscow, 2008 – 205 p.

2. Vasilenko N., Makarov V. Assessment model of software reliability. // Vestnik of the Novgorod State University N28, 2004. p.126-132.

SECTION 3. Agricultural science

PROBLEMS ANDPROSPECT OF THE DEVELOPMENT BEEKEEPING TO BRANCHES STAVROPOLYA

IN MODERN CONDITIONI. B. Hapaev

Karachaevo-Circassian branch FGBOU VPO RGSU in CHerkesske, Russia ilyas.xapaev@yandex.ru

Beekeeping to branch has of no small importance importance in development both personal subsidiary facilities, and economy of the country as a whole. Exactly due to bee we have not only medical-preventive facilities, but also valuable natural dietetic products - a honey, propolis, ambrosia, uterine jelly, wax, which are used as биогенные facilitators in medical purpose since we raise capacity to work and endurance of the organism, consolidate the immune system [1].

Else more than 1800 years back Roman physician Galen has revealled that no more useful and healthful of the honey for recovery and savings from diseases, herewith he has else defined that honey "perfects delivery in sick organ and on the whole organism" [2].

The Beekeeping in our country bloomed in 1970-1980 gg., when was cultivated over 80 agricultural cultures. Their harvest, due to pollination bee, increased in 1,5 times and more. The Cost got as a result of this additional product formed over 2,5 mlrd. dollars [3].

The Of no small importance role play the honeybees in production of the agriculture as efficient pollinators of entomophilous cultures. In system modern agromachinery cross pollination their insect is a reserve factor of the growing to productivities and quality семян and fruit of these cultures.

Foregoing promotes the accepted State Duma of Stavropol Territory on June 26 2008 Law Stavropoliskogo edges about beekeeping, in which is spoken that use the bees in purpose of increasing to productivities agricultural entomophilous plants for organization of their pollination is realized agricultural commodity producer on the grounds of agreements with owner of the apiaries [4].

For present-day day of the order 50 thousand beehives numbers in edge that allows to deliver on the market (own and long after his(its) limits) more than 2,5 thous. tons of the honey. Taking program "Pereprofilirovanie personal subsidiary and peasant (farming) facilities Stavropoliskogo edges for growing alternative swine agricultural animal and birds on 2012-2014" provides increase an amount beehives before 62 thousand [5].

Stavropolie is a region of the intensive husbandry, with very high degree plow lands, shaved off pasture, with small amount fruit garden. These factors extremely negative are reflected on medoproduktivnosti land. Under full-fledged pollination of the flowering garden bee harvest apple can increase on 40 - 60 %, beside raspberries and gooseberry increases in 2 times, beside cherries and sweet cherrieses - in 7 once nearly.

The bees have Significant importance in increasing of the productivities berry, vegetable cultures and their seed plant (the cucumber, onion, cabbage, turnip, radish and others), as well as plants of the locked soil.

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It Is Proved that threefold increases the growing of the collection seed red dutch clover at delivery to their array bee family and "training" by means of flavored syrup. But the most high "harvest of" honey get from lime. Medoproduktivnosti hectare of the phony planting reaches 1000 kg. To example, during blossom of the lime dayly increase hive on apiary of the FAR EAST reaches 24 kg. In consequence of foregoing is done output that tree- honey plants follows as large as possible to grow and seat on Stavropolie. On given moment beekeepers edges for the whole period honey harvest get at the average from one пчелосемьи on 25 kgs honey, but at separate favourable years - on 35-45 kg. Demand for high-quality product beekeeping grows since each year: the price on these products grow so that enterprising beekeeper without arrived will not remain never. For this on in region there are all premiseses, in particular, - wild honey plants in forest-steppe and steepe zone: osier, maple, lime, white dutch clover, chestnut, acacia, raspberry, wild berry patches, melilot, dandelion and others. In term Stavropoliya, for breeding of the bees the most acceptable such sorts as carpathian, yellow North Caucasus or Kuban. The Main factor at choice of this occupation by small forms of the management is that this activity does not require the enormous investment.

The Representatives Ministry of Agriculture confirm that as a whole situation with reproducing the bee live-stock on Stavropolie is stabilized. If two year away in edge had only one pchelopitomnik "Kislovodskiy" then for present-day day their already two. The Main trend to activity - an output and realization thoroughbred пчеломаток carpathian sort (one of the the most peace-loving sorts, capable to toil on length nearly whole summer), bees packages, reception of the products beekeeping (the honey, pollen, uterine jelly). For improvement of the breedings tribal material imported from Zakarpatiya; hereunder s factory or specialized line.

The Big part beehives on Stavropolie is kept beside privateers, which conditionally possible split into three groups: the first - having in facilities not more than 10 bee families (their most of all), the other group - not more than 30 bee colonies, and the third - beside beekeeper-manufacturer with number of bee colonies more than 300. The Demand for local high-quality product increases since each year: the price on products beekeeping grow so that enterprising master of the apiary without arrived does not remain [6].

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For present-day day of the order 50 thousand bee colonies numbers in edge that allows to deliver on the market (own and long after his (its) limits) beside two thous. tons of the honey.

On production of the honey given region is found on 9-ohm place amongst all subject RF. On SKFO he is found on the leading positions that is seen as of tables 1.

Table 1Production of the honey in region North Caucasus (in facilities, t)

Regions SKFO 2010 g. 2011 g. 2012 g.

Republic Dagestan 527 304 243Republics Ingushetiya 64 63 68Kabardino-Balkar Republic 278 296 312Karachaevo-Circassian Republic 103 107 104Republics North Osetiya – Alaniya 163 164 172Chechen Republic 98 102 115Stavropoliskiy edge 2579 1915 1898WHOLE 3812 2951 2912

What the table data one witness, volume made Stavropoliskim steal the honey by the end of 2012 has formed beside 1,9 thous. tons that in 6,1 times more, than Kabardino-Balkariey, residing on the

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second place (312 tons). As of tables 1 is also seen that lion's share honey production on North-Caucasian region accounts for Stavropolie - from made as a whole on SKFO 2912 tons given product volume of production on the edge formed in 1898 tons. As a whole during three last years such trend did not change: volume made Stavropoliem honey in reek exceed given index other region North Caucasus.

But herewith follows to notice that for three years production honey as a whole on the Stavropol region fell 681 tons. More graphically foregoing is seen on fig. 1 and fig. 2.

The Rice. 1. Share production honey region SKFO in 2012 g.

Given fig. 1 it is enough clearly show that on Stavropoliskiy edge happens to 65% whole made to product while on rest regions in the aggregate whole 35%. Kabardino-Balkar Republic, occupying on given

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factor second place, has produced whole 11% from the whole volume released to product.

As a whole given fig. 1 speak of weak sophistication beekeeping to branches in region North Caucasus, with the exclusion of Stavropoliskogo edges. But herewith follows to emphasize, as in given region exists variety of problems in given branches of the agriculture of the edge, which will are considered in more detail hereinafter.

The Rice. 2. The honey production Track record in Stavropoliskom edge for 2010 - 2012 gg. (t).

Given fig. 2 clearly show that production given product in edge noticeably fell for three years: in contrast with 2010 in 2012 production of the honey grew shorter, as was is earlier said, on 681 tons ie approximately on 30% whole volume made in 2012 product. On our glance, has occurred enough-still observable reduction production of the honey.

Foregoing speaks of that that necessary to undertake the certain steps to improvement established situations in given branches of the agriculture of the region and enough-still at short periods.

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Certainly that for big amount of bee colonies existing honey base on Stavropolie obviously it is not enough. In these purpose necessary to conduct the system work on reconstruction natural stern lands (in the medium to prospect, possible, as to account of the granting subsidy, on undertaking action on scolded improvement hayfield and pasture), increase sowing perennial rubbed, being strong in nectariferous plants mixture with stern and food agricultural culture, as, for instance, corns with clover and vetch-oat mixture with mustard, medoproduktivnost which - 25-35 kgs / ga.

For increasing of productivity of the apiaries and making the conveyor occuring at different times flowering timber honey plants necessary to increase the area of the plantings from lime-leaved, acacias white, velvet Amur, Sophora japanese, maple, honey locust trehkolyuchkovoy, snowberry, blackberry, black currant , wild rose, hawthorn and raspberries. Herewith advisable keep the certain correlation between area early spring, spring, year, late summer and autumn honey plants. Early spring and spring honey plants, flowering at March-May, not always provide essential honey flow, most often they guarantee the maintaininging bribes that has solving importance when shaping strong family-Medovikov before the main year of honey collection. However under favourable weather even one spring timber honey plants can provide good first honey harvest in condition Stavropoliskogo edges.

In our edge certainly follows to revive the most most important agricultural industry for plants - pollination by bees. The Honeybees are a main pollinators of agricultural cultures, since wild insect in nature execute pollination work on 10-20% only. In region of the intensive husbandry pollination by bees agricultural organizations broadly use and obtain the high factors.

As of scientist, the using checked age pollination by bees allows on 40% enlarge the productivity of the sunflower.

With provision for solely important importance of the using the bees in deal of increasing harvest agricultural cultures, consultants GKU "Stavropoliskiy SIKC" urgently recommend the agronomist a facilities all property categories to include pollination by bees as one of the most most important agricultural practices under cultivation of entomophilous the agricultural plants [7].

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For rebirth of one of the most most important branches of the agriculture necessary in the near future to do the gradient aside production of the ecological safe products beekeeping. This will allow to do the domestic products a bee more popular beside populations, will raise their rating in the other country and will enlarge profitability to branches.

At the point development beekeeping, certainly, disturbs the absence of the federal law. Profitably to lead the legal business a beekeeper becomes all harder. The Beekeeping as business needs for protection.

The Successful development beekeeping possible only under stable marketing of the product to branches and, first of all honey, for the price, doing occupation by beekeeping by deal profitable. Literate, on modern level made standard will promote this and will help to leave the russian honey on international market [8].

If look at development beekeeping to branches on country as a whole, that, to our regret, happens to establish, as is here revealled enormous gap in her (its) development.

As of Ministry of Agriculture of RF, the production of the goods honey in payment on one Russians forms the order 400 grams per annum. In country with developed beekeeping this factor gets to one kilogram. In 2010 Russia exported whole 140 t goods honey, but has delivered more than five thousand.

The Whole 27 bees wrenches enterprise work in Russia. The Volume subsidy on tribal beekeeping from federal budget in 2011 has formed 13,3 million roubles, in 2012-m - 22.

Social-economic change in recently told the negative image on beekeeping. This, first of all destruction of the structure of branch management, is practically liquidated whole system zootechnical and veterinary service.

In Russia for present-day day of no serious public body, capable to unite the beekeeper, protect their interests and provide the onward development to branches. Have Not brought the success of the attempt to take the law about beekeeping. Also, it is enough sharply fell education a beekeeper on country as a whole, as well as their refresher course and increasing to qualifications.

Very low level technical equipment beekeeping. The Reason all same: if earlier for large public apiaries was booked modern equipment,

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that at present far from all beekeepers can afford the technical rearmament. The Owners of the small apiaries unable to master to the ful and modern scientifically-technological developments. Beekeeper necessary to unite their own efforts, to cooperate in more large bee of the company.

Bibliography1. O profit of the occupation by beekeeping in Stavropoliskom edge [Electronic resource] http://www.stav-ikc.ru.2. Asenov I., Nikolov S. Farmakognoziya. - Sofiya, 1988.3.O profit of the occupation by beekeeping in Stavropoliskom edge [Electronic resource] http://www.stav-ikc.ru.4. The Law Stavropoliskogo edges about beekeeping from July July 2008 N 38-kz.5. The Breeding of the bees within the framework of Program conversion pig on alternative types stock-breeding [Electronic resource] http://www.stav-ikc.ru.6.O profit of the occupation by beekeeping in Stavropoliskom edge [Electronic resource] http://www.stav-ikc.ru.7. Ibid.8.Ugrinovich B.A., Faramazyan A.S. The Cogitations about standard on honey / / Bees duction. - 2005. - 2. s. 34-36.

SECTION 4. Economics

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THE ENERGY EFFICIENCY ENCHANCEMENT AS MEANS OF DECREASING THE LIMITING PRESSING

OF ELECTRIC-POWER INDUSTRY ON ECONOMY O. G. Andryushchenko, M. A. Strezhkova

FEDERAL STATE BUDGET EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION OF HIGHER PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION «NOVOCHERKASSK STATE

MELIORATIVE ACADEMY», NOVOCHERKASSK, RUSSIA

In spite of the government implemented policies aiming at the regulation in this segment the considerable prices growth on the Russian electric energy market in the recent decades does not allow expecting the deceleration of this process in the nearest future to the announced EU-2030 14%.

The ambition of Russian industrial enterprises to survive in the conditions of the full electrical energy market liberalization promotes rather the cost growth of the production than the enlargement of the industry’s energy-efficiency. That doesn’t simulate the prices reduction on the electric energy market either. The further increase in energy consumption in the cost structure of processing industry enterprises, strongly aggravated by considerable functional and moral deprecation of fixed assets suggests a high probability of its accelerated collapse but not the decrease in energy intensity of production. In addition to that dramatic deceleration of economic growth, not mentioning the electric energy price drop, can lead Russian generation companies to the lack of financial assets and consequently problems with even reproduction on a simple scale.

Therefore the electric energy price is an immensely significant determinant for the Russian economy, that in terms of its affect exceeds manifold the similar influence on electric energy prices in the economies of the developed EU countries, the USA and Japan, even despite Russia’s complete provision with primal carbohydrates. Moreover, it can be seen as the limiting factor of Russian production competitive power on the international market.

The policy of energy efficiency increase implemented by the governments of the developed countries in the period prior to the crisis of the late XX – the beginning of the XXI century facilitated the

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introduction of energy-efficient technologies and equipment by industrial customers which allowed the considerable decrease in energy consumption by the industry enterprises in the pre-crisis period and as a result preserving the competitive ability of the production. At the same time the dynamics of electric energy prices in the countries named above is less aggressive than in Russia. Besides the 1,75-1,8 times increase in the energy prices for the industrial customers in Germany, France, Finland, the UK and the USA as well as the steady growth of energy price over inflation in the last 15 years lets us conclude that the above mentioned problem is typical to some extent of the developed countries (Table 1)[1].

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Table 1Electric energy prices for industrial customers in some developed countries

Years Russia,rub./kWh

Germany,€ / kWh

France,€ / kWh

Finland,€/ kWh

UK,€/ kWh

USA,$ / kWh

1998 0,237 0,05 0,04 0,04 0,05 0,041999 0,285 0,06 0,04 0,04 0,07 0,042000 0,410 0,07 0,06 0,04 0,07 0,042001 0,525 0,07 0,06 0,06 0,07 0,052002 0,713 0,07 0,05 0,05 0,07 0,052003 0,761 0,07 0,05 0,05 0,06 0,052004 0,845 0,08 0,05 0,05 0,05 0,052005 0,914 0,09 0,05 0,05 0,05 0,062006 0,102 0,09 0,05 0,06 0,08 0,062007 0,101 0,09 0,06 0,07 0,09 0,062008 0,128 0,09 0,07 0,07 0,09 0,072009 0,155 0,09 0,07 0,07 0,11 0,072010 0,184 0,09 0,07 0,07 0,09 0,072011 0,191 0,09 0,07 0,07 0,09 0,07

Growth rate, % 806 180 175 175 180 175

From the following perspective considerable interest may be taken in the calculation of the electric energy optimum price which contributes not only to the development of electric energy industry but also facilitates the steady economy growth, in particular in Russia, strengthening its external-economic positions and improvement of the quality of life of its people.

The Institute for Natural Monopoly Problems (INMP) in Russia devised the economic-mathematical model of limit prices on infrastructure monopolies services to which electric energy industry can be wholly attributed. According to the following model the upper price limit constitutes the maximum permissible level whose exceeding threatens the country’s economic development. The down price limit is the floor limit for generation companies, its reduction leading to the lack of investment money and consequently problems even with simple reproduction.

Due to the modeling of balanced electric energy prices by the INMP in Russia it has been concluded that maximum price levels which only several economic branches can “pay” without endangering their own development turn out to be below the minimum rate required for the electric energy development in accord with the approved investment programs and strategic prices for primary energy sources. The INMP also expects the conservation of the following situation in midterm run.

Therefore insufficiently rapid pace of the market mechanism “activation” on the electric energy wholesale market, their factual failure at the initial stages of the post-reform period in electric energy industry, the need to support high-technology industries, promoting directly the transition of the Russian economy to the innovation model as well as the protection of national interests on international markets constitute substantial factors of the prolongation of the government control in the field of electric energy industry.

The transformation of the Russian economy structure by means of the efficiency increase to the level of the countries with similar natural climatic conditions, the achievement of Russian scientific and technological leadership in some crucial areas ensuring Russia’s competitive advantage on the outer market as well as the ambition of securing in Russia welfare standards comparable to the developed countries planned by a range of government program documents in the present economic conditions will require unprecedented state

financial support aimed primarily at the renovation of functionally and morally deprecated fixed assets in energy production and industry up to its full modernization.

It is obvious that the achievement of the strategic targets announced in the government investment programs is impossible without creating the state regulation system of electric energy development, the price rate and expenditure control being among its other functions as it is one of the main directions of the industry cost reduction and the prevention of the expected energetic crisis in Russia.

In the context of curbing the Russian electric energy rates there are the following intra-industry working balances: the cost saving at all stages of building and running the branch venues through the strengthening of control over them, the increase in the efficiency of generation, the restriction of transmission tariff and sales premium, the optimization of the wholesale market structure.

As an argument in favor of the urgent need and high energy efficiency of the optimization of the current wholesale market structure of electric energy and output we can name the following. As if on 31.12.2007 in the register book of the following wholesale market subjects there were registered 71 guaranteed supply companies and 32 energy sales organizations, then by the end of 2011 there was an increase in the number of subjects and it counted 60 generation organizations, 132 guaranteed supply companies and 125 energy sales organizations, an export-import-oriented organization, 4 infrastructural organizations.

At the same time the following cluster of problems can be solved not only by the large-scale state financial support and total control but also the arrangements aimed at the increase in the electric energy efficiency itself. Among other factors the strategic need of the segment growth on high technological production markets based on the enlargement of the potential use efficiency characteristic of traditional power technologies allows to emphasize the more effective solutions of an intensive type.

Considering the fact that the electric energy prime cost produced by the branch’s enterprises for their own needs is far lower than that supplied on the wholesale market say nothing about industry enterprises we can conclude that the organization of large-scale manufacturing of demanded high-degree processed production on the base of power

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plants is practical and economically attractive. The highest percentage in the prime cost of this production will be constituted by the electric energy. As an example of the following production one can mention sodium hypochlorite, hydrogen, hydrogen peroxide, mineral fertilizers etc.

Diversification of energy production in this way solves not only the problem of utilizing energy produced during night hours but as a result helps balance the load on the electric power system, to increase the capacity ratio and the industry efficiency. What’s more, due to its innovative nature it enables to reduce to the considerable extend both fixed and variable costs per a production unit as well as to increase significantly the added value for each unit of a power plant’s total capacity.

The integrated holding company “RusAl” is an example of using “low-cost” electric energy as a result of diversification. The holding company is located in 19 countries all over the world on five continents. Nowadays the structure of the holding company management is presented by six divisions. One of which is an energetic one that allows to successfully level high transportation charges for bauxites transported from Jamaica and Australia in the aluminum prime cost structure and receive highly competitive production demanded on the domestic and international markets.

The range of recent scientific works also reflects this pragmatic approach that involves using electric energy generated by coal-fired power plants for the production of mineral fertilizers. However, nuclear power plants seem to be the most perspective in this respect. [2].

Bibliography1.European Commission. Eurostat [Электронный ресурс]/Electricity prices for industrial consumers. URL: http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/tgm/table.do?tab=table&init=1&language=en&pcode=ten00114&plugin (reference date 10.12.2012 ).2. Diversification of coal-and-gas and atomic electric-power industry regarding the development of the agro-industrial complex / V.V. Denisov, A.I. Azhgirevich, A.V.Denisova and others. // The Issues of Regional Ecology. 2012. N2. Pp. 75-83.

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MANAGEMENT OF INTERCOMPANY INTERACTIONS IN MARKETING AND LOGISTICS

A. I. Demchenko, Y. V. AstashovaSouth Ural State University, Chelyabinsk, Russia, aidchel@mail.ru

The current stage of economic relations development is characterized by the globalization of the economy, so that in most markets there is a trend toward consolidation of business. It is difficult to provide a sustainable competitive advantage for a small company, even in the local market. All the more, it is actually no opportunity to compete with international and large foreign firms the expansion of regional markets which grow in magnitude. These factors are forcing small firms to resort to various forms of integration with other market participants. A key goal of integration is to increase the competitiveness of the company.

Let us identify several approaches to integration of business, based on different forms of inter-firm integration:

1) internal company growth. It is achieved through the creation of new units in other geographic regions, entering new market segments in related industries, unrelated diversification, expanding the company's activities in units of suppliers or customers;

2) external company growth. It is achieved through the acquisition of other companies, the scope of which corresponds to the strategic areas of business development (implementation of the strategy of mergers and acquisitions);

3) a strategy for cooperation and collaboration. These strategies involve the formation of inter-firm associations (networks or chains), based on the joint coordination and mutual cooperation partners (suppliers, producers and consumers).

Each of the mentioned approaches has its advantages and disadvantages, which limit the effectiveness of their application depending on the nature of the firm and the market in which it operates. Comparison of the above approaches to integration of companies in key parameters is shown in Table 1.

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Table 1

Parameters Approaches

Internal growth External growth Cooperation strategy

Investment needed significant significant Minor

Degree of risk high very high Minor

Temporary costs spent on integration

a relatively long period

a relatively short period

a relatively short period

Juridical strength of ties high high medium or

low

Level of access to each other's core competencies

new competencies, as a rule, are not available

high medium or low

The company’s flexibility

reducing reducing does not change

A key aspect of the analysis

attractiveness rating of new

markets, industries, business sectors

- attractiveness rating of new markets, industries, business sectors

- valuation of the acquired business

assessment of the potential of mutually beneficial

cooperation with partners

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The table shows that for small companies the most acceptable is the third option of integration, since it does not require much investment and allows for a relatively short time to get the expected benefits. Also, it allows a company to maintain a degree of independence in decision making, which is very important when there is a threat to be absorbed more major market participants.

Thus, it can be concluded that at present one of the organizational forms of business in many markets is intercompany pooling partners. As part of such associations, partner companies coordinate their activities in order to best meet customers and mutual benefit.

This trend is reflected in the development of theoretical concepts to several areas of management thought, among which in the first place can called logistics and marketing.

So, in theory there was an independent branch of logistics - Supply Chain Management (SCM), suggesting an integrated approach to the consideration of all processes and value-chain participants from suppliers of raw materials to the final consumer. Logistic nature of this research area is reflected in the consideration of the flow of goods and services, and their associated information flows and finance, passing through the supply chain. The main goal of this event is to synchronize and optimize flows through coordination among chain participants.

In marketing, the last decade the concept of relationship marketing was widespread. This concept is focused on both the satisfaction of customers and partners' interests. [1] Marketing communications under this concept are interpreted broadly, and include any relationship with the company and its partners. To control under this concept is to satisfy the customer's requirements by joint and mutual value creation by all participants of inter-firm networks.

It can be concluded that at present the theory of marketing and logistics management concepts were formed with a similar object of study (the supply chain and inter-company network). In this case, the mentioned concepts have different approaches to the methodology, the various tools and different emphases in defining goals. Given the practical importance of research in the field of inter-firm cooperation, it should be noted the relevance of the formation of cross-functional approach to the study of this object. Multidisciplinary approach will enhance the methodological and instrumental base of both concepts.

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A comparison of the concepts under study is presented in Table 2.

Table 2

OptionsConcepts

Supply chain management

Relationship Marketing

The object of study

The relationship between supply chain participants

Relationships with partners

Objectives Optimization (joint cost savings)

Customer loyalty (cocreation of value)

Tools and methods

Cooperation, coordination, integration chain participants

Establishment and maintenance of interfirm linkages, strategic alliances, network marketing

The role of information technology

Creation of integrated information systems within the supply chain

The possibilities of interactive marketing communications

Despite the methodological differences in concepts, the similarity of the object of research has led to their interpenetration.

Thus, there is recent study [3] in the application of marketing concepts in supply chain management. The starting point of the study authors determined the exhaustion of opportunities to reduce costs in the supply chain. There is an urgent need for a transition to new sources of competitive advantage, in particular, to enhance the value created in the chain.

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Along with this, a number of research papers in the field of marketing pay great attention to the rational allocation of resources, measurement and efficiency, economic objectives of the network. Marketing streams are considered among other factors, to achieve economic goals. They play an integrating and a key role in identifying ways to increase the effectiveness of the company on the market. [2]

In our view, regardless of the underlying methodologies, participation in inter-company structure can provide a sustainable competitive advantage for the company. Both factors - the level of costs and value of the product for the consumer make it possible to use one of the basic strategies of the competition - strategy of cost leadership or broad differentiation strategy. The difference from the classic approach in this case is that is formed a competitive strategy and not a separate company and the community businesses. Thus, the overall purpose of managing inter-firm interaction, both in marketing and logistics is to increase the competitiveness of the integrated network of companies in the market, providing and maintaining sustainable competitive advantage.

The ways to achieve this goal with a significant competitive pressure are determined by market conditions, the competitive situation and the capabilities of network, which depend, in turn, on the ability of its individual members. From the competitiveness point of view it is the best to provide high customer value with an overall low cost.

Thus, the formation of the network requires an estimate of the competitive capacity of its possible participants, who will continue to have an impact on the competitiveness of the integrated network. The primary objective is the development of small businesses and maintaining their own competitive advantage, which contributes to its possible inclusion in any intercompany system, and will provide the company the most advantageous position in the network. The development of its competitive advantage will allow the company to extract the most benefit from the interaction with partners. The mentioned conclusion emphasizes the feasibility of cross-functional marketing and logistics management approaches for inter-firm interaction.

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Bibliography1. Багиев Г. Л., Юлдашева О. Ю., Юняева М. А. Теория и

методология маркетинга в потоке времен // Известия Санкт-Петербургского государственного университета экономики и финансов. – СПб: Издательство СПбГУЭФ, 2005. – № 3. – С. 82-97.

