the status of science and technology in nepal deba bahadur khadka central department of chemistry,...
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The Status of Science and Technology in Nepal
The Status of Science and Technology in Nepal
Deba Bahadur khadka
Central Department of Chemistry, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur,
Kathmandu, Nepal.
e-mail: [email protected]
Deba Bahadur khadka
Central Department of Chemistry, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur,
Kathmandu, Nepal.
e-mail: [email protected]
20 oct, 2005
2
0 200 400100 Kilometers
India
China
IranPakistan
Myanmar
Thailand
Afghanistan
Laos
Nepal
Cambodia
Bangladesh
Oman
Bhutan
Sri Lanka
Turkmenistan
Malaysia
¶0 130 26065 Kilometers
Nepal: LocationNepal: Location
Area: 147,181 km2 Length: ~850 km EWWidth: ~200 km NSAltitude:~ 60-8848 m
Area: 147,181 km2 Length: ~850 km EWWidth: ~200 km NSAltitude:~ 60-8848 m
26º 22' N - 30º 27' N Lat. 80º 4'E - 88º 12'E Long.
4
The peak of Mount Everest behind the Nuptse-Lhotse ridge. The world's highest mountain straddles the border between Nepal and Tibet. Mount Everest is known by the Nepalis as Sagarmatha ("Head of the Sky") and by the Sherpas as Chomolungma ('Mother Goddess of the World').
MOUNT EVEREST
5
Building of Central Department of ChemistryTribhuvanUniversity
6
Faculty members of Central Department of Chemistry: First row from left: Prof. Mangala Devi Manandhar, Dr. Bimala Subba, Dr. Jagadeesh Bhattarai, Dr. Deba Bahadur Khadka, Prof. Jaya Krishna Shrestha, Prof. Krishna Manandhar, Dr. Susan Joshi, Dr. Vinay Kumar Jha, Dr. Sushika Mulmi, Dr. Kshama Parajuli, Ms. Kalpana Thapa; Second row from left: Dr. Surya Kant Kalauni, Mr. Khagendra Prasad Bohara, Prof. Pooran Prasad Shrestha, Dr. Paras Nath Yadav, Dr. Megh Raj Pokhrel, Prof. Tulsi Prasad Pathak, Prof. Shiva Prasad Dhoubhadel, Mr. Santosh Khanal, Dr. Kedar Nath Ghimire, Dr. Rameshwar Adhikari
AbstractScience and technology has been central in the progress made
to date in the light against poverty and in stimulating economic growth. The accelerating rate of progress in science
and technology creates both opportunities and significant risks for developing countries like Nepal. The state of art of science and technology is relatively new, but is enough adult
of having 50 yrs old. Several policies and its foundation started lately in around 1950 after the inception of Tribhuvan
University, where at present thirteen Central Departments incorporating different domains of sciences are into
operation. The main R and D works have been initiated at Tribhuvan University and in some governmental organizations
like NAST, NARC etc. This presentation highlights incorporating scientific activities in the aforementioned institutions related to science
and technology.
AbstractScience and technology has been central in the progress made
to date in the light against poverty and in stimulating economic growth. The accelerating rate of progress in science
and technology creates both opportunities and significant risks for developing countries like Nepal. The state of art of science and technology is relatively new, but is enough adult
of having 50 yrs old. Several policies and its foundation started lately in around 1950 after the inception of Tribhuvan
University, where at present thirteen Central Departments incorporating different domains of sciences are into
operation. The main R and D works have been initiated at Tribhuvan University and in some governmental organizations
like NAST, NARC etc. This presentation highlights incorporating scientific activities in the aforementioned institutions related to science
and technology.
Introduction Nepal at a Glance
Landlocked country, situated between China to the north and
India to the east, west and south
About 80 percent populations involved in agriculture, Life
expectancy 67 years, Hospital-105
Literacy rate – 65.9%, Total population - 26.5 million,
Population growth rate-1.35%, University- seven, Tribhuvan
University (TU), Campus TU-60, Community campus-300,
Private (TU affiliated)-609.
