The Statesman’s Yearbook 2022

The Statesman’s Yearbook2022

The Politics, Cultures and Economiesof the World

Springer Nature LimitedPublished annually since 1864

The Statesman’s Yearbook 2022ISBN 978-1-349-96044-6 ISBN 978-1-349-96045-3 (eBook)https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-349-96045-3

© Springer Nature Limited 2022The author(s) has/have asserted their right(s) to be identified as the author(s) of this work in accordance with theCopyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material isconcerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproductionon microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation,computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed.The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does notimply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws andregulations and therefore free for general use.The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed tobe true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty,expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have beenmade. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Limited.The registered company address is: The Campus, 4 Crinan Street, London, N1 9XW, United Kingdom.

World Population Developments

1950

1. China 554,419,0002. India 376,325,0003. USSR 181,037,0004. USA 158,804,0005. Japan 82,802,0006. Indonesia 69,543,0007. Brazil 53,975,0008. West Germany 50,958,0009. UK 50,616,00010. Italy 46,599,000

2019

1. China 1,433,784,0002. India 1,366,418,0003. USA 329,065,0004. Indonesia 270,626,0005. Pakistan 216,565,0006. Brazil 211,050,0007. Nigeria 200,964,0008. Bangladesh 163,046,0009. Russia 145,872,00010. Mexico 127,576,000

2050

1. India 1,639,176,0002. China 1,433,697,0003. Nigeria 401,315,0004. USA 379,419,0005. Pakistan 338,013,0006. Indonesia 330,905,0007. Brazil 228,980,0008. Ethiopia 205,411,0009. Congo, Democratic Republic of the 194,489,00010. Bangladesh 192,568,000

Source: United Nations World Population Prospects (2019 Revision)

v

Largest Urban Agglomerations

1950

1. New York-Newark, USA 12,338,0002. Tokyo, Japan 11,275,0003. London, United Kingdom 8,361,0004. Osaka, Japan1 7,005,0005. Paris, France 6,283,0006. Moscow, USSR 5,356,0007. Buenos Aires, Argentina 5,166,0008. Chicago, USA 4,999,0009. Calcutta, India 4,604,00010. Shanghai, China 4,288,000

1 Plus major neighbouring cities, including Kobe and Kyoto.

2015

1. Tokyo, Japan 37,256,0002. Delhi, India 25,866,0003. Shanghai, China 23,482,0004. Mexico City, Mexico 21,340,0005. São Paulo, Brazil 20,883,0006. Mumbai (Bombay), India 19,316,0007. Osaka, Japan1 19,305,0008. Cairo, Egypt 18,820,0009. New York-Newark, USA 18,648,00010. Beijing, China 18,421,000

1 Plus major neighbouring cities, including Kobe and Kyoto.

2025

1. Tokyo, Japan 37,036,0002. Delhi, India 34,666,0003. Shanghai, China 30,482,0004. Dhaka, Bangladesh 24,653,0005. Cairo, Egypt 23,074,0006. São Paulo, Brazil 22,990,0007. Mexico City, Mexico 22,752,0008. Beijing, China 22,596,0009. Mumbai (Bombay), India 22,089,00010. New York-Newark, USA 19,154,000

Source: United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs/Population Division, World Urbanization Prospects(2018 Revision)

vii

A T L A N T I C

O C E A N

P A C I F I C O C E A N

Brasília

Asunción

La Paz

MontevideoBuenosAires

SantiagoValparaíso

Lima

Quito

Bogotá

Caracas

Havana

Mexico City

Washington, DC

Ottawa

B R A Z I L

PARAGUAY

BOLIVIA

CHILE

URUGUAY

ARGENTINA

PERU

ECUADOR

COLOMBIA

VENEZUELATRINIDAD & TOBAGO

DOMINICABARBADOS

French Guiana (Fr.)SURINAME

GUYANA

CUBAMEXICO

PANAMACOSTA RICA

EL SALVADORGUATEMALA

NICARAGUA

HONDURASBELIZE

JAMAICAHAITI

DOMINICAN REPUBLIC

THE BAHAMAS

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

C A N A D A

ALASKA(USA)

ANTARCTICA

0°

30°

60°

60°

30°

150° 120° 90°

Equator

Tropic of Cancer

Tropic of Capricorn

Antarctic Circle

Arctic Circle

150° 120° 90°

Oslo

Paris

London

MadridLisbonAlgiers Tunis

Tripoli

Rabat

El Aaiún

N'Djaména

Reykjavik

Luanda

NAMIBIA

A

ANGOLA

R

GABON

CONGO

NIGER

NIGERIA

MALI

EQUATORIAL GUINEACAMEROON

CÔTED'IVOIRE

GH

AN

A

BE

NIN

TO

GO

BURKINAFASO

MAURITANIA

LIBERIASIERRA LEONE

GUINEAGUINEABISSAU

THE GAMBIA

WESTERNSAHARA(SADR)

CABOVERDE SENEGAL

ALGERIA

MOROCCO

PORTUGALSPAIN

MALTA

TUNISIA

UNITEDKINGDOM

FRANCEITALY

AUSTRIA

ICELAND

REPUBLIC OFIRELAND

POLAND

GERMANY

DENMARK

NORWAY

West ofGreenwich

0°

East ofGreenwich

30°

0°30°

Gre

enw

ich

Mer

idia

n

(Denmark)GREENLAND

60°

60°

Falkland Is(UK)

Galapagos Is(Ecu.)

Hawaii(USA)

Azores(Port.)

French Polynesia(Fr.)

NETH.

BELG.

Abuja

Kinshasa

SÃO TOMÉAND PRÍNCIPE

Sucre

International borderCapital city

Key The Political

DublinBerlin

Rome

SantoDomingo

Nouakchott

Bamako Niamey

South Georgia(UK)

© Springer Nature Limited 2022

N

S

EW

0

4000 km0

2000 miles

P A C I F I C O C E A N

I N D I A N

O C E A NLusakaHarare

Gaborone

Windhoek

Pretoria

BloemfonteinCapeTown

Maputo

Antananarivo

Dodoma

Nairobi

Mogadishu

AddisAbaba

Riyadh

Cairo

KabulIslamabad

NewDelhi

YangonNaypyidaw

Bangkok

Taipei

Manila

TokyoSeoul

Beijing

Canberra

PortMoresby

Kuala Lumpur

Jakarta

Moscow

Helsinki

Stockholm

Khartoum

Sri JayawardenapuraKotte

Wellington

Ulaanbaatar

LESOTHO

ESWATINI

MOZAMBIQUEBOTSWANAZIMBABWE

SOUTHAFRICA

CONGO(DEM. REP.)

ZAMBIA

BURUNDI

KENYAUGANDA

CENTRALAFRICAN

REPUBLIC

CHAD

LIBYA

TURKEY

UKRAINE

CYPRUSGREECE

BULGARIA GEORGIA

ROMANIA

LEBANONISRAEL

JORDAN

SYRIA

HUNGARY MOLDOVA

EGYPT

SUDAN

SAUDIARABIA

SOMALIAETHIOPIA

YEMENERITREA

DJIBOUTI

ARMENIA

BELARUS

SWEDEN FINLAND

LATVIA

ESTONIA

MALDIVES

SEYCHELLES

MADAGASCAR

MAURITIUS

COMOROS

RWANDA

IRAQ

OMAN

KUWAIT

IRAN

BAHRAINQATAR

AFGHANISTAN

PAKISTAN NEPAL

BANGLADESH

BHUTAN

C H I N ATAJIKISTAN

KYRGYZSTAN

UZBEKISTAN

KAZAKHSTAN

TURKMENISTAN

AZERBAIJAN

MYANMARINDIA

THAILAND

LAOS

VIETNAM

MALAYSIA

CAMBODIA

BRUNEI

SINGAPORE

I N D O N E S I A

PHILIPPINES

A U S T R A L I A

PAPUANEW GUINEA

SOLOMON ISLANDS

VANUATU

FIJI TONGA

SAMOA

TUVALU

KIRIBATI

NEWZEALAND

Taiwan (China)

NORTH KOREA

SOUTHKOREA

MO N G OLIA

JAPAN

R U S S I A

SRI LANKA

LITHUANIA

ANTARCTICA

TANZANIA

30

60

30

60

0

30 60 90 120 150 180

Equator

Tropic of Cancer

Antarctic Circle

Arctic Circle

Tropic of Capricorn

30 60 90 120 150 180

MALAWIˆ

UNITED ARABEMIRATES

NAURU

PALAU

Svalbard(Nor.)

