the sound system of a language (phonology)

7/30/2019 The Sound System of a Language (Phonology)

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Phonology

Sound System of a Language

Miss Caroline Val Madin

Language Dept., IPG Tawau


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We all have instinctual knowledge of thephonemes of our own languageIt allows us to produce sounds that formmeaningful utterances (even if they are new)It allows us to recognize and understand aforeign accent


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The study of the structure and systematic

patterns of sounds in human language


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It allows us to make up new words thatsound rightIt allows us to add appropriate sounds tomake plurals, past tense, etc.It allows us to know what is and what is not asound in our own language.


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PhonemesAllophones

Minimal pairsDistinctive featuresSyllable structurePhonotacticsMorphophonemics


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Distinctive or contrastive sound (phonological

segment) in the sound system of a language.PHONE A Phonetic Segment Occurring in LanguagePHONEME

A Segment that differentiates meaning


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Place of articulationEx. /p/ VS /t/

p op VS t op

Manner of articulationEx. /b/ VS /m/B ob VS m ob

Voicing

Ex. /s/ VS /z/S ue VS z oo


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An Allophone is:A predictable phonetic variant of a phonemeIt is rule-governed

An Allophone is Predictable, Nondistinctiveand Redundant


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An alternative pronunciation or a variant of aphoneme.

Ex. /p/ - [p h] p en- [p] s p y

/t/ - [t h] t op- [t] s t op- [?] bi tt en- [D] bu tt er


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Aspiration in English is another example of apredictable, allophonic ruleOccurs with certain consonants at thebeginning of a word (if the syllable isstressed)Presence/Absence of Aspirated Consonantdoes not change the meaning of the word


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A pair of words that differ by just one phoneme

in the same position and have differentmeanings.

Ex. s ip VS z ipt ip VS d ip


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Phonetic properties or features that distinguishphonemes from one another


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SyllabicConsonantal

SonorantObstruentVoicedContinuantNasal

LateralDistributedAffricateLabialRoundCoronal


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HighBack

LowRoundTenseLax


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Study of the sound and phoneme combinations

allowed in a given language.

Phonotactic Constraints : the rules thatcharacterize permissible syllable structures ina language.


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A phonological unit that is composed of one ormore phonemes.


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1) After Consonants like /b/, /g/, /k/, or /p/

another stop is not permitted 2) If a word begins with /l/ or /r/

Every speaker knows the next letter will be a vowel 3) If word begins with /c&/ or /j&/The next letter will be a vowel

4) No more than three consonants AllowedEven this restricted to the following sequence:

/s/ + /p, t, k/ + /r, l, w, y/


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VC : on, at, outVCC : ant, oustCV : to, shoe

CCV : spy, snowCVC : tin, chapCVCC : part, tenth

CCVC : spin, cloud, prideCCCVC : splash, spread, splitCCCVCCC : scripts, sprints


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pertaining to the alternation or change of one phoneme toanother in a particular environment. For example, the changeof the phoneme / k / to / s / before front vowels, which can be

seen in the words " electric " and"electric-ity ", is morphophonemic

A study of a phonemic difference among allomorphsof the same morpheme. It describes changes inpronunciation modified by neighboring sounds.

Morphophonemic Rule : the rule that assigns thephonetic form, determined by both morphologyand phonology
http://www.sil.org/mexico/ling/glosario/iDefnAlternancia.htmhttp://www.sil.org/mexico/ling/glosario/iDefnFonema.htmhttp://www.sil.org/mexico/ling/glosario/iDefnAnterior.htmhttp://www.sil.org/mexico/ling/glosario/iDefnAnterior.htmhttp://www.sil.org/mexico/ling/glosario/iDefnFonema.htmhttp://www.sil.org/mexico/ling/glosario/iDefnAlternancia.htm


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voiceless phonemes + [s]Ex. boo k s, ra t s, for k svoiced phonemes + [z]

Ex. jo b s, do g s, pumpki n stense vowels, or diphthongs + [z]Ex. toe s , z oo s, b oy s[+strident] + [ z]Ex. chur ch es, gara g es, ju dg es, cour s es


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[I n] + vowels or alveolarEx. in e xpensive, in t olerant

[I m] + labialsEx. im p ossible, im m ature[I ] + velars

Ex. in c omparable, in c omplete

the sound system of a language (phonology)

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