2. Багиев Г.Л. Маркетинг взаимодействия: измерение и оценка качества маркетингового обеспечения бизнес-коммуникаций // Известия Санкт-Петербургского государственного университета экономики и финансов. – СПб: Издательство СПбГУЭФ, 2010. – № 4. – С. 103-115.

3. Кротов К.В., Кущ С.П., Смирнова М.М. Маркетинг взаимоотношений в управлении цепями поставок // Российский журнал менеджмента. – М., 2008. – № 2.

ABOUT FORESIGHT PROJECT “MULTIFUNCTIONALITY AGTO-INTEGRATED COMPLEX”

N. Yu. IvanovState University of Land Management, Moscow

Branch of Moscow State Institute of Management and Law in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia)Yakutsk, Russia

e-mail: 21aprel@mail.ru

A person may detract himself, but it is a character treat of his nature to know the future, to anticipate the evil and the good, to look into the coffers of another future. How many people spend their lives misspent chasing the elusive recognition in anticipation of incredible vistas of transcendence, chances and inevitability.

Now science has advanced far ahead. The orthodox school has begun to lose interest in the former classical approaches to knowledge a long time ago. The conflicts with the size of the gap, officially accepted theory and real find impugn those teachings that are taught in schools and universities. The stratification of social institutions that lead their scientific theories and hypotheses about the past in a free interpretation of the benefit of their own world is being expanded.

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Of course, resetting "burden of the past" is not a very good idea, but to live looking to the past and to repent of that which was not made by you is a relatively devastating effect. The history is necessary to know and remember to not make further mistakes of the past, also to draw inspiration. The most pragmatic unit of life today is a vision shared Future!

In the past half-century big cities have become noticeably rapid traverse coarse, whole metropolis are being created. However, along with the structural design agricultural sector of municipal services was replaced. Thus, it is encountering the topical issue of the need for integration of the metropolis and the rural economy.

It is definitely that the idea of the Foresight project provides structural model, called the author of "Multi Agro-integrated complex (IAPC) in the city." In this model, the integration of agricultural industries and activities is combined into a single complex to organize holistic combined functional center to be set up as urban agricultural agglomerate and produce for the population of consumer goods.

However, to create such an agglomerate of land in the urban economy will not be enough. This problem can be solved as follows. This trend of a multi-level multi-storey buildings and structures in the city has reached high results in skill. Accordingly, such practices will become promising for MAIK (Fig. 1), the principle of the development of air space.

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Fig.1 The structural model of "MAIK" Foresight project.

The function of biogas filling stations

Function of manure and other animal waste recycling (Level 1 structure)

The function of biogas producing(Level 2 of facilities)

auto

gas

The product (humus)

Woodworking of urine of cattle

The function of processing plant production

Fodder function

The function of processing energy

Cattle function(1st level of the building)

The function of ventilation system (2nd level)

(2nd level of the building)

Energe-resourse function(3rd level of the building)

Forage function(4th level of the building)

Vegetal function

(5th level of the building)

Meat processing function

The function of dairy products processing

Visual presentation of the figure of the model "MAIK" demonstrates the simplicity of the idea, but the process of creating such a complex can be time consuming especially if the project should take into account the "inevitable future». In this seemingly simple and elementary model a great scholarly work is hidden that will have to be based on knowledge of the past and present, their vain reflection and transformation in the knowledge of the Future! Creative achievement of results can only be in the event that the joint efforts of science, education, business and government to ensure its existence. It should be noted that in addition to agricultural and industrial component functions MAIK, it should positively influence the development of innovation, socio-economic development, urban economics, agricultural science and modern civilization.

It is obvious and indisputable fact that optimal variants and efficient modeling Foresight requires research and studies that will determine the prospects, constructive and a priority set in the scientific basis of creation and perception of the future.

According to Academician Yuri Mochanov: “Science is a chain of contradictions. In science many conflicting theories and hypotheses have the right to exist”. It is required in the case with the model MAIK that Foresight design should be guided by a consensus of experts, drawn from various disciplines. In addition, professionals who consider themselves as scientists may call into question. This requires special attention to the process of competent scientists. In line with this, the management looks the opinion of Academician Y. Mochanov that identifies: "The scientist - a person who has a thin and sharp mind. He looks through a telescope (distance), and a periscope (around), and a microscope (with multiple increase). The scientist is the one who discovers something new. If he confirms a discovery made before him, then he is an ordinary scientist. "

Having a basic understanding of the intricacies of substantive nature of science, the question is asked to produce specific requirements of developers and researchers who are able to quickly identify all the tools you need to create new models that allow the need for integration of the metropolis and the rural economy. However, this scheme is the paradigm of being a formal design configuration, but to achieve the most capacious, precise and clear of dogma, based on the transformation of new knowledge, aimed at creating and enabling

vision of "the inevitable future," it is necessary to consolidate the measures in science and education.

Studies which trusted to identify the inevitable future are linked with the understanding that any new discovery is always a process of breaking up the old. So between science and education which are in constant confrontation there is the face of coexistence in the law of unity and struggle with opposites. So, the task of education is to educate, and the tasks of science are to break the knowledge and generate new knowledge.

In pursuing this target orientation must identify ways to address the issue, which can be related to the complexity of the work on the Foresight project. Such work can not be in the framework of the existing system of knowledge, which could mean a new formation manifestation in judgment, contrary to all what is taught, and the internal resistance of the ideal choice of the model of the future world.

The inevitability of the conviction is that the lack of error-proof self-righteousness will open new horizons of discovery and disclosure willingness to overcome the hidden forces that protect the well-established knowledge. Premier of this trend will lead to the use of new technologies - Forsyth.

The practice of Foresight Research is limited, but surely gaining a whole new world of scientific research. Modeling Foresight projects reflects the essence of constructing elements Scenarios, showing versions of the Future. However, the number of scenarios can be endless, but they all have a common area - the Inevitable Future. The prescribed scenario forms the picture space of choice (Fig. 2). In pure form, they are able to release only marginal and therefore may be unlikely. Thus, the choice of the baseline scenario can be composed of many elements limiting scenarios that have to be linked to the Imminent Future.

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Choice 3

Choice2

Choice 1

The script for "belatedly choice"

The inertial scenario

A reserve scenario

An optimal scenario

An advanced scenario

A risky scenario

Time

Options

Fig.2 Capital scheme scenarios of space selection picture.

This scheme is a clearly variation of limit versions of scripts aspirations for the future, with the formation of random coincidences that simultaneously complement each choice and can obviously become unpredictable consequences. However, the elected branches of the way form a "selection box" that allows to take disruptive action, because the closer the time of the decision to the forecast horizon, the less freedom of choice.

Thus, the manifestation of formation scenarios "fork" or "bifurcation" can be determined from the analysis and synthesis of contradictory trends. For example, the consumption of goods is the production of goods or the purchasing initiative - Investment Initiative. So-called "branch point" are visible in this method. Such points are possible at those events that are characteristic of the changing geopolitics, geo-economics, geoculture etc.

The short period before the period "branch" is a "window of opportunity." In this case, almost two and a stage plan are

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indistinguishable and imperceptible, and the choice of one of them is the implementation of the administrative decision. This solution is irreversible in scenario incarnation.

In conclusion we give a short summary which briefly describes the very necessity of the formation and development of the Foresight project. Indeed there is every reason to believe that the problems associated with the integration of the metropolis and the rural economy are relevant to be considered from the perspective of new research technology foresight to transform new knowledge in this field.

Another argument is that the global problem of food security of countries, regions, cities and other territorial entities is constantly exposed to a different kind of factors that are more complex and deeper with each passing year more and more. A Foresight project "MAIK in the city" may be a new geo-economic challenge of our time, although the process of formation and development of a model MAIK can take a lot of time and resources.

And the last reason that I would like to mention is that since the beginning of the project socio-economic standard of living, social and cultural relations in society will positively change. MAIK idiom as a business model can be the center of the measurement range of the market space and the organizational and managerial forms of economic regulation.

CONFIDENCE AS A FORCE INFLUENCING ON THE BEHAVIOR OF THE RETAIL BANKING SERVICES

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AND THE CONSUMERS OF GOODSN. V. Keshenkova

Moscow state university of economics statistics and informatics (MESI), Yaroslavl, Russia, keshenkova@yandex.ru

Nowadays experts believe that the level of public confidence in Russia's banking activity depends on many factors, one of which is the level of financial literacy. At present, the scientific and periodical literature on consumer research and consumer choice of retail banking products and services that does not pay enough attention to the problem of the influence of the trust factor in the behavior of consumers of retail banking products and services, therefore the aim of this study is to solve scientific problems to justify the factor "trust" directly affects the choice of consumers of retail banking products and services in Russia.

The goal set up and made it necessary to perform the following tasks:

1. To identify factors which influence the behavior of consumers of retail banking products and services in Russia.

2. To consider the components of the concept of "trust."3. To characterize banking that generates customer loyalty and

their trust in the future.Research methods is the dialectical method of research topics of

theoretical aspects, a comprehensive and systematic approach to all studies the processes and phenomena which are implemented through scientific methods such as the methods of abstraction, analysis, and synthesis, as well as the use of economic and mathematical and statistical methods of data analysis.

According to studies by the World Bank and the National Agency for Financial Studies (Next - NAFI) from June 2008 to October 2011, the financial literacy of the Russian population has increased from 34% (in 2008) to 43% (in 2011). [5].

According to experts, less than 3% of the customers of Russian banks are remote banking (payment by credit card over the Internet, e-money, mobile banking, internet banking), at the same time as the Internet audience is more than 40% of all Russian citizens [7 ].

The reasons for the low demand for e-banking are both limited infrastructure and the lack of confidence of citizens in this method of service.

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In the ranking of the level of development of contactless and mobile payments, compiled by «Visa», Russia occupies the 36th position out of 62 countries. According to experts Visa, this position in the ranking due to low activity of Russians to use remote banking services, "is the result of distrust in the banking system as a whole". [1]

The most popular banking products in 2012 (according to a national survey conducted by NAFI in March 2012) are shown in Table 1.

Table 1№№ Name of bank products / services % of consumption

1. Payroll cards 44%

2. Regular payments (payment of utility services, telephone, fines,

etc.)

42%

3. Consumer credit 19%

4. Current accounts and deposits "on demand"

15%

5. Time deposit 14%

6. Remittances 11%

Thus, the data in Table 1 shows that the most consumed banking product is a bank card for salaries, pensions or grants, executed by the employer (44%). Use of the majority of consumers in Russia is forced, not a conscious decision. In this popular banking service, which is chosen and consumed without coercion, is a consumer credit (excluding credit cards) - 19%. 23% of Russians do not consume any banking products and services. [3] Rated company «Visa», Russia occupies the 43th place on the proportion of the population using any banking services. [1] In this case, the majority of consumers of banking products are not involved in the decision to purchase banking services, i.e. virtually no right of consumer choice or the citizens do not use

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them, which lead to a decrease in trust and loyalty of the citizens of the Russian Federation.

According to the results of a national survey NAFI in May 2011, 47% said that they prefer to carry out cash payments, while 27% of respondents said they did not trust the electronic payment system, since it does not have confidence in their security. [10]

In our view, the imposition of conditions of banking except credit cards, payments and deposits found in lending citizens. The results of a national survey NAFI in March 2012 showed that 38% of respondents were obliged to purchase insurance to their chosen credit services, while 36% believe that the bank will charge unreasonably money from them. [9]

Thus, in the banking sector obtaining the most sought after products and services the consumer is faced with coercion and respectively he has a desire to avoid paying for additional services imposed, as well as doubts about the security of transactions in the payment. Moreover, most consumers have a negative attitude to the information issued by banks (40% of Russians annoying bank advertising, of which 22% said that intrusive advertising, and 21% - is misleading and cheating). [6] In addition, consumers do not believe in the accuracy of the information about the cost of the loan, which the bank says. In our opinion, the fear clients of integrity banks is a consumer response to negative experiences in the past, when banks used the Commission without notice to borrowers about the real cost of credit. Director of retail products and technology PSB I. Pyatkov noted that "borrowers realized disadvantage of such loans and are wary applies to them" [8].

The level of consumer confidence in banks is associated with loyalty, which is formed in the process of banking services, including the interaction with the staff of the bank. It can be assumed that the loyalty necessary to raise the level of trust. In this regard, the quality of customer service is, in fact, the tactical goal on the way to obtaining the confidence of the consumers. According to the results of a national survey by NAFI, conducted in September 2011 and on the assessment of the quality of service in banks, respondents identified the following characteristics are important to them, which are presented in Figure 1.

Contrary to the belief of many bankers about the importance of quality characteristics such as the presence of the electronic-queue and

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quality of call-center bank, only 4% and 3% respectively identified them as important. [4] Moreover, for a good quality of banking services consumers are willing to pay extra for the following conditions:

34% - quick, efficient service with no queues;32% - a branch or ATM is close to home / office;23% - clients often use the services of the bank;13% - the friendly staff of the bank always ready to help. [2]

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Figure 1 - Assessment of the quality of banking services in Russia in 2011.

Thus, the concept of "trust" in relation to the behavior of the bank's clients include the following components: freedom to decide on the purchase of products and services; the absence of coercion, and liberalizing the use of banking products; compliance with the commitments made by the Bank; honesty and openness of banks to provide information; quality of banking services.

Bibliography1. Шестопал О., Егикян С. Удаленный отступ // Коммерсантъ. 2012. 18 мая.2. Банковские комиссии: как заработать, не потеряв клиента [Электронный ресурс]. URL: http :// nacfin . ru / novosti - i - analitika / press / press / single /10469. html .3. Наиболее востребованные банковские услуги [Электронный ресурс]. URL: http :// nacfin . ru / novosti - i - analitika / press / press / single /10554. html .4. Народные критерии оценки банковского обслуживания [Электронный ресурс]. URL: http :// nacfin . ru / novosti - i - analitika / press / press / single /10516. html .5. Не верю! [Электронный ресурс]. URL: http :// bankir . ru / novosti / s / ne - veryu -10015318/ 6. Нелюбовь к банковской рекламе [Электронный ресурс]. URL: http :// nacfin . ru / novosti - i - analitika / press / press / single / 10520. html .7. Память еще долго будет влиять на финансовый рынок [Электронный ресурс]. URL: http :// bankir . ru / publikacii / s / guzeliya - imaeva - pamyat - eshche - dolgo - budet - vliyat - na - finansovyi - rynok - 10001064/8. Потребительские кредиты лучше берут вне банков [Электронный ресурс]. URL: http :// bankir . ru / novosti / s / potrebitelskie - kredity - luchshe - berut - vne - bankov -10018639/ 9. Страхование в банке: помощь или навязанная услуга [Электронный ресурс]. URL: http :// nacfin . ru / novosti - i - analitika / press / press / single /10548. html .

10. Электронные деньги – хорошо, а наличные – лучше [Электронный ресурс]. URL: http://nacfin.ru/novosti-i-analitika/press/press/single/10498.html.

WAN TURN IN A SMALL BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT IN RUSSIA

D. P. Lavrova, N. Yu. IvanovFGAOU HPE North-E astern Federal University named after MK Ammosov,

Yakutsk, Russia, e-mail: lavrova_1180@mail.ru; 21aprel@mail.ru

The consequences of a panic response to the innovations of the tax regulation in Russia turned into the fact that hundreds of thousands of entrepreneurs scaling back their plans for development, fire employees and terminate their activity in a small business environment.

This reaction is caused by the increased rates of tax payments on insurance premiums, which increased twice and made upon 35 thousand rubles. This amount almost equated with profit for a small business, it was particularly noticeable for small business in the North and Far East of Russia.

The causal relationship of this increase stress scenario can be hidden in the disorganization of the small business as a social institution. In particular, one of the reasons is the excessive concentration of its attention on the process of self-survival in a market with no cumulative operating and cognitive resonances that take into account the influence of modern trends in the world civilization. Thus, consolidating informal postulates stratification of entrepreneurship in Russia of commercial layers is clear. Significant transformation of Russian business in recent years, not with simple forces undertake to reform in the area of small business. Therefore, the painful issues are being formed, which relate to the development of the whole system of mechanisms aimed at creating harmonious development in the market environment of small organizations. A rational approach to such regulation is not in doubt, since pioneering steps initiated in government decisions, can adequately influence the economic growth of small business in the future. It is evident in the field, i.e. at the level

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of regional and local authorities; working with these mechanisms have not put on a practice-oriented plan.

Disclosure of the nature of disease which was greatly contributing to the stagnation of a small business requires a lot of time as long as no decisions will be made effective management and implementation of public support in this area. Virtually all of the factors affecting the sustainable development of business in Russia will undergo by analytical review. The important aspect to supporting small businesses, as the active involvement and ownership of business entities in the process, which largely depends on a new tab in a pragmatic mechanism for understanding the rules of business conduct and of market values must be emphasized.

The fundamental doctrine of the transformation of Russian business in the early stage of the formation of new forms of governing is to strengthen the institution of small business as the cells of modern society. A characteristic element of this direction is an innovative choice of development path, a specific community is prepared to defend the rights of small business, implement strategic priorities, with reference to the dynamics of the development of society, science and government.

However, institutionalism also undergoes a transformation, which is associated with an increase in the gap between the established values of social institutions and values of the new generation. Differences in social, economic and cultural formations are seen as the new challenges of our time, which affect individual political views and solutions. This question can also be painful for small businesses, as the process of differentiation in the medium occasionally accompanied with certain contradictions. These contradictions are characterized by the fact that the basis of institutionalism was not included common priorities that will suit everyone.

But in the vast majority of the problems facing the modern small business, financial and investment aspects of state aid to individual (strategic) sectors of the economy are decisive in addition to critical regulatory and integrative functions of the mechanism of state support.

A good example is a special relationship of the state to the energy industry. State puts enormous resources that would increase the area of influence, the spread of dominant position in the market and attract the attention of strategic partnerships abroad.

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Such decisions in any way are not in doubt regarding overarching development industry for the country, but it is necessary to note the negative aspects of such efforts. In some cases, action has strategic sectors of economy assigns to them the position at monopoly (monopsony) in the marketplace, pushes small business to the peripheral zone. Such effects increase stratification in the commercial stratum of Russian business, which should also be addressed with equity.

Of course, the amount and size of large businesses impose on them a greater responsibility than to small business, but it underlines the need to review the organizational and economic principles of management to small farm.

Actualization of such a proposal must be initiated by representatives of the small business with the state authorities. While upholding the rights to equality will also be a painful prospect for such reform and will be closely linked to the reorientation of the axioms of the classical form of governance, and development of a new organizational culture.

Corporate cultivation in this situation is not needed, it will be wealthy formal devaluation with the priorities of the economic independence of small businesses and dominance principles incorporative strengthen ties with reasonable social and political context.

Thus, the subject-substantial transformation of corporate concepts in favor of the free expression of priorities incorporative approach to the integration of small businesses transforms classical origins to the emergence of new knowledge. Along with the paradigm of corporate management developing of the theory and practice of management incorporative will take place. In essence, a benchmark that decision should be directed to the professional implementation of organizational and managerial activities of incorporation in a globalizing world economy and the elimination of stratification of Small Business.

The principal novelty of incorporative relations lies in the fact that the achievement of the objectives of equality of market actors should be determined on the principles of consensus, the common interests of small business forms, aimed at balancing the dominant position of the combined action of the measures (Fig. 1).

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Figure 1 - The balance of market dominance.

The zone of corporation infl.

The zone of incorporation

influence

Priori idea about the purpose of small business in Russia is to fulfill these market features that are not sufficiently attractive or insignificant for a big business. Accordingly, for small farms assigned a secondary role "support" of the corporation.

Obviously, there are advantages in this role of small businesses, which are characterized by the fact that the organization of such a business activity requires very little capital investment. Winning can also serve as the position that the financial and economic support of business costs them less expensive than the big companies. But, nevertheless, the amount of duties and responsibilities of the state and society is what needs to put them on an equal position.

Thus, the necessity of scrupulous research of this problem as a promising small business development in Russia and their new role in the economy must become of particular importance in modern market conditions.

Research studies in this case are expected to focus on the study of the following features in the formation of the new trends for small business:

- Organizationally-economic aspects of small business management;

- Organizationally-legal forms of education of small business;- Economically-legal issues of regulation of relations within the

incorporation between incorporation and the corporation;- Methodological peculiarities of incorporation forming;- The empirical basis for the development incorporation

relations;- Socio-economic importance and tools (criteria) for indexing the

level of development (impact) on the incorporation of socio-economic status;

- Modeling of incorporative behavior and formation of values;- Becoming incorporative organizational culture;- Objective and subjective priorities of subject-substantive nature

of incorporative priorities, mission, goal-setting and other elements;- Transformation of new knowledge - incorporative management.Stated features may not be limited to the proposed list. In the

view of the changes other areas of small business development may be clarified and deep reflected. However, it should still provide some

features that, in our opinion, can attract potential researchers in interdisciplinary research:

1 The existence of cultural gap between traditional and modern values and perceptions of organizational behavior, which can be successfully borrowed from other scientific worldviews.

2 The review of close, but not quite matching meaning of the terms in the Western and Russian understanding and interpretation of the features in the approach.

3 Identify the causes and explanation of significant differences between the concept of "corporation" and "incorporation" of the scientific and practical vocabulary.

So, we come to the final conclusion that painful change in the development of small businesses still has their own perspectives. However, you can still emphasize the fact that it is possible to leave things as they really are now. To give slow developments downstream riverbed life. It would obviously be a rational decision, even though the situation may be exacerbated by the unpredictable scenario. If the modern formation of small business still reacts badly to the tiniest fluctuations in environmental factors, especially on the economic mechanisms of regulation, in a short time this generation has lost their importance for market economy.

Therefore, the time of change and transition to the next stage of the life cycle of development, although painful, is now. Otherwise, the natural effect of stagnation creates regulatory mechanism that contributes to the disappearance of this form of business as a small one and turns it into the less significant economic entity.

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NESSESITY OF RELATIONASHIP REGISTRATION OF THE ENDO- AND EXOGENOUS FACTORS

OF MOTIVATION FOR INNOVATIVE PRACTICE REGULATION OF THE PARTICIPANTS

OF ECONOMIC SYSTEMM. V. Malahovskaya

Federal Budget State Educational Institution of Higher Education Tomsk State Architectural University, Tomsk, Russia,

marina_tgasy@mail333.com

Among the most important motivating reason for change ensuring the development of the economic system there is the entrepreneurial motivation of the participants. Breakthrough development of the Russian economy that let changing the paradigm of resource of its functioning innovation into the paradigm of inexhaustible resource development involves the creation of the business climate, which eliminates the asymmetry of the distribution of gains and functioning of any of the participants as a rentier. Understanding the need for regulatory intervention of the state in developing a business environment that is capable of streaming type of inventions and ideas transfer in the technology of the Russian economic tradition puts not only the task of identifying the model of regulation, but also the task of the institutional and instrumental incarnation. The multiplicity of differences in the economies of the innovative post-industrial development flow shows the relevance of the problem in comparison with the Russian economic practice. Thus, venture capital investment in the biotechnology sector in the U.S. in 2010 totaled $ 3.7 billion in the 60 transactions, while in Russia the scale of these activities is determined by about 250 million dollars for 10-15 years. Another example that confirms the need to intervene in the course of economic and technological development of Russia, can serve as an idea of the intensity of technological entrepreneurship in the post-industrial economy: the first 5,000 patents IBM has recorded in 50 years since its inception in 1911, while only in 2010 by the inventor of IBM 5,896 patents are received. Clear Necessity to promote and safeguard the security of the institutional involvement of the Russian state in initiating changes in business practices is obviously.

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Institutional security defined by the absence of corruption traps distorting transaction costs in the economic process, practically means high specification property rights to structural capital of the economic system (in this case a change of generations bureaucracy does not generate a new round of corruption inherent administrative support economic reform process does not create "uncertainty accessories" (exposure "respecification") and there is no functional instability of the distribution factors on the side of the transaction administrative (bureaucratic) or productive (business) structures) [1, p.12-13]. Applying management model implementation technology solutions PAEI [2, p.17], we can see that over the state - as an administrator (pAei) and integrator (pael) initiated the processes of transformation of the economic space when a producer (Paei) and entrepreneur (paEi) is on the side of the business community. Willingness to assume this distribution of responsibilities that define the responsibility system according to the structural funds is the question of motivation of participants to achieve a result. Setting the path of development of individual members of management or economic system as a whole requires a guaranteed route for participants to some guidance and to monitor their movements on the basis of monitoring the markers of their dynamics. The implementation of this control is possible either through the continuous patronage of the observed behavior, or by relying on the established guaranteed routinized decision-making model (a stable system of rules to identify, analyze, select, and conduct operations for available alternatives). Highly uncertain environment and economic decision-making participants in the system indicates the need for a regulator to guarantee control of the practice of co-development. At the same time, the paradoxical combination of coercion and trust in the management of innovation should be noted. Thus, technological entrepreneurship, providing the substantive environmental variability reproduction requires the participant (individual or an associate) mastery of the developer, manager of business process, technologist, marketing, financier functions to understand the specifics of attracting resources at every stage of the project life cycle. Complexity of the information in each role and the need for systemic solutions related to them does not allow the inclusion of the observer in the course of the process to maintain its proper rate. Problems of institutional lags solved by trust mode (conventional

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standards of practice), appear in the delay of the legislation (for example (estimated) in the information technology in the content, protocols, system architecture for 5-10 years), in the uncertainty of regulatory instruments subject areas and direction of the space an innovative economic system.

Variability of the economic environment is formed by the interaction of practice, the economic system and the conditions of reproduction of existing as a result of previous development and exogenous to the system of decision-making environmental factors. Innovative management practices emerged as a reaction to the inability to achieve defined goals based on routinized self-renewal instruments of economic activity that is due to a consequence of a changing environment or changed goals of participant self-renewal, forced to change routines. Innovation does not exist other than in the process of converting knowledge into income (understood as a flow of goods).

All decisions regarding the business practices are adopted by its members. It does not really matter whether the decision made individually or collectively. Premise of rationality as predicative condition analysis of economic behavior is of substantial parcels of irrationality because of relatedness of personality proven by medical science. Rationality, understood as the predictability of choice in the monitored party decision making capabilities, is based on his understanding of the consequences of choice for the current or expected welfare (understood in this case as well, and out of the boundary of a primitive utilitarianism) and understanding of the method and conditions for the exercise of the option chosen by the practice.

