the state of local governance: trends in bago (myanmar language)
DESCRIPTION
This report in the Myanmar language outlines the results of the Local Governance Mapping conducted by UNDP in Bago Region.TRANSCRIPT
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yJcl;wkdif;a'oBuD; \a'oE&tkyfcsKyfa&;tajctae? ukvor* zGHU NzdK;rItpDtpOf ? jrefrm? 2014/
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Paul van HoofPhilippe Wealer
Aung Htay HlaingMyanmar Survey Research
UNDP Myanmar
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CD
CRC
CBO
CSO
DAO
DoE
DoH
DoP
DRD
DTA
FSP
GAD
GOM
LGM
MoHA
MoNPED
MSR
Community Dialogue
Citizen Report Card
Community Based Organisation
Civil Society Organisation
Development Affairs Organisation
Department of Education
Department of Health
Department of Planning
Department of Rural Development
Deputy Township Administrator
Frontline Service Provider
General Administration Department
Government of Myanmar
Local Governance Mapping
Ministry of Home Affairs
Ministry of National Planning and Economic Development
Myanmar Survey Research
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MoE
MoH
NGO
NLD
NUP
PTA
RHC
SLRD
SRHC
TA
TDSC
TEO
TLMC
THO
TDAC
TMC
TMO
TPIC
Ministry of Education
Ministry of Health
Non-Governmental Organisation
National League for Democracy
National Unity Party
Parent Teacher Association
Rural Health Centre
Settlements and Land Records Department
Sub-Rural Health Centre
Township Administrator
Township Development Support Committee
Township Education Officer
Township (Farm) Land Management Committee
Township Health Officer
Township Development Affairs Committee
Township Management Committee
Township Medical Officer
Township Planning and Implementation Committee
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TPO
UNDP
USDP
VC
VHC
VT
VTA
VT/WDSC
WA
Township Planning Officer
United Nations Development Programme
Union Solidarity Development Party
Village Clerk
Village Health Committee
Village tract
Village Tract Administrator
Village Tract / Ward Development Support Committee
Ward Administrator
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yJcl;wkdif;a'oBuD; \a'oE&tkyfcsKyfa&;tajctae? ukvor* zGHU NzdK;rItpDtpOf ? jrefrm? 2014/
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1
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2
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3
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4
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5
1
1 &yfuGuf okdYr[kwf aus;&GmtkyfpktkyfcsKyfa&;Oya' 2012 wGif &mtdrfrSL;rsm;udk jynfhpHk&Sif;vif;pGm &nfTef;xm;jcif; r&SdbJ q,ftdrfrSL;rsm;udkomvQif &nfTef;azmfjyxm;onf/ vufawGUwGifrl 4if;wkdYtm;vkH;onf vkyfief;aqmifwmrsm;ukd qufvufaqmif&GufaeMuonf/
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6
(DAO)2
DAO2
2 pnfyifom,ma&;tzGJUtpnf;rsm;(DAO)qdkonfrSm xdkae&mrsm;&SdHk;rsm; (jrLeDpy,f)udkom qdkvkdjcif;jzpfjyD; tjcm;aom azmfjycsuf&if;jrpfrsm;u tqdkygtoHk;tEIef;udk Hk;ESifh TDAC ESpfckpvHk;twGuf toHk;jyK&ef &nfTef;ajymqdkygonf/
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7
-
8
-
9
-
10
-
11
-
12
-
-
3
4
