the spanish era
TRANSCRIPT
In Search of New Lands
Result of worldwide exploration and expansion:
•Desire to gain new lands
•Power
•Wealth for explorers and their countries
In Search of New Lands
• The fall of Constantinople & the emergence of the Ottoman Turks
– closed the former trade routes to the East, causing the monarchs and navigators of Europe to find new routes across the seas.
In Search of New Lands
Portugese Navigators who sailed to reach down the East:
•Bartolome Dias– Cape of Good Hope
•Vasco de Gama– Calicut, India
In Search of New Lands
• Christopher Columbus
– failed to convince the King of Portugal that he could reach the East by sailing westward.
– was able to get the Support of Spanish Crown.
In Search of New Lands
Portugal & Spain became keen rivals in colonizing lands because of:
•gold
•spices
•other merchandise found in the Orient
•religious zeal to proselytize natives
In Search of New Lands
• Papal bull or Inter caetera
– was settled by Pope Alexander VI to settle the rivalry on May 3, 1493.
In Search of New Lands
• Spanish zone– West of the imaginary line drawn N-S,
100 leagues west of all Azores and Cape Verde Islands.
• Portugal zone– All the lands East of demarcation line.
In Search of New Lands
• Treaty of Tordesillas
– both kingdoms agreed to move the demarcation line 370 leagues (about 1,100 mi) west of Cape Verde Islands and still be guided by the provisions of the papal bull.
In Search of New Lands
• Ferdinand Magellan– member of nobility of Portugal sailed
with a fleet carrying the first Portuguese viceroy to the East Indies and then sent to Malacca in Malay Peninsula and the spice markets of Ambon and Banda in Western Malaysia.
– promoted to the rank of a captain.
In Search of New Lands
• astrolabe– used in all explorations done by latitude
sailing.
• Moluccas or Spice Islands– reached by Magellan after he
discovered the idea of passage to west around South America.
In Search of New Lands
• March 28, 1518– contract of expedition was signed and
Magellan was named captain general of expedition.
Voyage to the Philippines
• Islas de San Lazaro– They saw the towering heights of Samar
on March 16, 1521.
• Rajah Kolambu– First, refused to welcome Magellan but
soon welcomed the Europeans.
Voyage to the Philippines
• kasi kasi– blood compact ceremony performed by
Rajah Kolambu and Magellan.
• Barangay Magallanes, Limasawa, Southern Leyte– The site of first Christian mass in the
Philippines.
Voyage to the Philippines
• Gian Battista Ramusio– Butuan
• Antonio de Herrera– Mazaua
• Father Colin– Limasawa
Voyage to the Philippines
• Lapulapu– another chieftain of Mactan whose real
name is Cali Pulacu
– refused to accept the new political system and pay tribute.
Voyage to the Philippines
• poisoned arrow & bamboo spear– hit Magellan’s right leg and struck his
face
• Battle of Mactan– A scandalous defeat for Spaniards for
they were not able to prove themselves better in combat.
The Spanish Conquest of the Islands
• Recopilacion de leyes de los reymos de las Indias (Compilation of Laws on Royal Islands in the Indies)
– popularly known as Leyes de Indias (Laws of the Indies)
– Was used by Spain to rule its extensive possessions to the Philippines.
The Spanish Conquest of the Islands
• encomienda
– administrative unit for the purpose of exacting tribute from the natives and to use the personal services of the King.
– pretence for slavery
The Spanish Conquest of the Islands
• encomendero
– undertook ways to look after the well-being of his people and educate them with Spanish norms of conduct.
– ¼ of the total collection was given to him
The Spanish Conquest of the Islands
• cabeza de barangay– collects the tribute and gave it to the
encomendero.
• Provincial government– system replaced to the encomienda
The Spanish Conquest of the Islands
2 types of Provincial Administration:
1.alcaldia-mayor (province)
2.corregimientos (territories)
The Spanish Conquest of the Islands
• alcaldia-mayor– where peace had been established by
the Spanish government placed under a civil official called alcalde-mayor.
• corregimientos– had not been completely pacified under
the charge of corregidores or politico-military governors.
The Spanish Conquest of the Islands
• pueblo– or towns; province was divided into this.
• gobernadorcillos– admnistered the pueblo.
• pincipalia– prominent land-owning and propertied
citizens who could read, write and speak Spanish.
The Spanish Conquest of the Islands
Gubernatorial powers were made possible through:
1.Audiencia Real or Royal Audiencia
2.Residencia
3.Visitador-general
4.Archbishop and clergy
5.Subordinate public officials
The Spanish Conquest of the Islands
• One tribute– Corresponds to one family, consisting of
husband, wife and minor children.– equivalent to (8) reales or on peso
• Half of the tribute– Has to be paid by unmarried man or
woman.