Introduction Nepal at a Glance
Landlocked country, situated between China to the north and
India to the east, west and south
About 80 percent populations involved in agriculture, Life
expectancy 67 years, Hospital-105
Literacy rate – 65.9%, Total population - 26.5 million,
Population growth rate-1.35%, University- seven, Tribhuvan
University (TU), Campus TU-60, Community campus-300,
Private (TU affiliated)-609.
Traditional Technologies
Architecture and civil engineering: often blended with art and culture mostly temples, pagodas and stupas. Crafting: religious artifacts, images and statues of bronze, copper or gold found in the temples. Food technology: brewing beers, wine and hard liquor, preserving meats, fruits and vegetables.Textile manufacture using spinning and weaving devices such as handlooms.Traditional method of paper manufacture.Modern science and technology institutions began after 1951. Until then relied almost entirely upon its indigenous technology for development.
Traditional Technologies
Architecture and civil engineering: often blended with art and culture mostly temples, pagodas and stupas. Crafting: religious artifacts, images and statues of bronze, copper or gold found in the temples. Food technology: brewing beers, wine and hard liquor, preserving meats, fruits and vegetables.Textile manufacture using spinning and weaving devices such as handlooms.Traditional method of paper manufacture.Modern science and technology institutions began after 1951. Until then relied almost entirely upon its indigenous technology for development.
A Short History of Science in Nepal and Institutions / Policy / Laws:
Chemistry http://www.cdctu.edu.np 1965 A. DPhysics 1965 A. DMicrobiology 1990 A. DBiotechnology 2008 A. DEnvironmental ScienceBotany 1965 A. DZoology 1966 A. DGeology 1967 A. D Hydrology MeteorologyMathematics 1959 A. DStatistics 1972 A. DComputer Science and ITFood Technology 1973 A. D
A Short History of Science in Nepal and Institutions / Policy / Laws:
Chemistry http://www.cdctu.edu.np 1965 A. DPhysics 1965 A. DMicrobiology 1990 A. DBiotechnology 2008 A. DEnvironmental ScienceBotany 1965 A. DZoology 1966 A. DGeology 1967 A. D Hydrology MeteorologyMathematics 1959 A. DStatistics 1972 A. DComputer Science and ITFood Technology 1973 A. D
Contd…….Chemical, biological and physical sciences are regarded as heart of all the scientific disciplines. In this context, the history of science education in our country is relatively new. The teaching of science in Nepal commenced in 1919 in Tri-Chandra College, with the introduction of Intermediate of Science (I. Sc.) program, which was then upgraded to Bachelor of Science (B. Sc.) level in 1948. Tribhuvan University (TU) named after the late king Tribhuvan, was established by promulgating the Tribhuvan University Act in July 14, 1959. Master’s Degree in science was started only from November 28, 1965 initially at Tri-Chandra College with the introduction of a program in chemistry and physics. This historical step also pioneered the introduction of research initiatives, specially PhD 1970s onwards in Nepal.
Contd…….Chemical, biological and physical sciences are regarded as heart of all the scientific disciplines. In this context, the history of science education in our country is relatively new. The teaching of science in Nepal commenced in 1919 in Tri-Chandra College, with the introduction of Intermediate of Science (I. Sc.) program, which was then upgraded to Bachelor of Science (B. Sc.) level in 1948. Tribhuvan University (TU) named after the late king Tribhuvan, was established by promulgating the Tribhuvan University Act in July 14, 1959. Master’s Degree in science was started only from November 28, 1965 initially at Tri-Chandra College with the introduction of a program in chemistry and physics. This historical step also pioneered the introduction of research initiatives, specially PhD 1970s onwards in Nepal.