3 jrefrmEkdiffiHwGif a'oE&tkyfcsKyfa&;vkyfief;pOfavhvmrIvkyfief;? aemufcHtaMumif;t&mESifhenf;pepfwGif tkyfcsKyfa&; avhvmcsufenf;pepf\tao;pdwf&nf&G,fcsufrsm;ESifhenf;vrf;rsm;udk MunfhIyg/
4 jrefrmEkdifiHwGif pGrf;&nfwnfaqmufjcif;vkyfief;rsm;ESifhtpDtpOf'DZkdif;udkod&SdEkdif&ef xdkavhvmrIrsm;pGm aqmif &Gufaeygonf/ ynma&;u@wGifNrdKUe,fynma&;zGHUjzdK;rItpDtpOfudk ynma&;0efBuD;XmeESifh,leDquf (UNICEF)wdkYu rGefjynfe,fwGifa&SUajy;prf;oyfjyD;jzpfygonf/ EkdiffiHwGif;&Sdjynfe,fESifhwdkif;a'oBuD; 14 ckwGif xdktpDtpOfudk rdwfqufaqmif&Gufrnfjzpfygonf/ urmhbPfrSaxmufyHhxm;aom Myanmar Decentralizing Funding to Schools Program twGuf ueOD;vlrIa&;tuJjzwfjcif;udk ynma&;0efBuD;XmetwGufMSR rS aqmif&Gufay;xm;ygonf/ xdkYtjyif zGHYjzdK;a&;aqmif&Gufolrsm;\tultnDESifh ynma&;0efBuD;XmerSbufpHk vTrf;jcHKaomynma&;pepfudk aqmif&GufaeqJjzpfonf/
-
13
-
14
-
15
5
5 toHk;jyKxm;aoma&G;cs,fjcif;pHEIef;rsm;udk ]]jrefrmEkdiffiHwGif; a'oE&tkyfcsKyfa&;vkyfief;pOfavhvmrI? aemufcH taMumif;t&mESifhenf;pepf}}wGifMunfhIyg/
-
16
-
17
-
18
-
19
18%
65%
82%
23%
9%
85%
47%
81%
77%
26%
82%
83%
32%
9%
88%
54%
69%
79%
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
qif;&JEGrf;yg;rI
0ufoufumuG,fa&;
ukd,f0efaqmifapmifha&Smufa&;yg0ifrI
tawmftweftm[mt&csKdUwJhrI
tvGeftuWHtm[mt&csKdUwJhrI
rlvwef;ausmif;tyfESHrI
rlvwef;ynmNyD;ajrmufjcif;
oefYpifaomaomufokH;a&
wkd;wufaomrdvmpHepf
national average Bago
-
20
6
6 jynfolYtiftm;OD;pD;Xme?vl0ifrI BuD;Muyfa&; ESihf jynfolUtiftm;0efBuD; Xme (2014) ? 2014 ckESpf vlOD;a&ESifh tdrftaMumif;t&moef;acgifpm&if; a&SUajy;vlOD;a&pm&if;/
0
100000
200000
300000
400000
500000
600000
Bago
Taun
goo
Pyu
Pyay
Kyau
htag
aYe
adas
heDa
ik U
Nyau
ngle
binKa
waLe
tpad
anW
awNa
ttalin
Oatw
inTh
arya
rwad
dyPa
daun
gTa
natp
inPa
unde
Theg
onMo
nyo
Okpo
Pauk
khau
ngMi
nhla
Swed
aung
Htan
tapin
Gyob
ingau
kKy
aukk
yiSh
wegy
inZig
on
4
-
21
-
22
7
7 tqdkyg BuDK;yrf;rIrsm;taMumif; tao;pdwfodvdkvQif Furnivall a&;om;onfh Governance of Modern Burma odkY Iyg/
-
23
8
9 10
11
8 Taylor a&;om;onfh The State in Myanmar9 a':vSvSrdk;? rif;vSrJqEe,f 210 A report about the 1990 elections contains biographical information of all those who won in the respective
constituencies: http://www.ibiblio.org/obl/docs4/1990_multi-party_elections.pdf
11 Taylor a&;om;onfh The State in Myanmar
-
24
12
13
12 rwfv 2011 ckESpfwGif yJcl;wdkif;a'oBuD;&Sd USDP rS trwfavmif;ESpfOD;jzpfonfh oeyfyifNrdKUe,f udk,fpm; vS,f OD;tHHhBuD;ESifY rJqEe,f trSwf 7 (tkwfwGif;ESifY xef;wyifNrdKUe,f rsm;\ udk,fpm;vS,f) udk,fpm;vS,f a':csdKEG,fOD;wdkYonf tajccHOya't&vkdtyfaomEkdifiHom;jzpfrIukd jynfhrDjcif;r&SdaMumif; jynfaxmifpka&G;aumufyGJ aumfr&Sifu aMunmcJhygonf/ (ESpfOD;pvHk;wGifjrefrmEkdiffiHom; r[kwfaom rdbwpfOD;pD&Sdygonf/) yJcl;wdkif; a&G;aumufyGJwGif rrSefruef aqmif&GufrIrsm;&SdaMumif;tpD&ifcHpmrsm;vnf; &Sdygonf/
13 jynfolUvTwfawmf / xef;wyif- OD;pdefxGef;? vufyHwef;-OD;ausmfrif;? awmifil-OD;atmifpdk;jrifh ESihf oeyfyif-OD;jrifhOD;trsdK;om;vTwfawmf/ / tkwfwGif;ESihf xef;wyifNrdKUe,f(rJqEe,f trSwf 7)- OD;rif;OD;ESihf yJcl;wdkif;a'oBuD; vTwfawmf/ / u0NrdKUe,f (2)- OD;rsdK;cdkif
H k
-
25
14