Motivation, no matter how advantageous factors it has not been determined, is set in the economic analysis because the party supports informed decision-making of economic relations. Motivation considered as a process of sense activity, being a multi-dimensional (because multilateralism) process, is of variability due to differences in the level of personal development support, the differences in the needs and conditions of the environment in which the medium operates. Economic (determined primarily by differences regimes for access to reproductive factors), social (forming stratum identification of the mechanism), psychological (characterizing features of perception of environmental decision-making), physiological (defining features of the opportunities in the environment), and other conditions of the

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existential dimension of motivation given by a representation of the expected results that is well-being. In this case, a chronological account of the existence of factors can give rise to (in the case of any discrepancies in the representation of the eligible winning) the dilemma of welfare in the short and long term. Thus, the relationship between exogenous and endogenous terms of motivation is the main object of management in organizations, practicing forced labor.

In this regard, the attention is focused on the structure of the phenomenon of motivation, which can be hierarchical or network (fractality as a special case of the network structure), given that it determines the type of interaction between exogenous and endogenous processes of motivation. Considering motivation as a managed process is important to identify the factors of its stability, arising on the basis of its functioning as an ideology (instrumental values) activities. The question of stability solved for a specific existing conditions points to the interval as a way of motivating its variability over time. Determined by the necessity of reproduction participant motivation in the economic area is a source of wealth that meet vital needs. It can be interpreted as institutionalized (as defined in the system of the order of the goal) the subject of economic interest.

As a random process motivation management is dealing with the uncertainties of different types. For example, it is essential sociogenic uncertainty, reflected in the uncertainty of the structure of needs, goals and values of the participant. Uncertainty of the environment arises not only from the epistemological and ontological possibilities carrier motivation or manipulated, but also from differences interpretive properties for a number of events including participant. For example, the uncertainty of the industrial organization structure is shown as uncertainty of its organizational chart, ambiguity and psychological climate variability, heterogeneity of tasks, etc.

Thus, the opportunities for regulation of business motivation is a clear need to identify and account interdependence of internal (endogenous) and external (exogenous) factors, that affect agents systems determine their decisions about the methods and forms of organization of production activities, the ability of joint economic practices (cooperation, specialization, horizontal and vertical integration). In this case, the range of factors that determine the economic incentives (as grounds for the decision and the reasons for

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their implementation in specific actions) should not be unduly limited by only factors of production: finding motivation factors the institutional, social, ideological (political), information, technological, psychological conditions, conditions that reflect the dynamic originality flowing phase of economic life should included Identifying mutual dependence of exogenous and endogenous factors of entrepreneurial motivation will solve the problem of constructing the control model of innovative practices in the economic system, while creating an opportunity to solve the problem of institutional and instrumental realization models found. However, the effectiveness of regulatory practices for motivating innovation will be significantly determined by the ability to adapt the tools of regulation to the specific conditions and regional diversities flow of social and economic life, particularly significant in the Russian economic system.

Bibliography1 Pyatenko S. Sistemnaya problema//Tomskiy biznes-zhurnal. 2011. №4.2 Drogobytskiy I. Organizatsionnoye upravleniye: ot resheniya do realizatsii//Problemy teorii i praktiki upravleniya. 2011. №2.

CLUSTER GOVERNANCE IN THE FRAMEWORK OF CLUSTER SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY

A. S. MikhaylovImmanuel Baltic Federal University, Kaliningrad, Russia

mikhailov.andrey@yahoo.com

The concept of cluster governance in the scientific literature is generally defined as intended, collective actions of institutional actors (of the university, business, government and NGOs) to facilitate and improve processes of innovation, as well as develop and maintain a sustainable competitive advantage of a cluster (e.g. Enright M., 2000; Brown R., 2000; Guilsing V., 2000; Humphrey J., Schmitz H., 2000; De Langen P.W., 2002; Bahlmann M.D., Huysman M.H., 2008; Ebbekink M., 2010; Caroline M., 2010). Different researchers advocate a number of various fields of application of the cluster governance,

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while arguing for the need of development of this concept: some are concerned with the trajectories of the glo-cal value chain (e.g. Gilsing V., 2000), others emphasize the issue of who and how governs the network of actors in the cluster (e.g. Sugden R. et al., 2005), as well as the quality of governance in the sense of cluster management (e.g. Visser E.J., 2004), etc. The interesting issue with regards to the cluster governance concept is that only a few of the authors mention previous publications written on this topic. However, it is commonly accepted that the research on cluster governance should be multidisciplinary, based on such academic disciplines as: social sciences, public administration, economics and spatial planning.

The growing numbers of scientific publications on the topic of cluster governance is caused by the empirical research results reflecting the phenomenon of organized or so called planned clusters – the clusters that did not naturally evolve during the evolution process of agglomeration of the regional economy, but were mechanically organized by the intended actions of the institutional actors (usually by the combined actions of the actors of the Etzkowitz – Leydesdorff’s Triple helix model) involved in the cluster initiative. Some of the cluster initiatives of the 90s that were based on pan-European and national cross-border cooperation programmes (e.g. Interreg) have developed into successful cross-border and transnational clusters (e.g. Medicon Valley, Bothnian Arc of Knowledge, BioValley). As the result of this best practice, the European countries are adjusting their cluster policies as to promote cluster internationalization. The analysis of the pan-European cross-border cooperation programmes show that on average, more than 23% of the total number of projects are aimed at establishment of international clusters, some of which involve Russia [13]).

This inevitably creates a new gap in the cluster concept – the cross-border or transnational clusters (e.g. Birkinshaw J. et al.; Karlsson, Ch.; Royer S.; Asheim B.T. et al.; Dávila N. G.; Walerud С. et al.; Zámborský P.), that exhibit: an increased scope of involved institutions (doubling of the helices within the triple helix concept; [12]), decline in the influence of geographical proximity with regards to the absorptive capacity of knowledge transmitted through explicit and latent communication channels (that is replaced by virtual proximity of the organizational, cognitive and institutional nature; [13]), declining

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impact of historical institutionalism in the process of formation of an international cluster and other differences. Moreover, the new implications for the cluster governance are created: difficulties in creating a win-win cluster policy and the international cluster strategy on a national level; complex tools for generation and diffusion of innovation in a common cross-border region are required; the issue of regional specialization and unique competitive advantage are arising, etc.

Taking into account all aspects of the cluster governance, the author would like to point out the issue of cluster social responsibility.

Drawing a parallel between the activities of transnational corporations and international clusters, which incorporate a variety of actors, including large multinationals, and encompass the tendency to further consolidation and enlargement (the emergence of new forms of international cluster interactions – i.e. international cluster network), we can justify that, to date, the establishment of international clusters provide an even higher development prospects, but at the same time, the greater threat to the national economies.

The critical need for the development of the cluster social responsibility concept within the cluster governance is displayed by the following facts: 1) between 30% and 40% of all European employment is in regionally concentrated industries or clusters (Europe Innova, 2007) 2) production of nearly 40% of total OECD GDP is generated byonly 10% of regions (OECD Regions at a Glance 2007), and 3) the extinction (or decline) of the cluster may lead to bankruptcy of the national (for example, the crisis in the financial services cluster in Cyprus (European Cluster Observatory, Country report: Cyprus, 2011)) or regional (automotive cluster in Detroit) economy. Therefore, the cluster governance in the framework of cluster social responsibility concept has to be addressed on various levels – mega (supranational; i.e. EU), makro (national/regional) and mikro (cluster organization) levels combined.

It is worth mentioning that cluster social responsibility concept was largely neglected in scientific research until recently. In the academic paper of Peter Lund-Thomsen and Renginee G. Pillay (2012) a comprehensive literature review of the corporate social responsibility concept in industrial clusters is given, with more than 40 articles cited. The authors have followed the evolution of the cluster concept from the

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90s and highlighted the period of “poverty reduction debate” in the 2000-05, and the period of “corporate social responsibility debate” in 2005-11 [11, pp.571-572]. The basic conclusion of the paper that can be made is that most of the research on the topic of cluster social responsibility follows a similar pattern: 1) acknowledgment of the significant impact of clusters on the socio-economic, cultural, environmental and political aspects of the state; 2) research on compliance of a cluster with the general corporate social responsibility principles, and the code of conduct of a respective country; 3) analysis of influence of the global market in the face of North American and European community on the social responsibility strategy of clusters from developing countries. For example, in the article of P.Lund-Thomsen and K.Nadvi (2010) the effects of clustering with regards to child labour are studied (i.e. comparing the influence of western community within the value chain) [10].

The author of the current paper argues that the cluster governance concept, involving the cluster social responsibility issues is a much broader concept, than it is presented in the analyzed articles. Taking into consideration the immense impact that transnational as well as other forms of clusters impose on the welfare of the global community, the cluster governance has to satisfy the requirements of global socio-economic and environmental security, as well as political sovereignty and cultural identity of all stakeholders in its broadest sense.

As much as the bankruptcy of Enron has affected a large number of stakeholders overseas, the collapse of the financial services cluster in Cyprus (note that the Cyprus banking system account to total assets of 896% of GDP in 2010; according to World Bank: “The Banking System in Cyprus: Time to Rethink the Business Model?”) will inevitably influence the global market. The case of Enron has partly been a reason for boosting the research on the topic of corporate governance and corporate social responsibility. The question is: will the cluster governance in the framework of cluster social responsibility – in the broader sense, presented by the author – become the impetus to the drastic action?

As a concluding remark, we would like to give a small reminder to the work of Grabher G. dated back to 1993, that was one of the first to provide the evidence of the impact of cluster decline on the regional

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welfare. His research has created a new direction of research – the stage of decline within the cluster/industry life cycle (see also e.g. Glasmeier A.K., Pouder R., St John C. Staber U.) in Europe, and, indeed, around the globe. Surely, the cases of Detroit automotive cluster, the Danish IT cluster, or the nowadays Cyprus financial cluster are different in terms of external and internal factors that triggered their decline, but there are certain similarities – the inevitable global impact on the welfare of the wide array of stakeholders.

References1. Bahlmann M.D., Huysman M.H., 2008. The Emergence of a

Knowledge-Based View of Clusters and Its Implications for Cluster Governance, The Information Society: An International Journal, 24:5, 304-318

2. Brown R., 2000. Cluster Dynamics in Theory and Practice with Application to Scotland. Regional and Industrial Policy Research Paper Number 38 March 2000.

3. Caroline M., 2010. Knowledge governance within clusters: the case of small firms // Knowledge Management Research & Practice. Vol. 8, pp. 229–239.

4. De Langen P.W., 2002. Clustering and performance: the case of maritime clustering in The Netherlands // MARIT. POL. MGMT. Vol. 29, No. 3, pp.209 – 221.

5. Ebbekink M., 2010. What’s next in researching cluster policy: cluster governance for effective cluster policy. http://www.izmiryenilik.org/phocadownloadpap/ebbekink.pdf

6. Enright M., 2000. The Globalization of Competition and the Localization of Competitive Advantage: Policies toward Regional Clustering, in Hood, N. and Young S. (eds) Globalization of Multinational Enterprise and Economic Development, Macmillan, London.

7. Europe Innova, 2007. Innovation clusters in Europe: a statistical analysis and overview of current policy support. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. 72 p.

8. Guilsing V., 2000. Cluster Governance: how clusters can adapt and renew over time. DRUID PhD-conference, Copenhagen, January 2000

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9. Humphrey J., Schmitz H., 2000. Governance and upgrading: linking industrial cluster and global value chain research. IDS working paper 120, 37 p. http://biblioteca.fstandardbank.edu.ar/images/e/e6/Clusters_11.pdf

10. Lund-Thomsen P., Nadvi K., 2010. Clusters, Chains and Compliance: Corporate Social Responsibility and Governance in Football Manufacturing in South Asia // Journal of Business Ethics. Vol. 93, pp. 201-22, Supplement 1.

11. Lund-Thomsen P., Pillay R.G., 2012. CSR in industrial clusters: an overview of the literature // Corporate Governance. Vol. 12 No. 4, pp. 568-578

12. Mikhaylov A.S., 2013. Features of the Triple Helix Model in Cross-Border Clusters // World Applied Sciences Journal 21 (12). pp. 1734-1738.

13. Mikhaylov A.S., Mikhaylova A.A., 2012. International cluster collaborations: theory in question [Mejstranovie klasternie vzaimodeystviya: teoriya voprosa] // Region of cooperation [Region sotrudnichestva]. № 1(56). pp.52-87. [in Russian].

14. Sugden R., Wei P., Wilson J.R., 2005. Clusters, governance and the development of local economies: a framework for case studies. in: Chapter 3. Pitelis, C., Sugden, R. and Wilson, J. R. (eds.). Clusters and Globalisation: The Development of Economies, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.

15. Visser E.J., 2004; Visser, E.-J. and deLangen, P. (2006), ‘‘The importance and quality of governance in the Chilean wine industry’’, GeoJournal, Vol. 65, pp. 177-97.

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BULIDING AND MARKETING STRATEGIES BASED ON INSTITUTIONAL CONCEPT

E. G. NurullinaNFKFU, Naberezhnye Chelny, Republic of Tatarstan, Russia

bohema_05@mail.ru

When analyzing and examining issues of marketing research we focus more on its technological and functional organizational aspects, while the institutional characteristics and system interaction with the reform of public administration based on the development of civil society are not considered. In addition, the work of marketing mainly reflected the problems of research in the mature markets of consumer and industrial goods. Both in foreign and domestic literature it is in the poorly understood component of the institutional market environment, institutional development issues remain outside the purview of marketing research. At the same time, the use of marketing approach to social and economic processes of transformation economy requires consideration of internal and external factors of a market infrastructure, the specifics of market institutions. Institutional component is most clearly manifested in the study of the activities of enterprises operating in the emerging markets in this sector and the emergence of new institutions, exchange and management, [1, pp. 4-5].

There is no single definition of institutional marketing. In the foreign literature it is understood as institutional marketing, which is a number of different types of organizations that may be involved at the institutional market, including schools, businesses, and nonprofit organizations. Marketing serves as an intermediary between sellers and buyers of bonds, primarily in the institutional market, but also for individual investors. The market provides a constant stream of income for investors in the form of interest and principal. ( Institutional Market on wise GEEK: 1.Several different types of organizations may be involved in a given institutional market, including educational institutions, businesses, and non-profit organizations. 2.Their job is to serve as intermediaries between buyers and sellers of bonds, primarily in the institutional market, but also to individual investors. Bonds trade in the fixed-income market and provide a steady stream of revenue to investors in the form of interest and principal payments.) [3]

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Ponamareva L. N. defines institutional marketing as an object of this type of marketing, in my opinion, serves the institutional characteristics of a sphere (intermediate trade, recreation, etc.), which is regarded as a set of conditions and mechanisms for the operation of enterprises in this sphere [1, pp. 16-17].

Institutional concept is based on the assumption that the market is a field in which collective action appears different social groups and organizations, so the theory of the market and marketing analysis of the behavior involves social groups, governments, various organizations of both commercial and non-commercial nature. The functional concept of marketing gives his understanding of marketing as a function of the complex industrial enterprise for the sale of goods. Among these functions can be separated, for example market research, advertising and sales promotion, planning, trade, etc. Development of a functional concept has led to 50 years of marketing as to the interpretation of the concept of market control. The third stage in the development of marketing. Market orientation is the basic idea of marketing as a market management concepts. Such an approach required theoretical studies and methodological support marketing practices.

In the 2000s the emergence and development of new organizational forms required a different, non-traditional marketing approach, which is dominated by long-term customer relationships, partnerships and strategic alliances. The network entities are organized in a modern economy leads to changes in the direction of main competition combination of competitive and cooperative relations between market participants. Economic behavior and economic choices of market determined not only by profit objectives, material and non-material resources, but also the limitations of the social nature of human norms, values, traditions and attitudes. These factors resulted in the beginning of the fourth stage of development of the theory of strategic marketing, based on institutional theory [2, pp. 78].

Institutional approach, taking its origin in the new institutional economics and sociology in the research network is viewed as a source of competitive advantage subject to the ability to effectively integrate into the business environment - the environment, its infrastructure and the information field. According to this concept, the competitive advantages arise from the integration of the interaction of the individual (the norms, habits, traditions), organizational (corporate culture,

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values), and inter-organizational (the interaction of the state, industry alliances, public expectations) levels. The purpose of this integration is the creation and use of collective competitive advantage that generate specific "relational" rent. Currently, institutional theory is little used in the study of strategic marketing. Research in this area are represented by F. Webster, J. Handelmana and S. Arnold. In his work F. Vebster concludes on the need for a model in which special emphasis would be placed on long-term partnerships. However, the creation and existence of such links are mentiones by considering how specific intangible resources of the company. Examples of such key resources can be consumers' knowledge about the products and brands of the company and its system of preferences [2, p.78].

Institutional marketing concept is based on the assumption that the market is the area in which collective action is manifested social groups and organizations, that is why the theory of the market and marketing analysis of the behavior involves social groups, governments, various organizations of both commercial and non-commercial nature.

Due to the fact that the development of economic reform requires a deep knowledge of the basics of market mechanisms the use of modern principles and methods of market research and economic conditions exist. Marketing as a market concept of economic activity provides the necessary theoretical and methodological controls in market conditions. Market research forms the information field of a civilized market economy and is an important direction of economic policy in the implementation of transformational change. Domestic conditions reformed economy and the market economy, direct the development of marketing in order to deepen the study of opportunistic processes and for the study of formation of market institutions themselves. The study of institutional changes in social norms and ways of thinking have been going on a long time, the institutional concept of strategic marketing is still in the stage of development.

Bibliography1. Ponomarev, LN Institutional marketing research in the housing

and communal services: Dis. ... Candidate. Econ. Sciences: 08.00.05 / Lilia Ponomarev, Rostov - on - Don, state. Univ. - Rostov - Don., 2004. - 193 l.

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2. Scientific statements BSU. Chachashvili, ES Evolution of Strategic Marketing: Theory and Practice. [Electronic resource] / ES Chachashvili / / Scientific Statement Belgium, 2009. - T. 9, number: 01/01/11. Pp. 76-81. -Access mode: http://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/evolyutsiya-strategicheskogo-marketinga-teoriya-i-praktika, free.

3. WiseGEEK: Scientific Electronic Library [electronic resource]. - Mode of access: http://topics.wisegeek.com/topics.htm?institutional-market, free.

THE STATE STRATEGIC PLANNINGDr. Olga O. Smirnova

The Council of the Federation of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russian Federation, 7823091@mail.ru

Today world financial crises compel an economic science to improve the system of state management in order to reduce the dependence on system crises and to strengthen the integrity of the states.

In Russia today is not only a crisis raises questions about improving the system of state management. Becoming one of the leaders of the world's economies is the purpose of Russia today. However, the raw materials model of the Russian economy, the established place in the international division of labor (a niche on the raw materials world market), the historically uncompetitive low labor productivity, worn out capital stock make the economy vulnerable. A Transition to innovative economy also requires a major restructuring of the system of state management. The restructuring of the state management system is necessary both at the state and at the regional level. Creation of the system of state strategic planning is a must today.

Disputes of supporters of the two fundamentally different approaches on the role of the strategic planning in the modern theory and practice of state management did not subside in Russia more than 15 years. One school, based on Western practices, takes the tools of corporate management and principles of the forecast planning. The

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second school, goes back to the traditions of Soviet planning, prioritizes continuous indicative planning, coordination of strategic documents of the federal and regional levels, based on a balance of interests and on the normative fixing decisions.

However, today the world's leading experts (Figure 1) note as the main lessons of the crisis for national governments an enhancement of the government planning and state regulation of economy.

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23,6

23,6

21,8

15,7

13,4

4,2

3,7

Development of domestic markets

Planning

Increase of state regulation

Reform of financial system

Industrialization

Change of a world financial system

Reduce of state regulation

Figure 1. The optimum ratio of the indicators of development of countries in the post crisis world in the opinion of 250 international experts. Source: Institute of Post-Crisis World (http://www.postcrisisworld.org/)

An analysis of strategic planning in countries with the market economy and CIS countries shows that the leaders in economic development are the leaders in the planning.

The dynamics of the index of industrial production volume in the CIS countries is a good example of the efficiency of the state strategic planning which integrates plan-based regulatory measures with market reforms. The Republic of Kazakhstan and the Republic of Belarus are the leaders in the state planning on the post-Soviet space. The schedule shows that the state planning makes it possible to these countries to overcome the crisis (2008-2010) less painfully.

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2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Belarus

Kazakhstan

Russia

Ukraine

Figure 2. Indices of industrial production of the CIS countries (in constant prices,% of previous year)

It is clear, that the main cause of all crises now is the imbalance in the global economy.

Russia has a monumental practical experience of the state and regional planning. Science school has no equal analogues in the world on the depth of study, on the understanding socio – economic processes in the formation of national economy. Among all the countries In the world the fundamental scientific basis of strategic planning has been formed only in the USSR.

Today, one of the major errors in the state management lies in the fact that "in the transition to a market economy all decisions and methodology, which existed in the system of state planning were not taken into account." »[1].

At the present stage the experience of State Planning Committee (USSR) as a whole cannot and should not be copied. However, it is necessary to use methods (balance method, the theory of optimal functioning of the economy, planning on the basis of social and economic policies, etc.) and principles. The above principles and approaches in the Soviet Union state planning system based on the commodity-money relations (!) and, market relations (!) with a strong national economic management.

In order to eliminate crisis in modern conditions, the system of state strategic planning should be based on the principles of constitutionality, the coordination of strategic plans, system approach, continuity, comprehensiveness, focus, priorities, the optimality of balance, proportionality, social orientation, consideration of interests of business, a combination of industrial and regional aspects of planning.

In modern Russian conditions, when non-system planning documents are not linked to the budget process, there is a chance to build a system of state strategic planning based on a modern regulatory - legal framework.

In order to form a system of state strategic planning in Russia, Smirnova O.O. (the author of monographs and articles on the state strategic planning) suggests the following model .

The concept of long-term social-economic development of the Russian Federation, long-term strategic plans for industry development, long-term plans of regional planning (strategy of the federal districts); territorial planning schemes of the Russian Federation, the program of social-economic development of the Russian Federation over the

medium term should be designed at the federal level. The Procedure of coordination of such documents must be implemented both on federal and regional levels of government.

Strategies of Social-Economic Development of the RF regions, territorial planning schemes of the RF regions, programs of economic and social development of Russian regions for the medium term, other documents should be designed at regional level. Regional documents should be based on the Strategy of the long-term social – economic development of the country, strategies of social and economic development of federal districts (macro regions), strategies of development of branches of economy and the social sphere. The procedure for the harmonization of regional documents must be implemented at both the regional and municipal levels of government.

Strategic documents can be approved only if they have financial (budgetary and extrabudgetary) sources.

The actions provided by strategies of development of branches of economy and the social sphere should be linked to the priority directions of development of each territory.

Strategic planning should be focused on the accounting of regional peculiarities. The presence of regional section in strategies of development of branches of economy and the social sphere is one of the important tasks of strategic planning.

Regarding the indicative planning. Branch strategies must include the regional section with indicators on a regional level (see the Fig. 3). Indicators of development of the territory in regional strategies must correspond to the indicators of development of branch in the given territory.

The presence of regional level in strategic documents means that there is a regional and local coordination of all planned program (strategic) actions. It will ensure the harmonization of strategies of development of economic sectors and social sphere and documents of strategic planning of development of regions.

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Figure 3. The proposed model of coordination in terms of indicative planning.

The concept of long-term social-economic development of the Russian Federation

Strategies of development of

branches of economy and

the social sphere

Strategies of Social-Economic Development of the federal districts

Strategies of Social-Economic Development of

the RF regions

Medium-term programs of economic and social

development of the region of the RF

Indicators in strategies of the federal districts

Indicators in strategies of the

RF regions

Indicators in medium-term

programs

Indicators in annual reports of the governor

Indicators on a

regional level in

strategies of developmen

t of branches of

economy and the social

sphere

Correspondence of indicators

Long-term forecast of social-economic development of the country must be the basic element of the strategic planning of the country development. Long-term prognosis must be based :

• on the strategic objectives of the social - economic development of the state,

• on an integrated analysis of the demographic situation, • on the analysis of scientific and technical capacity,• on a forecast the world economy and external position of the

Russian Federation.The medium-term forecast of social-economic development of

the region of the Russian Federation must be based on the medium-term forecast of social-economic development of the Russian Federation, on the long-term strategy for social-economic development of the region of the Russian Federation taking into account the basic directions of the budgetary and tax policy of the region of the Russian Federation.

Balance of a manpower in the Russian Federation and measures for regulation of external and internal population migration should become an element of the state strategic planning to form a constant manpower for developing of geopolitical important and depressive territories. All documents of strategic planning of the Russian Federation, federal districts (macro regions), regions of the Russian Federation and municipalities should establish a base for implementation of investment projects and business programs. These documents together should provide the transparency of decision-making process at the state and municipal level.

Improvement of the system of the state strategic planning in the future should be based on information and analysis, resource and highly-skilled manpower support.

Today we should not take a comprehensive system of state strategic planning as a registry of planning documents. In this regard, the implementation of the presented complex system of the strategic planning of development of the state in the conditions of continuously ever-changing dynamics of economy and its indicators (including the forward-looking indicators and their realization) is not possible without a fundamental mathematical tool. Mathematical tools is required to implement tasks of a system approach to government planning, to

design a model of the economy, for the balance of the ever-changing sets of factors, to implement the principle of continuous indicative planning.

Further development of the theory of management of complex dynamic systems; methods of the analysis of complex systems; methods of the intellectual analysis of data for modeling and decision support are necessary to implement the system of the state planning. Methodology and practical application of intelligent systems based on neural networks should be developed for data analysis and modeling of economic processes. These tools will help to realize offered complex system of the state strategic planning in a dynamically changing economic processes, both in Russia and in world economy.

The presented proposals can be applied not only to the Russian Federation, but also to other countries with market economy.

