The St. Louis Ozone Garden Project: The Beginnings of a Network in 2013

Jack Fishman1,2 and Kelley Belina2 1Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences

2Center for Environmental Sciences Saint Louis University

St. Louis, Missouri

6th Air Quality Applications Science Team Meeting (AQAST-6) Houston. TX

January 15-17, 2014

What is an Ozone Garden?

-A public education and outreach exhibit with plants that are sensitive to ozone air pollution. -With ozone (O3) and weather monitoring equipment. -Panels describe ground-level O3 air pollution and its effects on plants. -Leaf damage data is collected.

The increasing levels of background O3 air pollution and its effects on the environment are little know components of global change.

Youth Exploring Science (YES) student collecting O3 injury data on cutleaf coneflower leaves in the Saint Louis Science Center/Forest Park garden in summer 2013.

Despite the fact that urban air has gotten cleaner, average background concentrations of O3 are now above the threshold where damage to plants can now be observed

Trend in St. Louis O3 Concentrations 1980-2012: Dirty Air is Getting Cleaner, Clean Air is Getting Dirtier

St. Louis Science Center

Grant’s Farm

SWIC

Three Ozone Gardens in St Louis in 2013

-Saint Louis Science Center (SLSC) – 2nd year -Grant’s Farm – 1st year -Southwestern Illinois College (SWIC) – 1st Year

Grant’s Farm SWIC

Highlights in 2013

More Ozone-injury Observed at the SLSC garden in 2013 Despite Considerably Lower O3 Concentrations

Highlights in 2013

2012: 40 O3 Days, 170 Exceedances

2013: 7 O3 Days, 15 Exceedances

Common Milkweed in 2012: Only minimal damage observed in

2012, and none until September

Common Milkweed in 2013: • Stippling gradually progresses to become prominent dark areas • Older leaves show more advanced symptoms than younger leaves • After stippling, leaves can become chlorotic (yellow) and/or necrotic (cell death) and often drop early from the plant

Cutleaf Coneflower and

La Chipper Potato: Both plants exhibited

damage in 2013

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Dried pod weights (g) from soybeans at the Grant’s Farm 1n 2013

Ozone tolerant Ozone sensitive

Observable and Measurable Differences in Sensitive and Tolerant Soybean Cultivars Planted in 2013

Highlights in 2013

Sensitive soybean cultivar (A.K. Harrow, front) and tolerant cultivar (Williams 82,rear) planted at SWIC in 2013

A National Network of Ozone Gardens Using AQAST Members

From June 2012 AQAST Meeting

Status of National Network of Ozone Gardens in 2014

Open in 2013

Planned for 2014

Visualizing the Impact of Global Change on the Environment: The St. Louis Ozone Garden

Jack Fishman1,2,3 Kelley M. Belina,2,3 and Cindy H. Encarnaciòn4 1Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences

2Center for Environmental Sciences 3Center for Sustainability

Saint Louis University St. Louis, Missouri 63108

4Saint Louis Science Center St. Louis, Missouri 63110

Submitted Bulletin American Meteorological Society

February, 2013 Revised August, 2013 (response to referees)

2nd Revision October, 2013 (editor requested shift with more education focus) Forwarded to BAMS Editor-in-Chief

Still Waiting for Formal Acceptance! From Jeff Rosenfeld (Editor-in-chief): 2 December 2013 Hi Jack,

Peter asked me to take a look at the manuscript and I have done so. I was very close to making some recommendations to you and then got completely derailed with an unexpected health issue before Thanksgiving.

I'm sure you'll hear from me, or from another editor, soon. The delay will be worth your while, even if it doesn't seem like it at the moment.

--Jeff

Part II:

Can Information on Crop Spectral Signatures Be Used by Agribusiness to

Improve USDA Commodity Forecasting?