14 jrefrmhppfwyfrS tjidrf;pm;AdkvfcsKyfjzpfjyD; 2004ckESpfrS yJcl;wdkif;a'oBuD; 0efBuD;csKyfjzpfonftxd EkdiffiHjcm;a&; 0efBuD;XmewGif 0efBuD;tjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhygonf/
-
26
15
15 2014 ckESpf? Mo*kwfv
-
27
-
28
-
29
-
30
-
31
-
32
-
33
-
34
awmifil
27% 24%
13% 12%9% 8%
2% 4%
0%5%
10%15%20%25%30%35%40%45%
-
35
28%
49%
23%
Changes in income of households over last three years
improved more or less the same worsened f
27%
57%
16%
improved
more orless thesameworsened
27%
57%
16%
improved
more orless thesameworsened
-
36
-
37
16
17
16 tqdkyg ar;cGef;ESifY ywfowf okawoDrsm;u ajzqdkolrsm;udk ta&;ygaom wdk;wufrIrsm; taMumif;udk rdrdwdkYtjrifjzifh ajzMum;ajymqdkapcJhygonf/ (tydkif; 4-3wGif Munfhyg/) u@ wpfckpD\ wdk;wufrIrsm;udk ar;jref;onfhtcg ajzqdkoltrsm;pku wdk;wufrItcsdKUudk azmfjycJhMuygonf/
17 orw\ trdefYaMumfjimpmtrSwf 27^2013 ESihf jrefrmEkdifiH\ a'ooE&tkyfcsKyfa&;vkyfief;pOf avhvmrIESihf avhvmonfhenf;pepfwGif if;wdkY\ tcef;u@ESihfvkyfaqmifcsufudk tao;pdwfMunhfIEkdiffonf/ yJcl;wkdif;
a'oBuD;&Sd NrdKUe,f 3-ckwGif zGJUpnf;rIESihfyg0ifjcif;udk aemufqufwGJ-3wGif MunhfIEkdifonf/
44% 37%
10% 8% 8% 4%15%
77%
18%7% 4% 1%
61%
22%8% 1% 5% 2%
55%
11%5%
15% 14% 8%0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
wdk;wufrIr&Sd wdk;wufrI a&oefY ynma&; vQyfppfrD; rodyg/
Total Zigon Padaung Taungoo
-
38
46%
36% 35% 34%
14%10%
1%
32% 30%22% 22%
41%
3%
53%
35%
59%
29%
0% 0% 3%
52%
43%
29%
48%
2%
24%
0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%
Total Taungoo Padaung Zigon
-
39
18
18 jrefrmEkdiffiHtpdk;& 2013ckESpf? pD;yGm;a&;ESihfvlrIa&;jyKjyifajymif;vJrIrlabmif ? Zefe0g&Dv 2013 aemufqHk; rlMurf;udkIyg/
-
40
19
20
19 orw\ trdefYaMumfjimpmtrSwf 27^2013 NrdKUe,fESifh&yfuGuf okdYr[kwf aus;&GmtkyfpkzGHUNzdK;wkd;wufa&; taxmuftuljyK aumfrwDrsm; zGJUpnf;&efwm0efay;tyfjcif;/
20 yJcl;wkdif;a'oBuD;&Sd NrdKUe,f 3-ckwGif zGJUpnf;rIESihf yg0ifjcif;udk aemufqufwGJ-3wGif MunhfIEkdifonf/
-
41
21
22
23
21 yJcl;wkdif;a'oBuD;wGif GAD zGYHjzdK;a&;&HyHkaiGonf GAD u pDrHcefYcGJxm;aom tao;pm; &efyHkaiG jzpfjyD; a'oqdkif&mtqifh PRF &efykHaiGodkY aygif;pnf;xm;aomaMumifh NrdKUe,ftqifhwGif oD;jcm;&efyHkaiGtjzpf rjrifEkdiffyg/ xdkYaMumifh tcsdKUaom TA rsm;u qif;&JEGrf;yg;rIavsmYcsa&; &efyHkaiG ? qif;&JEGrf;yg;rIavsmYcsa&; &efyHkaiGESifY aus;vufa'o zGHYjzdK;a&;&efyHkaiG [k azmfjyMuygonf/
22 Nixon, Hamish, and Jolene, Cindy a&;om;aom 2014ckESpf jrefrmEkdiffiHwGif b@ma&;A[dkcsKyfudkifrIavsmhcsa&; - jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;twGuf vrf;jyajryHkqDodkY pmrsufESm 3
23 vdktyfonfhtajctaersm; jynfhpHkvQif aiGxkwfolt&m&Sdonf aiGay;acs&ef tcGifhtmPm&SdjyD; csufvufrSwfudk vufrSwfa&;xdk;Ekdiffonf/ BuD;Muyfolt&m&Sdu tqdkyg ay;acsrI\ (b@ma&;enf;Oya'rsm;t&) jynfhpHk nDnGwfrIukd qufvuf ppfaq;um csufvufrSufudk xyfqifhvufrSwfxdk;ay;ygrnf/
-
42
24
25
26
24 trdefYaMunmpmtrSwf 83 2013 ESifh 86/2013 udk Munfhyg/25 jynfaxmifpk Oya'jyKtxufvTwfawmfjzpfonfh trsdK;om;vTwfawmfwGif jynfe,fESifh wdkif;a'oBuD;wpfckpDtwGuf
udk,fpm;vS,fae&m 12 ae&mpD a&G;aumufwifajrmuf&eftwGuf NrdKUe,frsm;udkydkif;jcm;vQifjzpfap (tu,f NrdKUe,f 12ck atmuf avsmhenf;cJhvQif) (odkY) tkyfpk zGJUvQifjzpfap (NrdKUe,f 12ck xufausmfvGefaom jynfe,fESifY wdkif;a'oBuD;rsm;twGuf)aqmif&GufEkdiffonf/