MICRONESIA

MARSHALLISLANDS

Nur-Sultan

Tashkent

Tehran

Hanoi

Phnom Penh

TIMOR-LESTE

World

SOUTHSUDANJuba

Pyongyang

Muscat

Sana'a

Afghanistan

Albania

Algeria

Andorra

Angola

Antigua andBarbuda

Argentina

Barbados

Belgium

Belize

Benin

Bhutan

Bolivia Chile

Denmark

Dominica

Djibouti

France

India

Iceland

Cambodia

Cameroon

Canada

Cabo Verde

Chad

Czech Republic

Belarus

Croatia

Cuba

Cyprus

Central AfricanRepublic

Ethiopia

Eswatini

Fiji

Finland

Gabon

The Gambia

Haiti

Honduras

Hungary

Guinea-Bissau

Guyana

Japan

Jordan

Kazakhstan

Kenya

Kiribati

Korea, North

Korea, South

[M] © GreenOptix /AdobeStock

Egypt

EquatorialGuinea

Armenia

Azerbaijan

Australia

The Bahamas

Bahrain

Bangladesh

Bosnia andHerzegovina

Botswana

Brazil

Brunei

Bulgaria

Burkina Faso

Burundi

China

Costa Rica

Congo, DemocraticRepublic of the

DominicanRepublic

Ecuador

El Salvador

Côte d’lvoire

Eritrea

Estonia

Guatemala

Indonesia

Colombia

ComorosAustria

Congo,Republic of the

Georgia

Germany

Ghana

Greece

Grenada

Guinea

Iran

Iraq

Israel

Italy

Jamaica

Kuwait

Kyrgyzstan

Laos

Latvia

Lebanon

Lesotho

Liberia

Ireland

NorthMacedonia

Niger

Nigeria

Norway

Oman

Pakistan

Palau

Morocco

Micronesia

Monaco

Mongolia

Montenegro

Mozambique

Moldova

Qatar

Rwanda

Romania

Russia

St Kitts andNevis

St Lucia

St Vincent andthe Grenadines

SolomonIslands

Sierra Leone

Singapore

Slovakia

Slovenia

Somalia

South Africa

Libya

Liechtenstein

Lithuania

Luxembourg

Madagascar

Malaŵi

Malaysia

Syria

Tajikistan

Tanzania

Thailand

Tonga

Timor-Leste

Togo

Uruguay

Uzbekistan

Vanuatu

Vatican CityState

United ArabEmirates

United Statesof America

UnitedKingdom

Maldives

Mali

Malta

MarshallIslands

Mauritania

Mauritius

Mexico

Namibia

Nauru

Nepal

New Zealand

Nicaragua

Netherlands

Panama

Papua NewGuinea

Paraguay

Peru

Philippines

Poland

Portugal

Myanmar

Saudi Arabia

Sweden

Switzerland

Senegal

Serbia

Seychelles

Samoa

San Marino

São Toméand Príncipe

Spain

Sri Lanka

Sudan

South Sudan

Suriname

Trinidad andTobago

Tunisia

Turkey

Tuvalu

Turkmenistan

Uganda

Ukraine

Yemen

Zambia

Zimbabwe

Venezuela

Vietnam

Key World Facts

World population in 2020 7,795 million (3,930 million males and 3,865 millionfemales)

World population under 30 in 2020 3,788 millionWorld population over 60 in 2020 1,050 million

World population over 100 in 2020 573,000

World median age (both sexes) 30�9Number of births worldwide every day 382,000

Number of deaths worldwide every day 162,000Number of women married before the age of 18 720 million

Number of women married before the age of 15 250 million

World economic growth rate in 2019 2�9% (3�6% in 2018)Number of illiterate adults 773 million

Number of unemployed people 188 millionAverage world life expectancy 74�9 years for females; 70�4 years for males

Annual world population increase 81�3 million peopleNumber of people living outside country of birth 258 million, or more than 3% of the world’s population

Fertility rate 2�4 births per woman

Urban population 55�7% of total populationWorld trade in 2018 US$39,266 billion

World defence expenditure in 2018 US$1,822 billionNumber of cigarettes smoked 5,700 billion a year

Number of internet users 4�6 billion

Number of emails sent per day 294 billionNumber of Facebook users 2�2 billion

Number of mobile phone subscriptions 7�9 billionPercentage of women in national parliaments 25�0%Percentage of senior management positions held bywomen

29%

Number of people living in extreme poverty 736 millionNumber of people living in slums 881 million

Number of undernourished people 822 millionNumber of overweight adults 1�9 billion

Number of obese adults 672 millionNumber of people lacking clean drinking water 785 million

Number of people lacking basic sanitation 2�0 billion

Number of people living with HIV/AIDS 37�9 millionNumber of people suffering from depressionworldwide

264 million

Annual carbon dioxide emissions 33�3 billion tonnes

xiii

Chronology

March 2020–February 2021

Week beginning 1 March 2020Cipriano Cassamá stood down as Guinea-Bissau’s interim president. The following day, prime minister Nuno GomesNabiam announced his government including Sandji Fati as minister of defence, João Aladje Mamadu Fadia as ministerof finance, Suzi Carla Barbosa as minister of foreign affairs and Botche Candé as minister of the interior.

Muhammad Tawfiq Allawi withdrew from the race for Iraq’s premiership. Two weeks later, president Barham Salihannounced Adnan al-Zurfi as prime minister-designate.

Muhyiddin Yassin became Malaysia’s prime minister. The following week, he announced a cabinet with IsmailSabri Yaakob as defence minister, Tengku Abdul Aziz finance minister, Hishammuddin Hussein foreign affairs ministerand Hamzah Zainuddin home affairs minister.

In Tajikistan’s parliamentary elections the People’s Democratic Party of Tajikistan won 47 of 63 seats (50�4% of thevote), the Agrarian Party 7 (16�5%), the Party of Economic Reforms 5 (16�6%), the Communist Party (CP) 2 (3�1%), theSocialist Party 1 (5�2%) and the Democratic Party 1 (5�1%). Turnout was 86�1%.

Luis Lacalle Pou took office as Uruguay’s president.In a snap election in Guyana, the People’s Progressive Party/Civic (PPP/C) won 33 of 65 seats, the Partnership for

National Unity and Alliance for Change (APNU+AFC) 31 and A New and United Guyana–Liberty and Justice Party–TheNew Movement 1. Turnout was 72�6%. In the presidential election held on the same day, Irfaan Ali of the PPP/Creceived 233,336 votes after a recount (50�7% of the vote) and incumbent president David Granger of APNU+AFCreceived 217,920 (47�3%). However, the Elections Commission did not confirm the winner.

Joseph Joute became Haiti’s prime minister, with Jean Walnard Dorneval as defence minister, Michel PatrickBoisvert as finance minister, Claude Joseph as foreign minister and Audain Fils Bernadel as interior minister.

Elections were held for Israel’s parliament (Knesset) in which Likud won 36 of 120 seats with 29�5% of votes cast,the Blue and White Party 33 (26�6%), the Joint List 15 (12�7%), Shas 9 (7�7%), United Torah Judaism 7 (6�0%), Labor-Gesher-Meretz 7 (5�8%), Yisrael Beiteinu 7 (5�7%) and Yamina 6 (5�2%). Turnout was 71�5%.

In France, the government of Édouard Philippe survived two no-confidence motions, which received 148 and 91votes respectively (with 289 required).

Slovenia’s parliament confirmed Janez Janša as prime minister for a third time by 52 votes to 31. He named MatejTonin as defence minister, Andrej Šircelj finance minister, Anže Logar foreign affairs minister and Aleš Hojs interiorminister.

Oleksiy Honcharuk resigned as Ukraine’s prime minister, with Denys Shmyhal elected to succeed him. AndriyTaran was named minister of defence, Ihor Umansky finance and Dmytro Kuleba foreign affairs. Arsen Avakov retainedthe interior portfolio.

In Slovakia, Igor Matovič was invited by president Zuzana Caputová to form a government. Two weeks later,Matovič named a cabinet including Jaroslav Nad’ as minister of defence, Eduard Heger finance and Roman Mikulecinterior. Richard Sulík was named acting foreign affairs minister with Ivan Korčok succeeding him on a permanent basisin April.

Javier Pérez de Cuéllar, secretary-general of the United Nations from 1982–91 and prime minister of Peru from2000-01, died.

Dean Barrow’s government survived a no-confidence vote in Belize by 18 votes to 11.Janaina Tewaney Mencomo became Panama’s interior minister.

Week beginning 8 March 2020Ashraf Ghani was sworn in as Afghanistan’s president. Abdullah Abdullah, who came second in the earlier election anddescribed it as ‘fraudulent’, proclaimed himself president in a separate, rival ceremony.

Luis Fernando López was sacked as Bolivia’s minister of defence after being censured by parliament. Having beenreplaced by Jeanine Áñez in an interim capacity, he was reappointed defence minister the following day.

After prime minister-designate Florin Cîtu was unable to form a workable administration in Romania, incumbentprime minister Ludovic Orban was tasked with forming a new government, which won parliamentary backing thefollowing day.

South Sudan’s president Salva Kiir appointed Angelina Teny as minister of defence, Beatrice Khamisa Wani-Noahforeign affairs and Paul Mayom Akech interior, with Salvatore Garang Mabiordit retaining the finance portfolio.

Katerina Sakellaropoulou was sworn in as president of Greece.Malaŵi’s president Peter Mutharika dissolved his cabinet, assuming all ministerial responsibilities for six days until

he appointed a new administration that included Joseph Mwanamvekha as finance minister and Kondwani Nankhumwaas foreign minister. Mutharika retained the defence portfolio and Nicholas Dausi was retained as minister of homelandsecurity.