Institutes of Medicine, Engineering, Forestry, Agriculture, Tribhuvan University, 1973
The Sixth Five Year Plan (1980-1985) link S&T activities with economic development
National Council of Science and Technology (NCST), 1976 (now not available)
Research Centre for Applied Science and Technology (RECAST), 1977
Nepal Academy of Science and Technology (NAST), 1982
Ministry of Science and Technology, 1996
Educational Sectors:
Kathmandu University, Purbanchal University,
Pokhara University etc, B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Science,National Academy of Medical Sciences, Bir Hospital
Institutes of Medicine, Engineering, Forestry, Agriculture, Tribhuvan University, 1973
The Sixth Five Year Plan (1980-1985) link S&T activities with economic development
National Council of Science and Technology (NCST), 1976 (now not available)
Research Centre for Applied Science and Technology (RECAST), 1977
Nepal Academy of Science and Technology (NAST), 1982
Ministry of Science and Technology, 1996
Educational Sectors:
Kathmandu University, Purbanchal University,
Pokhara University etc, B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Science,National Academy of Medical Sciences, Bir Hospital
Government Sectors: Department of Plant Resources, 1957
Department of Geology and Mines, 1958
Department of Forest Survey and Research, 1963
Department of Irrigation, Hydrology and Meteorology, 1967; Food Research Lab, 1973
Department of Soil Conservation, 1974
National Bureau of Standard and Metrology, 1976
Department of Wild Life Conservation
Department of Drug Administration, 1976
National Agriculture Research Centre, 1991
Government Sectors: Department of Plant Resources, 1957
Department of Geology and Mines, 1958
Department of Forest Survey and Research, 1963
Department of Irrigation, Hydrology and Meteorology, 1967; Food Research Lab, 1973
Department of Soil Conservation, 1974
National Bureau of Standard and Metrology, 1976
Department of Wild Life Conservation
Department of Drug Administration, 1976
National Agriculture Research Centre, 1991
National Development Plan: First Development Plan of Nepal , 1956
National Science and Technology Policy, 1989
Industrial Enterprise Act and Industrial Policy, 1992
Foreign Investment and Technology Transfer Act, 1992
National Policy on Technical Education and Vocational
Education, 1999. Forestry Act, Agriculture Act
Information Technology Policy, 2002. Science and Technology Policy, 2005.
National Nuclear policy, 2007 (Revised 2011).
National Space technology, Nuclear Technology Centre, Biotechnology, and Nanotechnology Policy (Forthcoming)
National Development Plan: First Development Plan of Nepal , 1956
National Science and Technology Policy, 1989
Industrial Enterprise Act and Industrial Policy, 1992
Foreign Investment and Technology Transfer Act, 1992
National Policy on Technical Education and Vocational
Education, 1999. Forestry Act, Agriculture Act
Information Technology Policy, 2002. Science and Technology Policy, 2005.
National Nuclear policy, 2007 (Revised 2011).
National Space technology, Nuclear Technology Centre, Biotechnology, and Nanotechnology Policy (Forthcoming)
Tenth Five Year Plan (2002-2007) promulgated with core objective of poverty alleviation envisages the following strategy in S & T sectors:1. To mobilize natural resources and infrastructure to the fullest extent and to establish new structures/institutions in the field of S & T when needed.
2. To transfer, adapt and utilize foreign technologies as per national need involving private sectors as well.
3. To establish a working system of competitiveness in R & D activities among scientists, scientific communities and scientific institutions
4. To support economic and social development of common people by sustainable use of resources through development of knowledge and skill in the field of S & T.
Tenth Five Year Plan (2002-2007) promulgated with core objective of poverty alleviation envisages the following strategy in S & T sectors:1. To mobilize natural resources and infrastructure to the fullest extent and to establish new structures/institutions in the field of S & T when needed.
2. To transfer, adapt and utilize foreign technologies as per national need involving private sectors as well.
3. To establish a working system of competitiveness in R & D activities among scientists, scientific communities and scientific institutions
4. To support economic and social development of common people by sustainable use of resources through development of knowledge and skill in the field of S & T.
5. To encourage universities, research institutes and scientists to become more involved in research activities and to produce high class
manpower in S & T by providing S & T special place in university curriculum
Ministry of Environment, Science and Technology:Established on May 15, 1996 and renamed Ministry
of Science, Technology and Environment (MOSTE).
Objectives:Promote environmentally sustainable economic development of
the country Preserve natural and cultural environment and protect life
supporting system (i.e. air, water and soil)Identify a new technology and contribute to achieving the national objectives regarding poverty alleviation by developing appropriate
and new technology through the research.Develop and promote traditional and indigenous technologies.