26 Nixon, Hamish, and Jolene, Cindy; 2014: Fiscal DeceTralisation in Myanmar: Towards a Roadmap for Reform page 33.
-
43
-
44
00.511.522.533.544.5
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Total Taungoo Padaung Zigon
per vt/ward in million kyat per capita in kyat
-
45
27
27 aus;&Gmacgif;aqmif (odkY) q,f^&mtdrfrSL; (odkY) aus;&GmtkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;onf NAdwdoQudkvkdeDpepf tkyfcsKyfpOfxJu tkyfcsKyfa&;pepfwGif wpfpdwf wpfydkif;tm;jzihf yg0ifcJhonf/ if;onf ,ckxufwd ta&;ygaomtcef;rS
yg0ifvsuf&SdNyD; aus;&GmtkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;rsm;udk ulnD&mwGif ta&;ygaom tcef;rS yg0ifvsuf&Sdonf/ aus;&GmtkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;rsm;onf aus;&Gm 4-6txdudk tkyfcsKyf&onf/ if;wkdYonf tpdk;&\ zGJUpnf;yHkwGif w&m;0if
ryg&Sdacs/ if;wdkYonf vlrItzGJUtpnf; (odkY) if;wdkYbmom cefYtyfxm;jcif;jzpfonf/ &yfrd&yfzrsm;onf
aus;&GmtkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;rsm;udk tBuHPf ay;Muonf/ tzGJU0ifrsm;twGif; vkyfydkifcGihfudk cGJa0xm;jcif;r&Sday/ odkY&mwGif wpfa,mufu OuXtjzpf wm0ef,l onf/ if;wkdYonf yHkrSefr[kwfbJ rMumcP awGUqHkMuonf/
&yfrd&yfzrsm;udk a&G;cs,fyHkrSm &Sif;vif;rI r&Sday/ xkH;pHtm;jzihfrl if;wdkYudk aus;vuftkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;rS
tjcm;aus;&GmxJ&Sd &yfrd&yfrsm;\ tBuHPf jzihf a&G;cs,fjcif;jzpfonf/ odkYr[kwf udk,fwkdifcefYtyfwm0ef,l olrsm;jzpfonf/ trsm;pkrSm aus;vuf tkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;a[mif;^ q,f^&mtdrfrSL;rsm;jzpfonf/ if;&mxl;rsm;rS
tem;,lcsdefwGif if;wdkYbmom &yfrd&yfztjzpf ,lqum wm0ef,lcJhMujcif; jzpf onf/ tcsdKUaus;&Gmrsm;wGif
&yfrd&yfzrsm;onf aus;&GmtkyfcsKyfa&;xuf ae&mcdkifNrJMuNyD; aus;&GmtkyfcsKyfa&;tcsdKUxuf omvGefMuonf/ &yfrd&yfz rsm;onf toufBuD;ol trsdK;om;rsm;jzpfNyD; tcsdKUrSm vlrI-pD;yGm;a&; aemufcHawmifhwif;olrsm; jzpfMuonf/ aus;&GmESihf&yfuGuf zGHUNzdK;a&; taxmuftuljyKaumfrwDrsm; ay:aygufvmonfESihftrQ if;wdkYonf
wpfcgwpf&H xdkaumfrwDrsm;wGif wpfpdwfwpfydkif; yg0ifulnDMuonf/ wpfcgwpf&H xdkaumfrwDrsm;ESihftwl qufvuf&yfwnfMuonf/ tao;pdwfukd Kempel, Susan 2012; Village Institutions and Leadership in Myanmar: A View from Below, UNDP 2012. wGifIyg/
-
46
-
47
-
48
-
49
28
28 awmifil&Sd tpdk;&r[kwfaom tzGJUtpnf;BuD;tcsdKUrSvGJ NrdKUe,f 3 ck&Sd vlrIa&;tzGJUrsm;onf t"dutm;jzihf vlYtodkif; t0dkif;tajcjyK tzGJUrsm;jzpfNyD; ckdifrmaom zGJUpnf;yHkr&Sday/ t"dutm;jzihf apwem0efxrf;rsm;jzihf vkyfudkifMuNyD; if;wdkYtzGJU0ifrsm; (odkY) tultnDvdktyfaom tzGJUrsm;odkY ulnDay;Muonf/ olwdkYonf ynma&;?