Speaking at a meeting of ambassadors and permanent representatives of Russia, President Vladimir Putin said: "We are forced to admit that no reliable solution for overcoming the global economic crisis has been found yet. Indeed, the prospects are looking more and more worrying. The debt problems in the Eurozone and its slide towards recession are just the tip of the iceberg as far as the global economy’s unresolved structural problems go. The traditional powerhouses of global development - the USA, the EU, and Japan – are seeing their leadership erode, but the absence of new development models is putting a brake on global growth»[2].

Complex global balance (considering external factors based on demographic and migratory processes; level and differentiation of the income of the population; balance of natural resources; monetary weight; etc.) is needed today for effective crisis-free functioning of the economy.

Bibliography1. N. Baibakov, "Modern Russia needs a planning system",

"Nezavisimaya Gazeta", February 22, 2001.2. Meeting of ambassadors and constant representatives of

Russia on July 9, 2012, Moscow. V. Putin, performance at meeting of ambassadors and constant representatives of Russia (http://президент.рф/news/15902).

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THE SEGMENT ANALYSIS SPECIFICS IN THE SERVICE SPHERE

D. V. Solovieva, Е. V. Egoshina Saint-Petersburg State University of Economics, Saint-Petersburg, Russia

dinasolovieva@yandex.ru, egoshina_ev@mail.ru

Consumer segmentation in marketing implies selection and description of the consumer groups that have similar needs and/or behaviour in relation to goods or services. The purpose of segmentation is to identify significant basis for differentiating product proposal, including both characteristics of the product/service and price factors, methods and channels of communication, modes of supply and sale of goods and associated services. Being an extremely important function of marketing, segmentation, however, is not a process, that is self-sufficient and complete in terms of achieving the objectives of the company. Segmentation by itself, in isolation from other marketing procedures and decisions, cannot guarantee the success of the company, or at least the correct strategy statement due to a couple of reasons:1. The market specific does not always require segmentation: customer differentiation may be too insignificant or imperceptible to shift it onto product differentiation. The current development level of the market infrastructure or resources supply may limit the ability of the producer to carry out segmentation and force to propose only the standardized products. Segmentation is also meaningless if the company is a monopolist.2. Business processes of the company - with the right setting - are subject to its strategic goals and objectives. Activities that do not contribute to the implementation of thesegoals lead to irrational use of resources. In this aspect the segmentation procedure only makes sense when not only the market requires differentiated product offering, but the company is able to provide it, and should do that in order to achieve its objectives. 3. Segmentation without segment analysis and assessment also loses its sense. Identification of the segments themselves doesn’t give the company strategic advantages. Competent analysis, evaluation and selection of target segments - these processes are the key steps in developing the right strategy, which determines the product positioning.

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4. Identifying the segment structure of the market and evaluating the segment attractiveness sometimes doesn’t have a logical continuation, namely the choice of positioning strategy. As it is often the casewhen positioning of the company is dependent on personal ideas of entrepreneurs and managers, and doesn’t have any connection to the market, tastes and preferences of the target audience. Accordingly, segmentation makes sense only when it’s followed with adequate strategic decisions and implementation of the strategy in practice.5. A logical consequence of the segmentation in the company should be the process of marketing mix policies development that meet the needs and demands of customers the best. Goods, that are not adapted for consumer characteristics, communication campaign, unable to attract the attention of the target audience, prices that are too high, badly chosen trade channels - all these errors occur due to the inconsistency of decisions made in the company.

Therefore, the steps of determining the goals and objectives of the organization, establishing reasonability of segmentation, criteria selection for the segments differentiation, the construction of market segment grid, segments evaluation and development of the segment engagement strategy, positioning and marketing-mix policies development must be combined into one process. Only consistency and coherence of these stages can lead to competent behaviour of the company in the market and its business targets achievement. Based on this, we shall consider segment analysis as a basis for the marketing strategic and tactical solutions. We define segment analysis as a set of procedures of segmentation, segments attractiveness evaluation, segment needs, preferences and requirements identification and the formation of the key points of the strategic decisions in the sphere of segments reach, positioning and marketing-mix.Segment analysis includes the following procedures, built in logical sequence [1]:1. Setting of goals and objectives of the company, investigation of the corporate structure of the company, its resources and abilities for the differentiated marketing.2. Market analysis and identification of appropriate segmentation with regard to the situation in the consumer, competitive and partnership environment, as well as the influence of macrofactors.3. Definition of the objectives and terms of segmentation and the range of marketing problems that will be solved by taking into account the

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division of consumers into segments. Identification of the segment bounds requirements, size of the segments, and level of homogeneity of the segments based on the identified strategic and tactical goals.4. Determination of the features, that form the segments (segmentation criteria), that state the differentiation of the consumer needs and/or customer behaviour with regards tothe strategic and tactical business objectives and requirements to the bounds, size and homogeneity of segments.5. Identifying the approach to the segmentation and choice of the segmentation method, in accordance with which the market will be disaggregated.6. Conducting the segmentation using the chosen criteria and in accordance with the chosen algorithm, definition of the market segment structure and description of each segment profile.7. Segment analysis to identify the specific features of the needs, factors that affect the formation of the needs, consumer behaviour (before, during and after the purchase) and identifying the relevant customer requirements to the characteristics of the product proposition.8. The analysis of the segment attractiveness from the position of the company with the consideration of its strategic goals and tactical objectives (based on the analysis of capacity, profitability of the segments, the competition level in the segments, the ability of the company to work with segments etc.)and selection of the most attractive segments.9. Determining an appropriate strategy for interaction with the segments: differentiated (coverage of several different segments) or concentrated (concentrating on one segment). As noted above, the strategy of mass coverage is chosen only in the case when segmenting for some reasons is either unreasonable or impossible.10. Identification of key positioning features of the product proposition in the segment (for each selected segment) based on the consumers specifics and identification of the main requirements to the marketing-mix in terms of the positioning implementation and communication.11. Determination of the main marketing-mix policies (product, price, promotion, place and service) with regards to the reasonable positioning and consideration of the requirements of each segment to the elements of the mix.

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12. Recommendations generation for the characteristics of the product proposition, based on the segment, according to the marketing-mix.

Therefore, the purpose of segment analysis is to identify the most attractive segments for the organization and to make the marketing decisions about the ways of interaction with them in accordance with the stated aims and objectives of the company and with consideration of the specific features of the market.

The goal of the segment analysis and procedures that help to achieve this goal, do not mention the situations of segment analysis implementation and are suitable both for the goods and services. However, the specific features of the industry must be considered to obtain correct results of segmentation, especially if the matter is a material good or intangible service.

Due to the basic specific characteristics of the services one of the key elements in the production and consumption of the service is process. And since the process of delivering the service is carried out in a given environment, often in presence of other customers, the quality of services is dependent not only on the staff and customers involved in service, but also on the environment, which affects the whole process. To visualize this point, we use the model SERVUCTION of Eiglier. P.and Langeard. E complemented by the authors [2].

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Company

Internal systems (back-office)Aim and objectives Business processes Resources and competences

↓ ↓ ↓External systems (front-office)

Personnel Services Physical evidenceService delivery

↑↑↑↑↑

↕ ↕ ↕ ↑↑↑↑↑

Client 1 ↔ Client 2 ↔ Client 3Target segment ↔ Non-target segment

↑ ↑

Influence of the environment

Situational factors Market factors Macro factors

Environment

Figure 1. The process of interaction between the company and customers in the service sphere

According to the model the following elements should be taken into consideration in the marketing system of a service company:1. the service provider - a company that, in accordance with its aims and objectives is building business processes and using the resources and competencies to provide the services at the best level.2. The service process is a collection of actions performed by personnel in the physical environment and surrounded by physical artefacts and tools.3. Target service consumers that affect each other, directly or indirectly during their intersection in the same space or acquiring information about who the company sees as the target customers (self-identification with the segment).4. Non-target consumers, affecting the target consumers directly or indirectly, positively or negatively.5. Environmental factors affecting the process of the service, including the situational (related to the situation of the service demand and / or consumption of the service), market factors (associated with the influence of competitors, partners and contact audiences), macro factors (related to the social, cultural, economic and other contexts).

Therefore, the process of service delivery and its result are influenced not only by the company, but also by the personnel, the interior and the physical evidence surrounding the customer, other customers presented during the service delivery (including non-target customers), and in general external environment. This means that the company operating in the market cannot fully guarantee a certain level of quality of the service, as it is largely dependent on uncontrolled factors that could affect the customer perception of the quality of the service provided.

So, you cannot exclude the presence of other people and their impact on the quality of the service. For example, if a noisy group of people in a restaurant at the neighbour table disturbs the other guests from enjoying the evening, it will significantly reduce the level of satisfaction of other visitors, although the company and service personnel are not to blame. The need to take into account the environmental factors is based on the fact that the favourable or unfavourable surrounding of the service delivery place also affects the level of customer satisfaction.

Thus, based on the analysis of the service features, it is clear that an additional object of the segment analysis should appear. Segment analysis for the service company is important because it gives an opportunity to identify and filter out unwanted audience, which may negatively affect the service delivery to the target segment. If in the sphere of material goods a representative of untargeted audience will buy this good, which was initially designed not for him, then for the company it would just mean an additional sale that as a single case does not affect the strategy of the company. In services, the same phenomenon is not so unambiguous. To provide such a level of service, which the company has planned to provide, it should focus on a particular segment of consumers that with their participation in the service delivery will help the company to achieve this level of quality. This applies both to the client, who is being served by the contact personnel, and to the client, who is currently around (sitting at the neighbour table in the restaurant, on the next row in the theatre, etc.).

Accordingly, the segment analysis in the service sector has a dual nature: the choice of target customers and development of a strategy to attract them, and identification of all non-target consumers and developing such a strategy of interaction with the market, that will cut off the negative non-target audiences and prevent negative impact on the service perception by the target audience.The segment analysis specificity on the B2C service market is a badly researched issue. The reason is that the existing stages of segment analysis, firstly, do not define any specific methods and models applicable to the services sector, and secondly, do not solve the problem of the influence of non-target audiences and the environment in general, on the process of service consumption. However, as we see, the problem is very important in the service sector. The methods of cutting off the non-target segments in the service sector are not developed; there is no integrated model for an adequate separation of service processes for different target segments. The method of assessing the impact of non-targeted audience on customer satisfaction of the target audience has not been introduced yet, the issue about the further action of the personnel in case the contact personnel and customers cannot avoid the interception with non-targeted audience is not studied. These issues are dealt in other works of the authors, where the solutions are offered.

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References1. Solovieva D.V. The fundamentals of segment analysis // The

collection of papers of All-Russian scientific conference “Contemporary management: problems and perspectives”, Saint-Petersburg: SPbSUEE, 2010. – c. 173 – 178.

2. Langeard, E. Bateson, J., Lovelock, C., Eiglier, P., Marketing of Services: New Insights from Consumers and Managers, Кeport # 81-104, Cambridge, MA: MIS, 1981.

THE APPROACHES TO REFORMING OF THE MECHANISM OF PRECAUTIONARY MEASURES FOR THE REDUCTION

OF OPERATIONAL INJURIESA.S. Tokmakov

The Kabardino-Balkarian State University, Nalchic, Russian Federation t862tt@mail.ru

Efficiency of the separate directions and components of economic system defines its productivity. It is the theory it is applicable to insurance sector, in particular, to obligatory social insurance from occupational accidents and occupational diseases (further – insurance of professional risks). So, it is necessary to carry to the directions of insurance upon professional risks: the prevention of risk events, rehabilitation insured, payment of an insurance coverage to victims. Components are tools and mechanisms on which the system leans at implementation of the delegated public obligations. Depending on sequence in which "the directions applied by the world community national systems of social protection of persons pretend to be in life", entering into group of the raised professional risk, are conditionally presented by two types: active and passive. Traditional systems of insurance of industrially developed countries can be carried to the first type and are directed, first of all, on prevention of insured events, further, on minimization of negative consequences of such events, and only then on providing payment. The Russian legislative base puts before itself performance of the same tasks, but in the following order [1]:

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- ensuring social protection insured and economic interest of subjects of insurance in decrease in professional risk;

- compensation of the harm done to life and health of insured at execution by him of duties on the employment contract by granting to insured in full of all of necessary types of providing on insurance, including payment of expenses on medical, social and professional rehabilitation;

- providing precautionary measures for reduction of operational injuries and occupational diseases.

In domestic system of insurance of professional risks, accents are considerably displaced towards compensatory functions. However, as practice shows, preventive orientation results in bigger economic and social productivity of functioning of these systems. In this case productivity can be interpreted as ability of achievement by institute of insurance of professional risks of goals and tasks by means of methods and mechanisms on which the system is under construction. Prevention is expressed in taking measures to the prevention of insured events (continuous control of working conditions of workers, medical examination workers, busy on superharmful and superheavy productions, introduction of safe technologies of work by the employer, etc.) and in the form of rehabilitation actions of victims on the production, focused on decrease in percent of disability, and in certain cases and on full elimination of consequences of approach of insurance events.

Prevention of traumas and the diseases caused by impact on the worker of dangerous and (or) harmful production factors is a priority and strategic problem of obligatory social insurance from occupational accidents and occupational diseases.

In pursuance of one of the designated tasks on an extent more than 10 years, within obligatory social insurance are successfully realized the program of precautionary measures for reduction of operational injuries and occupational diseases (further – precautionary measures). During carrying out campaign of an investment of Social Insurance Fund of the Russian Federation (further – the Social Insurance Fund of the Russian Federation) in improvement of working conditions insured was made by more than 40 billion rubles. Number of the organizations which have carried out financing, I exceeded a mark of 200 thousand.

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The essence consists that the right of financing of certain actions at the expense of the insurance premiums which are subject to payment in the budget of Social Insurance Fund of the Russian Federation current financial year is provided to employers (insurers). The amount of financing can't exceed twenty percent of the sums of the insurance contributions assessed by insurers in expired year. The actions, which list is strictly regulated by the legislation (9 actions for 2013), are directed on the prevention of risk events – traumas on production and occupational diseases.

Let's note that the legislation provided a number of restrictions on the insurers applying for financing. So, the main demand made to insurers, lack of debts to the budget of Social Insurance Fund of the Russian Federation for this type of insurance (a shortage, fines and penalties) is. The organizations being in a difficult financial position lose the right to financing of precautionary measures. For the majority of such employers carrying out the actions connected with creation of safe and healthy working conditions, fades into the background. At the same time, the workers employed by such insurers, are insured and, in case of approach of insured events the insurer, represented by Social insurance fund Russian Federation, is obliged to fulfill the assigned public obligations concerning the victim on production, irrespective of financial discipline of the employer.

Owing to the various objective and subjective reasons, even conscientious insurers can partially lose solvency for some period of time. Sometimes these reasons depend on decency of the enterprise a little. Can be an example burst, in recent, a world economic crisis, the precondition to which the economic processes proceeding in the world served. Consequences of such discrimination negatively affect, first of all, the insurer (a large number of workplaces drops out of the program) and insured (it is harmed its health), and in a smaller measure on the insurer. Therefore, we consider that at the decision the insurer of a question of providing the right of financing of precautionary measures, the requirement to a financial solvency of the insurer is subject to revision in an individual order. Address approach by consideration of addresses about financing of precautionary measures by such category of insurers is necessary.

The program it is possible to refer lack of the separate directions to other shortcoming for various groups of insurers: large, medium-

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sized and small enterprises. Rules of financing for all insurers are uniform. We consider necessary to develop and introduce separate funding mechanisms for precautionary measures subjects of small business. As a rule, such employers treat labor protection questions formally. Traumatism remains at high level. Work security services at such enterprises often are absent. And heads don't own elementary knowledge of the theory of safety and occupational health. Special concern is caused by extremely low share of participation of representatives of this group of insurers in the program of financing of precautionary measures.

In table 1 statistical data on the number of the workers occupied from individual entrepreneurs, are given in the small and micro enterprises.

Data on distribution of the insurers who have made financing of precautionary measures, depending on the average number of workers are presented in table 2.

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Table 1Distribution of insurers on the number of hired workers for January 1, 2012

Category of insurers Number of the enterprises

Number of workers, people

The average number of workers at the enterprise,

the personIndividual businessmen-employers 749 940 3 221 323 4

Micro enterprises (average structure of workers less than 16 people)

1 593 765 4 353 513 3

Small enterprises (average structure of workers of 16-100 people)

242 677 7 126 016 29

Total 2 586 382 14 700 852 -

Table 2

Distribution of the insurers who have carried out financing in 2011, on the number of workers

Numberemployees of the

enterprise

Numberinsurers,the using

means

Total,thousand rubles.

The financing sum on one insurer, thousand rubles.

rom 1 to 15 385 2 530,80 6,57from 16 to 100 8 736 120 822,50 13,83

from 101 to 250 6 490 335 776,70 51,74from 251 to 500 4 728 531 693,70 112,46

from 501 to 1 000 3 465 783 745,80 226,19from 1 001 to 3 000 2 531 1 416 591,80 559,70from 3 001 to 5 000 379 621 207,00 1 639,07

from 5 001 and above 324 1 544 142,50 4 765,87In total 27 038 5 356 511,00 -

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During the analysis of indicators containing in tables it is established that in 2011 less than 1% of small enterprises (including the micro enterprises and individual entrepreneurs) made financing of precautionary measures while on them the enormous quantity insured (about 15 million people) is occupied. Rather small attention to the program of financing of precautionary measures from subjects of small business is caused by its low financial appeal to such category of insurers, and interest in such actions depends on the volume of means which can be directed on financing of actions potentially. Base of determination of the amount of financing are the assessed insurance contributions in the expired year, and it, in turn, is attached to compensation fund. The size of the last depends on quantity taken at the enterprise.

It is obvious that efficiency of the program which declared task is financial assistance to the employer when carrying out the actions directed on achievement of the minimum values of probability of risk events in many respects depends on extent of coverage of employers and, as a result, workplaces.

For increase of prevention of occupational accidents and occupational diseases among employees of small enterprises, we recommend to use the accumulative mechanism at the organization of financing of precautionary measures. It is offered that the base for calculation of the amount of financing will be made by total amount of assessed contributions in three years, previous to year of receiving the right of financing. Such right can be provided to insurers of time in three years.

Thus, obligatory social insurance of professional risks is urged to become the tool and the conductor of a state policy in the field of labor protection. It causes need of introduction of effective techniques of the prevention of insured events. Realization of the offered mechanisms will promote increase in quality of workplaces, creation of safe and healthy working conditions.

Bibliography1. The federal law of July 24, 1999 N 125-FZ "About

obligatory social insurance from occupational accidents and occupational diseases".

PERSONNEL: THE KEY TO SUCCESS OF BUSINESS ENTERTAINMENT INDUSTRY.

Y.V. Temnyy1, V.A. Staljnaya2

1Volga-Kama branch of the Russian International Academy of Tourism, Naberezhnye Chelny, Russia

2FC "Zenit", St. Petersburg, Russia, vstalnaya@mail.ru

The entertainment industry serves as an independent, relatively isolated element of the economic system, involving significant material, financial and human resources. In this regard, the entertainment companies are characterized by specific technologies, management systems, especially the organization of the personnel. In the service sector, in particular - in the entertainment industry, human labor becomes a value at which the very existence of the single economic-organizing mechanism is put in direct dependence on the number and especially the quality of the work itself.

In the entertainment industry a person is given special attention in a number of circumstances. First, the entertainment industry is one of the most profitable areas of activity where profits depend on the professionalism of the staff working there. It is most clearly manifested in the activities set out such large entertainment facilities like casinos. The main principle of philosophy, for example, the American casino is the slogan'' people who work in casinos - its main wealth.'' [1]

Secondly, the relationship between clients and personnel during maintenance is critical to the functioning of business entertainment. In many ways, the level of relations between employees and customers, their character in their totality constitute the essence of the phenomenon of "service."

Third, one of the factors determining the importance of rights in the entertainment industry is a progressive increase in prices, which are directly or indirectly associated with the growth of wages in the service sector as a whole. Inability to remove a person from the contact zone (out of service) and the specific characteristics of the demand for the entertainment industry are the factors that lead to an increase in labor costs in the industry.

Fourth, the change of attitude to the person associated with increased competition in the entertainment industry itself.

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A distinctive feature of the management personnel in the entertainment industry is the fact that the staff of such organizations should act strictly defined program, which can either be contained in official documents, or consolidated by the company traditions or customs. Moreover, staff and clients in the contact zones perform different social roles. If we assume that the social role of an appropriate way to the accepted norms of human behavior, depending on its status (position) in the system of interpersonal relations, we can represent a social worker's role is the surface area as a set of rules of conduct or, as they often say, "rules of the game", adopted at a particular company of the entertainment industry.

Due to the fact that the fulfillment of the social role of the staff is strictly controlled by others, the employee must contact a zone to play its role not only consciously but also "automatically." The skill of social roles distribution of employees contact area reached its apogee in the personnel management system of the giant entertainment industry, as Walt Disney Company. It is in the field of parks and recreation facilities, the company acquired a reputation for high levels of customer satisfaction. The company adheres to its management philosophy for over half a century - and, obviously, very well. The main reason for this success lies in a careful analysis of what awaits visitors from visiting recreation areas, and detailed instructions for service standards. The company adheres to the slogan "Saving the customer is possible with their satisfaction. A customer satisfaction - is the goal, is in constant motion. "[2]

For the trappings of the organization lies a general rule, all the efforts of the staff of the company are aimed at one goal - to service people who buy products and services. It does not matter whether they are called customers, voters or patients or staff must meet their guests, or take the risk of losing them.

During delivery of high quality services attention is paid to specific roles that perform servants working in the so-called "Basic Space". The business mission of the company is striving to make guests happy, and the mission itself is embedded in cultural values shared by all employees. To the people who pay admission to the park, it should be treated not as a buyer, as well as the guests. Accordingly, it is supposed that employees are the performers on the stage of service provision and wearing costumes appropriate to their roles, not uniform:

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Fig. Functions and roles of the staff.

Role-playing scenario Walt Disney IS founded on careful analysis that is especially appreciated by the guests in the actions of the members of the group of artists, and striving to surpass the expectations of guests. All employees have the opportunity to be trained. Newsletters and training sessions are used In order to be informed of new developments.

In order to have a correct idea of the qualifications of staff, each manager holds an annual week as a member of the working groups involved in the front line. In addition, each member of the management once a year comes to the park with his family, to assess service from the perspective of the guest. Finally, the employees are used to monitor the quality of service. It is assumed that employees fill out a questionnaire on their own perception of the service. Than the results are analyzed and determined by the satisfaction of the employee. Disney's philosophy is that if employees are satisfied with their work, the same thing will happen with the client. [2]

The main reason for a new look at the relationship between employee satisfaction and the profitability of the company lies in

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Waiter The host of food and beverages

Driver The owner of the transportation vehicles

Security The owner of the security

Cleaner The owner of territory

FUNCTIONS ROLES

defining the role of staff in the delivery of services, that means impossibility to eliminate the rights of the surface area (out of service), and the dependence of workers' desire to provide quality service to its internal job satisfaction. All this objectively requires paying more and more attention, time, money and effort the field of human resources, which are the major factor in the success of the company.

Despite the fact that the foregoing is increasingly focusing on the entertainment industry, many of the provisions are valid for organizations working in various fields of business. Moreover, in recent years, many companies, traditionally known as the manufacturers of the products, have come to understand that they are working in the service sector.

In his recent book "The Experience Economy" B. Joseph Pine II and James Gilmore suggest that society has been witness to the industrial economy, which is focused exclusively on the efficient production of goods, and it was the peak of the service economy, which wrapped production in the package to make it more attractive to customers. Now, say the authors, the company is entering a new age of competition, which is called the "Experience Economy". Pine and Gilmore took the trouble to describe the nature of the events: "However, although the work of event director dies after staging the event (it dies), the value and importance of this experience are in memory of any person who has been involved in this event." Goods and services are simply props involving the client in this new era. Customers want to get a memorable event, and companies must be directors of such events. [3]

In conclusion, it should be noted that the role and importance of the human factor, as in the entertainment industry as well as in other business areas, objectively demands to pay more attention, time, money and effort the field of human resources, to contribute to the transformation of man into the main factor in the success of the company . These circumstances, in turn, strengthen the role and importance of personnel services of these enterprises in the selection, counseling and adaptation, staff development, in the formation of human resources policy and philosophy of the company.

Bibliograohy

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1.  Jim Kilby, Jim Fox, Anthony Lucas. 2004. Casino Operations Management.

2. Vnedreniye sistemy kachestvennogo obsluzhivaniya (na primere kompanii “Uolt Disney”)// Balans - Sovremennyy kapital. – 2004. – №1. – p. 13 - 18.

3. Adrian Palmer, Catherine Cole. 1995 Service Marketing, principles and Practice. Upper Saddle River, NJ, Prentice Hall.

SECTION 5. Jurisprudence

REVIEW AND THE ANALYSIS OF A QUESTION ABOUT THE NECESSITY OF THE CREATION

A NEW MULTILATERAL ENVIRONMENTAL AGREEMENT ON OCEAN ACIDIFICATION

(CONFERENCE IN LONDON IN MARCH 2012)A. V. Nosova

(IPAG) Institut de Préparation à l'Administration Générale, Montpellier, France, e-mail: AVNosova@gmail.com

As we know ocean acidification poses a serious global environmental challenge, but only recently has it caught the attention of the international community, having been overshadowed by the climate change problem. But no multilateral environmental agreement (MEA) has so far been concluded with a view to addressing the problem of ocean acidification. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) is considered by many as being capable of addressing ocean acidification as it regulates carbon dioxide emissions – the root cause of the problem. But, unfortunately, the UNFCCC does not provide an adequate legal framework for the problem because ocean acidification is not an effect of “climate change”, meaning that it is outside the UNFCCC’s jurisdiction.

Nevertheless, the issue of ocean acidification is closely related to climate change through the global carbon cycle. The oceans have taken up around 40% of the anthropogenic CO2 emissions over the past 200

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years. And, as a result, carbonic levels have risen and seawater has become increasingly acidic; pH has dropped by approximately 0.1 units since industrialization, which amounts to a considerable increase in acidity.