Potential Future Collaboration with Wasit (Ghulam) Wulamu (SLU)

Sensitive soybean cultivar (A.K. Harrow, front) and tolerant cultivar (Williams 82,rear)

planted at SWIC Ozone Garden in 2013

Ongoing Research at Saint Louis University Sustainable Agriculture under Changing Climate: Nutrient Uptake and Grape Quality Study under Various Soil Moisture Conditions

Grape plants under drought-stressed and irrigated conditions exhibit different spectral signatures

Drought bed Irrigated bed

Potential Tiger-Team Proposals: Determine Spectral Signatures for

O3-Tolerant and O3-Sensitive Soybean Cultivars

rice: 99-15

Rice: 5021

Rice: 99-15

Hyper-spectral remote sensing has been used to differentiate cultivars of rice

(Tong et al., 2004)

-1.64%ppbv-1[56-70ppbv](Morganetal.,2006)

nodetec bleimpact[38-53ppbv]

-0.92%ppbv-1[48-60ppbv]

(Fishmanetal.,2010)

(Fishmanetal.,2010)

Future IPCC Scenarios Suggest Tropospheric O3 will Increase by 25%

• Decrease in yield because of increased O3 is an ongoing research concern of St. Louis-based Monsanto

-1.64%ppbv-1[56-70ppbv](Morganetal.,2006)

nodetec bleimpact[38-53ppbv]

-0.92%ppbv-1[48-60ppbv]

(Fishmanetal.,2010)

(Fishmanetal.,2010)

Future IPCC Scenario: Trop O3 +25% Decreased Yield ~10%

Future IPCC Scenarios Suggest Tropospheric O3 will Increase by 25%

• Decrease in yield because of increased O3 is an ongoing research concern of St. Louis-based Monsanto

Spectral Measurements using PSR-3500 Spectral resolution 3.5nm (350-1000nm);

10nm @ 1500nm; & 7nm @ 2100nm

Leaf Area Index (LAI) from LAI-2200 Plant Canopy Analyzer

Ongoing Research at SLU Focused on Growing Grapes in an Urban Environment

(Emphasis on Urban Sustainability)

Purpose of SLU Research is to Characterize Differences in Spectral Signatures for Two Different Grape Varieties under

Drought and Non-Drought Conditions

Ultimate Goal: Transform Vast Tracts of Urban Land (either currently vacant or where derelict buildings stand) into Functional Vineyards

• But first we need to know which grapes grow best • Information in the “red edge” portion of the spectrum provides insight into growth of plant

TEMPO will provide measurements in the near-red (red edge) portion

of the spectrum that can be used to measure chlorophyll fluorescence

Application of TEMPO Air Quality Satellite Measurements to Improve USDA Commodity Forecast Models

Ongoing Research Project at Monsanto

Potential SLU-Monsanto Collaboration

• Initial Teleconference, January 2014 - Jack Fishman & Wasit Wulamu from SLU -Marie Petracek & Mike Woods from Monsanto • Mutual Interest in Understanding Impact of Ozone on Soybean Crop Yield • Use of Monsanto Soybean Test Facility near Belleville IL (~40 km East of STL) • Details for Future Plans to be Discussed - Use of Test Facility to make ground-based spectral measurements on multiple cultivars with known sensitivity to O3 (summer 2014) - Use of Test Facility for future aircraft measurements (2015 and beyond) 2014 “Pre-Tiger Team Activity”

• Hand-held spectroscopic measurements at 3 Local Ozone Gardens • Establish first baseline soybean spectral signature • Determine spectral signature of O3 foliar damage • Hand-held spectroscopic measurements at Monsanto Field Site

2015 Tiger Team Proposal • SLU aircraft to be available for in situ and remote sensing over Monsanto Field Site • Leverage SLU aircraft capability to obtain spectral signatures over Monsanto field site • Compare airborne measurements with ground-base spectroscopic signatures

Summary Ozone Garden:

• Three Gardens in St. Louis, Three more started in 2013 • Two (or More) Planned for 2014 • Foliar Damage Clearly Identifiable at SLSC in 2013 - Annuals need one year to establish - Soybean Species Introduced in 2013

Spectral Measurements (Unplanned Activity for Summer 2014)

• Provide Baseline Spectral Measurements of Ozone Sensitive and Ozone Tolerant Cultivars at 2014 STL Ozone Gardens to Provide Baseline Spectral Signatures • Expand Above Measurements to Monsanto Field Site in Illinois (not currently funded)

Use Findings for 2015 Tiger Team Proposal

Back-Up Slides

Production Estimates and Crop Assessment Division (PECAD) Model Knowledge and Forecasts of Crop Production Important to U.S. Agribusiness

Production Estimates and Crop Assessment Division (PECAD) Model: Currently: Only LCLU Satellite Data Used as Input

Production Estimates and Crop Assessment Division (PECAD) Model Can Inclusion of

TEMPO Data Improve Crop Forecasts?