5. To encourage universities, research institutes and scientists to become more involved in research activities and to produce high class
manpower in S & T by providing S & T special place in university curriculum
Ministry of Environment, Science and Technology:Established on May 15, 1996 and renamed Ministry
of Science, Technology and Environment (MOSTE).
Objectives:Promote environmentally sustainable economic development of
the country Preserve natural and cultural environment and protect life
supporting system (i.e. air, water and soil)Identify a new technology and contribute to achieving the national objectives regarding poverty alleviation by developing appropriate
and new technology through the research.Develop and promote traditional and indigenous technologies.
Contd….. Functions:
Formulation and implementation of policies, plans and programs.
Liaison and coordination with national and international organizations.
Pollution control, environmental conservation and balance.
Exploration and research in the field of science and technology.
Promotion of alternative energyStudy, research and forecasting on hydrology and
meteorologyDevelopment and expansion of information technology
Contd….. Functions:
Formulation and implementation of policies, plans and programs.
Liaison and coordination with national and international organizations.
Pollution control, environmental conservation and balance.
Exploration and research in the field of science and technology.
Promotion of alternative energyStudy, research and forecasting on hydrology and
meteorologyDevelopment and expansion of information technology
Nepal Academy of Science and Technology:Established on December 1982 by a Royal Charter, the Parliament in 1992 promulgated the Act and earlier known as Royal Nepal Academy of Science and Technology.
Objectives:
Advancement of science and technology for all
round development of the nation.
Preservation and further modernization of
indigenous technologies.
Promotion of research in science and technology.
Identification and facilitation of appropriate
technology transfer.
Nepal Academy of Science and Technology:Established on December 1982 by a Royal Charter, the Parliament in 1992 promulgated the Act and earlier known as Royal Nepal Academy of Science and Technology.
Objectives:
Advancement of science and technology for all
round development of the nation.
Preservation and further modernization of
indigenous technologies.
Promotion of research in science and technology.
Identification and facilitation of appropriate
technology transfer.
Contd…..Functions:Undertake and promote studies and research in priority areas
Advise the government on formulation of technology transfer
policy and its implementation
Implement S&T programs in collaboration with national and
international organizations
Organize seminars and conferences on S&T topics and help facilitate
S&T publications, establish and strengthen linkages
with regional and international institutions in order to
promote mutual cooperation, Give recognition to outstanding
individual and institutional contribution for development, promotion and application of S&T,
Increase public awareness of the importance and usefulness of S&T as well as to create conditions conducive of S&T application,
Set up exhibit centers for S&T related inventions and innovative models.
Contd…..Functions:Undertake and promote studies and research in priority areas
Advise the government on formulation of technology transfer
policy and its implementation
Implement S&T programs in collaboration with national and
international organizations
Organize seminars and conferences on S&T topics and help facilitate
S&T publications, establish and strengthen linkages
with regional and international institutions in order to
promote mutual cooperation, Give recognition to outstanding
individual and institutional contribution for development, promotion and application of S&T,
Increase public awareness of the importance and usefulness of S&T as well as to create conditions conducive of S&T application,
Set up exhibit centers for S&T related inventions and innovative models.
Contd…..Activities of the NAST:Biotechnology
Natural products
Environment
Alternate energy
High altitude science and technology
Science and technology policy.
S&T Promotional activities:Science popularization programs Science Exhibition: Conducted in remote areasRadio Programs: Weekly program on Radio NepalTelevisions Programs: Weekly programQuiz Contests: on-the spot quiz contest for high school studentsMeet your scientist interaction programSchool science programsPublication of science magazines and journalsResearch grants and scholarships Awards
Travel grants and regular support to professional societies.S&T publication
Contd…..Activities of the NAST:Biotechnology
Natural products
Environment
Alternate energy
High altitude science and technology
Science and technology policy.