Pure water has a pH very close to 7

acidic basic or alkaline

0 6 7 8 14

H+ pH pH

Over the next century, seawater pH is projected to decline by 0.5 units, at a rate unprecedented in the past 55 million years. From a scientific perspective, there are no viable geo-engineering quick fixes to reduce ocean acidity. Solar radiation management will not affect levels of anthropogenic CO2 in the atmosphere, and ocean acidification will therefore continue. In the absence of feasible geo-engineering remedies, future ocean acidity levels strictly depend on CO2 emission pathways. Rapid and deep reductions in CO2 emissions or drawing atmospheric carbon into terrestrial biomass are the only viable solution to the ocean acidification problem.

Rakhyun E. Kim (a PhD scholar (BSc, MSc, MEL (First Class Honours)) in the Fenner School of Environment and Society at the Australian National University) explored applicable provisions contained in these MEAs, and how their formal decision-making bodies have responded to the problem of ocean acidification. The existing complex of Multilateral Environmental Agreements:

1-United Nations Convention on the Law of the SeaMost of its provisions, being of a general nature (especially as

regards its provisions dealing with the protection and preservation of the marine environment), can be implemented only through specific operative regulations in other international agreements. In the absence of an implementing agreement to UNCLOS that regulates land-based

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activities, the law of the sea’s potential for directly regulating CO2

emissions is limited.2-Convention on Biological DiversityIn 2010 the Executive Secretary was requested to collaborate

with the UNFCCC, Ramsar Convention, Antarctic Treaty and other international organizations, and develop a series of joint expert review processes to monitor and assess the impacts of ocean acidification on marine and coastal biodiversity, and transmit the results to the UNFCCC Secretariat.

3-United Nations Fish Stocks AgreementIt called on regional fisheries management organizations to

“strengthen efforts to study and address environmental factors affecting marine ecosystems, including adverse impacts of climate change and ocean acidification”. The Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission has recently launched a research project in partnership with the Secretariat of the Pacific Community that would study the impact of projected ocean acidification upon the distribution and abundance of yellow fin tuna.

4-London Convention and ProtocolThe London Convention and Protocol relate to ocean

acidification primarily through their responsibility to protect the marine environment and associated jurisdiction over a number of marine geo-engineering activities, such as CO2 Sequestration in Sub-seabed Geological Formations (CS-SSGF) and ocean fertilization, which involve some form of dumping. However, ocean acidification has been little discussed in the context of ocean fertilization, even though the potential risk of ocean fertilization to “contribute to lowering the pH of the seawater” has been internally recognized by the parties.

5- MARPOL Convention (International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships)

The Convention is applicable to mitigating ocean acidification through its extended work on the prevention of air pollution from international shipping and set mandatory measures to reduce emissions of “any substances that originate from fuel oil and its combustion process” from all ships of 400 gross tonnage and above.

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6- OSPAR Convention (Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-east Atlantic)

The Quality Status Report 2010 of the OSPAR Commission recommended the development of policies aimed at mitigating climate change and acidification. Similarly, the North-east Atlantic Environment Strategy 2010–2020 adopted as one of its objectives “to ensure integrated management of human activities in order to reduce impacts on the marine environment, taking into account the impacts of, and responses to, climate change and ocean acidification”.

7- Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty (Madrid Protocol)

Acidification of the ocean has profound implications for the marine ecosystem of the Southern Ocean. The Southern Ocean is particularly vulnerable to acidification due to the higher solubility of CO2 in cold water and the low saturation levels of CaCO3 (limestone, fr :calcaire).

8- Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR)

Acidification is an important component for CCAMLR in the consideration of the impact of climate change. The Commission accordingly requested that the issue of ocean acidification be included in the developments of the Joint CCAMLR–SCAR Action Group, which was proposed in order to improve the strategic partnership between the two organizations.

On the basis of that stated above, Rakhyun E. Kim outlines two potential candidates as a way of discussing some of the key considerations that need to be paid should States decide to negotiate a new MEA on ocean acidification:

the first possibility is to address ocean acidification within the UNFCCC framework by “broadening” and “deepening” the climate regime;

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the second possibility is to address ocean acidification through an implementing agreement on land-based sources of marine pollution (LBSMP) to UNCLOS.

In the conclusion it is possible to make the conclusion that ocean acidification is a global-scale, environmental change problem with far-reaching consequences in multiple dimensions and, ultimately, ocean acidification is too important and rapidly occurring to be left to the self-organization of MEAs (and other international actors). It will simply be too late to save the oceans and the wider ecological integrity. Ocean acidification requires a conscious intervention and I support Dr. Rakhyun E. Kim that this involves establishing a new MEA with a clear mandate on ocean acidification. This intervention may well form part of an adaptive process that enhances the fit between the Earth system and international environmental law, and thus strengthens the polycentric order.

A NEW THREAT TO THE RIGHT TO PRIVACYE. N. Poperina

South Ural State University, Ozersk, Russia, poperina@mail.ru

The respect for private life is one of the aspects of individual freedom. This is provided by the person and guaranteed by the state to control information about them, and to prevent disclosure of personal, intimate nature. But despite the fact that the right to privacy is recognized and guaranteed by the state, there are many threats to this law.

As part of this article we deal with the new modern threats to privacy, which, in our opinion, are a particular danger posed by the law, in the absence or lack of clarity in the legislation of their attachment. However, the main reasons for the emergence of new threats to privacy, is the development of information technology and the transition to the information society.

One of those threats is to use technology to locate. The essence of the threat is that with devices satellite global positioning system (GPS) to locate the object.

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In addition, the world finds new application technology of RFID-tags to track the movement of their vehicles. RFID-tags are used to mark goods in stores in order to track consumer buying behavior. Developed in Denmark a new kind of rifle shots producing microscopic RFID-chip, which allows people to tag, unknown to them is of particular concern. [1]

Developers give a number of arguments in favor of using RFID-tags: economic benefits, time-saving, crime prevention, etc. However, you should pay attention to a number of threats to privacy, arising from the use of these technologies:

1. the ability to remotely read information from RFID-tags without the knowledge of its owner;

2. the ability to track movements of the intruder;3. the possibility of infection RFID-tag computer virus, which can

lead to distortion of the information contained in the RFID-tag;4. the interception of transmitted data;5. the possible presence of a hidden reader, etc.

Precedents of violations of the right to privacy through the use of RFID-tags already exist. Thus, the American company Caspian, is campaigning for the interference of supermarkets in the privacy of citizens, called for a worldwide boycott of the company Gillette, which uses RFID-label their products. As part of an experiment to optimize sales in Tesco supermarkets in the UK buyers’ outrage was the fact that the person who took off the shelf packages with products company Gillette, immediately gets the sights camcorder which tracks his way up to the exit of the store. Gillette denied the charges, arguing that the introduction of RFID-labeling was produced exclusively for the optimization of trade. Human rights organizations in the U.S. and the UK have signed an appeal to the representatives of the information technology industry with a proposal to voluntarily discontinue the development and implementation of RFID-tags. Among others, the appeal signed American Civil Liberties Union, Information Centre Electronic Privacy and Information Studies British organization policy. [2]

We believe that the following actions can help prevent the arbitrary use of technology in the field of RFID-tags:

1. legislative strengthening of restrictions on the use of RFID-tags;

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2. alert consumers about products containing RFID-tags (for example, by applying to them the warning signs);

3. legal restrictions on the use of information obtained by means of RFID-tags;

4. legislative strengthening the ban on locating the person without his prior consent, allowing restrictions in an emergency.

Another emerging threat to privacy is the vulnerability of biometric systems. Biometrics is an identification of man in his physiological and behavioral traits. Currently, there are many ways to recognize people: identification by fingerprint data, iris, by voice, handwriting, etc. Biological systems are used as identification for protected objects, and in public places in order to ensure safety. The most common is the use of identification systems at airports. For example, in the United States has a procedure for photographing and fingerprinting of foreigners entering the United States. [3]

G8 countries adopted the standards on the implementation of high-tech passports equipped with microchips. Based on these standards, the Russian Federation has created the legal framework for the implementation of the state system of production, processing and control of passport and visa of the new generation with the use of biometric information. [4] At present, Russia biometric data are being entered into passports. It is likely that in the near future, these data will be in the Russian civil passports, as has already done in some countries.

It should be noted that the introduction of biometric personal data in passports poses a serious threat not only to the private life of citizens, but also for the security of the state. The main threat to privacy is that after you make biometric personal data in the passport of a citizen of a state it is possible to remote reading of data, which will inevitably lead to the creation of a total system of tracking people. For example, foreign intelligence agencies can easily track the military and security services of a State having a passport, is certain to lead to a decrease in the capacity of national armed forces and security services for the protection of the state.

Thus, expressing opposition to the use of biometric technologies, we note that their use will inevitably lead not only to restrict the rights and freedoms of Russian citizens, but also to total control over the people, which threatens the security of any state.

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Bibliography:1. Baykovski D. Shpiony vnutri nas // Computerworld Rossiya. –

2004. – №20. 2. Vo zlo ili vo blago? // Vse o vashey bezopasnosti. – 2003. -

№4.3. Pyatakov S. Strany, gde provodyat daktiloskopiyu

vʺyezzhayushchikh grazhdan. Spravka // RIA Novosti [Elektronnyy resurs] – Rezhim dostupa: [ria.ru/spravka/20110617/389554429.html].

4. Kocheva O. Grazhdane pod kontrolem tekhnologiy // Lichnoye delo. – 2004. - №9 (79).

SPECIALIZED ADMINISTRATIVE COURTS: MYTH OR REALITY

A. N. PrizhennikovaDocent of the "Civil and Arbitration Process" Department, FGOBU HPE

Financial University under the Government of Russian Federation, Moscow alenaprizhen@mail.ru

In modern conditions the specialization of courts and judicial proceedings on administrative disputes is necessary because their number is steadily increasing. For example, the Arbitration Court of Moscow in 2009, examined 153,014 cases, of which 22 088 cases involving disputes arising from administrative and other public relations. In the first half of 2011, all cases examined 495,995, 160 509 were arising from administrative and other public relations, and in the first half of 2012 the number of cases was 791 155, 389 625 were arising from administrative and other public relations [1]. Thus, there is an increase in the number of receiving in the arbitration courts of statements on economic disputes arising from administrative and other public relations.

In this regard, we believe that it is necessary to create specialized courts due to several reasons.

First, specialization is happening all over the world. Administrative courts were created in Europe (Germany, France, Austria, Poland, Spain, the Netherlands, Belgium, Bulgaria, Greece, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, Czech Republic, Ukraine, etc.). These

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countries have a completely different system of administrative justice. For example, in some countries, specialized administrative courts are included in the general courts (Mexico, UK, U.S., Australia, and New Zealand). In other countries, a Judicial Board for Administrative Affairs was created in courts of law (Georgia, Estonia, Spain, and Bolivia). In the third countries, the administrative courts are separate and have an independent system (Germany, France, Italy, Austria, Finland, Sweden, Poland, Israel).

First, the need to recognize the specialized courts is reflected in the Federal Constitutional Law "On Judiciary in RF" (Article 26).

Third, the purpose of the specialized courts is to review certain types of cases, which is a certain complexity consideration. Complicated disputes appeared in connection with the changing of consideration and resolution of the cases. It means that there is complicating production. Administrative proceedings have several features of public law, which make it necessary to modify the form of action and commitment to their simplification. Specialized courts will give the judges the opportunity to focus on the analysis of the subtleties and nuances of relevant categories of cases.

Fourth, the existence of specialized courts. It is evidence of the national judicial system of democracy under the rule of law.

Fifth, the creation of specialized courts will improve the quality of judicial decisions; reduce errors in the justice system because any highly skilled case will be best done by a specialist of a narrow profile.

Sixth, the creation of specialized courts will eliminate confusion powers of the various subsystems of judicial (courts of general jurisdiction and arbitration courts in administrative disputes), in some cases, will reduce the time and make the procedure of adjudication easier as well as expand the possibilities of judicial remedy for common citizens. Sixth, these courts allow a more professional and comprehensive consideration of the case, exercising justice. As Y. N. Starilov correctly noted: "The quality of justice is always depending on the specialization, as the quality of any other activity" [2, p. 2-11].

An important factor in the creation of special courts is the need to install a special (compared with the accepted in courts of law) order of consideration of any type of case to consider the procedural regulations for this category of cases which have their purpose and their

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independent mechanisms and peculiarities of legal regulation, to unify the legal procedures.

Administrative proceedings have some specificity to be expressed in the following terms:

determining the subject of the proceedings, the nature of the disputed material relationship;

the extended system, the principles of administrative proceedings;

introduction of mediation procedures, reducing the load of the judges;

the subject of proof, as well as in a range of persons involved in the case;

feature of the state fees payment in cases before in administrative proceedings;

the ability to differentiate the administrative proceedings on certain procedures, so there will be need to simplify and improve a number of cases before them (it is possible to shorten range of cases, and the sole judge of many of the cases is necessary);

in need of additional procedural safeguards to protect the interests of the subjects (increase the active role of the court, the strengthening effect on law enforcement, the right to appeal the court decision, binding protocol of the offenses, the court with administrative rights to administrative liability, etc.);

giving the court the right to make a private decision (ruling) of the case.

The problem of the formation of administrative justice is the lack of legal framework and it seems quite obvious that the federal law "On administrative procedures", the Code of Administrative Procedure (the Code) will be the basis in the administrative courts.

Based on the experience of legal regulation of CIS and foreign countries, the current state of the Russian legal doctrine, we consider it appropriate to offer the author's concept of the Code of Administrative Procedure.

The general part of the Code will include six sections - Section I «General Provisions", which includes the head of the main points (goals, objectives, administrative proceedings), the definition of the concepts, the principles of administrative justice, the person involved in the case, representation in court, an administrative court and withdraw;

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section II «The organizational activities of the administrative proceedings" includes the following chapters and jurisdiction to jurisdiction, court notices and calls, court costs, evidence of procedural deadlines; Section III «Proceedings in the court of first instance", which includes chapters on filing an administrative claim, the preparatory stage of the process, judicial review of the case, suspension or termination of the proceedings, judgments, Section IV «The revision of judicial decisions", including the appeal process, the appeal production, production in the court of supervisory jurisdiction (we believe that this may be the Administrative Board of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation), the production of the revision of judgments / decisions on newly discovered evidence, Section V «Special Production", which includes a chapter on the restoration of the lost proceedings , Section VI «Enforcement Proceedings" consists of the head execution of court decisions.

The special part will include special production sections to hear and determine certain types of cases: features of the cases challenging the regulations, peculiar properties of the production for the protection of electoral rights and the right to vote in the referendum of Russian citizens, peculiar properties of the cases involving foreign nationals , peculiar properties of the proceedings on administrative offenses characteristics of proceedings against decisions, actions or omissions of the subjects of authority with respect to administrative liability, peculiar properties of cases of recovery of compulsory payments and penalties, peculiar properties of the production of cases challenging the non-normative legal acts , peculiar properties of cases of expropriation of land and other objects placed on it of real property for public purposes, peculiar properties of the production of cases for tax disputes, peculiar properties of the production of cases with government officials, peculiar properties of the production of cases for labor disputes with the government and civil employees, peculiar properties of the production of cases with various inspections, political parties, public organizations with federal law with certain state or other public authority, peculiar properties of the production of cases for "debate about judicial career."

Talking about specific types of cases it is necessary to pay attention to the subject of an administrative dispute. Determining the

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subject of administrative and legal dispute it often means[3, p. 385-386]:

regulatory or individual legal acts, administrative action (or inaction);

financial or other benefits derived by the complainant (statement) - Recognition of illegal or invalid of government act, the abolition of the measures of liability, compensation of damages, recovery of compensation for damage, etc.;

in some cases - administrative acts, in others - claim (e. g. claim for recovery of a fine);

legitimacy regulatory act, actions (inaction) of the decision of the government or public official;

infringed rights and freedoms protected interests; require of the concerned person to abolish or change the decision

on administrative punishment or dismissal of the case on administrative charges, demands to protect the subjective rights of administrative relations.

In conclusion I would like to pay attention to the fact that the rapidly developing modern administrative law and the changes of management practices reinforce the overwhelming need for appropriate specialization of the courts. Administrative courts are needed to strengthen the position of our country in the international arena as well as providing uniform standards of human rights throughout the territory of the Russian Federation in compliance with the established international law standard of human rights can guarantee Russian full membership in the international community as a civilized law. Ratification of the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, the jurisdiction of the European Court of Human Rights demands the improvement (specification) of the Russian legislation on the judicial protection of human rights in the field of public administration.

Bibliography:1. www.arbitr.ru (date accessed 10/19/2012) / / [electronic

resource]2. Materials of the round table "Development of Administrative

Justice in the Russian Federation" / / The Russian Justice. 2005. Number 4. Pp. 2-11.

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3. Zelentsov AB Administrative and legal dispute: Theory. Moscow, Publishing House of the Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, 2005. Pp. 385-386.

SECTION 6. Educational Sciences

VALUE MEASURING OF PSYCHOPHYSICAL ADAPTATION OF A TEACHER-BEGINNER

V. I. BobrytskaNational Pedagogical Dragomanov University, Kyiv, Ukraine

Modern requirements to organization of teaching and educational process in secondary school advance some new claims to a teacher-beginner. As a result a previous experience of usual work methods which he/she has received during the period of studies becomes unfit for new conditions. The difference in organization, tasks and conditions of teaching and educational process in higher and secondary schools creates some kind of a barrier which should be overcome by a young teacher to actively join in the new forms of activity and successfully move to the goal – professional and personal formation. Mastering the new work methods, entering a new way of life, habituation to changed forms of teaching and educational work organization of a teacher-beginner occurs during a long period of time called adaptation.

We point out that the notion “adaptation” is being widely used in fundamental and applied sciences like biology, medicine, psychology, social pedagogy and is used for explanation of the essence of some physiological, social and psychological phenomena etc. In our research we consider the process of psychophysical adaptation of teachers-beginners as an active constructive adoption of new conditions of professional self-realisation during which such merits as ability to rational organization of pedagogical activity, collective and personal work-rest schedule, systematic work at professional self-education are being formed and as the result they acquire stronger professional abilities, build harmonious interpersonal relations (in a company of teachers, pupils, parents), preserve state of health that is optimal for their age [2, с. 20].

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What are the specific features of the process of psychophysical adaptation of teachers-beginners? Is it a long lasting passive habituation, adjustment of a person to new working conditions or an active and regulated process? Let us try to look at the problem of value measuring of psychophysical adaptation of young teachers from such points of view: firstly, how the process of adaptation influences the effectiveness of their professional formation, secondly, which aspects of way of life can optimize the process of adaptation to the changed working conditions, prevent the appearance of deadaptation syndrome of teachers working for the first year, prevent the loose of value attitude to the profession.

The methods of study the value measurement of psychophysical adaptation of teachers-beginners (those whose working experience at school is less then 5 years) was considered to be the method of conversation and interview. The questions were pointed to finding out the specific aspects of their professional work organisation (teaching load per day and week, time for preparation to lessons, sleep period, ways of spending free time during the week and at weekends etc.). The conversation supposed also the estimation of such a parameter as satisfaction with the professional choice of the respondent. The respondents were young teachers of secondary schools in Kyiv (46 persons) who work for the fist and second year. The research was conducted in study year 2011-2012.

It was found out that the change of usual approaches to the organization of the work of young teachers during their psychophysical adaptation is caused by different circumstances. Let us give their characteristics.

The first block of circumstances that cause the difficulties in psychophysical adaptation of young teachers is formed by the set of social and psychological problems connected to adoption of a new social role, a bit different collective and individual forms of behaviour. The change of social environment, loss of referent groups formed during the studies in university, usual way of communication requires from a teacher-beginner some efforts to form a new behaviour model which would provide him a wishing position in a new team and a comfortable existence in it. In changed circumstances of life at the position of which here is a new communication situation, appearance of newly build professional contacts a young teacher needs not only to

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show such features of character like openness, frankness, goodwill, but also the ability for self protection, readiness for changing interests, stereotype, values.

So, the psychophysical aspect of adaptation needs from a former student to rearrange a stated behaviour, reaching a better flexibility in communication, forming individuality in a team which can be reached by persistant self-education and a high level of self-regulation. It is quite logic that in such circumstances an individual will reach a balance state, harmony with inner and outer world hence a state of psychophysical adaptation which is equal to the “norm” and “psychophysical health”.

The other important aspect of young specialist adaptation is a change of a common way of life, work-rest schedule, enriching of loadings which point out the need of adoption to new working conditions, possibilities and forms of leasure organization. Let us ground these facts.

It is well known that the main form of a teacher activity is a lesson. Beside this a teacher is obliged to prepare this lesson at home, check the works of pupils, conduct classes, consultations, work with parents and authorities etc. The research states that time needed for all these activities is higher then in stated norms. So we found out that while having a load of 18 – 24 hours per week, teachers usually work for 10 – 12 hours a day.

The results of the research indicate that the norms of time are absolutely inadequate for young teachers. That is why 29 respondents (63,04 %) work at their days off. Most of respondents – 34 persons or 73,91% consider a day and week load to be too hard. Teachers say that during their first year of working at school they worked too hard, felt themselves permanently tired, slept badly. As a rule only during the second year of working it starts to becoming a balance between the feeling well and receiving good results at work.

According to the results of the interview almost each second teacher supposes that he sleeps not enough. We should admit that the period needed for sleep is absolutely personal and depends on the character of activities, state of a person, age, peculiarities of a person and other factors [1, p. 234-235]. According to physiological norms the period of sleeping for our respondents is from 7 to 8 hours. Our research confirms that the period of sleep of young teachers is

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abnormal: min – 5,8 hours, max – 6,3 hours. So the respondents suppose that there are impartial and individual reasons of short sleeping, like: 1) a huge load during a working day and week; 2) stresses, alarm caused by professional activity and communication tension caused by the specifics of professional system “person-person”; 3) personal worries etc. Though the analyses of answers of young teachers to the questions: “What time do you go to sleep?” and “What time do you wake up?” showed that the respondents have no habits in healthy sleep arrangement. The research shows that a habit to do something at one time forms so called dynamic stereotypes (nerves ensembles) which are automatically turned on in a curtain time [1, p. 217]. A lack of consciousness of respondents in the importance of stating the regime, provision of good conditions for sleep (hygienic, air and temperature etc.) provoke the state of common asthenation (exhaustion) of the body and cause health problems of young teachers. As a result the peculiarities of work and way of life of teachers-beginners are the reasons of neurotic misbalances which occur at this profession quite often.

During the process of adaptation usual forms of behaviour of a person and organization of his/her way of life are being changed [2, p. 23]. The received data show that during the study year young teachers usually star trying to rearrange their way of life. But their usual way of life indicates a law level of formed habits of rational planning of leisure, absence of active forms of spending free time. Though young teacher suppose that they should be more active at their leisure, the real measure of their activities in leisure time is 26,67 %, and time spent passively is 73,33 %. Beside this young teachers admit that they pay not much attention to their health, they usually work being ill or feeling badly.

Nowadays we can clearly see the tendency to personification of way of life a teacher, support of his/her effective professional activity that is why the problem of forestalling the professional disappointment is in time and has several aspects. First of all to the factors that influence the general state of a person and his/her value formation belong peculiarities of a complex and diverse activity of a secondary school teacher namely increased working time, high emotional tension and professional responsibility for the result of educational influence, keeping the demand of high level of special education etc. In this point

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of view at the problem we meet a “syndrome of burning-out” which is considered by scientists to be a three component system consisting of exhaustion, depersonalization and reduction of personal achievements [3]. At our point of view a try to shut oneself off difficulties of psychophysical adaptation can cause a conflict with reality for young scientists. As immunity system becomes stronger and develops in interaction with antigens, so negative emotions which are much determined by hierarchy of professional and personal values are the factors that inactivate protective mechanisms of nervous system.

While solving the tasks of the research we came into conclusion that value measures of a young teacher psychophysical adaptation can be seen through a personal satisfaction of successes in pedagogic activity (or at the other case of disappointment in profession) and impartial results of effective self-realisation in the profession. So let us analyse the availability and the level of correlation ties between parameters “satisfaction of professional choice” and “effective adjustment to new conditions of professional self-realisation” of a teacher-beginner. The analyses is based on calculations by Pierson coefficient of correlation. To work out the data we used a set of applied programs of statistic information processing STATISTICA.

While conducting the data analyses we found out that 28 respondents (60,87 %) have positive correlation tie of mentioned parameters; 11 respondents (23,91 %) have no correlation or it is too weak; 7 persons (15,22 %) have negative correlation. Thus the process of young teachers’ psychophysical adaptation affects not only deep processes of life sustenance which are at the level of physiologic processes but also determines a value attitude to the profession.

The results of the research let us confirm some mentioned deductions and determine the directions of further analyses.

1. Young teacher psychophysical adaptation is not just an adaptation to new conditions of professional activity. It is a complex multiple-aspect process concerning not only social, psychical sphere, the most important functions of life sustenance but a professional self-identification as well.

2. Reaching the needed level of psychophysical adaptation of teachers-beginners is not always contributory for a person and can be accompanied by such displays of deadaptation as bad sleeping, overwork, bad feeling. These is caused by the difference of activity

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characteristics in university and school, the change of communicative situation, need to work with high loads, need to adopt a new social role in the period of professional formation of a person and state of value priorities.

We suppose that optimization of the processes of psychophysical adaptation, prevension of professional disappointment by young teachers can provoke the cultivation of such personal merits as fortitude (an ability to control the events in life and influence on them), self-esteem, self-effectiveness (confidence of a specialist in solving the professional task in adequate way), inner locus of control (inclination of a person to explain the appearance of prominent events in life as a result of his/her own efforts), having a wide set of coping types (ways toovercome stresses). The in time of the research of mentioned aspects of value measuring of psychophysical adaptation of young teachers points out at the direction of further researches of the author.

Bibliography1. Bobrytska V.I. Formuvannia zdorovogo sposobu zhyttia u

majbutnih uchyteliv: monografija / V. I. Bobrytska. – Poltava : TOV “Poligrafichnyj centr “Skajtek”, 2006. – 432 s.

2. Bobrytska V.I. Cinnisni vymiry psyhofizychnoji adaptacij molodogo vchytelia / V. I. Bobrytska // Profesijna adaptacija molodogo vchutelia v umovah zmin cinnisnoji paradygmy suspil’stva :  vseukr. nauk.-prakt. konf., 16 – 17 liutogo 2010 r. : zb. materialiv. – K. : KMPU “Universytet”, 2010. – S. 20 – 24.