Week beginning 15 March 2020Belgium’s king Philippe invited Sophie Wilmès to form a government, which was sworn in the following day with anunchanged cabinet in key positions.

Following a cabinet reshuffle in Moldova, Alexandru Pînzari became minister of defence and Oleg Tulea minister offoreign affairs.

xv

Kosovo's minister of the interior, Agim Veliu, was dismissed amid disagreement over whether a state of emergencyshould be declared in the face of the Covid-19 epidemic. He was succeeded by Xhelal Svecla. The following week, thegovernment of Albin Kurti lost a parliamentary no-confidence vote by 82 votes to 32.

In Namibia, Saara Kuugongelwa-Amadhila was sworn in for a second term as prime minister. Her cabinet includedPeter Hafeni Vilho as defence minister and Iipumbu Shiimi as finance minister. Netumbo Nandi-Ndaitwah was retainedas deputy prime minister and minister of international relations and co-operation and Frans Kapofi as home affairsminister.

Marcel Amon Tanoh resigned as Côte d'Ivoire’s foreign minister, with Ally Coulibaly succeeding him in an actingcapacity the following day and on a permanent basis eight weeks later.

In Vanuatu’s parliamentary elections, the Ground and Justice Party won 9 of 52 seats with 10�0% of the vote, theParty of Our Land (Vanua’aku Pati) 7 (12�1%), the Reunification of Movements for Change 7 (11�3%), the LeadersParty of Vanuatu 5 (12�5%), the Union of Moderate Parties 5 (7�7%) and the National United Party 4 (3�7%). A numberof smaller parties won the remaining seats. Turnout was 52�0%.

Šefik Džaferović became chairman of Bosnia and Herzegovina’s three-person presidency.Luis Almagro of Uruguay was re-elected as secretary-general of the Organization of American States.

Week beginning 22 March 2020In delayed polling in 11 parliamentary constituencies in Cameroon, the Cameroon People’s Democratic Movement wonall 13 available seats for an aggregate total of 152 out of 180 seats.

Parliamentary elections were held in Guinea in which president Alpha Condé’s Rally of the GuineanPeople–Rainbow gained 79 out of 114 seats, Guinean Democratic Union 4, Guinean Popular Democratic Movement3 and NewDemocratic Forces 3. A number of smaller parties each took two seats or fewer. The opposition boycotted theelection.

Sudan’s minister of defence, Lieut.-Gen. Jamal Omer, died of a heart attack.

Week beginning 29 March 2020In Ukraine, Serhiy Marchenko’s appointment as finance minister was confirmed by parliament.

Abdul Hadi Arghandiwal became Afghanistan’s acting finance minister, with Mohammad Hanif Atmar appointedacting foreign minister four days later.

Alessandro Mancini and Grazia Zafferani took office as San Marino’s captains-regent.Mohammad Hanif Atmar became Afghanistan's acting foreign minister.

Week beginning 5 April 2020Following a cabinet reshuffle in Angola, Ernesto dos Santos was sworn in as minister of defence and Tete António asminister of foreign affairs.

Ivan Korčok became Slovakia’s foreign minister.Taur Matan Ruak withdrew his resignation as Timor-Leste’s prime minister.After Adnan al-Zurfi withdrew as Iraq’s prime minister-designate, president Barham Salih selected Mustafa al-

Kadhimi to take over the position.

Week beginning 12 April 2020Turkey’s president Recep Tayyip Erdoğan rejected the resignation of interior minister Süleyman Soylu.

At elections to South Korea’s national assembly, the Democratic Party won 163 of 300 seats; the United Future Party84; the Future Korea Party 19; the Together Citizens’ Party 17; and the Justice Party 6. Smaller parties and independentstook the remaining seats. Turnout was 66�2%.

In Fiji, prime minister Voreqe Bainimarama took responsibility for the foreign affairs portfolio following a cabinetreshuffle.

After the second round of parliamentary elections in Mali (the first round having taken place at the end of theprevious month), the Rally for Mali won 51 of 147 seats, the Alliance for Democracy in Mali 24, the Union for theRepublic and Democracy 19, the Movement for Mali 10, the Democratic Alliance for Peace 6 and the Convergence forthe Development of Mali 5. The remaining seats went to smaller parties. Turnout was 35�6% in the first round and35�3% in the second.

In Israel, Benny Gantz and incumbent prime minister Binyamin Netanyahu agreed to form a coalition after Gantzwas unable to form a government within a mandated period. Under the terms of their deal, Netanyahu was to remain asprime minister for a further 18 months before Gantz assumed the role, also for 18 months.

Bob Loughman was elected prime minister by Vanuatu’s parliament with 31 votes, against 21 for Ralph Regenvanu.He named a cabinet including Johnny Koanapo as finance minister, Mark Ati as foreign minister and Ishmael Kalsakauas internal affairs minister.

Week beginning 19 April 2020Laisenia Qarase, twice prime minister of Fiji between 2000 and 2006, died.

The second round of parliamentary elections in Kiribati (held a week after the first round) resulted in BoutokaanKiribati Moa Party winning 22 seats and the Tobwaan Kiribati Party also 22.

Carlos Morán resigned as Peru’s interior minister and was succeeded by Gastón Rodríguez.Rwanda’s president Paul Kagame dismissed the minister of internal security, Patrick Nyamvumba.

Week beginning 26 April 2020Avdullah Hoti was named Kosovo's prime minister-designate by president Hashim Thaçi.

In Slovakia, Igor Matovič’s government won a parliamentary confidence vote by 93 votes to 48.Boris Johnson returned to work after being hospitalised with Covid-19.

xvi Chronology

In Libya, General Khalifa Haftar was accused by prime minister Fayez al-Sarraj of carrying out a coup d'état after heput parts of the country under direct military rule.

Brazil’s president Jair Bolsonaro appointed key allies André Mendonça and Alexandre Ramagem to head the justiceministry and federal police respectively.

Week beginning 3 May 2020Protesters in Slovenia accuse prime minister Janez Jansa of using the coronavirus pandemic as a means of restrictingfreedom and increasing police powers.

Venezuelan Armed Forces and Navy halted Operation Gideon, an unsuccessful attempt to bring down thegovernment of Nicolás Maduro, launched by Venezuelan deserter rebels.

Week beginning 10 May 2020The Polish presidential election was postponed until June.

In a cabinet reshuffle in Côte d'Ivoire, Ally Coulibaly was appointed foreign minister.The prime minister of Timor-Leste, Taur Matan Ruak, restructured his government. The move involved the

appointment of Fernando Hanjam as finance minister.In Sierra Leone, parliament approved David Panda-Noah as interior minister.Premier Su Tseng-chang of Taiwan announced the resignation of all cabinet members ahead of the inauguration of

president Tsai Ing-wen for her second term.The Director-General of the World Trade Organization (WTO), Roberto Carvalho de Azevêdo, announced his

resignation, effective the end of August.

Week beginning 17 May 2020President Ashraf Ghani of Afghanistan and rival Abdullah Abdullah signed a power-sharing agreement, which endedAbdullah's claim to the presidency.

Yerulan Zhamaubayev was given the finance portfolio in the Kazakhstan cabinet.Presidential and parliamentary elections were held in Burundi. Évariste Ndayishimiye (National Council for the

Defense of Democracy–Forces for the Defense of Democracy/CNDD-FDD) won the presidency with 71�5% of the voteand the ruling CNDD–FDD took 86 of 123 seats.

The New Zealand National Party leadership election took place. It was won by Todd Muller and Nikki Kaye.Araik Arutyunyan was sworn in as president of Artsakh (The Nagorno-Karabakh Republic).

Week beginning 24 May 2020In parliamentary elections in Suriname the Progressive Reform Party won 20 of the available 51 seats, the NationalDemocratic Party won 16, the General Liberation and Development Party 8, the National Party of Suriname 3,Brotherhood and Unity in Politics 2, and Pertjajah Luhur 2.

Costa Rican finance minister Rodrigo Chaves resigned.

Week beginning 31 May 2020Marches took place around the word against police brutality and the killing of African-American George Floyd.

The security minister of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Fahrudin Radoncic, resigned.Yassin Ibrahim was given the defence portfolio in the Sudan.

Week beginning 7 June 2020Burundian president Pierre Nkurunziza died. Following his death, seven national days of mourning were announced.

The Portuguese finance minister, Mário Centeno, resigned and was replaced by João Leão.The cabinet in Mali resigned.In Papua New Guinea, foreign minister Patrick Pruaitch was suspended from office.Syrian president Bashar al-Assad dismissed prime minister Imad Khamis and named Hussein Arnous as acting

prime minister in his place.

Week beginning 14 June 2020In Ireland, Fianna Fáil, Fine Gael, and the Green Party come to the agreement that Micheál Martin would be primeminister until Dec. 2022, and then be succeeded by Leo Varadkar. In Martin’s cabinet, foreign minister Simon Coveneyalso took on the defence portfolio.

