the south american tomato pin worm tuta absoluta a new challenge suggestions for a control strategy
TRANSCRIPT
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Our advice, your growth!
The South American Tomato Pin Worm Tuta absolutaA new challenge Suggestions for a control strategy
Ing. Paco Lozano Rubio
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Our advice, your growth!
Tuta absuluta:
overview
Pest
Profile:
• Taxonomy
• Host
• Origin
• Distribution
• Morfology
• Damages
• Life cycle
Cultural
Interventions:
• Clean start
• Hermiticity
• Hygiene
• Fysical control
• Monitoring
Currative
Interventions:
• Mass trapping
• Biological Control
• Chemical
Corrections
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Tuta absoluta
pest profile
Taxonomy:
Class: Insecta (insects)
Order: Lepidoptera (moths & butterflies)
Family: Gelechiidae (curved-horn moths)
Genus: Tuta
Specie: T. absoluta (Povolny, 1994)
Synonyms:
• Scrobipalpula absoluta (Povolny, 1964)
• Gnorimoschema absoluta (Clarke, 1962)
• Phthorimaea absoluta (Meyrick, 1917)
Common name:
• South American tomato pinworm
• Tomato borer
17 October 2012
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Tuta absoluta
pest profile
17 October 2012
Host plats:
• Solanacea family
• Main target crops: Tomato, eggplant, potato
• Other crops: tabaco, sweet pepper
• Weeds: Solanum nigrum, Datura stramonium
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Tuta absoluta
pest profile
Origin & geographical distribution:
South America:
• Argentina, Chile, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru,
Uruguay, Venezuela.
• Not present in Andean regions (> 1000 m), as low temperature is a
limiting factor (Notz, 1992)
Asia:
• There is an old record of T. Absoluta attacking Solanum lyratum in
Japan (Clarke, 1962) but no recent records
Europe:
• Invasive specie in Europe since 2006
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Tuta absoluta
pest profile
17 October 2012
Origin & geographical distribution
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Tuta absoluta
pest profile
Morphology:
Adults:
• Longitude: 6-7 mm
• Wingspan: 10 - 11 mm.
• Wings: gray brown, with dark spots
• Antenna: large, filiform, twirled
• Lifespan: 10-15 days , 6-7 days
• Activity time: night & twilight,
hided in daytime.
• Fecundity: 180 – 260 eggs /
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Tuta absoluta
pest profile
Morphology:
Egg:
• Shape: small, cylindrical
• Color: creamy white (recently laid)
yellow-orange (before hedging)
• Size: 0.36 mm long, 0.22 mm wide
• Location : individual or small groups
73% on leaves
21% on stems
5% on sepals
1% on green fruits
(source: Estay, 2000)
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Tuta absoluta
pest profile
17 October 2012
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Tuta absoluta
pest profile
Morphology:
Larva:
• 4 larval stages, each of different sizes and color.
• L1: 0.5 – 0.8 mm long
cream-coloured
young larvae mine the leave and feed on mesophyle tissue
• L2: 2.8 mm long
as they feed and grow, they turn yellowish-green
black stripe at the back of their head
• L3: 4.5 mm long.
maintain the yellow-green colour
• L4: about 7.5 mm. Full-grown larvae are greenish pink
before pupating, stop feeding
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Tuta absoluta
pest profile
17 October 2012
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Tuta absoluta
pest profile
Morphology:
Pupa:
• Shape: cylindrical
• Colour: light brown
• Size: 4-5 mm long, 1.1 mm Ø
• Pupation in a silk cocoon
• Location: on crop or drops on floor
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Tuta absoluta
pest profile
Damages:
Leaves:
• bladder-shaped mines >< leafminer
• Excrements at the end of the mines
• Mines turn brow and necrotic
• Larvae leave mines to penetrate other leaves, stems or fruits
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Tuta absoluta
pest profile
17 October 2012
T. absoluta
Lyriomyza
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Tuta absoluta
pest profile
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Tuta absoluta
pest profile
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Tuta absoluta
pest profile
Damages:
Stems:
• Boreholes in young stems
• Heaps of dark granular excrements
Fruits:
• boreholes under and around the sepal
• Heaps of dark granular excrements
• unsuitable for sale and consumption.