3. Maslach C., Goldberg J. Prevention of burnout New perspectives // Applied and Preventive psychology, 1998, V. 7, pp. 63 – 74.

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THEORETICAL BASIS OF THE ACTIVITY APPROACH TO TEACHING ESSAY WRITING

I.V. GorshkovaThe Lyceum of Magnitogorsk State University, Russia

irenevlad@inbox.ru

Teaching writing in a foreign language is attracting more and more attention during the last decades. Due to the process of globalization and the expansion of international contacts, there has appeared the necessity for a foreign language as a means of communication. Owing to the rapid spread of the Internet and its services (e-mail, chats, blogs, instant messaging programs), not only oral communication is much in demand nowadays, but also written. As a result, in contemporary linguodidactics the problems of writing skills development in a foreign language are arousing keen interest of scientists and methodologists.

At the same time anthropocentrism of contemporary science has led to a greater role of personality-tinged writing. As a result, a composition in the genre of an essay has become one of the most popular work forms of foreign language writing acquisition. Writing an essay is required in the Russian State Exam in Russian secondary school as well as in internationally recognized exams such as TOEFL, IELTS, FCE, CAE, CPE, etc. Therefore, the need for an essay as the genre of qualification work that assesses the level of foreign language competence of its author determines the necessity of effective essay teaching methodology.

Quite a wide circle of methodological decisions is presented in foreign and native textbooks of teaching essay writing which realize mainly linguistic approach. On the one hand, it has a lot of advantages. Firstly, by means of teaching discourse structure, its markers, cohesion and coherence devices students arm themselves with the necessary linguistic tools of the author's message implementation. Secondly, teaching rhetorical organization of the text at different levels and the nuances of consistent argumentation allow the students to arrange their writing logically. The development and perfection of these component skills undoubtedly contribute to the improvement of essay writing

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quality in English. Nevertheless, students do not form the notion about essay genre as a special kind of writing speech activity due to the fact that most of textbooks offer training exercises of imitative kind which, accomplished by the students by analogy, lead to a momentary success, but under different context conditions such exercises do not work. As a result, essay writing skill is developed fragmentarily and the inner motivation of further text formation autonomy is not formed. Basing on existing textbooks, it is difficult to determine the activity content of an essay as a kind of writing. Consequently, the activity approach itself is at the stage of formation.

After having analyzed the existing foreign and native works in teaching essay writing, we can claim that there are general (structural) and component skills, composing in unity the essay writing activity. This has led to the necessity of basing the idea that there are structural and component parts of this activity.

Taking into account the peculiarities of structural and component parts of essay writing activity and also by separating the fund of language means and techniques of the author's message implementation into the language part, we have determined the following composition of essay writing activity:

The Structure of Essay Writing ActivityMotivational- impelling

LevelApproximate-research Level

Executive-correction Level

The skill to formulate the message as the unity of topic and idea of the future text

The skill to prove the unity of the topic and idea in the content of the text

The skill to convince the reader about the presence of the unity of topic and idea at the level of realized language and stylistic means

Component Parts The skill to select the key vocabulary of the topic as the group of semantic bundles of the

The skill to choose adequate to the topic and idea modes of discourse and

The skill to correct the draft text at the level of vocabulary choice

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text language styleThe skill to select the key vocabulary of the idea as the group of semantic bundles of the arguments

The skill to define the topic as thesis statement

The skill to correct the draft text at the level of grammar use

The skill to unfold the semantic bundles into the plan of the text that is under creation

The skill to determine idea as the system of arguments

The skill to correct the draft text at the level of stylistic devices and expressive means

The skill to select linking devices corresponding to the mode of discourse and the logic of thought development

The Language PartA set of topic and evaluative vocabulary according to the context and the communicative situation

A set of language means and ways of text construction typical of argumentation rhetorical mode

A set of techniques to identify the correct use of grammar, vocabulary, stylistic and expressive meansA set of stylistic

devices and expressive means A set of logical and stylistic means of text cohesion and coherence

That is how fully developed essay writing activity looks like. Consequently, the problem of the laws of formation, development and perfection of essay writing activity requires solution. The answer to this question, in our opinion, may be found in the theory of different levels of realization of the aims and means of the acquired activity that was created by L.S. Vygotsky, A.N. Leontiev and developed by V.V. Davydov and O.V. Gnevek.

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Studying the problem of verbal reflection development of children in the process of native language teaching, L.S. Vygotsky points out three levels of realization of the aims and means of planning and carrying out this activity: randomness, intentionality and consciousness [1, p.267-269].

In works of A.N. Leontiev the level of randomness corresponds to the stage of unconsciousness of the aims and means of planning and carrying out an activity, the level of intentionality corresponds to the stage of conscious control of the ways of activity accomplishment, accompanied by the formation of goal-setting abilities, and the level of consciousness corresponds to the stage of actual realizing of the aims and means of carrying out an activity.

V.V. Davydov in his work “Types of generalizations in education” formulates the idea that the stage of actual realizing of aims and means of carrying out an activity presupposes the development and use of different in quality kinds of abstraction, generalization and reflection. Synthesizing the main points of L.S. Vygotsky, A.N. Leontiev and V.V. Davydov, O.V. Gnevek formulates three ways of speech thinking mechanism functioning – in terminology of this researcher that is complexification, conceptualization and categorization [3, p. 57-58].

The first way of speech thinking mechanism functioning is complexification whose function is to accumulate the main means of activity accomplishment on the principle of relative completeness of the structure of actions and operations without analyzing the aims of accomplishing an activity. Complexification is the ability to choose concepts, language means, reflecting the content of these concepts, the ability to enlarge one’s vocabulary, to increase the number of grammar structures and text types [2, p. 23-24].

Researching the process of operating and mastering the system of scientific concepts in activity, O.V. Gnevek draws a conclusion that “mastering the system of scientific notions of a certain theoretical activity is realized as the functional use of “close” kinds concepts of theoretical activity for taking out and functional use of the system of mastering activity concepts“[3, p. 63-69]. That is to say, in our case mastering essay writing activity has to take place in the process of using in this activity such concepts as “essay”, which in its turn requires parallel mastering in the activity such notions as “text

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coherence” and “text cohesion”, that are realized in the unity of “topic” and “idea” and linguistically expressed in “key vocabulary”. It is also necessary to master such concepts in unity composing essay writing activity as “planning”, “mode of discourse”, “language style”, “composition”, “essay types”, “thesis statement”, “the system of arguments”, “paragraph”, etc. Accordingly, at the first stage of teaching essay writing it is worth demonstrating and forming the notion of interconnection of concepts by leading a system of particular notions out of the general definition of an “essay”. This system reflects in its contents the logic of moving from structure to the component parts of essay writing activity. Taking into account the condition of successful mastering the system of essay writing concepts and the peculiarities of the first way of speech thinking mechanism functioning, in terms of English language methodology it becomes apparent that at the formative stage of teaching essay writing it is essential to organize eliciting the concepts of essay writing activity and the ways of using them by the students (i.e. finding out why and how its content is revealed, why and where it is fixed, in what situations it frequently becomes apparent [4, p. 161]). Also, it is vital to organize the initial practical use of these concepts in activity. In teaching process it is achieved while analyzing study models of an essay with the purpose of consistent formation of structural skills in a deductive way, “top-down”. Mastering essay writing concepts in the activity is enhanced by such exercises as essay model analysis in order to pick out topic and evaluative vocabulary, cohesion markers and composition peculiarities, to give a heading, to fill in a short or a detailed plan of an essay. Besides, at this stage the exercises in comparison of en essay and a review are done as well as exercises to compare a well-written text to a “no-text” which lacks linguistic or content cohesion and coherence. At the end of this stage students are offered to do a creative exercise – to write an essay in order to check the successfulness of mastering essay writing concepts in creative activity.

Analyzing the theory of three levels of realization, O.V. Gnevek points out two important moments for building teaching essay writing methodology. Firstly, according to L.S. Vygotsky, to develop reflection (consciousness, categorization), it is essential to create a fund for such development in the form of initial kinds of reflection: randomness and intentionality (complexification and conceptualization) because that

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which has to be realized needs to be formed. Secondly, L.S. Vygotsky describes the process of development of three kinds of realization of the aims and means of forming activity as the process of complementary interdevelopment during which each following kind of realization is formed out of the previous one, ensuring by it the integrational interconnection of horizontal-vertical structure of the parts of activity mechanism [3, p.59-63]. In terms of essay teaching methodology development it means that the system of exercises at each stage does not only allow to form, develop and perfect the leading functions of speech thinking mechanism, but also creates conditions for moving speech thinking mechanism to a higher level. Thus, the exercises at the first, formative stage of teaching essay writing do not only develop and perfect complexification, but also create conditions for conscious systematization and hierarchization of the acquired ways of activity accomplishment – the move to a new level of speech thinking mechanism – conceptualization.

In the process of speech and intellectual experience accumulation there happens parallel formation of conceptualization as one of the highest ways of speech thinking mechanism functioning, realizing as the ability to choose and use the system of concepts and the system of language means of forming and formulating thoughts [2, p. 37-38].

Concerning text forming activity E.V. Isaeva points out that at this stage there happens the integration of different ways of activity accomplishment which are compared to temporary aims and acquire the status of operations, the ways of accomplishing highly generalized intellectual actions of initial analysis and synthesis. As a result, the researcher draws a conclusion that at the stage of conceptualization text forming activity is realized as planning ways of accomplishing text forming actions from separate operations (component parts) to the conditions and aims of the activity (structure). Control and adjustment activity mechanism at this stage is carried out logically from synthesis (implementation) to analysis (control in terms of correspondence to temporary aims) and to correction (editing). Thus, at this stage the strategies of teaching are changing because some students need going back to a detailed algorithmized text analysis in order to compare text forming components (key vocabulary, structural and compositional parts) to the model [5, p. 83, 106]. These conclusions do not contradict the essence of essay writing activity as text forming activity, that is

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why concerning the process of teaching essay writing it means that at the second, training stage there happens correction of component skills in an inductive-deductive way (“bottom-up” and “top-down”). As a consequence, at this stage students are doing exercises to “gather” separate parts of writing into one – the essay. Students are offered to decide upon their opinion on the problem and judging from this to choose key vocabulary, write a detailed plan of the corresponding type of essay, select required by the context cohesion devices and at the end of this stage independently write an essay, thus checking the successfulness of conceptualization development and the presence of rudiments of the highest speech thinking mechanism function – categorization.

Basing on conceptualization and developed complexification, there forms the highest way of speech thinking mechanism functioning – categorization that represents the formed coordinative ability of simultaneous choice of the system of notions (logical-content concept) and the system of language means and ways of its formulation (speech concept) to form and formulate thoughts.

Categorization is the leading way of written speech activity as it presupposes random planning of communicative situation (abstraction from the communicative situation to reveal the system of concepts adequately reflecting this situation) and random choice of language means and ways of their use in the graphic code (abstraction from language system to reveal the system of language means and ways of their use in order to adequately present the chosen system of concepts). At this stage actually realized perfection of mastering activity is put into practice which happens according to L.S. Vygotsky in deductive and inductive ways almost simultaneously [2, p. 33; 5, p. 83].

Consequently, the aim of the finishing stages of teaching essay writing - training- monitoring and monitoring stage itself – is organization of theoretical use of essay writing concepts in the activity by research methods allowing to perfect structural and component skills in integrity (“horizontally” as well as “vertically”) and create conditions for actually realized students’ autonomy in essay writing activity. In relation to this, students are offered creative exercises in autonomous writing of different essay types on various topics. The result of evaluation of students’ speech activity products will indicate

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whether categorization has been formed or not, and if speech thinking mechanism has, thus, acquired the ability of self-perfection.

To sum up, teaching essay writing is based on the laws of speech thinking mechanism development which in short may be formulated in the following way:

1. To fully develop an activity it is necessary to form it from structure to its component parts;

2. Conscious activity development is achieved from component parts to structure;

3. Actually realized correction of developing activity is performed as integration of structural and component skills in the activity;

4. Activity teaching has to be realized as organization of the use of concepts in the activity.

The activity approach to teaching essay writing in a foreign language allows to overcome the shortcomings of the existing essay teaching methodologies as it helps to manage teaching process qualitatively differently. Teaching how to model the system of operations and actions which a student undertakes in order to get his writer’s message across while writing an essay finally leads to the development of students’ autonomy and transforms the learning process into a self-perfecting mechanism.

Bibliography1. Vygotsky L.S. Thought and Language In: Selected Psychological Studies. Moscow: APN RSFSR, 1954. pp. 36-386. (in Russian) 2. Gnevek O.V. The Basics of Psycholinguistics. Magnitogorsk: MGPI, 1998. (in Russian)3. Gnevek O.V. Scientific Basics of Professional Orthography Competence Formation of Philology Students of Pedagogical Universities. PhD dissertation (Pedagogy). Moscow, 2000. (in Russian) 4. Davydov V.V. Theory of Developmental Teaching. Moscow: INTOR, 1996. (in Russian)5. Isaeva E.V. Pedagogical Conditions of Text Formation Skills Perfection of Pupils of 4-5 Grades with General Underdevelopment of Speech. PhD dissertation (Pedagogy). Ekaterinburg, 2008.

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The titles are given in author’s translation. Названия даны в переводе автора.

PROFESSIONAL COMPETENCE OF MODERN PRIMARY SCHOOL TEACHERS

T. K. GusevaSouthern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia

guseva_t_k@inbox.ru

At the beginning of the XXI century the world has entered a period of global changes of the civilization scale. The transition to postindustrial society acceleration in the process of globalization increased interdependence of countries and cultures and fostered international cooperation and division of labor.

The emergence of new time challenges forced them to respond to the modernization of education. These calls generate fundamentally different requirements to education and its results. It reflected in a new generation of standards primary education.

In the federal state educational standard of primary education the requirements to the results of education and qualified conformity assessment procedures actually achieving the expected results are coming out on the top.

Understanding the essence of learning outcomes depends on the paradigm. Education and its purpose are considered within it. This standard is based on activity paradigm of education, set the development of the individual student based on the development of the universal ways as the goal of education.

Formation of universal learning activities: personal, educational, regulatory and communication in the educational process is carried out in the context of learning different subjects. Each academic subject depending on its content and ways of organizing learning activities of students reveals some opportunities for the formation of universal educational activities.

Originating in the current conditions process of modernization of secondary education and the changes in elementary school identify new requirements to quality

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vocational teacher education and necessitate the training of primary school teachers in the context of such a paradigm of teacher education which will promote the establishment of professional and pedagogical skills in an elementary school teacher.

The concept of professional competence of teachers is an integrative characteristic of the personality and the characteristic of the criterion of formation which will perform competence in teacher preparedness to professional activities.

Designing a model of the educational process focused on the development of certain skills, attributes and qualities of the student's personality it is important to remember that the question of what and how to teach is fundamentally solved in different ways depending on what kind of psycho-pedagogical views is taken as a basis, which conditions are chosen for the design and construction of educational space.

The standard clearly defines the requirements for staffing of the basic educational program of primary education: elementary school staff should have basic vocational education and the necessary skills to be able to innovative professional activity, have the necessary level of methodological culture and readily formed on a continuous basis throughout life.

We consider "Figuratively" feature of an elementary school teacher in conjunction with the "imaginative" child characteristics because a child, an adult and culture appear with one voice of student-centered learning as the interaction of human systems. The teacher is not a carrier of the internal mode of action but a source of meaning, feeling, passion[1]. D. B. Elkonin wrote that every period, characterized by the assimilation of operational and technical aspects of the activity in the objective world is preceded by a period of development of the need-motivational aspects of children activity, finding the meaning of this development in the relations with adults. Adult must help child in the child's development, first of all, find and understand the meaning of

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man's spiritual life. Understanding of it will make the development of the child the subject of not a conceptual but a human logic. [1] The teacher helps the child in a holistic knowledge of the world.

Junior high school student at his age has a special culture that is different from the adult perception of the world. Spontaneity, less exposure to the tastes and standard estimates, openness to the world allow him to "grasp" the phenomenon under study not one-sided but in pristine integrity of its existence in the sounds and colors. Children often surpass the teacher in the susceptibility and the perception, emotions, feeling native words as noted by Leo Tolstoy. In a child, according to Tolstoy, there is still a strong naive loyalty birthright of man, his original aspiration for freedom and creativity, willingness and ability to surprise and create.

As a personality which is very important for children of primary school age, elementary school teacher in contrast to the subject teacher integrates the various aspects of the activity, a variety of knowledge. It introduces children to the world of holistic and he is involved in the world in all its manifestations. This involvement manifests itself in compassion to the world itself, in an attempt to find answers to the important questions of life and help a child to do it.

I would especially like to focus on the technological and pedagogical preparedness of an elementary school teacher to implement the content of universal primary education through a variety of academic subjects. In addition, each academic subject allows a child to enter the world of culture adequately enough in the event that the teacher uses these technologies, which take into account and reflect the characteristics and nature of the school subject.

For example, the selection of certain technologies in the classroom is determined by the characteristics of literary reading lesson as a school subject and the object of art.

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Literature is a humanitarian knowledge. According to V. V. Serikova, humanitarian knowledge cannot be learned at the level of values as opposed to science and specific features of the humanities and determine the specificity of training activities in the process of assimilation.

The special nature of literature as an art form and humanities (Aesthetic) dictates the need to build on the lessons of literary reading aesthetic basis. It is no accident V. A. Kan-Kalik points that a teacher performs several groups of tasks in the classroom during the literature lesson: artistic research, artistic, design, artistic, organizational, artistic and communicative. The last group of problems - artistic and communicative - mediates the previous ones.

Solution of the first group of tasks is associated with the development of the teacher's artistic and research skills as well as any work of literature being studied in the classroom must first be grasped by a teacher, he serves the first researcher to a literary text. Artistic and research component of the teacher activity in the classroom during the literature lesson is a particular area of creativity, as the world of art is infinite in its comprehension and interpretation.

The decision of the second group of tasks is related to the transformation of literary material into educational material suggesting the inclusion of teachers in art and constructive activity: development of specific learning content and the choice of the appropriate method. Artistic and constructive activities of teachers are related to the creation of an emotionally creative art form of lesson which is determined by the need to preserve the integrity of the content of art (artistic work is not apprehended on a rational and emotional level).

The decision of the third group of tasks is associated with the activation of aesthetic activity organized by the student and teacher controlled inclusion in the classroom in a various system of communication [2].

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The fourth group of problems is a kind of focus gathering problems and involving the creation of an atmosphere of collective aesthetic experience, the establishment of mutual cooperation emotional and spiritual teacher and class in the classroom. To solve them, a teacher should be ready for it. It should be specifically developed qualities such as emotions, empathy, dialogue and the ability to perceive each other, to penetrate into the inner world of the other, to accept it with all the thoughts and feelings, a teacher must be given artistic qualities.

In accordance with these objectives, we have identified the following skills which are specific to each level as an indicator of students' preparedness for the implementation of the literary education of younger pupils on the basis of creativity: artistic research skills, artistic and design skills, artistic and organizational skills, artistic and communicative skills.

Artistic and research skills include: the ability to perceive the figurative and expressive means of the language according to their function in the product, the ability to recreate the picture of life in the imagination by a writer, the ability to holistically perceive the images in an artistic work, the ability to see the author's position in the product, the ability to develop an idea works. The listed private skills should focus in the ability to analyze the product from the point of view of the unity of form and content of the work which leads to a new and unexpected perspective on the work.

Artistic and design skills include: the ability of the literary material selection, development of a specific learning content, the ability to interpret the artistic material in training, the ability to create an emotional and artistic form of lesson.

Artistic and organizational skills include: the ability to organize the teacher's interpersonal communication in the classroom, the ability to organize the creative aesthetic activities of students during work on the artwork.

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Artistic and communicative skills include: performing art-teacher skills, ability to organize artistic and pedagogical communication, i.e. creating a situation in class aesthetic communication.

We have discussed only one of the components in the professional and subject training of primary school teachers determining his competency characteristics. However, an elementary school teacher realizes the content side of the standard by the various subjects that are of different nature which has an impact on technological and pedagogical preparedness of teachers in this area. This integrative nature of the professional activity of an elementary school teacher, on the one hand, complicates the process of training of primary school teachers and, on the other hand, makes it a unique personality and infinitely versatile. It determines his professional competence.

Bibliography1. Зинченко В. П. Аффект и интеллект в образовании. –

М.: Тривола, 1995.2. Кан-Калик В. А., Хазан В. И. Психолого-

педагогические основы преподавания литературы в школе: Учеб. пособие для студентов пед. ин-тов. – М: Просвещение, 1988.

FORMATION OF STUDENTS PROFESSIONAL COMPETENCE TO WORK WITH MIGRANT-STUDENTS

M. V. DanilovaFGBOU VPO "Vladimir State University

named by A. G. and N. G. Stoletovs“ Vladimir, RussiaE-mail: mv_danilova@inbox.ru

Federal state educational standard of new generation focusing on the changes in the social, ethnic and cultural and religious structure of Russian society among other things defines the following basic

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competencies to bachelor degree in "psycho-pedagogical education": the ability to incorporate ethno-cultural and religious differences of educational process in the construction of social interactions (UC-8), the ability to carry out professional activities in a multicultural environment especially considering the socio-cultural situation of (DIC-9) [2].

The Russian school environment presents ethnically, culturally and mentally diverse student population which is caused active migration. In this regard, in the structure of training social workers it is necessary to consider the dynamics and specifics of the situation, which involves the mastery of both theoretical knowledge and practical skills and the ability to critically analyze the fundamental problem of inclusion of students migrants most of which are from different nationalities into the educational process.

Among educators training of social an educator determines its priority role in working with migrant children in collaboration with the class teacher, teacher, psychologist, pediatrician and other specialists.

On the basis of the Vladimir State University Department of Social Pedagogy and Psychology under Ph.D., prof. V. A. Popov training for undergraduate course "Social and educational work with the children of migrants" is provided. The course program is interdisciplinary; it uses the methodological approaches of sociology, ethno-psychology, cultural studies, conflict resolution, and other sciences. The aim of the course is to develop a series of common cultural and professional competencies that contribute to constructive inter-ethnic cooperation in the educational process of the educational institution.

The course is designed to accomplish the following tasks:- To generalize and deepen the knowledge of students around the

block humanities, social, educational, psychological disciplines within the social and pedagogical work with students of workers;

- To integrate knowledge about the nature of the migration process, the problem of occurrence of migrants in society, their ethnic, cultural and socio-psychological aspects, and knowledge of the theoretical and methodological foundations of social and educational work and support in this category;

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- To build the skills to develop an optimal strategy of interaction with migrant families and their children.

The implementation is carried out on the course of lectures, seminars and laboratory practices, training sessions.

Students are introduced to the basic concepts, ideas, theories, and alternative approaches to the analysis of migration in lectures, especially the integration of migrants into society, learn to capture the essential characteristics of the socio-demographic categories - children of migrants to learn advanced experience in the optimization of educational support, etc.

Course lectures are designed for the following modules:1. The nature and typology of migration.2. Forced migration in the post-CIS and regulation problems.3. Problems of integration of migrant families in the society.4. Psychological and socio-pedagogical features of working with

children of migrants.5. Social and educational conditions for solving problems of

migrant children.6. Content, forms and methods of work with migrant families.7. Social and educational work with children of immigrants

abroad.Conduct workshops promotes the students the skills of

independently analyzing the research literature and nonfiction to the challenges of adaptation migrant students to educational process through the plan and methodological guidelines: actualization multicultural component of school education, development and transformation of ethnic identity, the reasons and the factors of ethnic stereotypes, promote tolerance, especially intercultural communication, prevention of ethnic conflict in the school environment, etc.

Laboratory and practical exercises include testing of certain social and educational skills. Characteristic is the analysis of the lessons, educational activities or social work educator, educational psychologist with the child's family, school group on a specially designed program after a preliminary study of the theoretical unit.

Interest is caused both by the classes that mimic the conditions of social and educational work in the student audience and constructed according to the type of "business game", in which students have the opportunity to act as a social educator (educational psychologist), a

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migrant student, and their parents. Education in the game in the classroom creates the conditions for a deep and full of Learning through a systematic application of knowledge in the process of simultaneously solving training and simulated professional problems. Using this method allows the synthesis of knowledge from different disciplines and to overcome their divisions to solve practical and indicative tasks related to various aspects of working with children of migrants.

The special sessions on solving educational problems and analysis of situations which are based on the real problems of migrant children and their families are equally important: ethnic tolerance, interethnic teamwork, etc. The main objective of the work is to help visualizing the ways and means of solving various pedagogical problems with the reasons for their selection.

Formation of technological skills of future social workers vocated to work with the children of migrants largely occurs during the passage of students psychological and pedagogical practices.

At the Department of Social Pedagogy and Psychology VlSU the following model of professional and pedagogical skills is piloted by passing different types of practices. This model is focused on work with different student population, especially of the "risk", which includes children and migrants.

Learning and teaching practices in one course is intended to explore the educational and training institutions of the city and the region with the experience of territorial self-government neighborhoods and social welfare services, forms and methods of work with various categories of children including those from a migrant background. Students have the opportunity to review and discuss professional experts’ difficulties and their causes with the head of the practice. At this stage, there is the formation of the world for future social workers at the perceptions and knowledge about the nature of social problems, forms and methods of their solutions at the state and regional levels, the training elements of observation and professional communication.

After the end of the 2nd year students are sent to a summer teaching practice at children's camps. The primary task at this stage is the formation of the motivational-value attitude to communication and interaction while living together with their children. This kind of activity can deepen and consolidate the theoretical knowledge and apply them to solve specific social and educational problems, to form

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analytical thinking, ability to analyze, predict and simulate the profession in a changing society. The experience has shown that the potential of summer health camps provides ample opportunities for the resolution of various problems of the multinational group of children: prevention of negative ethnic stereotypes, education, tolerance, culture of interethnic communication, etc.

Social and pedagogical practice of the 3rd year students have active character, its main purpose is testing formed special knowledge, skills and abilities. At this stage, expansion bases stale practices (educational institutions, centers for temporary isolation of juvenile offenders, children's clubs in the community, boarding schools and social crisis centers, etc.), because of the variety of social and educational activities. Following the logic of a complicated task, the student is invited to pick up a diagnostic tool for the study of the personality of the child of a migrant, his family, to make a social passport program of interaction with the child and his environment in the different conditions of social and educational process to accomplish this interaction and to analyze it in terms of flexibility into contact with the child, the ability to be proactive and sensitive communication.