The Spanish Conquest of the Islands
• cedula tax– replaced the tribute.
• Polo– forced labor and another form of
pacifying the natives.
The Spanish Conquest of the Islands
• polista– or worker; has to work 40 days a year in
the labor pool.
• falla (exemption fee)– to be excluded in the polo
The Spanish Conquest of the Islands
• Bandala
– refers to assignment of annual quotas to each province for the compulsory sale of products to the government.
Towards the Hispanization of the Natives
• reduccion– resettlement of inhabitants in Spanish-
style poblaciones.
• poblacion– town center– Organized around a rectangular plaza,
with the church and convent on one side bounded by the tribunal and houses of Spanish officials.
Towards the Hispanization of the Natives
Societal Rank of Spanish Society:
1.espanoles– both Spanish parents
1.espanoles peninsulares– born in Spanish Peninsula
1.espaoles insulares– born in the colony
Towards the Hispanization of the Natives
4. mestizos & mestizas
-children of an espanol and an indio or india.
•mestizo– referred to the mestizos de sangley or
Chinese mestizos
Towards the Hispanization of the Natives
• mestizos de espanol– Spanish mestizos
• indios or indios naturales– pertaining to the natives of the
Philippines without Spanish or Chinese ancestry.
Towards the Hispanization of the Natives
• Tomas Pinpin– First Filipino printer
• Librong Pag-aaralan nang manga Tagalog nang uicang Castila (Book that the Tagalogs Should Study to Learn Spanish)– First published tagalog book
Towards the Hispanization of the Natives
• Cebu– established the first Basic Education
• Archbishop Domingo de Salazar– ordered that every town was to have
one school for boys and one school for girls
Towards the Hispanization of the Natives
Subjects taught in Basic Education:
•Cathecism
•Reading and Writing in the dialect
•Music
•The Rudiments of Arithmetic
•Trades and Industries
Towards the Hispanization of the Natives
• University of San Ignacio– first founded university for boys.
2 kinds of schools for girls:
1.colegio (regular school)
2.beaterio (combined school and nunnery)
Towards the Hispanization of the Natives
• Christiana en lengua espanola y tagala
– earliest catechetical book printed sought to explain the imortance of Christ, chastity and devotion to God in the vernacular.
Towards the Hispanization of the Natives
• pasion– Written in verse and chanted during the
Lent.– depicted the life and passion of Jesus
Christ
Towards the Hispanization of the Natives
• Gaspar Aquino de Belen– wrote the first tagalog pasion.
• Father Mariano Pilapil– wrote the second pasion Pasyong
Genesis and this was more preferred.
Towards the Hispanization of the Natives
• Sociedad Economica de los Amigos del Pais (Economic Society of the Friends of the Country)
– founded by Governor General Basco– This society helped much in the
agricultural development of the country
Towards the Hispanization of the Natives
Great products of the Philippines:
•Cotton
•Abaca
•Silk
•Pina
•Jusi
Towards the Hispanization of the Natives
Jesus Christ is represented in various forms:
•Santo Nino- as a child
•Nazareno
•Santo Entierro- while placed inside a sepulcher
Towards the Hispanization of the Natives
• Cristo Resucitado-resurrected Christ
• Santo Cristo- Christ on the cross
Towards the Hispanization of the Natives
• Misa de Aguinaldo (Mass of the Gift)– The begin of joyous celebration;
popularly known as simbang gabi
• Misa de Gallo (Mass of the Rooster)– Midnight mass on Christmas Eve
Towards the Hispanization of the Natives
• Panunuluyan
– a religious play which reenacts the search by Joseph and Mary for an inn has also been observed in some parishes prior to the midnight mass.
Towards the Hispanization of the Natives
• Flores de Mayo (Flowers of May)– where devotees offer flowers everyday
at the church altar to honor the Blessed Mother.
• Santa Cruz de Mayo (Santacruzan) – Procession held to commemorate the
finding of the Holy Cross by Empress Helena and Emeror Constantine.
Chinese in the Philippines
• Sangleys– called to Chinese during Spanish times
• xiang and ley– “traveling merchants”
Chinese in the Philippines
• Pacto de retro
– chinese mestizos were able to acquire land
– a contract under which the borrower who conveyed his land to the lender could repurchase it for same amount of money that he had received.
More Europeans in the Islands
•October 5, 1762
– Manila fell into British hands, after a white flag hoisted at Fort Santiago.