Prime minister Mukhammetkaly Abulgaziyev of Kyrgyzstan resigned. The ruling coalition nominated first deputyprime minister Boronov to be prime minister until parliamentary elections in Oct. 2020.

Week beginning 21 June 2020Parliamentary elections in Serbia were held. The coalition led by the SNS won 188 seats; the Socialist Party ofSerbia–United Serbia coalition, 32; the Serbian Patriotic Alliance, 11; Straight Ahead, 4; the Albanian DemocraticAlternative, 3; the Party of Democratic Action of Sandžak, 3. Turnout was 48�9%.

Taneti Maamau was re-elected president of Kiribati with 59�3% of the vote, defeating Banuera Berina who took40�7%.

A cabinet reshuffle in Algeria resulted in Ayman Benabderrahmane becoming finance minister.At the Malawian presidential elections, Lazarus Chakwera of the Malaŵi Congress Party (MCP) won with 59�3% of

the vote, ahead of incumbent Peter Mutharika of the Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) with 39�9%.In Cyprus, Charalampos Petridis was appointed defence minister during a cabinet reshuffle.At the Mongolian parliamentary elections, the Mongolian People’s Party (known as the Mongolian People’s

Revolutionary Party from 1924–2010) won 62 of the 76 available seats, the Democratic Party 11, Our Coalition 1,the Right Person Electorate Coalition 1 and ind. 1. Turnout was 73�6%.

Chronology xvii

In the Icelandic presidential elections, incumbent Guðni Jóhannesson won 92�2% of the vote against GudmundurFranklin Jónsson with 7�8%. Turnout was 66�9%.

Week beginning 28 June 2020Polish presidential elections were held in two rounds, the first on 28 June and the second on 12 July 2020. In the firstround Andrzej Duda (ind.) gained 43�5% of votes cast, Rafał Trzaskowski of Civic Platform (PO) 30�5%.

President Umaro Sissoco Embaló of Guinea-Bissau dismissed five cabinet ministers, but later reinstates them.Niger interior minister Mohamed Bazoum resigned. He was replaced by Alkache Alhada.The interior minister of Slovenia, Ales Hojs, resigned.Uruguayan foreign minister Ernesto Talvi resigned and was replaced by Francisco Bustillo.A new cabinet was named in Kiribati, with Boutu Bateriki taking on the internal affairs portfolio and Teuea Toatu

remaining finance minister.Parliament reelected Ukhnaa Khürelsükh as prime minister of Mongolia. Khürelsükh presented his cabinet,

including Nyamtseren Enkhtaivan as foreign minister, Gursed Saikhanbayar as defence minister and KhishgeegiynNyambaatar as internal affairs minister.

The French prime minister Édouard Philippe resigned. President Emmanuel Macron named Jean Castex as primeminister.

In Turkmenistan, Mukhammetgeldi Serdarov was appointed finance minister.

Week beginning 5 July 2020After the Russian constitutional referendum on 1 July, president Vladimir Putin was granted sweeping powers that allowhim to run again for two more six-year presidential terms until 2036. The amendment also enshrined conservativevalues, patriotic education and places the constitution above international law.

Parliamentary elections were held in Croatia. A coalition led by the HDZ won 66 seats (37�3% of the vote in thedomestic electoral districts), the Restart Coalition led by the Social Democratic Party of Croatia (SDP) 41 (24�9%) andthe Homeland Movement 16 (10�9%).

General elections were held in the Dominican Republic on 5 July 2020. Luis Abinader of the Modern RevolutionaryParty (PRM) was elected as president with 52�5% of the votes against Gonzalo Castillo of the Dominican LiberationParty (PLD) with 37�5%. At the parliamentary elections held on the same day, the PRMwon 86 seats in the Chamber ofDeputies with 40�8% of the vote, ahead of the PLD’s 75, the Socialist Christian Reformist Party (PRSC) with 6 and theDominican Revolutionary Party (PRD) with 4. In the Senate elections the PRM won 17 seats, the PLD 6, the PRSC 6,Dominicans for Change 1, FB 1 and the Social Democratic Institutional Bloc 1.

The new French cabinet was named, including Gérald Darmanin as interior minister and Jean-Yves Le Drian asforeign minister.

In parliamentary elections held in Singapore the ruling People’s Action Party (PAP) won 83 of 95 seats, theWorkers’ Party took 10 seats and the Progress Singapore Party took 2. Turnout was 95�8%.

Thousands of protesters marched to demand the resignation of Serbian President Aleksandar Vučić after he re-imposed a curfew designed to stop the spread of Covid-19.

In Bolivia, Óscar Ortiz took office as finance minister following the resignation of José Luis Parada.Ecuadorian vice president Otto Sonnenholzner resigned.Ecuadorian foreign minister José Valencia resigned and was replaced by Luis Gallegos.The prime minister of Côte d'Ivoire, Amadou Gon Coulibaly, died.The full Malawian cabinet was named, including Eisenhower Mkaka as foreign minister.Several ministers were removed in the Sudan and replaced by acting ministers.

Week beginning 12 July 2020500,000 voters participated in primary elections for pro-democracy candidates in Hong Kong.

Thousands of protesters marched in the Democratic Republic of the Congo against the selection of a new electionchief with links to former president Joseph Kabila.

Chandrikapersad Santokhi was elected president of Suriname by the National Assembly. Since he stood unopposed,there was no need for a formal vote.

In the second round run-off in Poland Andrzej Duda was re-elected president with 51�0% of the vote against 49�0%for Rafał Trzaskowski.

A cabinet reshuffle in Chad results in Amine Abba Sidick being given the foreign affairs portfolio.Parliamentary elections were held in North Macedonia. The We Can coalition (led by the Social Democratic Union

of Macedonia/SDSM) won 46 of 120 seats; the Renewal coalition (led by the Internal Macedonian RevolutionaryOrganization-Democratic Party for Macedonian National Unity/VMRO-DPMNE) took 44; the Democratic Union forIntegration 15; the Alliance for Albanians–Alternative coalition 12; The Left 2 and the Democratic Party of Albanians 1.Turnout was 52�0%.

A new government was sworn in in Peru. Pedro Cateriano was sworn in as prime minister, Mario López Chávarriwas sworn in as foreign minister and Jorge Montoya is sworn in as interior minister.

The Tunisian prime minister Elyes Fakhfakh resigned.In Azerbaijan, president Ilham Aliyev dismissed foreign minister Elmar Mammadyarov. Jeyhun Bayramov was

appointed in their place.María Alejandra Muñoz was elected to the post of Ecuadorian vice president.The president of Gabon, Ali Bongo Ondimba, named Rose Christiane Ossouka Raponda as prime minister.Thailand’s finance minister, Uttama Savanayana, resigned.

Week beginning 19 July 2020In the parliamentary election held in Syria, the Ba`th Party and allies won 177 of 250 seats. Turnout is 33.2%.

The governor of Indian state Madhya Pradesh, Lalji Tandon, died. The governor of Uttar Pradesh, Anandiben Patel,was subsequently given additional charge of Madhya Pradesh.

xviii Chronology

In a cabinet reshuffle, Wilfred Abrahams became home affairs minister in Barbados.The Somalian parliament voted to remove Hassan Ali Kheyre from the post of prime minister. Mahdi Mohamed

Guled was named as acting prime minister.In Tunisia, the president confirmed interior minister Hichem Mechichi as the new prime minister.

Week beginning 26 July 2020Liberian foreign Minister Gbehzohngar Findley resigned and Boimah Fahnbulleh became acting foreign minister.

During a cabinet reshuffle in Chile, Andrés Allamand was given the foreign affairs portfolio, Mario Desbordes thedefence portfolio and Víctor Pérez the interior portfolio.

The finance minister of El Salvador, Nelson Fuentes, resigned. Alejandro Zelaya was sworn in to replace him.After serving as acting prime minister of Côte d'Ivoire, Hamed Bakayoko is named prime minister.

Week beginning 2 Aug. 2020A large amount of ammonium nitrate stored in a container at a port exploded in Beirut, Lebanon. The LebaneseGovernment subsequently declared a two-week State of Emergency.

Following a recount in May, the Elections Commission in Guyana declared Irfaan Ali president-elect and winner ofthe March election.

Peruvian prime minister Pedro Cateriano lost a vote of confidence in Congress and resigned. Later in the weekWalter Martos is nominated and sworn in as prime minister.

Parliamentary elections were held on in Sri Lanka. The Sri Lanka Podujana Peramuna gained 145 seats; the SamagiJana Balawegaya 54; the Tamil National Alliance 10; and Jathika Jana Balawegaya 3. 11 other parties won theremaining seats. Turnout was 75�9%.

Mahinda Rajapakse was sworn in after being re-elected as prime minister of Sri Lanka.The government of Mauritanian prime minister Ismail Ould Bedda Ould Cheikh Sidiya resigned. Mohamed Ould

Bilal was subsequently appointed as prime minister.Predee Daochai was nominated as finance minister in a cabinet reshuffle in Thailand.

Week beginning 9 Aug. 2020The 2020 Belarusian presidential election led to violent protests and allegations of electoral fraud after incumbentPresident Alexander Lukashenko claims a landslide victory over Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya. Several nations rejected theoutcome of the election and Tsikhanouskaya went into exile after receiving death threats.