usef;rma&;? ema&;ESihf oufBuD;olrsm;udk ulnDMu&mwGif wuf
-
50
29
29 vlrIa&;u@rsm;wGiftpdk;&toHk;p&dwfrsm;ESifhywfoufNcHKiHkod&Sdvkdygu UNICEF, 2013; Snapshot of Social Sector Public Budget Allocations and Spending in Myanmar ukdMunfhyg/
tjcm;u@rsm;teuf usef;rma&;u@udk od&Sdvkdygu SDC, 2013; Health AssessmeT in Southeast Region of Myanmar, August 2013 ukdMunfhyg/
tjcm;u@rsm;teuf ynma&;u@udk od&Sdvkdygu MDRI, 2013; A Preliminary AssessmeT of Decentralization in Education: Experiences in Mon State and Yangon Region, December 2013 and JICA, 2013; Data Collection Survey on Education Sector in Myanmar, Final Report, February 2013 ukd Munfhyg/
-
51
30
30 aumfrwDrsm;taMumif; tao;pdwfudk aemufqufwGJ (3)wGifMunfhyg/
-
52
31
31 2014 ckESpf? arv 5 &uf? jrefrmwdkif;rf
-
53
32
33
34
35
32 2010 ckESpfusef;rma&;tcsuftvufrsm;tay: tajccHxm;onf/ 2014 ckESpfarv 5 &uf? jrefrmwdkif;rfudkMunfhyg/33 jrefrmEkdiffiHawmftpdk;&? pD;yGm;a&;ESifhvlrIa&;qkdif&mjyKjyifajymif;vJrItwGuftajccHrlabmifpmrsufESm 30? 2013
ckESpf/34 urmUusef;rma&;tzGJU\ jrefrmEkdiffiHESifhyl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&;r[mAsL[m 2014-2018/35 jynfaxmifpk\tkyfcsKyfrItmPmonf jynfaxmifpkvTwfawmfuOya'jyKEkdifaom tkyfcsKyfrIqkdif&mudp&yfrsm;okdY
vnf; oufa&mufysHUESHYonf/ (yk'fr 216)/ odkY&mwGif ]udp&yfrsm; udkwdkif;a'oBuD; odkYr[kwfjynfe,ftpdk;&tm; jynfaxmifpkOya' ESifhtnDaqmif&Guf&ef qufvufcGifhjyKxm;onf/ yk'fr 259 wGif ]wkdif;a'oBuD; okdYr[kwf jynfe,ftpkd;&onf jynfaxmifpktpkd;&u tcgtm;avsmfpGmay;tyfvmonfhvkyfief;wm0efrsm; ukd xrf;aqmif&rnf} [k azmfjyxm;onf/ qdkvdkonfrSmzGJUpnf;yHktajccHOya't&jynfaxmifpk\ pD&ifqHk;jzwfrI atmuf&SdaomtkyfcsKyfa&;vkyfief;wm0efrsm;udk jynfe,f? wdkif;a'oBuD;tpdk;&odkYjynfaxmifpk Oya't& odkYr[kwf jynfaxmifpktpdk;&\ pD&ifqHk;jzwfcsuft&vkyfydkifcGifhtmPmtyfESif;Ekdiffonf/
-
54
-
55
-
56
-
57
36
36 2014 ckESpf? arv 5 &uf? jrefrmwdkif;rf
-
58
-
59
37 38 37 tajzwpfckxuf ydkajzEkdiffonf[k rSwfom;&onf/38 tajzwpfckxuf ydkajzEkdiffonf[k rSwfom;&onf/
37%48%
39%25%
8%
52%58%47%
57%
71%
86%
44%
5% 5% 4% 4% 5% 4%0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
pkpkaygif; Zigon Padaung Taungoo Urban Rural
trsm;jynfolESifhqkdifaom yk*vdu rnfonfhae&mrQr[kwfaom
-
60
55%
38%
1% 6%
f
51%
35%
33%
29%
21%
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%
aq;&Hk? aq;cef; ydkrdkwdk;wufvmonf odkUr[kwftopfaqmufvkyfvmonf/
usef;rma&;0efxrf;rsm; tjyKtrl ydkrdkwdk;wufvmonf/
aq;eSifhaq;ypnf; ydkrdk&&Sdonf/
usef;rma&;apmifha&SmufrIp&dwf oufomvmonf/
usef;rma&;0efxrf;rsm; ydkrsm;vmonf/
-
61
-
62
-
63
Female
1
2
3
Female
1
2
3
40%
28%
43%
58%
35%
