the state of water use efficiency in south africa

The State of Water Use Efficiency in South Africa

Towards Regulating Water Conservation and Water Demand Management

Cain Chunda and Chabedi Tsatsi

Water Use Efficiency

01 November 2006

Presentation Outline

Introduction

Extent of Water Losses and Wastages: A Local Government

Focus

Causes of Water Losses & Wastages: A Local Government Focus

Recommended Interventions and work in progress

Benefits and Success Stories of Water Conservation and Water

Demand Management

Introduction

Water is a vital natural resource because it is fundamental to life. Although it is a key indispensable natural resource, water in South Africa is very scarce.

Water in South Africa is being transferred over long distances on very large scales which means the performance of all water providers should be monitored and improved.

The NWA, 1998 is founded on the central principles of equity, efficiency and sustainability.

Extent of Water Losses and Wastages: NRW

Non-Revenue Water refers to the total of apparent losses, real losses and the proportion of authorised

consumption, which is not billed.

CITY OF TSHWANE

EKURHULENI

EMFULENI

GOVAN MBEKI

INDIVIDUAL

JOHANNESBURG

MOGALE CITY

RANDFONTEIN

RUSTENBURG

ODI

CITY OF TSHWANE

DELMAS

EKURHULENI

EMFULENI

GOVAN MBEKI

HEILBRON

INDIVIDUAL

JOHANNESBURG

KUNGWINI

LESEDI

MERAFONG

MIDVAAL

MOGALE CITY

ODI

RANDFONTEIN

ROYAL BAFOKENG

RUSTENBURG

SASOLBURG

WESTONARIA

Breakdown of Rand Water Urban Demands

Water used by main urban centres in the Vaal River Water used by main urban centres in the Vaal River SystemSystem

AreaArea Annual DemandAnnual Demand

(million m3)(million m3)

Johannesburg 470

Ekurhuleni 291

Tshwane 255

Emfuleni 79

Rustenberg 26

Mogale 24

Govan Mbeki 18

Matjhabeng 16

Randfontein 7

Total 1 186

VO

LU

ME

(m

ill m

3 /

an

nu

m)

JOHANNESBURG

TSHWANE

EMFULENI

EKURHULENI

Growth in demand of main demand centres

Water Demand Increases and Non-Revenue Water within Municipalities

System

Input

Volume

RevenueWater

Non

Revenue

Water

Billed and paid for consumption

ApparentLosses

UARL

Potential saving onphysical leakage

Free basic waterBilled @ zero rate

Billed but not paidfor consumption

SebokengSebokengEvatonEvatonWaterWater

BalanceBalance

System

Input

Volume

36 962 000 m3/annum

Billed and paid for Consumption

1 848 000 m3/annum5%

Apparent losses1 396 000 m3/annum

4%

UARL (2 to 3 times)4 396 000 m3/annum

12%


and

inefficient consumption

22 300 000 m3/annum

59%

Free basic water7 246 000 m3/annum

20%

Water Demand Increases and Non-Revenue Water Demand Increases and Non-Revenue Water within MunicipalitiesWater within Municipalities

Summary of Estimated NRWSummary of Estimated NRW

AreaArea Annual DemandAnnual Demand

(million m(million m33))

Estimated NRWEstimated NRW

(million m(million m33/a)/a)

Johannesburg 470 154

Ekurhuleni 291 91

Tshwane 255 66

Emfuleni 79 49

Rustenberg 26 8

Mogale 24 6

Govan Mbeki 18 5

Matjhabeng 16 9

Randfontein 7 2

Total 1 186 390

Non-Revenue Water refers to the total of apparent, real losses and the proportion of authorised consumption, which is not billed

390 million m3 of water lost through Non-Revenue Water is a massively huge amount of water FAR IN EXCESS OF THE NEXT AUGMENTATION SCHEME FROM LESOTHO @ R15billion.

Where is this water going?

Connection BurstConnection Burst Leaking Valve


Connection BurstConnection BurstLeak repairs


Leaking Taps


Leaking Taps and Urinals at schools

Running tap inside school


Leaking Taps and Urinals

Reservoir LeakageReservoir Leakage

IT’S ALSO CAUSING ACCIDENTS!!!IT’S ALSO CAUSING ACCIDENTS!!!IT’S ALSO CAUSING ACCIDENTS!!!IT’S ALSO CAUSING ACCIDENTS!!!Photo courtesy Willem Wegelin

Causes of the water losses and wastages

Lack of dedicated financial resources to support implementation of water conservation and demand management interventions including O and M.

Lack of institutional commitment and regulatory tools to enforce implementation of WC/WDM as per the NWA, 1998 and the WC/WDM Strategies resulting in:

Old dilapidated infrastructure (physical leakages), Institutional capacity (billing systems and auditing), Education and awareness (consumer behaviour to water), Political leadership at provincial and local level (technical

managers complain of not getting support to implement with budgets being reduced or not availed for WC/WDM).