In Trinidad and Tobago, the ruling People’s National Movement (PNM) won 22 of 41 seats at parliamentaryelections, against the 19 seats won by the United National Congress. Turnout was 58�0%.

Lebanese prime minister Hassan Diab and his cabinet resigned. As of Feb. 2021 there was no Lebanese cabinet.The United Arab Emirates and Israel agreed to reestablish diplomatic relations, according to former president

Donald Trump.A new cabinet was announced in Sri Lanka. President Gotabaya Rajapakse took the defence portfolio and the prime

minister retained the finance portfolio.Kim Tok Hun was appointed as premier in North Korea.In Equatorial Guinea, the government of prime minister Francisco Pascual Obama Asue resigned.

Week beginning 16 Aug. 2020Obama Asue was reappointed as prime minister in Equatorial Guinea. A new government was announced, whichincluded Victoriano Bibang Nsue Okomo as defence minister.

Luis Abinader was sworn in as president of the Dominican Republic.Bart DeWever and Paul Magnette resigned as préformateurs in Belgium. The King appointed Egbert Lachaert to the

role.In Canada, finance minister Bill Morneau resigned and was replaced by Chrystia Freeland.Kenea Yadeta was named defence minister during a cabinet reshuffle in Ethiopia.A military coup in Mali forced the resignation of the president, Ibrahim Boubacar Keita, and the dissolution of the

government of prime minister Boubou Cissé.In Oman, Badr ibn Hamad ibn Hamoud Al Busaidi was appointed foreign minister and Sultan ibn Salem ibn Saeed

al-Habsi was appointed finance minister during a cabinet reshuffle.President of North Macedonia Stevo Pendarovski asked Zoran Zaev to form a new government. Zaev's proposed

government included Bujar Osmani as foreign minister, Oliver Spasovski as interior minister and Fatmir Besimi asfinance minister.

Despite widespread protests against electoral fraud, president Alexander Lukashenko rejects calls for new electionsin Belarus.

Lebanese president Michel Aoun refused to follow his prime minister in resignation following the Beirut containerexplosion.

Protests erupted in Khabarovsk Krai, Russia, against the Moscow government. They protested both against thearrest of Governor Sergei Furgal and in support of Kremlin critic Alexei Navalny.

Kremlin critic Alexei Navalny was taken to a German hospital after a suspected poisoning.In Honduras, Rocío Tábora resigned as finance minister and was replaced by Marco Antonio Midence Milla.Polish foreign minister Jacek Czaputowicz resigned and was replaced by Zbigniew Rau.

Week beginning 23 Aug. 2020Tunisian prime minister-designate HichemMechichi announced his government line-up with Othman Jerandi as foreignminister, Ibrahim Bartagi as defence minister and Taoufik Charfeddine as interior minister.

Acting prime minister Hussein Arnous was charged with forming a new government in Syria.

Chronology xix

United States president Donald Trump nominated Chad Wolf (the acting secretary) as secretary of homelandsecurity.

Assimi Goita was proclaimed head of state in Mali.Foreign minister Unity Dow was dismissed and replaced by Lemogang Kwape in a minor government

reorganisation in Botswana.Japanese prime minister Shinzo Abe announced his resignation. He had been the longest serving prime minister in

Japanese history.General Suh Wook was nominated as the South Korean defence minister.Libyan prime minister Fayez al-Sarraj suspended interior minister Fathi Bashagha. Khalid Ahmad Mazen replaced

them in an acting capacity.

Week beginning 30 Aug. 2020In Montenegrin parliamentary elections the Democratic Party of Socialists of Montenegro won 30 of 81 seats (with35�1% of votes cast), the coalition For the Future of Montenegro 27 (32�6%), the coalition Peace is our Nation 10(12�5%) and United Reform Action 4 (5�5%). Five smaller parties and coalitions or alliances won three seats or fewer.Turnout was 76�6%.

Kosovo established diplomatic relations with Israel and opened an embassy in Jerusalem.Serbia and Kosovo normalised diplomatic relations.Pierre Dartout became the minister of state in Monaco.Thai finance minister Predee Daochai submitted his resignation.In parliamentary elections in Jamaica the ruling Jamaica Labour Party took (JLP) 49 of the 63 seats with 57�1% of

votes cast (up from 32 in 2016) and the People’s National Party (PNP) 14 with 42�8% (down from 31 in 2016). Turnoutwas 37�9%.

Dee-Maxwell Saah Kemayah, Sr. was nominated as foreign minister in Liberia.In Libya, the suspended interior minister Fathi Bashagha was restored to his post.Egbert Lachaert and Conner Rousseau were named préformateurs in Belgium.Nepalese finance minister Yubaraj Khatiwada resigned and the portfolio was taken over by prime minister K.P.

Sharma Oli.

Week beginning 6 Sept. 2020Hong Kong police arrested 290 people in protests.

Representatives of the Taliban and the Afghan government met to begin peace talks.Peruvian interior minister Jorge Montoya submitted his resignation. César Gentille took over the portfolio.

Week beginning 13 Sept. 2020Yoshihide Suga was elected as president of the Liberal-Democratic Party in Japan and sworn in as prime minister. Thecabinet included Nobuo Kishi as defence minister and Ryota Takeda as internal affairs minister.

In Libya prime minister Fayez al-Sarraj announced his intention to step down by the end of Oct. 2020.Athian Diing Athian is named to replace Salvatore Garang Mabiordit as finance minister in the South Sudan cabinet.Somalian president Mohamed Abdullahi Mohamed appointed Mohamed Hussein Roble as prime minister.The Chamber of Representatives in Belgium voted to extend the mandate of the government of prime minister

Sophie Wilmès to the start of Oct. 2020.In a cabinet reshuffle in São Tomé and Príncipe, Edite Ten Juá was given the foreign affairs portfolio.

Week beginning 20 Sept. 2020Bah N'Daw was appointed transitional president in Mali, with Assimi Goita as vice president.

In Ethiopia, Kenea Yadeta was sworn in as defence minister.In Togo, the government of prime minister Komi Selom Klassou resigned.

Week beginning 27 Sept. 2020Moctar Ouane was appointed interim prime minister in Mali.

In Bolivia, Branko Marinkovic took on the finance portfolio.The president of Togo, Faure Gnassingbé, appointed Victoire Tomegah Dogbé as prime minister.A new cabinet was unveiled in Comoros. This included Dhoihir Dhoulkamal as foreign minister.In Spain, the Supreme Court disqualified the president of the Generalitat of Catalonia, Quim Torra, from his office

for 18 months. The regional parliament rejected the decision but Torra's deputy Pere Aragonès nevertheless assumed therole of acting president.

The emir of Kuwait, Sheikh Sabah Al Ahmad Al Jabir Al Sabah, died. The crown prince, Sheikh Nawaf Al AhmadAl Jabir Al Sabah, was sworn in as emir.

The 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war broke out between Azerbaijan and Armemia. A ceasefire was not signed until 10Nov. 2020.

The government of Sudan and ten rebel groups sign a peace agreement. This ends almost two decades of war.The government of newly designated prime minister Alexander De Croo was sworn in in Belgium. Sophie Wilmès

was appointed foreign minister, Ludivine Dedonder was appointed defence minister and Annelies Verlinden wasappointed interior minister.

In San Marino, Alessandro Cardelli and Mirko Dolcini took office as captains-regent.The new government of the prime minister of Togo, Victoire Tomegah Dogbé, was named.King Abdullah II of Jordan accepts the resignation of prime minister Omar al-Razzaz.

xx Chronology

Week beginning 4 October 2020In parliamentary elections in Kyrgyzstan 46 of 120 seats were won by Birimdik (Unity) with 24�9% of the vote, 45 byMy Homeland Kyrgyzstan with 24�3% of the vote, 16 by the Kyrgyzstan Party and 13 by United Kyrgyzstan. Turnoutwas 56�5%. Following a series of protests, the results were annulled two days later.

Week beginning 11 October 2020The presidential election in Tajikistan resulted in the re-election of Emomali Rahmon of the People’s Democratic Party(in office since 1992) against Agrarian Party’s candidate Rustam Latifzoda.

In India, the government and farmers’ unions meet to discuss the 2020 Agriculture Act (also known as the FarmBills) that farmers across the country have opposed with strikes and demonstrations since its approval by Parliament inSept. 2020.

Week beginning 18 October 2020General elections were held in Bolivia. Luis Arce of the Movement Towards Socialism won 55�1% of votes cast against28�8% for Carlos Mesa (Civic Community), 14�0% for Luis Fernando Camacho (Creemos), 1�5% for Chi Hyun Chung(Front for Victory) and 0�5% for Feliciano Mamami (National Action Party of Bolivia). Turnout was 88�4%. In theelections to the Chamber of Deputies the Movement Towards Socialism won 75 of 130 seats.