During the period of research qualifying practice the students of 4th year learn to plan, implement and evaluate the effectiveness of educational support migrant students, that means carrying out the following types of work: analysis (a study of relevant literature and the experience of working with children of migrants); diagnostic (study different aspects development of children, their immediate environment), Engineering Design (development plans, projects of social and educational activities), structural (the organization and conduct of the various parties and social and educational activities), reflective (analysis of its activities and the results of personal qualities during practice), training research (planning, organizing and carrying out the experimental work) [1, p. 138-141].

Thus, special training of social workers to solving problems include social education, interdisciplinary theoretical and methodological knowledge needed to work with children of migrants, as well as hands-on training that focuses on the formation of skills that are in demand in professional activities.

Integrative approach of the future social educator to work not only allows you to combine different subjects and implement

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interdisciplinary communication, the combination of theory and practice, but also focuses on the very identity proactive participation in self-diagnosis, self-analysis made by defining ways, methods and means of further self-realization and self-development.

Bibliography1. Данилова М. В. Педагогическая поддержка учащихся-

мигрантов в учебно-воспитательном процессе: учеб. пособие для студ. высш. пед. учеб. заведений / под ред. В. А. Попова. – Владимир: Изд-во «Транзит-ИКС», 2009.

2. Приказ Минобрнауки России от 22 марта 2010 г. № 200 [Электронный ресурс]. Режим доступа:http://www.referent.ru/1/155710 (дата обращения 09.05.2011)

FEATURES OF USE OF DISTANCE LEARNING TECHNOLOGIES FOR THE DEVELOPMENT

OF COGNITIVE INDEPENDENCE OF STUDENTS OF PEDAGOGICAL INSTITUTES OF HIGHER EDUCATION

AT THE MASTERY OF COMPUTER SCIENCET. V. Richter

Solikamsk state pedagogical Institute, the city of Solikamsk, Russia tatyanarikhter@mail.ru

Modern state of the Russian science has led to the reform of the state policy in the field of higher education and has put in front of pedagogical education tasks aimed at the improvement of its structure, updating content, search of the most effective methods and techniques of work with students, providing a high level of formation of professional competences.

In accordance with the Federal state educational standard of the new generation of special role in the system of higher schools have the individual results of the student. These include: the ability to self-identification in the world on the basis of critical analysis of information; knowledge of the correlation of the obtained information with the company's models; the ability to create and maintain individual information environment.

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That is why one of the most important strategic directions of modernization of higher pedagogical education is the introduction in the educational process of the means of information and communication technologies, ensuring the conditions for the formation of the education of a new type that meets the needs of development and self-development of personality in the new situation and aimed at the development of innovative educational projects, including the organisation of a single remote space.

For realization of the specified requirements it is necessary to change approaches to organization of self-educational-cognitive activity of students of pedagogical universities, contribute to the creation of didactic conditions for the activation of thinking and intellectual initiatives to improve the quality of education, development of professionally important features and creative abilities of the person, which will result in the development of students ' cognitive independence, affecting to increase their professional competence and competitiveness in the labour market.

The problem of development of students’ cognitive independence of pedagogical universities is traditional for didactics of higher school, but its actualization is related to the necessity to prepare highly skilled specialists with non-standard thinking, able not only to the reproduction of knowledge, but also their creative use of the professional activity. Based on the foregoing, the educational process in the pedagogical University should disclose and to develop creative potential of students, to promote their self-education and self-realization.

Cognitive independence is the most important condition of personality-oriented education, therefore, the necessity of its formation and development determines the relevance of search of new techniques, methods and forms of organization of educational process in the pedagogical University, including when mastering the course of Informatics.

The development of cognitive independence while studying computer science at the pedagogical Institute, in our opinion, could be successfully implemented with the use of remote sensing technologies to increase the efficiency of the management of learning the new material by means of a consistent supply of portions of structured information for self-mastery and providing opportunities for self-

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realization, self-education, students of pedagogical universities, i.e. for the development of their cognitive independence at a higher level.

Different aspects of the problem of formation of students ' cognitive independence are discussed in the works of many researchers: P.O.. Halperin, E.A. Golant, M.A. Danilova, B.P. Esipova, G.I. Kitaygorodskaya and others.

The problem of the use of remote sensing technologies in education consecrated in the writings of the following scientists: G.N. Grigoriev, V.V. Гриншкун, N.V. Матецкий, E.S. Polat, I.V. Robert, A. Khutorskoi, S.A. Schennikov and others. In them, it should be noted that the principle difference of distance learning from the traditional forms is that it is based on self-cognitive activity of students.

However, despite the deep study of the issue of the development of the students ' cognitive independence means of remote sensing technologies, pedagogical practice gives the grounds to assert that on this issue has accumulated a certain experience, obtained deep results of great theoretical and practical importance. However, the General structure and methods of training of students of pedagogical universities of the rate of exchange of information with a view to the development of cognitive independence is not presented.

Cognitive independence is a quality of the individual, which consists in the need and ability to acquire the knowledge of the various sources of information, to master the methods of cognitive activity [1, с. 17].

The graduates of the higher school with a high level of cognitive independence, must have the following personal and professional characteristics: a sustainable motivation to the manifestation of cognitive activity for self-improvement and self-realization in professional activities, the overcoming of difficulties in their own cognitive activity; conservation values of professional self-realization in cognitive activity; the ability to critically analyse their own cognitive activity; ability to solve complex problems by means of cognitive activity; personal and professional growth.

An important condition for the effective development of cognitive independence of students of pedagogical institutions of higher education in the mastery of computer science are: consideration of the age and individual characteristics of; a change in the assimilation of knowledge; introduction in the educational process of the system of

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creative tasks; the use of collaborative forms of organization of studies; a shift of emphasis in the activity of the teacher on a heuristic method; creating positive motivation and high emotional state.

The main factors influencing the process of the development of students ' cognitive independence of pedagogical universities in teaching computer science are: peculiarities of intellectual activities of the students, with a high level of development of professional thinking, memory, imagination, and other mental functions; specifics of learning motivation, needs in the mastery of computer science; the peculiarities of reflection, aimed at analysis and assessment of their practical activities; limited training time, the intensity of training.

In the structure of development of cognitive independence of students of pedagogical universities in the training of computer science with the help of remote sensing technologies we allocate such interlinked components: motivational, strong-willed and substantial co-operating.

Model of distance learning computer science students of pedagogical universities considers the process of learning as the information-educational environment, based on modern means of data storage and transfer. In the center of this model is the teacher as facilitator of the learning process, the functions of which include the adjustment of the speed of reading, student advising on all aspects of educational activities, including professional self-identification.

The use of remote sensing technologies in the educational process of pedagogical University in teaching computer science is characterized by the fact that: allows you to create a unified educational environment in any geographical point; wide use of training, which is implemented through the videoconferences and imprinting video-lectures to help the student to create a coherent, structured picture of the investigated field of knowledge; regularly uses of glossary and algorithmic learning; use of immersion in the sphere of development of education, will organize for the students of the independent search for information, its creative understanding and separate action in constantly changing conditions; provides an individual rate of assimilation of knowledge, formation of professional competence in the field of Informatics.

The use of remote sensing technologies in the process of training to computer science students of pedagogical universities in the

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development of cognitive independence has the following advantages: opportunity to build a system of information science, providing each student individual trajectory; a radical change of the organization of the process of learning of computer science by moving it in the direction of systemic thinking; creation of effective system of management of information-methodical support of education process; effective organization of cognitive activity on the basis of individual-oriented and individualized approaches.

In addition, the use of remote sensing technology in teaching Informatics allows to solve a number of fundamentally new didactic tasks: study of the phenomena and processes in micro - and macrocosm, inside the complex technical systems on the basis of use of the means of computer graphics and computer simulation; to represent in a convenient for the study of the time-scale of the various processes actually taking place with very large or very low speed.

The students acquire knowledge, declarative way, based on a consistent presentation of the portions of the educational information on the subject with further control for its assimilation (electronic textbooks, test and monitoring programs, guides and training database, training videos).

The process of the introduction of the elements of distance learning in the course of Informatics graduate school, may include the following stages: the platform of choice for the creation of a training course on Informatics; development of training materials with the purpose of the course content in computer science and provide greater information content of the training system; the development of practical recommendations on the use of the course in the process of learning.

Consider the methods of use of remote sensing technology for the development of cognitive independence of students of pedagogical institutions of higher education in the learning process of computer science, taking into account the mutual influence of all its components:

1. The creation of problem situations by means of a network of electronic educational resources, requiring from students self-orientation in the search of the necessary actions to solve them. At lessons of computer science it is expedient to use the following network electronic educational resources: interactive guides allow the learner at any time operatively receive the necessary information in a compact form factor and can be represented as independent means of

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educational purpose; computer models help consolidate the knowledge and acquire the skills of their practical application in situations simulating real; the computer-based test systems provide, on the one hand, the possibility of self-control for the students, which is especially important when working on an individual educational trajectory, and on the other - are responsible for the current and final control; remote workshops allow you to simulate the processes taking place in the real objects; laboratory simulators allow to choose optimal for the experiment data, get initial experience and knowledge at the preparatory stage, in order to facilitate and accelerate the work.

2. Remote participation in forums, newsgroups, Olympiads and competitions in Informatics.

3. The use of differentiated independent works means of distance learning courses. Remote course is designed for self-study of theoretical material of the course of Informatics and built on a hypertext-based, allowing to work on individual educational trajectory.

Individual educational trajectory represents a sequence of the following stages: diagnostics (taking into account individual peculiarities and level of the formation of knowledge, abilities and skills of students, necessary for the implementation of those activities that are inherent in the sphere of education); the selection of educational projects in the field of computer science, design (design of individual educational trajectory of the student); self-determination; programming; methodological support in the implementation of individual educational trajectories; reflexive-evaluative (progress, made on the basis of predetermined criteria).

On the basis of the analysis of psychological-pedagogical and methodical literature, domestic and foreign experience in the use of remote sensing technologies in the process of teaching of Informatics installed expediency and efficiency of their application in the development of cognitive independence of students of pedagogical universities.

The study found new directions of scientific and pedagogical work: systematization of methods and technologies in the process of development of cognitive independence of students of pedagogical institutions of higher education in the field of training of Informatics remote sensing technologies; development and approval of tools to

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optimize the management of the process at different stages of training in higher educational institutions.

Bibliography1. Polat E.S. Distance learning / E. Polat. - M.: Vlados, 2010. -

192 p.

EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH IN RUSSIA AS A METHODOLOGICAL BASIS OF SPIRITUALLY

ORIENTED TRAINING OF TEACHERSI. V. Shatokhina

Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russiashatohina05@mail.ru

Construction of the modern process of vocational teacher education in Russia are under the influence of a set of methodological approaches, concepts and ideas, often complementary and mutually conditioning each other. We suppose it is necessary to consider the most important of them in connection with the study of the prerequisites and conditions of becoming spiritually oriented teacher education. In the totality of modern approaches we see several groups of training teachers as a spiritually developed person. First of all, these approaches are coexisting in humanitarian paradigm, but came from a natural scientific understanding of man, where spirituality is reduced to a number of personal qualities, caused by genetic, and external educational influence, and is recognized as one of the (sometimes leading) component pedagogical culture. The basis of the other approaches is a holistic view of man as a hierarchically organized spirit-soul-body unit, which is the spiritual component ontological backbone character. Construction of teacher education in this case is determined by the conjugation of all its components with the religious, philosophical and ethical teachings, in some cases - by the field of art, a holistic view of human nature. Appointment of teachers, the content of their work and the components of pedagogical culture in that case have characteristic differences. Furthermore, analyzing the specifics of each

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of these areas, we pay attention to the conceptual provisions, the most significant for the process of preparation of a Russian teacher.

Preparing students for the social role of teachers, according to I.A.Kolesnikovoy is impossible outside the context of spirituality. The latter refers to it as an internal impulse, the call to leave the subject of life beyond individual existence. [1] The researcher points out the basic limits that the teacher must be overcome on the path of spiritual development. First of all, it is highly restrictive framework of subject oriented in their own profession, generating fear of the teacher to move beyond the educational standard. Overcoming other limit is associated with the development of professional teacher a humanist position toward humanitarianism through acquisition of skills and experience to conduct a dialogue at all levels, recognizing the multiplicity of the world and recognizing the variability points of view on the reality of teaching. The next step of spiritual and professional development is the achievement of self-determination of the value and meaning in educational activities through the development of reflection, awakening in the soul of the teacher's conscience. Spiritual growth of a teacher is not possible without mastering them "skills to join the whole", i.e. the world of people, society, the state, humanity, through the knowledge of ideas and technologies noosphere and global education, education, built on the idea of catholicity and cooperation. The problem of the spiritual development of pupils and students by instilling in them the values of national culture is written in the works of A.Novikov. While spirituality is understood as a particular moral and aesthetic condition of the person, due to the commitment to the values of truth, goodness, beauty, humanity, freedom and social justice. Most of these values are an integral part of the Russian mentality, whereby should be content of teacher education at its core humanitarian and nationally oriented. The specifics of the position of the scientist is that the spiritual revival of Russia does not bind them to the activities of the church, which is why education and vocational schools can rely only on themselves, while actualizing rich educational tradition. [2] Consonant position on spiritual revival through education is stated by N.D.Nikandrov. A man without a country, indifferent to the fate of Russia should not be the result of the educational process. To achieve it the educational process must be built on a traditional national values, most of which are emerged in the mainstream of the Christian Orthodox teaching. The

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condition for the success of educational efforts can serve as a co-working of all institutions of education: the Church, the community (home and school) and the state. [3]

In the axiological line of approach, V.I.Andreeva builds a look at the education of XXI century, the driving force of which is the hallmark of pedagogy of love as "pedagogy that examines patterns of mutual love teaching on spiritual development, co-creation and self-development for both teachers and students in the process of training and education "[4, s.480]. To manifestations of teachers love teaching media are striving to understand the emotional dispensation of his students, to find spiritual contact with them, to help in difficult times, to create the conditions for the manifestation of self-reliance and creative self. Desire to understand the spiritual dispensation of his students, to find spiritual contact with them, to help in difficult times; to create the conditions for the manifestation of self-reliance and creative self-development are the manifestations of teachers’ pedagogical love.

Building on the foundation of value education is based cultural-historical pedagogy, theoretical basis and practical implementation which are found in the work of E.A.Yamburga. Defined by scientists as "pedagogy of values and meanings," it makes high demands on the individual teacher, realizing its main objectives and principles. Among the main requirements - development of integrated pedagogical philosophy and the hierarchy of values ("spiritual vertical"), where the absolute value is recognized as the God. [5] E.A.Yamburg nevertheless maintains non-denominational nature of religious education in the cultural history of pedagogy, explaining it with the desire to avoid the excesses of the modern multi-ethnic educational environment in Russia. To the list of requirements for the individual teacher you can add deep knowledge and acceptance of the diverse range of cultural values, the ability to mediate and synthesize pedagogical functions, and features of an expert and doctor of a the baby soul.

T.I.Vlasova’s papers are devoted to developing spiritually oriented approach to modern education, its methodological bases and the practical implementation of models in all stages and levels. She considers that in the conditions of the crisis, the main features of which are multicultural and multi-religious society, and poliparadigmality of modern science, a new spiritual aspect of man is actualized. The real reason for changing paradigmatic approaches in domestic pedagogy

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T.I.Vlasova sees in the materialist methodology which is complemented with idealistic ideas. In this logic a spiritually oriented approach is being developed, which essentially consists in the organic synthesis of science and faith. [6]

Christian doctrine as the necessary basis of pedagogical culture of the modern teacher due to urgent need of modern educational process of filling the deep layers of spirituality is presented in the works of V.G.Aleksandrova. Worldview of modern man should be formed under the influence of three main ways of learning and interpretation of reality: the rational and logical (science), emotional imagery (art) and providential-axiological (religion). Thus, the synthesis of science, art and religion is one of the main ways of spiritual education and spiritual and pedagogical culture of the individual student and the teacher. [7] The ideas of T.I.Petrakova’s works are similar to this position. It claims that the basis of the Russian system of education should be based on its traditional Christian-Orthodox values that support holistic care and education of personality, the formation of its spiritual core and the true hierarchy of values. In contrast, the humanistic, "universal" system, proclaims man the highest value, substituting the Christian ideal of the man-God-ideal, prevents the formation of a holistic person and in many ways is alien rootedness in Russian mentality concept of spirituality. Religion and science, despite the differences in the object, source and method of understanding reality, do not contradict, but complement and can enrich each other. [8] Theoretical understanding of the problems spiritually oriented education and first-hand experience of its implementation at the basis of St. Petersburg State Pedagogical University are presented in the activity of M.V.Zaharchenko. According to the scientist, a request to complete the Orthodox-oriented education began to form in Russia today, which would absorb a secular scientific knowledge. As a consequence, in the community a question about the ideals of academic work, the principles of construction of the content of teacher education, integrates secular and theological knowledge. [9]

Many of the ideas outlined above which are the result of painstaking research in the methodological foundations of pedagogy will affect building a spiritually oriented vocational and teacher training in Russia. However, we believe that in many ways its organization will be determined by the requirements of the activities (scientific-

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theoretical and applied), in which attempts are realized not only reasonable but also implement a holistic spiritually oriented education based on the unity of scientific and faith approaches.

Biblipgraphy:1. Колесникова И.А. Идея духовного ученичества педагога в

системе воспитания для работы с человеком // Теоретико-методологические проблемы современного воспитания. Сб.научн.трудов – Волгоград: Перемена, 2004. - С. 26-36.

2.  Новиков А. О национальном характере образования и воспитания // Народное образование. – 2001. - № 4. – С.67-75.

3. Никандров Н.Д. Образование на рубеже тысячелетий: вечное и преходящее // Народное образование. – 2001. - № 2. – С.178-182; Он же. Православные традиции, семья и школа в современной России // Педагогика. – 2005. - № 1. – С.5-12/

4.  Андреев В.И. Педагогика: Учебный курс для творческого саморазвития. – 2-е изд. – Казань: Центр инновационных технологий, 2000. – 608 с.

5. Ямбург Е.А. Школа на пути к свободе: Культурно-историческая педагогика. – М.: « ПЭР СЭ», 2000. – 351 с.

6. Власова Т.И. Духовно ориентированная парадигма воспитания в отечественной педагогике // Педагогика. – 2006. - № 10. – С.36-42.

7. Александрова В.Г. Влияние христианского учения на развитие гуманистической педагогической традиции XVII-XX в.в. : Автореф.дис. … докт.пед.н. Москва 2003.- 47 с.

8. Петракова Т.И. Духовные основы нравственного воспитания. – М., 1997. – 94 с.

9. Захарченко М.В. Понятие светскости и веротерпимости. Принципы регулирования отношений Государства и Церкви в сфере образования [электронный ресурс]. – Режим доступа. – http://www.pokrov-forum.ru/science/spirit_etic_kult/statia/zaharchenko_svetskost_i_veroterpimost.php– Дата обращения 12.05.2012.

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HISTORICAL AND SCENTIFIC MATERIALS AS A SCHOOL STUDENTS TOOL

OF FORMING THE CHARACTERISTICS OF NONLINEAR THINKING STYLE

L. G. ShestakovaSolikamsk State Pedagogical Institute, Solikamsk, Russia

shestakowa@yandex.ru

The specificity of human life of the XXI century is characterized by increasing complexity of its tasks, the high rate of change of the situations in which it is necessary to take adequate decisions and focus, increased opportunities to influence the course of the objects, processes, and the world. It is no accident that the problem of the development of intellectual potential of society and the individual in particular is in the foreground. It directs the formation to create the conditions for the most complete disclosure abilities. It is authorized to talk about the need to develop students' thinking style that meets modern and forward-looking.

We start from the need to develop students' non-linear (synergistic) way of thinking, which refers to a style of thinking, seeing the world and man as a complex open, dynamic system focused on identifying universal connections and relationships to the structural nature of instability and randomness.

A detailed description of the characteristics of nonlinear thinking style and the main lines of their formation is given in the article of L.G. Shestakova. [5] As a part of this publication we will focus only on those for which the formation of the historical and mathematical content (together with old problems) is possible. These characteristics include:

criticality; abstraction combined with the ability to establish the relationship

between the real and the ideal model of the process; commitment and focus on the study of the nature and essence of

the concepts and phenomena; scale, focus on the deep-rooted relations and interdependencies

between processes and phenomena of different nature; 188

diversity, complementarityBefore proceeding to the description of the possibilities of using

historical and scientific content within the stated theme, it should be noted that the use of its components at school, the relevance of this work are often discussed in the literature. T. A. Ivanov [2] notes that the material on the history of mathematics allows us to see a "living math" but not a canned abstract system. It helps to understand the progress of knowledge in mathematics, the methods of scientific inquiry. In the publications of A. E. Malich and V. L. Pestereva [3], S.S. Muchkaeva [4] describes the intended use of historical information on different feet of teaching mathematics, the choice of form and content, its capabilities, consider an example. L. G. Shestakova [6] reveals the potential of the material on the history of mathematics to enhance learning in core classes (the value varies depending on the profile, interests and abilities of students.)

Currently, there are the elements of the story of mathematics in many textbooks. Necessary additional material can be found in high school textbooks on the history of mathematics. [1] From the perspective of thinking style formation the importance of the used material is highly dependent on the forms and methods of its organization in the learning process (as in the classroom and during after-school activities).

Thus, the textbook of mathematics for Grade 5 includes a power material on various ways of writing numbers. Here we consider writing used in ancient Russia (where the numbers are denoted by letters with a special symbol "~" - "Titley," the content of the word "darkness" is described), ancient Rome (drawing attention to particular symbols and structures of the Roman numbers). The modern system of writing numbers, numbers which are called "Arab", and the Arabs called them "Indian." Listed material can easily be extended by a teacher. There is a question about the methods of work with him. For the formation of critical thinking the ability to establish the relationship between the ideal model and the real process, the settings on the study (opening) the essence of concepts and phenomena it can be proposed to use the idea of the problem statement and the activity approach. According to this it makes sense first to ask students to comment on the reason for the widespread of the Arabic system of writing numbers at the present time. To organize work comparing writing the same number in different

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systems, to try running operations on numbers, to say clearly what disadvantages students face. Ask a question about the reasons (in their opinion) fix the name "Arab" way of writing, and not "Indian." In the process, students relate their own experience of studying the topic with the history of the issue. They are involved in vigorous activity, ceasing to be passive observers of historical processes.

Such work may be carried out on other topics of mathematics, for example, units of length, mass, etc.

Historical and scientific materials are often used during the introduction of concepts. Here we can talk about who introduced the concept and the fact of what the word (of which language, what it means, the way of translation) was the name of the concept. For example, in the study of arithmetic and geometric progressions we can give a historical overview of the origin of the word "progress", which means "moving forward." First it is encountered in Boethius (Roman author, V - VI centuries.). We can note that the first progress is any numeric sequence constructed by the law, which allows it to continue indefinitely. Later changed the meaning of the term and entrenched for certain types of sequences.

Such work can be done in different ways. To interest students a new kind of tasks and activities a teacher usually firstly leads a bright memorable example, which can cause a positive emotional state. Next students can be included to the search work for the establishment of the "origin" of concepts, their original meaning, and the degree of compliance with the current state. The results of investigations are reported to the class. It is notable that the same work can be done revealing the history of the language definitions, attributes and properties.

Based on the analysis of the new term, you can determine what will be taught in the subject. As you can see, this work will not only expand the horizons of students, increase the interest (which in itself is significant from the standpoint of the study of mathematics) but also form the ability to analyze, compare, install on approach to the problem from different perspectives, willingness to objective analysis different points of view.

In order to show the driving force in the development of mathematics as a science the work with students can be done, aiming at the formation of ideas that is widespread the idea that modern

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mathematical language had been formed for centuries. From the standpoint of identifying linkages and interdependencies between processes and phenomena of different nature, the different sciences and fields of activity it is useful to focus on two points that characterize the development of mathematics. First, it is necessary to show that a number of its regions and sections emerged and developed in accordance with the needs of technology and natural science. For example, mathematical concepts such as number, geometric shape, the area emerged in the course of employment rights. Similarly, the need of practice is the basis of formation of trigonometry. The needs of radio engineering, automation of various processes, attempts to simulate the complex technological, economic, and biological processes contributed to the development of mathematical logic. Secondly, new sections appeared under the influence of internal needs of mathematics itself. But these topics are widely used over time in other sciences and engineering. For example, the need for the solution of quadratic equations and greater led to the introduction of irrational numbers, and then the complex.

The old problems are of interest from the position of forming the style of thinking, and the work with them is desirable to follow the rule: solve it by means which were known to the author. For example, you can make out compilation techniques (in the text of the problem) and the solutions of the quadratic equation Diophantus (then compared to the modern way).

The opportunity for the formation of the selected style of thinking characteristics are historical references that reveal the activities of individual scientists or mathematical school, biographies of mathematicians. On the basis of this material the internal contradictions and clashes of ideas and positions of great scientists can be revealed, which often accompanied by the emergence of new mathematical theories. An example of integrity and understanding of their duty to science is the fight of Nikolai Lobachevsky to uphold ideas of non-Euclidean geometry.

Organizing the work with historical and scientific material can be done in different ways: the story of the teacher, the student post, problem statement, conversation, lecture, research or project work students, the solution of old problems, production of wall newspapers, etc.

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The material on the history of mathematics can be used successfully for the organization preprofile elective courses, elective courses. In the classroom of such courses not only the material associated with the studied subjects in the school curriculum can be tought, but additional questions arranged in a certain system can be disassembled with the students. For example, it is the emergence and development of science, mathematics, ancient East and Ancient Greece, its development in Western Europe, and Russia. In order to form a style of thinking in these classes, you can use these forms of work with the students, as debates, discussions, round tables, etc. It is necessary to create conditions for the free expression of ideas, ask students to explain their point of view and correct to deny the opponent. It is also important to teach children to ask questions and correctly answer them. For this task you can offer the preparation of reports and messages for different types of projects for the protection and discussion.

