the spread of the protestant reformation 1515 martin luther reinterprets paul’s epistle to the...
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THE SPREAD OF THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION
1515 Martin Luther reinterprets Paul’s Epistle to the Romans: “justification through faith”
Oct 1517
Luther distributes his 95 Theses in Wittenberg
1520 Luther publishes Three Treatises, is excommunicated
1521 Luther faces Emperor Charles V at the Diet of Worms
1524/25 German Peasants’ War
1529The “Protestation of Speyer” (6 princes + 14 cities embrace the Evangelical Faith at Diet of Speyer)
1533 King Henry VIII founds the Church of England
1546/47Charles V conquers Hesse & Saxony in the War of the League of Schmalkalden, but the new faith endures
1555 Peace of Augsburg: “He who reigns, his religion” (only applies to Catholics & Lutherans)
“Anabaptists” rejected all existing churches by rejecting infant baptism (an early execution in the Netherlands in
1524):Radical sects included the Hutterites, Mennonites, &
Unitarians
16th-century Hutterite tract, with a happy
family that shares all property like the apostles of old
Satirical pamphlet:“The Hutterite
Anabaptist Dove-Cote”
Thomas Müntzer(1489-1525)
1517: Quarreled with Luther1520/21: Pastor of Zwickau; banished after rejecting infant baptism1524/25: Becomes advisor to peasant rebels, argues for the equal distribution of wealth and the creation of a heavenly kingdom
A Knight, captured by Bundschuh rebels in 1524
The German Peasants’ War of
1525:Luther was
horrified when revolting peasants wrote his slogans on their banners,
and the Evangelical preacher
Thomas Muentzer
joined their army
A peasant army plunders a monastery in southern Germany, 1525: Luther sought to reason with them but soon invited the princes to slay these mad dogs
The mainstream Reformation: “Protestants” read their new “Augsburg Confession” to Charles V at the Diet of 1530
Jan of Leyden,
King of the “New
Jerusalem” in Münster,
1534/35
The siege of the Anabaptist Kingdom, Münster, 1534/35
England’s King Henry VIII
(reigned 1509-47) badly wanted to
divorce Catherine of Aragon and
appropriate the monasteries
Sir Thomas More
(1478-1535)
• Close friend of Erasmus.
• Published Utopia in 1516.
• Rose to become Chancellor of England.
• Executed for refusing to approve Henry’s divorce.
Charles V conquered Saxony & Hessen inThe War
of the League of Schmal-kalden,
1546/47, but they remained Lutheran.
THE HABSBURG LANDS IN 1555
Allegory on the Abdication of Emperor Charles V in 1555—
His brother Ferdinand gets Austria; his son Philip II, Spain
TERMS OF THE PEACE OF AUGSBURG, 1555,between Emperor Ferdinand and the League of
Schmalkalden
“In order to bring peace to the Holy Roman Empire of the Germanic Nation, let neither his Imperial Majesty nor the Electors, Princes, etc., do any violence or harm to any estate of the empire on the account of the Augsburg Confession…”“Likewise the Estates espousing the Augsburg Confession shall let all the Estates and Princes who cling to the old religion live in absolute peace…”“However, all such as do not belong to the two above named religions shall not be included in the present peace but be totally excluded from it.”[If any ruler of an ecclesiastical territory becomes a Protestant, he must renounce that territory.][Any subject who disagrees with the government’s choice of confession has the right to move elsewhere.]
THE CONFESSIONAL PARTITION OF EUROPE BY 1560