Alpha Condé was re-elected president of Guinea with 59�5% of the vote against Cellou Dalein Diallo with 33�5%.In the Turkish Republic of Northrn Cyprus, Ersin Tatar of the National Unity Party won the run-off presidential

elections with 51�7% of the vote against incumbent Mustafa Akıncı with 48�3%.In presidential election in the Seychelles, Wavel Ramkalawan (Linyon Demokratik Seselwa) won 54�9% of the vote

against incumbent Danny Faure (United Seychelles) with 43�5% and Alain St Ange (One Seychelles) with 1�6%.Turnout was 88�5%.

Week beginning 25 October 2020The second round of parliamentary elections in Lithuania resulted in Homeland Union winning 50 of 141 seats, Farmersand Greens, 32; Social Democrats and Liberal Movement, 13 each; Freedom, 11; Labour, 10; AWPL and LSDDP, 3each; LT and the Green Party, 1 each. Four seats went to independent candidates.

The presidential elections in Tanzania resulted in the re-election of John Magufuli of the Revolutionary State Partywith 84�4% of votes cast against Tundu Lissu of Chadema/Party for Democracy and Progress with 13�0%. There were13 other candidates. Turnout was 50�7%.

In a national plebiscite in Chile, 78�3% of the votes approved that a new constitution should be drafted.Presidential elections were held in Côte d’Ivoire. Alassane Ouattara was re-elected with 95�3% of the vote against

Kouadio Konan Bertin with 2�0%, Henri Konan Bédié with 1�7% and Pascal Affi N’Guessan with 1�0%. Turnout was53�9%. Violence broke out around polling stations and Ouattara’s two main opponents boycotted the election.

Parliamentary elections were held in Georgia. The Georgian Dream coalition won 90 of the 150 seats (with 48�2% ofthe party list vote). The United National Movement won 36 seats (27�2% of the party list vote); the Movement forLiberty-European Georgia won 5 seats (3�8%); Lelo for Georgia (3�2%), Strategy Aghmashenebeli (3�2%), Alliance ofPatriots of Georgia (3�1%) and New Political Center—Girchi (2�9%) won 4 seats each; Citizens, 2 (1�3%); the GeorgianLabour Party, 1 (1�0%). Turnout was 56�1%. The opposition rejected the result and there were widespread protests.

Week beginning 1 November 2020The presidential elections in the United States resulted in the election of Joseph Biden (Democrat). He won 306 electoralcollege votes and incumbent Donald Trump (Republican) won 232. Following the elections of 3 Nov. 2020 the 117thCongress (2021–23) is constituted as follows: Senate—50 Republicans, 48 Democrats and 2 independent candidateswho caucus with the Democrats; House of Representatives—222 Democrats and 213 Republicans.

Elections to the House of Assembly were held in St Vincent and Grenadines the ruling Unity Labour Party (ULP,social democratic) won 9 of the 15 elected seats with 49�6% of the vote, against 6 (but 50�3% of the vote) for the NewDemocratic Party (NDP, conservative).

Week beginning 8 November 2020In elections to the House of Representatives of Myanmar, the National League for Democracy (NLD), led by Aung SanSuu Kyi, won 258 of 330 elected seats. The Union Solidarity and Development Party (USDP) won 26 seats, the ShanNationalities League for Democracy (SNLD) 13 and the Arakan National Party (ANP) 4. A further 14 seats went toeight smaller parties, with 15 vacant owing to insurgent activity. 110 seats are automatically reserved for the military. Inelections on the same day to the House of Nationalities the NLD took 138 seats, the USDP 7, the ANP 4, the Mon UnityParty 3 and the Kayah State Democratic Party 3. A further six seats went to four smaller parties, with seven vacantowing to insurgent activity. 56 seats are automatically reserved for the military.

Elections to the House of Representatives were held in Egypt. 124 of 596 seats went to independent candidates. Inaddition, the Nation’s Future Party won 316 seats, the Republican People’s Party 50, the New Wafd Party 26, theProtectors of the Homeland Party 23, the Modern Egypt Party 11, the Reform and Development Party 9, the al-NourParty, the Conference Party, the Freedom Party, the Social Democratic Party 7 seats each, Tagammu 6, the Justice Party2 and the Eradet Geel Party 1. In elections to the Senate, the Nation’s Future Party won 149 seats; the RepublicanPeople’s Party, 17; the Homeland Defenders Party, 11; the NewWafd Party, 10; the National Progressive Unionist Party,5; the Modern Egypt Party, 4. Nine smaller parties took three seats or fewer and 88 seats went to independents.

With the mediation of Russia, Armenia and Azerbaijan signed a ceasefire agreement in the conflict over disputedenclave of Nagorno-Karabakh.

In Peru, in the midst of the Covid-19 pandemic, president Martina Vizcarra came under pressure from oppositionwas one of the worst affected countries in the pandemic. Congress impeached him and Vizcarra was removed fromoffice. Manual Merino, succeeded him but resigned after five days amid widespread protests.

Chronology xxi

In elections to the House of Representatives in Belize, the opposition People’s United Party won 26 of 31 seats with59�6% of votes cast and the United Democratic Party 5 with 38�8%. Turnout was 81�9%.

Bahrain's Prime Minister, Prince Khalifa bin Salman al-Khalifa, who had served since Bahrain’s independence in1971, died aged 84. Crown Prince Sheikh Salman bin Hamad Al Khalifa replaced him.

Week beginning 15 November 2020Fifteen countries of the Asia-Pacific region signed the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership.

In Peru, after the resignation of Manual Merino, Francisco Sagasto was sworn president to conclude the 2016–21term.

The second round of the presidential elections resulted in the election of Maia Sandu (with 57�7% of votes cast)against Igor Dodon (with 42�3%). Turnout in the second round was 55�1%.

The second round of UN-sponsored peace talks in Lybia ends. The participants agree to organise elections in Dec.2021.

The 2020 G-20 summit was due to be held in Riyadh, but was hosted virtually owing to the Covid-19 pandemic.

Week beginning 22 November 2020The presidential elections in Burkina Faso resulted in the re-election Roch Marc Christian Kaboré (with 57�9% of votescast) against Eddie Komboïgo (15�5%), Zéphirin Diabré (12�5%) and ten other candidates. Turnout was 50�8%.

In the second round of the presidential elections in Romania, incumbent Klaus Iohannis was re-elected (ind.; with66�1% of the vote) against Viorica Dăncilă (Social Democratic Party; 33�9%).

Week beginning 29 November 2020Parliamentary elections were held in Kuwait. Opposition candidates won 24 of 50 seats in the National Assembly.Turnout was around 70%.

Week beginning 6 December 2020Parliamentary elections were held in Romania. The PSD took 110 seats in the lower house and 47 in the Senate, theNational Liberal Party (PNL) 93 seats and 41, the USR-Plus 55 seats and 25, the the Alliance for the Unity ofRomanians 33 and 14, and the Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania 21 and 9. 19 smaller parties won oneseat each in the lower house. Turnout was approximately 32%.

Elections to the Congress were held in Venezuela. All 277 seats were contested. With most opposition partiesboycotting the elections, the Great Patriotic Pole won 253 seats (of which the United Socialist Party of Venezuela, 219),the Democratic Alliance, 18 (of which Democratic Action, 11), Total United Venezuela, two and the Communist Partyof Venezuela, one. Three seats reserved for indigenous peoples. Turnout was 30�5%.

General elections were help in Ghana. The presidential elections resulted in the re-election of incumbent NanaAkufo-Addo of the New Patriotic Party (NPP; with 51�3% of the vote) against John Dramani Mahama of the NationalDemocratic Congress (NDC; 47�4%). There were ten other candidates. Turnout was 78�9%. In parliamentary electionsheld simultaneously the NPP and the NDC won 137 seats each. One seat went to an independent candidate.

The National Liberal Party (PNL) having lost the parliamentary election, Ludovic Orban resigns as prime minister ofRomania. Nicolae Cuică replaced him in an acting capacity.

Week beginning 13 December 2020In the United States, the Electoral College meet. The Joseph Biden-Kamala Harris (Dem.) wins 306 votes and theDonald Trump-Mike Pence (Rep.), 232.

Week beginning 20 December 2020After a fraught year of negotiations, the United Kingdom reached a trade deal with the European Union one week beforethe ‘Brexit’ transition period was due to end.

Abd-Rabbu Mansour Hadi becomes President of Yemen and forms a government as per the 2019 RiyadhAgreement.

Week beginning 27 December 2020The United Kingdom ended this transition period and new rules governing the relationship between the UnitedKingdom and the European Union formally took effect.

Presidential elections were held in the Central African Republic. Incumbent Faustin-ArchangeTouadéra Anicet-Georges Dologuélé won 53�9% of the vote against former prime minister Anicet-Georges Dologuélé with 21�0% andMartin Ziguélé (another former prime minister) with 7�5%. A further 14 candidates took part in the poll. Turnout was76�3%.

In general elections in Nigeria, Muhammadu Buhari, the incumbent president and candidate for All ProgressivesCongress (APC) party was re-elected with 55�6% of votes cast. He defeated Atiku Abubakar of the People’s DemocraticParty (PDP), who took 41�2%. There were a further 71 candidates. Turnout was 34�7%. In elections to the House ofRepresentatives, the APC won 216 seats, PDP 114 and others 20. Ten seats remained vacant. In Senate elections, 64seats went to the APC and 41 to the PDP. The Young Progressive Party won one seat and three seats were yet to bedeclared.