S&T Promotional activities:Science popularization programs Science Exhibition: Conducted in remote areasRadio Programs: Weekly program on Radio NepalTelevisions Programs: Weekly programQuiz Contests: on-the spot quiz contest for high school studentsMeet your scientist interaction programSchool science programsPublication of science magazines and journalsResearch grants and scholarships Awards
Travel grants and regular support to professional societies.S&T publication
Research Centre for Applied Science and TechnolgyVision
By 2018, RECAST will be valued, developed and managed as a Centre of Excellence for basic and applied science and
innovation technology for the essential contribution of human well being. It will be managed as a prosperous, progressive
and dynamic centre
Objectives1.To undertake research in identification, development,
conservation, utilization and dissemination of indigenous technology
2.To identify exogenous technologies appropriate to Nepal and explore their technical aspects on technology transfer and
adaptation and
Research Centre for Applied Science and TechnolgyVision
By 2018, RECAST will be valued, developed and managed as a Centre of Excellence for basic and applied science and
innovation technology for the essential contribution of human well being. It will be managed as a prosperous, progressive
and dynamic centre
Objectives1.To undertake research in identification, development,
conservation, utilization and dissemination of indigenous technology
2.To identify exogenous technologies appropriate to Nepal and explore their technical aspects on technology transfer and
adaptation and
Contd…….3. To undertake research work on basic and applied.
Activities of the RECAST:RECAST has been conducting research and development activities on the following areas:
Energy, environment and climate changeSustainable livelihoods, biotechnology and food technology and life
scienceEcosystem and biodiversity conservationNatural resource product developmentTraditional knowledge and indigenous technologyTechnical servicesMechanical workshop serviceInstrumentation serviceOut research: Extension, adaptation and dissemination of
appropriate technologyDocumentation unitInformation technology and national innovation system
Contd…….3. To undertake research work on basic and applied.
Activities of the RECAST:RECAST has been conducting research and development activities on the following areas:
Energy, environment and climate changeSustainable livelihoods, biotechnology and food technology and life
scienceEcosystem and biodiversity conservationNatural resource product developmentTraditional knowledge and indigenous technologyTechnical servicesMechanical workshop serviceInstrumentation serviceOut research: Extension, adaptation and dissemination of
appropriate technologyDocumentation unitInformation technology and national innovation system
Science and Technology Policy Vision
To build developed, dynamic and prosperous state by raising the living standards through the appropriate development and use of science and technology.
ObjectivesEnhance national capacity through the appropriate
development and use of knowledge , skill and efficiency
in the field of science and technology.Assist in the poverty reduction activities by utilizing natural means and
resources through the use of science and technology.
To elevate the country to a competitive position through the optimum development of science and technology.
Science and Technology Policy Vision
To build developed, dynamic and prosperous state by raising the living standards through the appropriate development and use of science and technology.
ObjectivesEnhance national capacity through the appropriate
development and use of knowledge , skill and efficiency
in the field of science and technology.Assist in the poverty reduction activities by utilizing natural means and
resources through the use of science and technology.
To elevate the country to a competitive position through the optimum development of science and technology.
Contd…. Policies:
To use science and technology as a powerful means to increase production and productivity of the country.
To create an environment for the maximum utilization of knowledge and skill of science and technology available in regional and international arena by promoting mutual cooperation with the bilateral, multilateral, regional and
international organizations.To promote participation of private sector in the
development of science and technology.
To develop and mobilize skilled human resources .To extend the development of technology to the rural levels.
To create a conducive environment to maintain high morale of the scientist and technologists and minimize the
brain drain.
Contd…. Policies:
To use science and technology as a powerful means to increase production and productivity of the country.
To create an environment for the maximum utilization of knowledge and skill of science and technology available in regional and international arena by promoting mutual cooperation with the bilateral, multilateral, regional and
international organizations.To promote participation of private sector in the
development of science and technology.
To develop and mobilize skilled human resources .To extend the development of technology to the rural levels.
To create a conducive environment to maintain high morale of the scientist and technologists and minimize the
brain drain.
Contd…. S & T strategies mentioned in the Tenth Five Year Plan.
Implementing agencies need to be identified.A nation's development and prosperity to a large extent are
judged by the status of S & T of that country .A scientifically unsophisticated society means less
economic development in all sectors Sweden (4.27%of GDP), Japan ( 3.12% of GDP), USA (2.65%of GDP), Germany (2.55%of GDP) spend on
R&D and are in the highest priority of development .Nepal (0.35% of GDP) remains in lowest priority of
development
Contd…. S & T strategies mentioned in the Tenth Five Year Plan.