Summarizing we note that almost any material from the history of mathematics (organized in a certain way) can have a positive impact on the formation of students selected characteristics of nonlinear thinking style. The final result will depend on the particular historical and scientific content, but also the forms and methods of work with him used by a teacher.

Bibliography:1. Глейзер Г. И. История математики в школе: VII – VIII кл.

Пособие для учителей / Г.И. Глейзер. – М.: Просвещение, 1982.2. Иванова Т. А. Гуманитаризация общего математического

образования: Монография / Т.А. Иванова. – Н.Новгород: НГПУ, 1998.

3. Малых А.Е. Использование исторических сведений в обучении математике / А. Е. Малых, В. Л. Пестерева // Ярославский педагогический вестник. – 2011. – Т. II. – № 3.

4. Мучкаева С. С. Развитие интереса учащихся к математике через эстетический потенциал исторических задач и теорем с чертежом / С. С. Мучкаева // Вестник Адыгейского государственного университета. Серия 3: Педагогика и психология. – 2009. – № 2.

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5. Шестакова Л. Г. Моделирование работы по формированию у школьников нелинейного стиля мышления / Л. Г. Шестакова // Сибирский педагогический журнал. – 2008. – № 4.

6. Шестакова Л. Г. Организация обучения математике в условиях профильной дифференциации / Л. Г. Шестакова // Профильная школа. – 2008. – № 4.

SECTION 7. Art Criticism

MODELING OF NONLINEAR DYNAMICS OF MUSICAL STYLE

Galina I. GrushkoVoronezh Musical College. Rostropovich, Russia

gruskogalina@mail.ru

One of the main challenges of modern musicology is the correct interpretation of styles of music, containing a bunch of stylistic presentation and a musical genius born (or the giving of a certain level). After all, to understand and explain the stylistic originality is extremely difficult, "... it is the task application of interdisciplinary efforts, based on the philosophy of culture, because the style is especially a cultural phenomenon, and then the phenomenon of language, cognition, art," [4, c.242]. It is an historical types of Western culture, successive epochs in the development of society, such as medieval culture, the culture of the Renaissance, modern culture, that differs with internal unity and with the spirit of time. It grows from the depths of the culture of the art, it is influenced by this spirit, which affects the dominance of one or another of its kind or style - the medieval, Renaissance, baroque, classical, romantic, modernist, postmodernist. The specific interaction of diverse styles turns them into an organized set of integrity.

Holistic set of interacting and interconnected single order sheet forms a system of musical style, which includes a music-style system - Medieval, Renaissance, Baroque, Classicism, Romanticism, Modernism, Postmodernism. [3]

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The system's musical style is based on the same hierarchical manner, as many other self-organizing, that is open nonequilibrium nonlinear systems, and includes a system of mega-, macro-and micro-levels. It maintains and constantly reproduces its three-level structure, that is, the pattern of organization, which translates into any musical style system, due to the configuration of ordered relationships. Each musical stylistic system is characterized by certain timing and different internal heterogeneity. National, regional, genre, individual style, and style trends, style schools that reflect the signs of the time and have common features interact with a landmark style.

However, along with the style of a landmark in the musical-style system of mature alternative styles, reflecting an increase of the magnitude of its growth and increasing complexity in the evolutionary process. Search evolutionary alternatives determined bifurcation, which is forking old quality to a finite set of new properties, which are regulated by the system and is nonlinear.

You can talk about the musical style of a fractal system, unstable, constantly changing, in a state-process and includes three stages of transformation. This is a fractal process, intermediate and final stages of development, which is typical, she as a whole, as well as a separate part or a fragment thereof. [3]

The system's musical style is constantly adapting to the changing conditions of its existence. And to become its stochastic, the path of development is full of surprises and carries a fan of evolutionary scenarios. Changing the content and functionality of the style, which is caused by external influences, leads to disruption of order and chaos, from which emerges a new order, a new characteristic musical style system.

However, the sequence of alternating musical and stylistic system is quite natural and is regulated by the peculiarities of human thought (visual-, visual-imagery, verbal-logical), and is regulated by the dependence of its knowledge and understanding of emotions and past experiences.

Certain cooperative interactions that help to direct the evolution in the right direction are setting between the systems of its mega-, macro-and micro-levels. The order of their interactions is that the highest - mega-, lower - micro, medium - macro-level. This nonlinear process is constantly being adjusted and adjustable to circumstances:

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the emergence of a new style and a probability determined by chance. [1]

With each new-style system of musical style gets more experience, and thanks to the selection, store valuable information for its self-development and self-preservation - and it admits the emergence of a style that is needed in the evolutionary process. Bifurcation points that form on its mega-, macro-and micro-levels, signaling the onset of a tipping point, such as the replacement of one phase or stage of development of the other, on the transition to the new music-style system, the probability of the occurrence of any other event .

Over time, the system of musical styles accumulates irreversible changes, destroying the old order and set a new one: similar processes seen on all hierarchical levels. In all cases, the phase of its development are: order (static hierarchy) and the transformation of established norms; chaos (dynamic hierarchy), the birth of a new order, which corresponds to a certain time parameters.

The historical dynamics of musical style is a typical synergetic process. This multi-stage nonlinear polycyclic irreversible process due to changes in the socio-cultural world, in the context of which originate different styles of music [3, c.118-130,146-152].

It is no accident musical style is investigated as an open nonequilibrium nonlinear system, using a range of methods - a cultural-historical, historical, stylistic and evolutionary systems, synergetic, graphical modeling:

1. For the first time in the history and theory of music style of music is seen as a hierarchical system that contains the system of mega-, macro-and micro-levels, between which cooperative interactions;

2. The evolution of the style of music is perceived as a non-linear process (presence of bifurcations, the disparity of cause and effect, feedback);

3. The developed methodology allows to evaluate the style of music as an information system, which tends to reach a maximum of information and, at the same time, to overcome this condition, that show opposite trends in its evolution (the accumulation and dispersion of information);

4. The graphical modeling identifies the individual parameters of musical style and stylistic features of the dynamics, which is reflected

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in the evolutionary models: System of musical styles, musical and stylistic system, System of musical style and musical stylistic system - fractals, musical style - self-organizing integrity; Tree musical style, The evolution of musical style - phase of development, system style of music in the context of culture.

The study of musical style from a new perspective and a new start can set similar to other self-organizing systems, identify common patterns of development and concluded that: musical style - an open nonequilibrium nonlinear system characterized by integrity and differing ability to self-organize, constantly renews itself and preserves the three-tier structure as the basis for new invariant incarnations. The results can be theoretical and methodological guidance for the further development of the concept of the musical style that is consistent with current knowledge of the world and man.

Bibliography:1. Budanov VG Methodological principles of synergy / / New in

synergy. New reality, new challenges, new generation / ed. MM Malinetskii. - Moscow: Nauka, 2007. - With. 311-330.

2. Voitsekhovich VE Synergetic concept of fractals (social and philosophical foundations / / Synergetic paradigm. Individual and society in terms of instability. - Moscow: Progress-Tradition, 2003. - P. 141-156.

3. Grushko GI Musical style in the history of European culture: an evolutionary-synergistic approach. - Voronezh: Quart, 2012.

4. Ustyugov EN Style and culture. - St.: Izd SPb.un Press, 2006.

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SECTION 8. Social sciences

RISK AS AN INDICATOR OF THE QUALITY OF LIFE IN THE INSTABILITY OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

E. V. ShchekotinSaint Petersburg University of Management and Economics Novosibirsk

branch, Novosibirsk, Russia, evgvik1978@mail.ru

An Important scientific problem is to measure the quality of life. It often happens that the quality of life almost completely coincides with the standard of living. It leads to the actual identification of these categories, although the theory emphasizes the difference between them. To avoid these difficulties, we offer a quality of life to understand the degree to meet the diverse material and spiritual needs of people. The quality of life is a characteristic of the environment in which a person carries out its vital functions - climatic, industrial, social, political, etc.

In determining, the standard of living of the decisive influence economic factors is the level of economic development and income. In determining, the deciding factors of the quality of life are climatic, ecological, technological, administrative, and political. The quality of life (and therefore the welfare of society) should be evaluated based on the analysis of risks to man as a biological and social being. In the context of instability and the rise of the crisis on a global scale, such as position is quite rationally justified. The quality of life characterizes the context of human life, the environment in which human existence unfolds and affects the needs of (living) indirectly through the factors that characterize the state of the human environment: economic, political, legal, socio-cultural, natural, technical environment, etc.

To assess the level of life it it appropriate to use the indicators that reflect the satisfaction of the spiritual and material needs of the population. The quality of life should reflect the state of the environment in which human life unfolds. In our view, such a measure is a measure of the risk of potential losses.

From the standpoint of the "risk society" principle the concept organizing all social space is safe. Security becomes the basis of good

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behavior in modern society, the purpose of the society - to make security the social norm.

The most accurate indicator of human development as the characteristics of the well-being of society will be a risk. Risk is understood as a potential limitation, as a threat to human capabilities. The use of risk as an indicator of the quality of life allows you to design and manage the quality of life, because risk is an important tool for forecasting.

The special importance of this methodological approach gets in the modern world, which is characterized by increasing instability, uncertainty and randomization of social reality. According to the methodology of the study of nonequilibrium systems, the state of a system in an inconsistent state and can be changed with little impact. Nonequilibrium system is easy to switch from one state to another under the influence of small fluctuations. The modern world is more and more immersed in a nonequilibrium state. The risk in these conditions is the most relevant indicator of the strength and stability (and therefore safety) social system. The higher the level of the various risks, the more unstable system is and vice versa.

The quality of life should be considered as a set of possible losses that may be incurred by the individual and society in the course of their life. Quantitative expression of the range of possible losses is a risk. Thus, the risks are the characteristics of the human condition; they reflect the limitations of human life, the dangers and threats that actually worsen the condition of man in the natural and social environment.

The quality of life - a set of possible risks, threats and hazards, describing the conditions of human life, the implementation of which may lead to adverse consequences for real people. At risk we are going to understand the possible events, phenomena and processes, the effects of which could have an adverse impact on different aspects of human life, that is, one way or another can impair a person's position.

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SECTION 9. Political science

INTERNATIONAL IMAGE AND NATIONAL BRANDS OF THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTANMurat O. Nassimov, Botagoz Z. Paridinova

University «Bolashak», Kyzylorda, KazakhstanE-mail: nasimov_m@mail.ru

Entering to the list of leading 30 compatible countries of the world is the main aim of the reforms made in the Republic of Kazakhstan at the past years. The shift to the leading socio-economical level in order to create useful modernization depends on all of the political system abilities, on the basis of the general rules in political development. The reformation process covers the whole society. The economical, social, cultural spheres are covered too to influence on the right solution of the problems, taking the dynamic changes in the political system into account. This type of social development in the political sciences is also so called «keep up» modernization. Therefore the modernized situations develop with the political, law, economical and cultural spheres, this means transferring from traditional into modern life style. Modernized society is a complex of civic society, law obeying state and market economy.

The main aim of the political reforming is to reach political stability and political distribution that allows effective and dynamic development for society. According to the traditional and modern organization, the political reforming is divided into two parts: 1) unchangeable main structure of society and power; 2) reaching the new social and political system conditions, the political modernization based on the transformation of the political communications, basic institutions and beliefs. The political modernization among the conditions mentioned before is considered as the developing stage that changes the character of the political institutions and members of society.

Despite a long history of imagination, there is neither unified definition for image nor a one whole understanding of its subject. Three main subject areas such as view, reputation and communications should be studied other problems which haw become another key component

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of media. In the framework of the systematic approach image and its subject and tools should be analyzed as a separate humanitarian science which refers to the human nature and the outworld. However there is still a strong requirement to construct the unique system of image research on the basis of existing theories.

The site «The Free Dictionary» writes: «A reproduction of the form of a person or an object, especially a sculptured likeness... The opinion or concept of something that is held by the public... The character projected to the public, as by a person or institution, especially as interpreted by the mass media...» [1].

Image is the perception people have of other view when they hear about the object. A country image is composed of an infinite variety of facts, events, histories, advertising and goals that work together to make an impression on the public. Image of the country is the problem urgent, priority, and should be among the first tasks in the government's agenda. The image is that the man himself is on a particular object or how he perceives it.

Kazakhstan is considered to be one of the successfully developing countries in the world. During these years Kazakhstan has demonstrated a willingness to be recognized worldwide through external policies and global amity.

Kazakhstan’s organized the Congress of Leaders of World and Traditional Religions. In 2010, Kazakhstan obtained the chairmanship of the OSCE and in 2011, Kazakhstan was the chairman of the Organization of Islamic Conference, and was organizer the Asian Olympic Games. All these activities have helped to improve the national image.

The modernizing processes, which are being realized in our country, are defined in the annual reports of the President of Kazakhstan N. Nazarbayev to the people of Kazakhstan, which are about conditions in the country, internal and external politics of the Republic. Those are the reports and the obligations to be made on front of the nation of our Head of State for state development way. The annual reports are spread among the people with the different political advertising ways, and learned by heart by the society members. 15 years have passed last year, since the first report «Kazakhstan-2030. The development, security and social improvement for Kazakhstan nation», made by the Head of the State in October 10th, 1997, and in

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December 14th, 2012, he has a new Address «Strategy Kazakhstan-2050»: new political course of the established state» for the upcoming decade.

The long-term Strategy «Kazakhstan-2030. The development, security and social improvement for Kazakhstan nation» was built according to two major strategic goals. «First, Kazakhstan became a sovereign independent state. Today many take the fact for granted but the Kazakhstanis must have remembered that it was a fairly rare occurrence in our history. 

Second, we have embarked on the way of implementing broad-scale social, political and economic transformations. The said goals are not yet scored though some areas clearly manifest tangible results» [2].

Therefore, the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan defined the following seven priorities for further development, which clearly implement new vision of the Kazakhstan brand: 1) NATIONAL SECURITY: Ensure development of Kazakhstan as an independent sovereign state preserving its complete territorial integrity; 2) DOMESTIC POLITICAL STABILITY AND CONSOLIDATION OF THE SOCIETY: Safeguard and strengthen domestic political stability and national unity. It would enable Kazakhstan put the national strategy into practice in the course of the current and the upcoming decade; 3) ECONOMIC GROWTH BASED ON AN OPEN MARKET ECONOMY WITH HIGH LEVEL OF FOREIGN INVESTMENTS AND INTERNAL SAVINGS. Gain realistic, stable and steadily growing rates of economic growth; 4) HEALTH, EDUCATION AND WELL-BEING OF KA2AKHSTANI CITIZENS: Consistently improve standards of life, health, education and opportunities of the Kazakhstanis. Improve natural enviroment in the country; 5) POWER RESOURCES: Effectively utilize power resources of Kazakhstan through rapid increase in extracting and exporting oil and gas with the aim of gaining revenues which would enhance stable economic growth and improvement of living standards of the people; 6) INFRACTRUCTURE, MORE PARTICULARLY TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION: Develop these key sectors in such a way that they add to strengthening of national security, political stability and economic growth; 7) PROFESSIONAL STATE: Establish an effective and up-to-date corps of civil servants and state-owned formations of Kazakhstan loyal to the cause they serve

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to and capable of acting as representatives of the people in achieving our priorities. For each of' these long-term priorities we must elaborate and consistently implement a special strategy concentrating our efforts on specific actions outlined in one-year, three-year and, finally, five-year plans. These long-term priorities must serve the purpose of focusing the efforts exerted by both the state and our citizens, they must make the basis of criteria in forming the budget of the country and personnel policy [2].

In Address by the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Leader of the Nation, N. Nazarbayev «Strategy Kazakhstan-2050»: new political course of the established state» considered: economic policy of the new course – all around economic pragmatism based on the principles of profitability, return on investment and competitiveness; comprehensive support of entrepreneurship – leading force in the national economy; new principles of social policy are social guarantees and personal responsibility; knowledge and professional skills are key landmarks of the modern education, training and retraining system; further strengthening of the statehood and development of the Kazakhstan democracy; consistent and predictable foreign policy is promotion of national interests and strengthening of regional and global security; new Kazakhstan patriotism is basis for success of our multiethnical and multi-confessional society [3].

In 2012 Kazakhstan won the right to host the international EXPO 2017. For the candidate of our capital 103 countries from the 148 participating countries of International Bureau of exhibitionsvoted. Now Astana citizens are interested to learn much about what advantages to host so large-scale action will give to Astana and its inhabitants. For citizens of the capital there is huge plus in development of infrastructure of city, connected with EXPO 2017, and as a result, creation of new workplaces. And the objects erected within EXPO 2017, will allow to considerAstana in the future as a large international, exhibition and information and presentation platform. Also new serious impulse to development will be received by small and medium business of capital and adjacent regions - first of all, in a services sector of population, hotel business and internal tourism. Development of internal tourism, in turn, will lead to increase in inflow to the city of foreign tourists. It is expected that an exhibition will be visited by 5 million people (about 50 thousand daily) from 100 countries of the

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world. Therefore EXPO 2017 will serve also as good language practice for students and seniors of the capital. Cultural exchange and the state PR will allow to increase knowledge about our country in the world. The whole three months while the exhibition will last, there will be held cultural events, national days and other entertaining actions. Besides, economic, cultural, scientific development of city which is stimulated by EXPO 2017, bears in herself also big geopolitical value. After all for the first time EXPO will come to the Post-Soviet territory, and to the territory of Central Asia [4].

In 2008 in the monograph «Political advertizing: the theory and practice» told what brands have our republic: Symbol of freedom of Kazakhstan – Altyn adam; a Scythian philosopher - Anacharsis; a queen who reigned over the Saks – Tomyris; «The Second Teacher» - Al-Farabi; Arystan Bab , Khoja   Akhmet Yassawi , Aisha Bibi Mausoleums; Monument Khorkhyt ata; Two Stars of the East - Aliya Moldagalieva and Manshuk Mametova; «Abai Zholy» (The path of Abai); Snow Leopard; sign nomadic culture – yurt; Kazakh national clothes – shapan, saukele, takiya; national musical instryments – dombyra and kobyz; song competition held between two aqyns – aytys;  national sport – kokpar; Astana and Residence of the president Akorda; «Baiterek» - in Astana and Independence Monument in Almaty; The Baikonur Cosmodrome; historical epic film – «Nomad»; is an outdoor speed skating and bandy rink - sports complex «Medeu», etc [5].

Unfortunately, a framework of article does not allow to described all methods of this problem which are applying in the course of research to political science. Our republic are developed a strong image of a stable and democratic nation in the political arena. Kazakhstan emphasizes its multiethnic and multicultural society composition. We trust that further economical social policy will give Kazakhstan to enormous successes. Economic, political and cultural aspects of development of the country are ready to it.

Bibliography1. // [Electronic resource]. – URL:

http://www.thefreedictionary.com/image2. Address of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan,

Nursultan Nazarbayev, to the People of Kazakhstan, October 10, 1997. 203

// [Electronic resource]. – URL: http://www.akorda.kz/en/page/page_poslanie-prezidenta-respubliki-kazakhstan-n-a-nazarbaeva-narodu-kazakhstana-oktyabr-1997-g_1343986436

3. Address by the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Leader of the Nation, N. Nazarbayev «Strategy Kazakhstan-2050»: new political course of the established state» // Egemen Qazaqstan. – 2012. – 15 December.

4. To host International Exhibition is advantageous to Astana and its citizens // [Electronic resource]. – URL: http://www.astana.kz/en/node/75061

5. Ivatova L.M., Nassimova G.O, Nassimov M.O. Political advertizing: the theory and practice. – Almaty, 2008. – P.107-109.

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CONTENT

SECTION 1. Information Technology

A. V. Andreev, M. M. Monakhova, D. V. Mishin ABOUT THE USE OF THE PRIORITY MODEL IN OPTIMIZATION OF CORPORATE DATA NETWORK ADMINISTRATING……………………………………3

O. V. Gerasimenko, L. V. Elenin, V. N. Tkachev, A. N. Bukhanjko, V. E. Savanevich, V. S. YazlievWEB-SERVICE TESTING OF DATA IN THE SPECIALIZED COMPUTER SYSTEMS………….……….11

Y. A. Grigoriev, E. Y. ErmakovMATHEMATICAL MODEL OF THE REQUEST PROCESSING IN A PARALLEL COLUMN DATABASE SYSTEM…….….……..14

M. M. Monakhova, D. V. Mishin, S. D. LuchinkinTHE ADAPTED ALGORITHM OF KUN-MANKERS IN ADMINASTRATIVE TASKS ECM-COMPUTING ENVIRONMENT……………………………………………..………21

I.A. NebaevEFFECTIVENESS ANALYSYS OF ERROR-CORRECTING CODING OF TURBO CODES IN THE DATA TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS…………………………………….….28

А. S. PolevshchikovDEVELOPMENT OF METHODICAL MANUAL ON "TESTING OF BATHE PATH" (FOR STUDENTS OF THE SPECIALITY"COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING" AND "SOFTWARE ENGINEERING")……….…41

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S ECTION 2. Engineering

K. A. MuravyevFRACTURE TIUGHNESS STUDY OF WELDS SHIPBUILDINF STEEL AT LOW TEMPERATURES……………45

D. A. SheenokTHE MODEL DEPENDENCE LABOR AND SOFTWARE RELIABILITY…………………………..…….54

SECTION 3. Agricultural science

I. B. HapaevPROBLEMS ANDPROSPECT OF THE DEVELOPMENT BEEKEEPING TO BRANCHES STAVROPOLYA IN MODERN CONDITION………………………………….….…61

SECTION 4. Economics

O. G. Andryushchenko, M. A. StrezhkovaTHE ENERGY EFFICIENCY ENCHANCEMENT AS MEANS OF DECREASING THE LIMITING PRESSING OF ELECTRIC-POWER INDUSTRY ON ECONOMY……….….70

B.I. Demchenko, Y. V. AstashovaMANAGEMENT OF INTERCOMPANY INTERACTIONS IN MARKETING AND LOGISTICS…………………………..….76

N. Y. IvanovABOUT FORESIGHT PROJECT “MULTIFUNCTIONALITY AGTO-INTEGRATED COMPLEX”………………………………81

N. V. KeshenkovaCONFIDENCE AS A FORCE INFLUENCING ON THE BEHAVIOR OF THE RETAIL BANKING SERVICES AND GOODS CONSUMERS…………………………88

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D. P. Lavrova, N. Yu. IvanovWAN TURN IN A SMALL BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT IN RUSSIA………………………………………94

M. V. MalahovskayaNESSESITY OF RELATIONASHIP REGISTRATION OF THE ENDO- AND EXOGENOUS FACTORS OF MOTIVATION FOR INNOVATIVE PRACTICE REGULATION OF THE PARTICIPANTS OF ECONOMIC SYSTEM…………………………….……………100

A.S. MikhaylovCLUSTER GOVERNANCE IN THE FRAMEWORK OF CLUSTER SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY………………………104

E. G. NurullinaBULIDING AND MARKETING STRATEGIES BASED ON INSTITUTIONAL CONCEPT………………………..110

O. O. SmirnovaTHE STATE STRATEGIC PLANNING…………………………...113

D. V. Solovieva, Е. V. Egoshina THE SEGMENT ANALYSIS SPECIFICS IN THE SERVICE SPHERE..............................................................123

A.S. TokmakovTHE APPROACHES TO REFORMING OF THE MECHANISM OF PRECAUTIONARY MEASURES FOR THE REDUCTION OF OPERATIONAL INJURIES……………………………………130

Y. V. Temnyy, V. A. StaljnayaPERSONNEL: THE KEY TO SUCCESS OF BUSINESS ENTERTAINMENT INDUSTRY……………..…137

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SECTION 5. Jurisprudence

A. V. NosovaREVIEW AND THE ANALYSIS OF A QUESTION ABOUT THE NECESSITY OF THE CREATION A NEW MULTILATERAL ENVIRONMENTAL AGREEMENT ON OCEAN ACIDIFICATION (CONFERENCE IN LONDON IN MARCH 2012)…………..….…141

E. N. PoperinaNEW THREAT TO THE RIGHT TO PRIVACY………………..…145

A.N. PrizhennikovaSPECIALIZED ADMINISTRATIVE COURTS: MYTH OR REALITY…………………………………………....…148

SECTION 6. Educational Sciences

V. I. BobrytskaVALUE MEASURING OF PSYCHOPHYSICAL ADAPTATION OF A TEACHER-BEGINNER……………………153

I.V. GorshkovaTHEORETICAL BASIS OF THE ACTIVITY APPROACH TO TEACHING ESSAY WRITING……………………………..…159

T. K. GusevaPROFESSIONAL COMPETENCE OF MODERN PRIMARY SCHOOL TEACHERS…………………………………167

M. V. DanilovaFORMATION OF STUDENTS PROFESSIONAL COMPETENCE TO WORK WITH MIGRANT-STUDENTS………………………172

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T. V. RichterFEATURES OF USE OF DISTANCE LEARNING TECHNOLOGIES FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF COGNITIVE INDEPENDENCE OF STUDENTS OF PEDAGOGICAL INSTITUTES OF HIGHER EDUCATION AT THE MASTERY OF COMPUTER SCIENCE………………………………...……..177

I. V. ShatokhinaEDUCATIONAL RESEARCH IN RUSSIA AS A METHODOLOGICAL BASIS OF SPIRITUALLY ORIENTED TRAINING OF TEACHERS……………….….….…183

L. G. ShestakovaHISTORICAL AND SCENTIFIC MATERIALS AS A SCHOOL STUDENTS TOOL OF FORMING THE CHARACTERISTICS OF NONLINEAR THINKING STYLE…..187

SECTION 7. Art Criticism

G. I. GrushkoMODELING OF NONLINEAR DYNAMICS OF MUSICAL STYLE……………………………………….……193

SECTION 8. Social sciences

E. V. ShchekotinRISK AS AN INDICATOR OF THE QUALITY OF LIFE IN THE INSTABILITY OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT……………………………………………….…197

SECTION 9. Political science

M. O. Nassimov, B. Z. ParidinovaINTERNATIONAL IMAGE AND NATIONAL BRANDS OF THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN………………….….…199

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The Strategies of Modern Science DevelopmentInternational scientific–practical conference

Yelm, WA, USA, 29-30 March 2013

Issue is published in the authors’ edition

Prepared for publication of Scientific Publishing Center "Discovery"

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