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Tuta absoluta
pest profile
17 October 2012
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Tuta absoluta
pest profile
17 October 2012
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Tuta absoluta
pest profile
Life cycle:
• min. activity T : 9 C
• Overwinter:
egg, pupa or adult
not in the Mediterranean
• Diapause:
no food available
4-6 weeks
• 10 – 12 generations / year
17 October 2012
15 20 25 30
Egg 10 7 4 3
Larva 36 23 15 11
Pupa 21 12 7 6
Total 67 42 26 20
Life span 23 17 13 9
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Tuta absoluta
cultural intervention
Clean start:
End of crop:
• Treat crop and soil; i.e. chlorpyrifos-methyl + spinosad)
• Dispose and destroy all crop remains and weeds; i.e. burning
Disinfection:
• Greenhouse structure
• Focus on entre gates and windows
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17 oktober 2012
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Tuta absoluta
preventive intervention
Clean start
Hygiene:
• Remove and destroy all weeds (potential host plants) , also around
the greenhouse
• Plantlets free of pest (eggs, larvae, adults)
• Tools and crates free pest (eggs, larvae, adults)
Soil treatment:
• Plowing
• (Bio) solarization
• Min. 5-6 weeks fallowing
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Tuta absoluta
preventive intervention
Hermiticity
Insect screen
17 October 2012
Insect proof netting
Ventilation
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Tuta absoluta
preventive intervention
Hermiticity
Mesh: min. 9 x 6 / cm²
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0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
1 2 3 4 5 6
Na
du
lte
n
Permeability
4x2
6x6
9x6
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Tuta absoluta
preventive intervention
Hermiticity
Dobble doors
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Tuta absoluta
preventive intervention
Hermiticity
Seal crack and holes
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Tuta absoluta
cultural intervention
Physical control
Trapping:
• For hedged adults from the soil
• 10 – 15 days prior to planting
• 15 – 30 watertraps / ha + pheromones (or yellow sticky traps)
• Remore sticky traps before introductions of beneficials
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Tuta absoluta
cultural intervention
Physical control
Remove and destroy
• infested tissue
• weeds
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Tuta absoluta
cultural intervention
Monitoring
What?
• Detection presence of pest
• Follow up population development
Why?
• first damages observable after 2-3 weeks after first captures
• Threshold level
• Moment of intervention
How?
• Captures on traps (n adults)
• Observation of pest symptoms (% of damage)
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Tuta absoluta
cultural intervention
Monitoring
Correlation captures and risk level
Correlation % symptomatic plants and risk level
17 October 2012
N of captured adults % of symptomatic Plants Risk Level
0 - Non
1 5% Very Low
2 - 3 5 - 25% Low
4 - 30 25 - 50% Middle
30 - 100 > 50% High
> 100> 50%,
all larval stagesExtreme
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Tuta absoluta
cultural intervention
Monitoring
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0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
1 2 3 4 5 6
NA
du
lts
pe
r tr
ap
type of trap
Funnelval
Deltaval
Waterval
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Tuta absoluta
cultural intervention
Monitoring
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Tuta absoluta
cultural intervention
17 October 2012
Monitoring
4-6 delta traps / ha
Replace pheromone every 4-6
weeks
0.4-1.2 m height
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17 octobre 2012
Mass trapping:
Water traps
• 15 - 30 water traps / ha
• 40 cm height
• Oil layer
• Pheromone
Note:
• Captures
• No correlation N captures with % infested plants
Tuta absoluta
curative strategies
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Tuta absoluta
curative strategies
Risk Level Recommended intervention
Non Monitoring on traps
Very Low Monitoring on traps and crops
Low Monitoring on traps and crops
MiddleIntensify monitoring
Preventive application of biological products
HighIntensify monitoring
Intensify bio treatments
Extreme Corrective treatments
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Intervention
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Tuta absoluta
curative strategies
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Intervention:
Preventive application of biological products:
• every 10-15 days
• Bacillus thuringiensis, azadirachtine
Curative treatments:
• Spinosad : 3x / cyclus
• Indoxacarb: 6x / cyclus
• New Tuta chemicals available
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Tuta absoluta
curative strategies
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Biological control:
Biopesticides:
• Bt
Mirids:
• Macrolophus caliginosus
• Nesidiocoris tenuis
Parasitoids:
• Trichogramma achaea
• Others in research: egg and larva parasitoid
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Tuta absoluta
curative strategies
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40
Urbaneja et al. 2009
Trial conditions: 24 h; 25ºC; 16:8 (L:D)
Macrolophus
Nesidiocoris
Urbaneja et al. 2009
Trial conditions: 5 larvae; 24 h. 25ºC; 16:8 (L:D)
Tuta absoluta
curative strategies
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0.2 damaged fruits / 5 fruits = 4%
0,0
0,5
1,0
1,5
2,0
2,5
3,0
0 5 10 15 20 25
Mirids
Da
ma
ged
fru
its
/ 5
fru
its
4.5 mirids /plant
Judit Arnó, IRTA 2009
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curative strategies
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Some considerations on mirids:
Predation by adults of eggs and early stage larval stages.
Contained Threshold at high mirid population levels > 4.5 / plant
Slow population development
Phytophagy – risk of feeding damage
Advance population development:
• Earlier releases (propagation area, 3-4 weeks after planting)
• Introduction of adults
• Increase dosage (1,5 /m²)
• External food source (Ephestia eggs)
Tuta absoluta
curative strategies
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Tuta absoluta
curative strategies
Recommendation on release of Nesidiocoris tenuis:
Dosage:0.5 – 1 /m²/ release, total 1.5-2 / m²
Moment of introduction Planting August, 3 weeks later, in 2 releasesPlanting September, as soon as possible, in 1 release (+ephestia)
Introduction method:On plants or BioboxFeed with ephestia eggs
Treatments:Avoid extensive chemical treatmentsduring build-up face (3-4 weeks)
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Trichogramma achaeae
Dosage:
50-100 /m²/w, total: 250-500 / m²
Moment of introduction:
first sign of galaries or adults catched on traps in spring time
Introduction method:
Low volume card, lower part of plants, good distributed over the crop
Treatments:
compatible products
Note: in research
Tuta absoluta
curative strategies