Implementing agencies need to be identified.A nation's development and prosperity to a large extent are
judged by the status of S & T of that country .A scientifically unsophisticated society means less
economic development in all sectors Sweden (4.27%of GDP), Japan ( 3.12% of GDP), USA (2.65%of GDP), Germany (2.55%of GDP) spend on
R&D and are in the highest priority of development .Nepal (0.35% of GDP) remains in lowest priority of
development
Contd…. Lack of coordination and cooperation between science and technology
organisationsGaps between policies and practices and between planning and
performances Lack of integrated long term master plan for the development of science and technology , We lack an institution to fund research organizations
and research projectsSome sort of National Science Foundation
Formulates what type of research the country needs in line with national S & T policy , Sets priority in research
Identifies the relevant institutions Advertise for the submission of research proposals
Monitors the research, Makes funds available for research Foundation extends hands to government, business
communities and private endowments to generate resources for doing useful research
Contd…. Lack of coordination and cooperation between science and technology
organisationsGaps between policies and practices and between planning and
performances Lack of integrated long term master plan for the development of science and technology , We lack an institution to fund research organizations
and research projectsSome sort of National Science Foundation
Formulates what type of research the country needs in line with national S & T policy , Sets priority in research
Identifies the relevant institutions Advertise for the submission of research proposals
Monitors the research, Makes funds available for research Foundation extends hands to government, business
communities and private endowments to generate resources for doing useful research
Missing Points:Institutions are not identified silent on extenditureon R and D
( at least 1% of GDP)
Not much about young scientists coordination of science related
Organizations National Innovation System
– institutions that contribute to the creation, diffusion and use of
new economically useful knowledge and the linkages and synergies between the institutions
– institutes include universities, research centers, Government ,
financial and industrial houses and involves technical, commercial,
legal, developmental, social , financial, and regulatory mechanisms
– R and D, developments of products, commercialization and
Marketing, to spur innovation
– this network is the foundation of National Innovation System
Missing Points:Institutions are not identified silent on extenditureon R and D
( at least 1% of GDP)
Not much about young scientists coordination of science related
Organizations National Innovation System
– institutions that contribute to the creation, diffusion and use of
new economically useful knowledge and the linkages and synergies between the institutions
– institutes include universities, research centers, Government ,
financial and industrial houses and involves technical, commercial,
legal, developmental, social , financial, and regulatory mechanisms
– R and D, developments of products, commercialization and
Marketing, to spur innovation
– this network is the foundation of National Innovation System
Contd…..Teaching institutions play key role in producing well qualified
Manpower
Our graduates are internationally sellable
Some faculty members doing good piece of research work published
in journal of international repute
Research infrastructure of Tribhuvan University profusely upgraded, thanks to a World Bank assistance
Ph. D. program is weak. Without a sound Ph.D. program, research
can not be sustained. Programs designed to enhance teacher's
ability, motivation and confidence lacking A few Ph. D. scholarships for teachers are available.
Some talented teachers go abroad for Ph. D., but chances of return
and serve the country is less.
They can not quench the thirst of doing innovative research due to
lack of research infrastructure, Importance of University research.
Contd…..Teaching institutions play key role in producing well qualified
Manpower
Our graduates are internationally sellable
Some faculty members doing good piece of research work published
in journal of international repute
Research infrastructure of Tribhuvan University profusely upgraded, thanks to a World Bank assistance
Ph. D. program is weak. Without a sound Ph.D. program, research
can not be sustained. Programs designed to enhance teacher's
ability, motivation and confidence lacking A few Ph. D. scholarships for teachers are available.
Some talented teachers go abroad for Ph. D., but chances of return
and serve the country is less.
They can not quench the thirst of doing innovative research due to
lack of research infrastructure, Importance of University research.
Scientific culture: Devotion to the scientific work, Openness, Transparency in their work
Sharing of knowledge and expertise with others
Nonhierarchical system of working
Science and Society:
In addition to enrichment of state of knowledge, fruits of R & D should also reach common people
Technology as knowledge of how to fulfill human purposes in a specifiable and reproducible way
The means of producing, distributing, installing, maintaining and repairing the equipment
The ongoing social preparation and end-use training required for the equipment to be used effectively
Institutions and mechanism for financing end-users,
distributors, local manufactures and others.