Argentina becomes the fourth country in Latin America (along with Cuba, Uruguay and Guyana) to legalisesabortion up to the fourteenth week of pregnancy.

The African Continental Free Trade Area comes into effect.

Week beginning 3 January 2021In the United States, the Capitol building, seat of the Congress, was assaulted by protesters.

xxii Chronology

Week beginning 10 January 2021Kin Jong-un is appointed General Secretary of the ruling Workers’ Party of Korea.

In the Netherlands, prime minister Mark Rutte presented the resignation of the cabinet over the mishandling ofchildcare subsidies.

Week beginning 17 January 2021Joseph Biden was inaugurated as the 46th president of the United States.

The United Nations’ Treaty on Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons of the UN comes into force.In India, the farmers’ unions reject the government’s proposal to postpone the application of the Farms Bills for

eighteen months.

Week beginning 24 January 2021At the presidential elections in Portugal, Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa (Social Democratic Party) was re-elected with 60�7%of the vote, against Ana Gomes (Socialist Party) 13�0%, André Ventura (Chega) 12�9%, João Ferreira (CommunistParty/The Greens) 4�3%, Marisa Matias (Left Bloc) 4�0%, Thiago Mayan Gonçalves (ind.) 3�2% and Vitorino Silva(React, Include, Recycle) 3�0%. Turnout was 39�3%.

Week beginning 31 January 2021In Myanmar, in reaction to the victory of ruling party National League for Democracy, led by Aung San Suu Kyi, at theNov. 2020 parliamentary elections, the Tatmadaw (‘Armed Forces’) declared a state of emergency. They removed WinMyint’s government and transferred the power to Gen. Min Aung Hlaing.

Despite growing tensions over the 2020 Indian Agriculture Act, the government decides to maintain its implemen-tation of the bill.

Week beginning 7 February 2021AWorld Trade Organization-led investigation in China concluded that Covid-19 virus is unlikely to have come from aWuhan laboratory.

Week beginning 14 February 2021The United States re-joins the international treaty on climate change known as the Paris Agreement.

Week beginning 21 February 2021Armenia’s prime minister Nikol Pashinyan claimed that the army, led by the Chief of the General Staff of the ArmenianForces, attempted to remove him from power, in response to the signature of a ceasefire in the conflict with Azerbaijanover disputed enclave of Nagorno-Karabakh.

Week beginning 28 February 2021Nicolas Sarkozy, president of France in 2007–2012 was found guilty of corruption and traffic of influence and wassentenced to three years of imprisonment, with two years suspended. Sarkozy filed an appeal against the decision, hencesuspending its application.

Chronology xxiii

Contents

Part I International Organizations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Key Global Organizations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3United Nations (UN) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Member States of the UN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7Universal Declaration of Human Rights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9United Nations System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10Specialized Agencies of the UN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13Other Organs Related to the UN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22UN Conventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

Europe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26European Union (EU) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26EU Institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30Other EU Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33Main EU Agencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33Black Sea Economic Cooperation (BSEC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36Central European Initiative (CEI) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36Cern – The European Organization for Nuclear Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36Council of Europe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37Council of the Baltic Sea States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37Danube Commission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38European Broadcasting Union (EBU) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38European Free Trade Association (EFTA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38European Space Agency (ESA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39European Trade Union Confederation (ETUC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39Nordic Council . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39Nordic Development Fund (NDF) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39Nordic Investment Bank (NIB) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

Other Organizations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42Alliance of Small Island States (AOSIS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42Amnesty International (AI) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42Bank for International Settlements (BIS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42Commonwealth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44Eurasian Economic Union (EEU) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44International Air Transport Association (IATA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44International Criminal Court (ICC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (IDEA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45International Mobile Satellite Organization (IMSO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45International Olympic Committee (IOC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45International Organisation of La Francophonie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46International Organization for Standardization (ISO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46International Road Federation (IRF) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46International Seabed Authority (ISA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46International Telecommunications Satellite Organization (ITSO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47International Trade Union Confederation (ITUC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47INTERPOL (International Criminal Police Organization) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47Islamic Development Bank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48Médecins Sans Frontières/Doctors Without Borders (MSF) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48Nobel Prizes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52Union for International Cancer Control (UICC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

xxv

Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization (UNPO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53World Council of Churches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53World Customs Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53World Federation of Trade Unions (WFTU) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55African Development Bank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55African Export–Import Bank (Afreximbank) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55African Union (AU) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55Bank of Central African States (BEAC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55Central Bank of West African States (BCEAO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56East African Community (EAC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56East African Development Bank (EADB) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56Economic Community of Central African States (CEEAC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56Intergovernmental Authority on Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56Lake Chad Basin Commission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57Niger Basin Authority . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57Southern African Customs Union (SACU) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57Southern African Development Community (SADC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57Tripartite Free Trade Area (TFTA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57West African Development Bank (BOAD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57West African Economic and Monetary Union (UEMOA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

Americas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59Agency for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America and the Caribbean (OPANAL) . . . . 59Andean Community . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59Association of Caribbean States (ACS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59Caribbean Community (CARICOM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59Caribbean Development Bank (CDB) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60Central American Bank for Economic Integration (CABEI) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60Central American Integration System (SICA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60Eastern Caribbean Central Bank (ECCB) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61Latin American Economic System (SELA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61Latin American Integration Association (ALADI/LAIA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61Latin American Reserve Fund . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61Organization of American States (OAS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61Pacific Alliance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62Secretariat for Central American Economic Integration (SIECA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62Southern Common Market (MERCOSUR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62Union of South American Nations (UNASUR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

Asia/Pacific . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64Asian Development Bank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64Asia-Pacific Economic Co-operation (APEC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64Colombo Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65Cooperation Council of Turkic-Speaking States (Turkic Council) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65Economic Co-operation Organization (ECO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65Pacific Islands Forum (PIF) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66Secretariat of the Pacific Community (SPC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66South Asian Association for Regional Co-operation (SAARC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

Middle East . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68Arab Fund for Economic and Social Development (AFESD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68Arab Monetary Fund (AMF) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68Arab Organization for Agricultural Development (AOAD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68Gulf Co-operation Council (GCC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68League of Arab States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries (OAPEC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

Environmental Organizations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71Friends of the Earth International . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71Global Environment Facility (GEF) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71Greenpeace International . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71

xxvi Contents

Treaties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72Antarctic Treaty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72

Leading Think Tanks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73African Centre for the Constructive Resolution of Disputes (ACCORD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73American Enterprise Institute (for Public Policy Research) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73Asian Development Bank Institute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73Atlantic Council . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73Barcelona Centre for International Affairs (CIDOB) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73Brookings Institution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73Bruegel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73Carnegie Endowment for International Peace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73Carnegie Middle East Center . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73Carnegie Moscow Center . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73Cato Institute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74Center for American Progress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74Center for Strategic and International Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74Centre for Economic Policy Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74Centre for European Policy Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74Centre for International Governance Innovation (CIGI) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74Centre for Social and Economic Research (CASE) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74Chatham House (Royal Institute of International Affairs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74China Institutes of Contemporary International Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74Chinese Academy of Social Sciences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74Consejo Argentino para las Relaciones Internacionales (CARI) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74Council on Foreign Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74Danish Institute for International Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75European Council on Foreign Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75Fraser Institute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75French Institute of International Relations (IFRI) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75Friedrich Ebert Foundation (Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung; FES) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75Fundação Getulio Vargas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75German Development Institute (DIE) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75German Institute for International and Security Affairs (Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik; SWP) . . . . 75Heritage Foundation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75Human Rights Watch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses (IDSA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75Institute of Development Studies (IDS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76Institute of World Economy and International Relations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76Japan Institute of International Affairs (JIIA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76Konrad Adenauer Foundation (Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76Korea Development Institute (KDI) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76Korea Institute for International Economic Policy (KIEP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76Netherlands Institute of International Relations ‘Clingendael’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76Observer Research Foundation (ORF) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76Peterson Institute for International Economics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76RAND Corporation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77Razumkov Centre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77Transparency International . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77Urban Institute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

Part II Countries of the World A–Z . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

Afghanistan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81

Albania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87

Algeria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92

Andorra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98

Angola . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101

Antigua and Barbuda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106

Argentina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109

Armenia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116

Contents xxvii

Australia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121Australian Territories and States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132

Australian Capital Territory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132Northern Territory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134New South Wales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135Queensland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138South Australia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140Tasmania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141Victoria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143Western Australia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145

Australian External Territories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147Ashmore and Cartier Islands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147Australian Antarctic Territory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147Christmas Island . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147Cocos (Keeling) Islands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147Coral Sea Islands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147Heard and Mcdonald Islands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148Norfolk Island . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148