Vitis riparia is also know as River Bank Grape. It produces dark fruit that are appealing to both

birds and people, and has been used extensively in commercial viticulture as grafted rootstock and

in hybrid grape breeding programs.

Vitis rupestris is a species of grape native to the Southern and Western United States that is known by

common names Sand Grape. It is used for breeding several French-American hybrids as well as many

root stocks. It has been listed as threatened or endangered by Indiana, Kentucky, Pennsylvania, and

Tennessee because Heavy use of grazing and herbicides have killed out much of the population.

The red edge of vegetation is an area usually centered around 720nm and represented by the typical sharp

rise in reflectance in the 680-760nm range of classic vegetation spectral signature.

When plants are healthy and are producing more chlorophyll, the red edge tends to shift toward the right

to longer wavelength. This is also accompanied by an increase in the absorption trough at 680nm as the

plant absorbs more energy in the photosynthetic process. When plant is stressed, such as in the case of

excessive heavy metals in the soil, temperature, or lack of water, the spectra tends to shift toward the left

and shorter wavelengths. Stress also tends to produce an increase in reflectance at 630nm absorption

trough because less slight is being utilized for photosynthesis and chlorophyll.

In our case, the red edge reflectance of river bank grape is always centered at the longer wavelength than

sand grape. Furthermore, the 680nm chlorophyll absorption trough is always lower than its counterparts.

So, it seems the river grape is healthier than sand grape in both condition throughout the growing season.

This is also visibly distinguishable in the field. I am not pretty sure which species is drought resistant

,but I assume sand grape is more resistant than the river bank grape based on its name and places it found

in nature. If this is the case, supposedly, the sand grape should grow healthier than the another due to its

genetic traits may be. However, due to wet weather or irrigation scheme plants might not get enough

stress that makes drought-resistant species survive, non-resistant suffer.

Crop Value Year billion $$ 2012 43.2 2011 38.5 2010 37.6 2009 32.1

2008 29.5

2007 27.0 2006 20.5 2005 17.3 2004 17.9

Value of U.S. Soybean Crop

Reduction of Soybean Crop Production by Ozone (a Few Percent) Costs Several Billions of Dollars to the American Farmer

Wild Plant Conservation

Milkweed is the monarch caterpillar’s primary food source

Decreasing the amount of healthy milkweed effects monarch butterfly populations

Common milkweed in the SLSC Ozone Garden in 2013

Monarch caterpillar on common milkweed in the SLSC Ozone Garden

in 2012 Monarch butterfly

Milkweed flowers

National Crop Loss Assessment Network (NCLAN) Conducted Studies in the 1980s to Assess Impact of Ozone on Crops

Many crops show decreased yield ~40 ppb

Analyses Conducted in 1980s and 1990s Confirm Hypothesis that Tropospheric Ozone Has Increased during 20th Century

(from Marenco et al., J. Geophys. Res., 99. 1994)

Observations from

1950/1960s

Observations from

1990s

Montsouris

Measurement ~1900 From Staehelin, et al., Atmos. Environ., 28, 75-87, 1994

Analyses Conducted in 1980s and 1990s Confirm Hypothesis that Tropospheric Ozone Has Increased during 20th Century

Pacific Coast (US)

Background Ozone Concentrations Still Increasing into

Beginning of 21st Century

Mace Head (Ireland)

(From Cooper et al., Nature, 463, 2010)

Canopy reflectance：

Leaf Optics

Soil reflectance

Canopy structure

LAI

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Lillesaeter

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Selection of water sensitive bands

Tempo