45%
36%
50%
24%25%
42%
29%
24% 22%
32%
17%
23% 25%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
pkpkaygif; ZD;ukef; ye;awmif; awmifil trsKd;om; trsKd;orD;
Always Sometimes Never
f
-
64
-
65
39
40
39 Zobrist,Brooke, McCormick, Patrick2013 ckESpfynma&;u@ A[dkcsKyfudkifrI ajzavsmhvmjcif;rsm;tay:ueOD;qef;ppfcsuf/ rGefjynfe,fESifh&efukefwdkif;a'oBuD;tawGUtMuHKrsm;/ jrefrmEkdiffiHjynfe,fESifh wdkif;a'oBuD;tqifh a'oE&tkyfcsKyfa&; vkyfief;pOfqdkif&maqG;aEG;rI pmwrf;rsm;? pD;yGm;a&;ESifhvlrIa&;zGHUjzdK;wdk;wufrIpifwm (MDRI CESD)? 2013 ckESpf? 'DZifbmv/
40 2014 ckESpf Zefe0g&Dv (7)&ufwGifb@ma&;aumfr&Sif\ 2014-2015 b@ma&;ESpfbuf*suf tpnf;ta0; EkdiffiHawmforwOD;odef;pdefrSajymMum;csuf/
-
66
41
42
43
44
45
41 UNICEF? jrefrmEkdiffiHvlrIa&;u@twGufjynfolUbwf*sufcGJa0ay;jcif;ESifh toHk;jyKjcif;tay: waphw apmif; avhvmjcif;/ 2013 ckESpf/
42 Zobrist,Brooke,McCormick,Patrick2013 ckESpfynma&;u@ A[dkcsKyfudkifrI ajzavsmhvmjcif;rsm; tay: ueOD;qef;ppfcsuf
43 JICA jrefrmhynma&;u@tay: tcsuftvufaumuf,lavhvmjcif;tpD&ifcHpm/ pmrsufESm 10? 2013 ckESpf azazmf0g&Dv
44 aemufqufwGJZ,m;(1)? tydkif;(9)? ]vlrIa&;u@}(u) ynmoifMum;a&;qkdif&mqdkif&moif&dk;Tef;wrf;? oif&dk;rmwdum? oifjyenf;pHepf? okawoe? pDrHudef;? pDrHcsuf
ESifhfpHrsm;/ (c) wuodkvf? 'Du&Daumvdyf?odyponfhoifwef;rsm;ESifh tqifhjrifhynm tjcm;tzGJYtpnf;rsm;/(*) jynfaxmifpkuowfrSwfonfhpmar;yGJrsm;/(C) ukd,fykdifausmif;rsm;ESifh oifwef;rsm; . . . ponfjzifh45 Zobrist, Brooke, McCormick, Patrick 2013 ckESpfynma&;u@ A[dkcsKyfudkifrI ajzavsmhvmjcif;rsm;tay:ueOD;
qef;ppf csuf? pmrsufESm 8 rS 9/
-
67
46
47
48
49
46 JICAjrefrmhynma&;u@tay: tcsuftvufaumuf,lavhvmjcif;tpD&ifcHpm/ pmrsufESm 11? 2013 ckESpf azazmf0g&Dv
47 Zobrist, Brooke, McCormick, Patrick 2013 ckESpfynma&;u@ A[dkcsKyfudkifrI ajzavsmhvmjcif;rsm;tay:ueOD; qef;ppf csuf/
48 txufygtwkdif;? pmrsufESm 4/49 txufygtwkdif;? pmrsufESm 19/
-
68
f
-
69
-
70
-
71
-
72
51%
53%
53%
48%
36%
25%
42%
41%
9%
13%
4%
11%
3%
9%
1%
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
1
2
3
4
improved more or less the same worsened don't know
76%
24%
20%
13%
11%
0% 20% 40% 60% 80%0% 40% 60% 80%
-
73
auseyfygonf rqkd;raumif; rauseyfyg
69%
60%
67%
79%
23%
28%
29%
14%
8%
12%
5%
7%
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
pkpkaygif;
ZD;ukef;
yef;awmif;
awmifil
Statisfied Not Good not bad Not satisfied
-
74
-
75
-
76
50
50 IHLCA 2011 / jrefrmEkdifiHtdrfaxmifpkpm;0wfaea&;tajctaebufpHkavhvmrIrSwfwrf;? qif;&JEGrf;yg;rI tajctae avhvmwifjycsuf? pmrsufESm 64/
-
77
-
78
-
79
29%
24%
33%
30%
19%
34%
54%
54%
64%
45%
49%
57%
17%
22%
3%
25%
32%
9%