Austria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150

Azerbaijan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158

The Bahamas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163

Bahrain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167

Bangladesh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171

Barbados . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176

Belarus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180

Belgium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185

Belize . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194

Benin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198

Bhutan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202

Bolivia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206

Bosnia and Herzegovina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211

Botswana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215

Brazil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219

Brunei . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228

Bulgaria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232

Burkina Faso . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238

Burundi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242

Cabo Verde . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246

Cambodia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250

Cameroon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255

Canada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260Canadian Provinces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270Alberta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271British Columbia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272Manitoba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274New Brunswick . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275Newfoundland And Labrador . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277Nova Scotia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278Ontario . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280Prince Edward Island . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281Quebec—Québec . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282Saskatchewan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284The Northwest Territories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285Nunavut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286Yukon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287

Central African Republic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290

Chad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294

xxviii Contents

Chile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298

China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305Hong Kong . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317Macao . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320Taiwan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322

Colombia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327

Comoros . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333

Congo, Democratic Republic of The . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337

Congo, Republic of the . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342

Costa Rica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346

Côte d’Ivoire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350

Croatia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355

Cuba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360

Cyprus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365‘Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC)’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369

Czech Republic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371

Denmark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379The Faroe Islands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386Greenland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386

Djibouti . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388

Dominica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391

Dominican Republic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395

Ecuador . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399

Egypt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404

El Salvador . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410

Equatorial Guinea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414

Eritrea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418

Estonia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422

Eswatini . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 428

Ethiopia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 432

Fiji . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437

Finland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 442

France . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 451Departments and Collectivities Overseas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 464French Guiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 464Guadeloupe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 464Martinique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 464Mayotte . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 464Réunion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 464Overseas Departments and Regions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 464French Polynesia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 464St Barthélemy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 465St Martin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 465St Pierre and Miquelon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 465Wallis and Futuna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 465Sui Generis Collectivities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 465New Caledonia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 465Southern and Antarctic Territories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 466Minor Territories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 466

Gabon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 468

The Gambia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473

Contents xxix

Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 476Abkhazia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 480Adjara . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 480South Ossetia-Alania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 480

Germany . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481The Bundesländer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 495Bavaria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 497Berlin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 498Brandenburg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 499Bremen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 499Hamburg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500Hessen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 501Lower Saxony . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 502Mecklenburg-West Pomerania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503North Rhine-Westphalia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 504Rhineland-Palatinate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 505Saarland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 506Saxony . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 507Saxony-Anhalt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 508Schleswig-Holstein . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 509Thuringia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 510

Ghana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 513

Greece . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 518

Grenada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 525

Guatemala . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 528

Guinea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 533

Guinea-Bissau . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 537

Guyana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 541

Haiti . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 545

Honduras . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 549

Hungary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 553

Iceland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 562

India . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 568States and Territories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 583Andhra Pradesh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 583Arunachal Pradesh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 583Assam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 583Bihar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 583Chhattisgarh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 584Goa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 584Gujarat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 584Haryana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 584Himachal Pradesh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 585Jharkhand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 585Karnataka . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 585Kerala . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 585Madhya Pradesh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 586Maharashtra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 586Manipur . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 586Meghalaya . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 586Mizoram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 587Nagaland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 587Odisha . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 587Punjab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 587Rajasthan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 587Sikkim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 588Tamil Nadu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 588Telangana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 588Tripura . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 588Uttar Pradesh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 589Uttarakhand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 589West Bengal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 589Union Territories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 589

xxx Contents

Indonesia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 592

Iran . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 598

Iraq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 606Kurdistan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 612

Ireland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 613

Israel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 625Palestinian Territories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 632

Italy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 635

Jamaica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 647

Japan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 651

Jordan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 661

Kazakhstan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 666

Kenya . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 671

Kiribati . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 676

Korea, North . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 679

Korea, South . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 686

Kuwait . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 694

Kyrgyzstan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 698

Laos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 702

Latvia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 706

Lebanon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 712

Lesotho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 717

Liberia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 721

Libya . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 725

Liechtenstein . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 730

Lithuania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 733

Luxembourg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 739

Madagascar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 744

Malawi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 748

Malaysia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 752

Maldives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 759

Mali . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 762

Malta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 766

Marshall Islands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 771

Mauritania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 774

Mauritius . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 778

Mexico . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 782

Micronesia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 789

Moldova . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 792

Monaco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 796

Mongolia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 799

Montenegro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 803

Morocco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 807

Mozambique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 812

Contents xxxi

Myanmar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 816

Namibia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 821

Nauru . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 825

Nepal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 828

Netherlands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 833Overseas Countries and Territories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 842Autonomous Countries Within the Kingdom of the Netherlands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 842Autonomous Special Municipalities of the Netherlands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 842

New Zealand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 844Territories Overseas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 852Self-Governing Territories Overseas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 852

Nicaragua . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 854

Niger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 858

Nigeria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 862

North Macedonia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 869

Norway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 873Svalbard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 880Jan Mayen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 880Bouvet Island . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 880Peter I Island . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 880Queen Maud Land . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 880

Oman . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 881

Pakistan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 885

Palau . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 893

Panama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 895

Papua New Guinea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 900Bougainville . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 903

Paraguay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 905

Peru . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 909

Philippines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 915

Poland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 921

Portugal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 930

Qatar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 938

Romania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 942

Russia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 949The Republics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 960Adygeya . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 960Altai . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 960Bashkortostan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 960Buryatia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 961Chechnya . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 961Chuvashia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 961Dagestan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 961Ingushetia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 962Kabardino-Balkaria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 962Kalmykia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 962Karachai-Cherkessia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 962Karelia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 962Khakassia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 963Komi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 963Mari-El . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 963Mordovia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 963North Ossetia-Alania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 963Sakha . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 963Tatarstan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 963Tuva . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 964Udmurtia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 964Autonomous Districts and Provinces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 964

xxxii Contents

Rwanda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 966

St Kitts and Nevis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 971

St Lucia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 974

St Vincent and the Grenadines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 977

Samoa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 980

San Marino . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 983

São Tomé and Príncipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 986

Saudi Arabia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 989

Senegal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 996

Serbia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1001Kosovo and Metohija . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1005Vojvodina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1007

Seychelles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1008

Sierra Leone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1011

Singapore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1015

Slovakia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1021

Slovenia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1027

Solomon Islands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1033

Somalia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1037

South Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1041South African Provinces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1049Eastern Cape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1049Free State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1049Gauteng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1050Kwazulu-Natal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1050Limpopo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1050Mpumalanga . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1050Northern Cape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1050North-West . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1051Western Cape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1051

South Sudan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1052

Spain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1055

Sri Lanka . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1065

Sudan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1071

Suriname . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1077

Sweden . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1081

Switzerland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1090

Syria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1098

Tajikistan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1104Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1107

Tanzania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1108

Thailand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1113

Timor-Leste . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1119

Togo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1123

Tonga . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1127

Trinidad and Tobago . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1130

Tunisia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1134

Turkey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1139

Turkmenistan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1147

Contents xxxiii

Tuvalu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1151

Uganda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1154

Ukraine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1160Crimea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1165

United Arab Emirates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1167

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1172England . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1202Scotland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1207Wales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1212Northern Ireland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1214Isle Of Man . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1219Channel Islands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1219Jersey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1219Guernsey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1220Alderney . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1220Sark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1220United Kingdom Overseas Territories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1220Anguilla . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1221Bermuda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1221British Antarctic Territory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1221British Indian Ocean Territory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1221British Virgin Islands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1222Cayman Islands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1222Falkland Islands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1222Gibraltar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1223Montserrat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1223Pitcairn Island . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1223St Helena, Ascension and Tristan Da Cunha . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1223South Georgia and The South Sandwich Islands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1224Sovereign Base Areas Of Akrotiri and Dhekelia In Cyprus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1224The Turks and Caicos Islands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1224

United States of America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1227States and Territories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1258Alabama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1258Alaska . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1260Arizona . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1261Arkansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1263California . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1264Colorado . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1267Connecticut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1269Delaware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1270District of Columbia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1272Florida . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1273Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1275Hawaii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1276Idaho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1278Illinois . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1279Indiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1281Iowa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1283Kansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1284Kentucky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1286Louisiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1287Maine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1289Maryland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1290Massachusetts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1292Michigan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1294Minnesota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1295Mississippi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1297Missouri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1298Montana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1300Nebraska . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1301Nevada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1303New Hampshire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1304New Jersey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1306New Mexico . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1308New York State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1309North Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1312North Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1313Ohio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1315

xxxiv Contents

Oklahoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1316Oregon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1317Pennsylvania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1320Rhode Island . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1322South Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1323South Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1325Tennessee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1326Texas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1328Utah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1330Vermont . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1332Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1333Washington State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1335West Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1336Wisconsin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1338Wyoming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1340Outlying Territories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1341Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1341Commonwealth of Puerto Rico . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1342American Samoa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1342Guam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1343Virgin Islands of the United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1343Other Unincorporated Territories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1343Incorporated Territories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1344

Uruguay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1348

Uzbekistan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1353

Vanuatu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1358

Vatican City State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1361

Venezuela . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1364

Vietnam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1370

Yemen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1376

Zambia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1381

Zimbabwe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1385

Statesman’s Yearbook Select Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1391

Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1393

Current Leaders Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1395

Place and International Organizations Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1399

Contents xxxv