Work In Progress: Institutional Interventions

Institutionalising WC/WDM through regional office structure

Water Services

Water Pricing

Water Use Authorisation

Water Resources Planning

Developing protocols & governance tools for WC/WDM:

WC/WDM conditions for WUA, WC/WDM sector Guidelines, WC/WDM Training Manuals, WC/WDM Info. System, WC/WDM Regulations.

Work In Progress: Implementation Support

Developing WC/WDM Strategies and implementation plans for the following WMAs in support of Water Allocation Reform:

Olifants WMA (Mpumalanga and Limpopo), Inkomati WMA (Mpumalanga), Mvoti-Mzimkhulu WMA (Kwa-Zulu Natal), Uthukela WMA (Kwa-Zulu Natal), Usuthu-Mhlathuze WMA (Kwa-Zulu Natal), and Upper and Middle Vaal WMAs, Mokolo Catchment.

WMA situation assessment studies

Work In Progress: Implementation Support

Providing support (financial and technical) to municipalities to develop and implement water conservation and water demand management viz.

Emfuleni (Gauteng), Umkhanyakude, Uthungulu and Zululand Districts (Kwa-Zulu Natal), Nelson Mandela and Buffalo City (Eastern Cape), Ramotshere Moiloa, Rustenburg (North West), City of Johannesburg, Tshwane, Ekurhuleni, Sedibeng, Dr JS

Moroka, etc (Gauteng/Mpumalanga), and Matjhabeng, Moqhaka LM (Free State), Lephalale, Greater Tzaneen, Capricon, Sekhukhune DM (Limpopo).

Municipal support interventions

Scope for water conservation and Demand Management

Retrofitting &Metering

Mains Replacement

ALC

Other(Bylaws,

sectorising,awareness)

PressureManagement

Billed and paid for consumption

ApparentLosses

UARL


Free basic waterBilled @ zero rate

Billed but not paidfor consumption

Where can savings be made ?(addressing only the wastage and not the billed and paid for consumption)

Develop National Regulations for WC/WDM to address amongst others the:

Setting of national water use efficiency standards, Setting of national, provincial and local specifications for housing

developments with respect to water efficient plumbing devices, National labelling of water efficient devices, Enforcement of WC/WDM through provincial legislation & local bylaws, Setting penalties for wasteful use of water within public buildings, Provision of incentives for achieving WC/WDM targets and

benchmarks.

The Department is already in process of developing these regulations

Recommended Interventions and Work in Progress


Establishment of a National Water Demand Revolving Fund to support water conservation and demand management programmes:

Australia, USA, and other efficient countries have such dedicated funds in place for facilitating uptake of WC/WDM.

In SA Eskom is piloting an excellent similar initiative through its Demand Side Management (DSM) Fund for energy efficiency.

Discussions are ongoing with institutions such as TCTA to explore possibilities for funding WC/WDM interventions at a reasonable tariff recovery rate.

Quick fix WDM

interventions:

Pressure management;

Leak location & Repair

Manage impact of inefficient garden irrigation etc

Backlog of Maintenance before which certain WDM measures

cannot be implemented

Valve maintenance and repair,

Pipe replacement;

Bulk Meter replacement

Domestic meter replacement;

Replacement and repair of water towers etc

Other WDM Intervention

s

Indirect WDM

measures

Schools awareness

Public Awareness

CLO’s & door to door discussions

Full sectorising

Proper billing and cost recovery

MIS and analysis of Minimum Night flows etc

Certain Bylaws

Billing and Payment for water


Return on Investment on Water Conservation and Water

Demand Management (Municipal Revenue)

• Emfuleni Local Municipality we invested R8m in WDM and we are saving in excess of 9million cubic metres of water and well over R24m per annum to the municipality

• City of Johannesburg through Operation Q’cina Amanzi invested has invested R 600 million over a period of five years to save 60 million of water which would have cost new infrastructure scheme of over R 5 billion.

• In Vaal River System we can invest an estimated R3billion on WC/WDM to make available to save in excess of R15billion worth of augmentation scheme either from Lesotho or Thukela

Return on Investment on Water Conservation and Water

Demand Management (WAR)OPPORTUNITIES AND COSTS OF POTENTIAL WATER SAVING MEASURES IN THE

INKOMATI WMA

Water Use Sector Capital Investment Plan Water Saving

% Saving Average Incremental

cost of water savedCapital Cost

(Million R)Annual

O&M Cost

(Million R)

Mill. m3/a

Domestic & Commercial 4.5 1.75 5.00 12 R0.14 per m3

Industrial and Mining 5.5 1.51 2.03 8 R0.58 per m3

Irrigation 150.50 25.93 205 14.8 R0.09 per m3

Total 157.5 31.19 207

• Create an informed public regarding WC/WDM

• Create the culture of WC/WDM through water use institutions

• Promote and enforce water wise behaviour

• Capacitate water utilities and institutions on WC/WDM

• Improve service delivery

• Address socio economic development of local communities through job creation

Return on Investment on Water Conservation and Water Demand Management

the state of water use efficiency in south africa

Documents

m3 of water

water providers

state of water use efficiency

real losses

total of apparent losses

leaking taps

implementation of wcwdm

south africatowards