the staggered transition from wood to oil usage

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Alberto De Leon De Leon 1 HIST 392022 October 13, 2014 The Staggered Adoption of Coal and Its Effects on Various American Regions Starting with the establishment of European colonies in the Americas up through the beginnings of the American Industrial Revolution, wood proved itself to be the most abundant and technologically easytouse energy source to the domestic population. Arriving in a land where wood proved itself to be plentiful and constant, colonists were quick to take advantage of a resource opportunity unforeseen in their lifetimes. However, as wood supplies diminished year by year, a need arose to develop the usage of a new energy source, particularly coal. As America found itself moving closer and closer to the full adoption of coal as the leading energy source for the population, a majority of the country began slowly transforming itself from an agrarian, individualistic society to an urbanized, interconnected and profitdriven nation that established itself in stark contrast to any and all incapable of keeping up through changes in technology and transportation. While notions of product maximization and efficiency with better technology found their start in America well before the full adoption of coal as an energy source, the transition to coal was just one that took these notions and mentalities to an unprecedented level. “Early textile mills, powered by water and equipped with machinery constructed of wood and leather belting were supplanted by factories powered by steam, equipped with metal machinery, and located in major cities.” (Melosi, 26) As the technology needed for the conversion of raw materials, specifically coal, into energy became more and more complex to use, understand, operate and repair, the need for skilled labor increased as well. The South, dominated by an agrarian economy built on a foundation of slave labor and muscle power, found itself quickly outpaced by the rapid urbanization and industrialization in the North where “entrepreneurs relied on free labor that was more skilled and better educated” (Nye, 58) in order to maximize on all

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The transition from wood to coal use in the United States starting in the early 19th century was a staggered and long process.

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Page 1: The Staggered Transition from Wood to Oil Usage

  Alberto De Leon De Leon 1 HIST 392­0­22 October 13, 2014  

The Staggered Adoption of Coal and Its Effects on Various American Regions 

Starting with the establishment of European colonies in the Americas up through the beginnings 

of the American Industrial Revolution, wood proved itself to be the most abundant and technologically 

easy­to­use energy source to the domestic population. Arriving in a land where wood proved itself to 

be plentiful and constant, colonists were quick to take advantage of a resource opportunity unforeseen 

in their lifetimes. However, as wood supplies diminished year by year, a need arose to develop the 

usage of a new energy source, particularly coal. As America found itself moving closer and closer to the 

full adoption of coal as the leading energy source for the population, a majority of the country began 

slowly transforming itself from an agrarian, individualistic society to an urbanized, interconnected and 

profit­driven nation that established itself in stark contrast to any and all incapable of keeping up through 

changes in technology and transportation. 

While notions of product maximization and efficiency with better technology found their start in 

America well before the full adoption of coal as an energy source, the transition to coal was just one that 

took these notions and mentalities to an unprecedented level. “Early textile mills, powered by water and 

equipped with machinery constructed of wood and leather belting were supplanted by factories 

powered by steam, equipped with metal machinery, and located in major cities.” (Melosi, 26) As the 

technology needed for the conversion of raw materials, specifically coal, into energy became more and 

more complex to use, understand, operate and repair, the need for skilled labor increased as well. The 

South, dominated by an agrarian economy built on a foundation of slave labor and muscle power, found 

itself quickly outpaced by the rapid urbanization and industrialization in the North where “entrepreneurs 

relied on free labor that was more skilled and better educated”  (Nye, 58) in order to maximize on all 

Page 2: The Staggered Transition from Wood to Oil Usage

  Alberto De Leon De Leon 2 HIST 392­0­22 October 13, 2014  

fronts. The skill and education necessary for the use of muscle power or wood power were minimal. 

With wood for instance, “one had to merely cut it down, saw or split it into manageable sizes, and ship it 

to market.” (Cronon, 109) The complexity required for the mining and conversion of coal was one that 

required skill and learning, something that “the South did not expect from its slaves” (Nye, 57) either 

from fear of a rebellion or lack of caring. 

As the need for coal by consumers grew, the need for the transportation of it from source to 

end use grew as well. If anything, the need for the transportation was one that predated the need that 

consumers had yet to fully realize they had. Anthracite coal fields in Pennsylvania, the main source of 

coal for the United States in the early transition period, encountered serious issues due to “the difficulty 

of access” (Chandler, 151). If consumers were to use a product with regular use, the need for regularly 

scheduled arrival was going to be a major factor. For this reason, men such as Josiah White and Erskine 

Hazard, some of coal’s first prominent businessmen and promoters, “purchased coal lands and began 

the construction of a canal to reach them.” (Chandler, 152) As businessmen worked to create a need 

for their product, their investment in the transportation industry established a network of railroads and 

canals tying sources of coal to their respective markets, usually major cities with factories. “The 

concentration of people in Eastern cities made the transition to coal (for heat and light) profitable).” 

(Melose, 65) And so long as there was a profit to be made, the need to develop a channel or system of 

transportation to and from point A and point B would be present and filled by those that stood to profit. 

However in South and West, “it was out of the question to ship anthracite...because wood and 

bituminous coal were more plentiful.” (Melosi, 63­64) By sheer nature of the anthracite coal fields being 

located in Pennsylvania and the location of main, urban markets in Eastern cities, the South would be left 

Page 3: The Staggered Transition from Wood to Oil Usage

  Alberto De Leon De Leon 3 HIST 392­0­22 October 13, 2014  

behind by the rapid expansion of railroads and canals that were needed to service the coal industry. The 

arterial network of the North was one that in the end would easily surpass that of the South, whose lack 

of market and raw material sources for energy consumption and use resulted in the eventual divergence 

of an industrial North and rural South for the greater part of the 19th century. 

While the eventual domination of coal as an energy source is one that would come to be used 

throughout the country, the significantly staggered changes that occurred alongside its adoption is one 

that would come to play a role in the character development of America’s various regions. As the 

advantages of the urban, industrialization of the North become ever so evident in the face of the lacking 

South, the adoption of coal and its accompanying technologies would change the face of the United 

States as it entered through an era of energy transition.