Scientific culture: Devotion to the scientific work, Openness, Transparency in their work
Sharing of knowledge and expertise with others
Nonhierarchical system of working
Science and Society:
In addition to enrichment of state of knowledge, fruits of R & D should also reach common people
Technology as knowledge of how to fulfill human purposes in a specifiable and reproducible way
The means of producing, distributing, installing, maintaining and repairing the equipment
The ongoing social preparation and end-use training required for the equipment to be used effectively
Institutions and mechanism for financing end-users,
distributors, local manufactures and others.
The Millennium Development Goals cannot be achieved without a focused policy for science,
technology and innovation
Povertyreduction
Identify needs of the poor
TechnologyContext
GovernmentPolicies
Economicgrowth
NewTechnologies The framework identifies the factors that influence
poverty reduction.
ConclusionsConclusions
The state of art of science and technology is relatively new, but is enough adult of having 50 yrs old. Several policies and its foundation started lately in around 1950 after the inception of Tribhuvan University, where at present thirteen Central Departments incorporating different domains of sciences are into operation. The main R and D works have been initiated at Tribhuvan University and in some governmental organizations like NAST, RECAST etc.
The state of art of science and technology is relatively new, but is enough adult of having 50 yrs old. Several policies and its foundation started lately in around 1950 after the inception of Tribhuvan University, where at present thirteen Central Departments incorporating different domains of sciences are into operation. The main R and D works have been initiated at Tribhuvan University and in some governmental organizations like NAST, RECAST etc.
In order to channelize R &D activities in line with national policies, Nepal. Science and Technology Foundation must be created for attracting and disseminating funds for doing S & T activities. National Research Laboratories in different area of S & T should gradually be established.
Science education needs qualitative improvement. Ph.D. and Master programs should be strengthened. In order to utilize young scientists in creative activities and also to prevent brain drain, a scheme of pool scientists
In order to channelize R &D activities in line with national policies, Nepal. Science and Technology Foundation must be created for attracting and disseminating funds for doing S & T activities. National Research Laboratories in different area of S & T should gradually be established.
Science education needs qualitative improvement. Ph.D. and Master programs should be strengthened. In order to utilize young scientists in creative activities and also to prevent brain drain, a scheme of pool scientists
in which they work in assigned S & T organizations for a fixed period of time during which they are expected to find tenured position of their choice, needs to be established. A mechanism of involving business people and entrepreneurs in supporting R & D activities should be established. Indigenous technologies need to be strengthened and modified, if necessary, to meet the country’s demands. Imported technologies should be made country suitable through adaptive research.
Nepal looks forward to have cooperation among international science and technology centers for the establishment of various science centre and for the development of the human resources S & T sector through the training/workshops/seminars & collaborative research.
in which they work in assigned S & T organizations for a fixed period of time during which they are expected to find tenured position of their choice, needs to be established. A mechanism of involving business people and entrepreneurs in supporting R & D activities should be established. Indigenous technologies need to be strengthened and modified, if necessary, to meet the country’s demands. Imported technologies should be made country suitable through adaptive research.
Nepal looks forward to have cooperation among international science and technology centers for the establishment of various science centre and for the development of the human resources S & T sector through the training/workshops/seminars & collaborative research.
AcknowledgementsProf. Dr. Mohan B. Gewali, Central Department of Chemistry, TU;
Prof. Dr. Kedar Nath Ghimire, Central Department of Chemistry, TU;Mr. Dilli Raj Joshi, NAST and Prof. Dr. Mr. Dilli Raj Joshi, NAST and Prof. Dr. Tajammul Hussain, COMSATS
Thank you
AcknowledgementsProf. Dr. Mohan B. Gewali, Central Department of Chemistry, TU;
Prof. Dr. Kedar Nath Ghimire, Central Department of Chemistry, TU;Mr. Dilli Raj Joshi, NAST and Prof. Dr. Mr. Dilli Raj Joshi, NAST and Prof. Dr. Tajammul Hussain, COMSATS
Thank you