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
pkpkaygif;
ZD;ukef;
yef;awmif;
awmifil
NrKdUjy
aus;vuf
Improved Stayed more or less the same Worsened
51
51 tajzwpfckxufydkum jzpfEkdiffygonf/
f
-
80
52
52 ynma&;u@wGifausmif;tyfEIef; edrfhusqJ? rlvwef; ynmoif,ljyD;qHk;rIEIef; enf;yg;qJjzpfonf/ usef;rma&;u@wGifaxmifpkESpf&nfrSef;csufTef;udef;trsm;pkrSmwdk;wufvmonf/ odkY&mwGifa'owGif;&Sd tjcm; EkdifiHrsm;\ aemufwGifusef&pfqJjzpfonf/ (Oyrm - 5 ESpfatmufuav;taotaysmufEIef; 52.3 onfa'owGGif; ysrf;rSs 28 ESifh ,SOfygutvGefrsm;aeonf/ rdciftaotaysmuftcsdK; (uav;arG;zGm;rI 100000 wGif) 200 jzpfjcif;onfa'owGif; ysrf;rSs 150 ESifhEIdif;,SOfvSsif rsm;aeonf/ axmifpkESpf &nfrSef;csufrsm;ESifhpyfvsOf;jrefrm EkdiffiH\ wdk;wufrItajctaetwGuf 2012 ckESpfurmvHk;qdkif&m axmifpkESpf&nfrSef;csuftcsuftvufodkYf (www.mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx) rS&,lxm;onf/
-
81
-
82
-
83
-
84
53
53 Susanne Kempel ? ]EkdiffiHa&;tul;tajymif;umva'oE&tkyfcsKyfa&;vkyfief;pOf}? vkyfief;aqmif&Guf a&; taxmuftyHhqdkif&mtpD&ifcHpm? rMumrDxGuf&Sdrnf/
-
85
44%
15%
7%
41%
38%
17%
11%
13%
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%
Nidrf;csrf;rIESifhvkHNcKHrItm; aocsmapjcif;
jynfolrsm;tm; &yf&Gmtvkyfvkyf&mwGifvlxkyg0ifaqmif&GufrIjyK&ef aocsmapjcif;
&GmrSaiGamu;aumufcHrIukdaumufcHjcif;
NrKdUe,ftkyfcKyfa&;rSL;xH &Gm&Sdjyemrsm;tm;ajymjyjcif;
tjiif;yGm;rIrsm;tm; aphpyfndEidif;ay;jcif;
pDrHudef;rsm;twGuf &Gmo;rsm;ESifhaqG;aEG;jcif;
tpkd;&rS tcsuftvufay;jcif;
rodyg
female male total
-
86
-
87
aus;&GmtkyfcsKyfa&;rSL; (65%)
q,ftdrfrSL;? &mtdrfrSL; (25%)
pdkufysdK;a&;t&m&Sd 3%jrdKUe,ftkyfcsKyfa&;rSL; 3%
tjcm; yk*dKvfrsm; (3%)rodyg (1%)
-
88
54
55
54 q,ftdrfrSL;? &mtdrfrSL;rsm; odkYr[kwf&GmolBuD;rsm; odkYr[kwfaus;&GmtkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;rsm;udk jAdwdoSsudkvdkeD acwfuwnf;u tkyfcsKyfa&;pepftwGif;odkYoGwfoGif;xm;cJhjyD;? rsm;aomtm;jzifh&Gm (4-5)&GmukdtkyfcsKyf&aom aus; &GmtkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;udkta&;BuD;aomtcef;u@rS ,aeYwdkiftultnDay;Muonf/ ,if;wdkYonftpdk;&zGJUpnf;yHk\ w&m;0iftpdwftydkif;wpf&yf r[kwfMuyJ &yf&GmvlxkrS a&G;aumufwifajrmufjcif; odkYr[kwf udk,fwdkifcefYxm; jcif;rsm;omjzpfonf/ aus;&GmvlBuD;rsm;ESifhav;pm;xdkufaom yk*dKvfrsm;onf aus;&GmtkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;\ tMuHay; aumfrwDwpfrsdK;jzpfonf/ aumfrwD0ifrsm;tMum; wm0efrsm;ydkif;jcm;xm;jcif;r&Sdaomfvnf; wpfOD;u rMumcP Ou|wm0ef,l&[ef&Sdonf/ aumfrwD0ifrsm;onf &Hzef&Hcg xoGm;xvmyHkpHjzifhom awGUqHkMuonf/ aus;&GmvlBuD;rsm;ESifh av;pm;xdkufaomyk*dKvfrsm;a&G;cs,fyHkenf;vrf;rSm r&Sif;vif;yg/ yHkrSeftm;jzifh aus;&GmrS tjcm;vlBuD;rsm;\tMuHjyKcsufjzifh aus;&Gmtkyfpk tkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;rSa&G;cs,fjcif; odkYr[kwf udk,fwdkifcefUxm; jcif;rsm;om&Sdonf/ trsm;pkonf ,cifq,ftdrfrSL;? &mtdrfrSL;rsm;jzpfMujyD; &mxl;a[mif;udkpGefYvTwfjyD; aemuf aus;&GmvlBuD;rsm;ESifh av;pm;xdkufaomyk*dKvfae&mrsm;udk&&SdMurnf[k tvdktavsmufrSwf,lxm;Ekdiffrnf/ tcsdKU&Gmrsm;wGif aus;&GmvlBuD;rsm;ESifh av;pm;xdkufaomyk*dKvfae&mrsm;onf aus;&GmtkyfcsKyfa&;ae&mxufyif ydktNrJwrf;oabm&SdjyD; aus;&Gmtkyfpk tkyfcsKyfa&;rSL;rsm;pGm xufyifMum&SnfcHonf/ aumfrwD0ifrsm;onf rsm;aomtm;jzifh pD;yGm;a&;-vlrIa&;aemufcHtoifhtwifhrSydkjrifhaom vlBuD;ydkif;rsm; jzpfMuonf/ aus;&Gmtkyfpk? &yfuGufzGHUjzdK;rItaxmuftuljyKaumfrwDudkzGJUpnf;cJh&mwGif ,if;wdkYudk wpfcgwpf&H xdkaumfrwDtopfrsm;atmufodkYoGwfoGif; wpfcgwpf&H xdkaumfrwDtopfrsm;ESifhtwl oD;jcm;&SdaeMuonf/ tao;pdwftwGuf Susan Kempel \ jrefrmEkdiffiH? aus;&GmtzGJUtpnf;rsm;ESifhOD;aqmifrIu@? atmufajcrSMunfhjcif;? UNDP 2012 ckESpfudkMunfhyg/
55 tajzwpfckxufydkum jzpfEkdifygonf/
10 or 100 households heads
1
274%
Village Tract Administrator
1
244%
Village Tract Administrator
1
244%
Village Tract Administrator
1
241%
Township Administrator
1
26%
Radio
1
263%
Village elders
1
235%
Department concerned
1
216%
Newspapers
1
211%
-
89
56
56 tajzwpfckxufydkum jzpfEkdifygonf/
Ministry concerned
1
223%
Others
1
22%
Village Tract/Ward Administrator
1
273%
Village Tract/Ward Administrator
1
273%
Village/Ward elders
1
256%
Television
1
250%
Radio
1
249%
Friends or family
1
234%
Newspapers
1
212%
TA
1
22%
66%
92%83%
28%
14% 18%
89%80% 83%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Urban Rural Total
#REF! #REF! #REF!
-
90
-
91
-
92
57
57 pdk;eEmvif;\ ]jrefrmEkdiffiH? jynfe,f? wdkif;a'oBuD;qdkif&mbuf*sufvsmxm;jcif;}MDRI-CESD? 2012 ckESpf? pufwifbmv/
-
93
-
94
-
95
5. oHk;oyfcsufrsm;
-
96
-
97
-
98
-
99
-
100
-
101
-
102
d k
14% 18-30
2% 31-40
29% 41-50
51-60 24%
61-70 12%
70 txuf 2%
17% ausmufeH&Hrsm;
39% opfom;eH&Hrsm;
jruf? usLx&HumeH&Hrsm;
44%
yHk 1-2/ yg0ifajzqdkolrsm;\ aexdkifrItdrftrsdK;tpm;
&if;jrpf/
-
103
39%aumufyJoD;ESH pdkufysdK;a&;
udk,fydkiftvkyf 27%
usyef;tvkyf 19%
arG;jrLa&;ESifh a&vkyfief; 2%tpdk;& 0efxrf; 6%
yk*vdutvkyf 3%yifpif? tjidrf;pm;?aiGvJTydkUjcif;
5%
27%twef;ynmr&Sdyg
38%rlvwef;
tv,fwef; 19%
txufwef; 8%
toufarG;0rf;ausmif;oifwef; 1%
bGJY&oifwef; 6%
pmwwfonfhtkyfpk2%
Arm 69%
u&if 11%
csif; 1%
&Srf; 7%tjcm; 3%
-
104
-
105
-
106
-
107
-
108
-
109
-
110
-
111
-
112
-
113
-
114
-
115
-
www.mm.undp.org Nove
mbe
r 201
4
BAGO Burmese(A)HIGH. 09 01 15FINAL Bg(10)HIGH