the sociology of deviance & crime
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The Sociology of Deviance & Crime. Part 1: What is Deviance?. What is Deviance?. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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The Sociology of Deviance & Crime
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Part 1: What is Deviance?
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• DEFINITION: any behavior that violates social norms, and is of sufficient severity to warrant disapproval from the majority of society
• Criminal or non-criminal
What is Deviance?
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• No act is inherently deviant• For something to be deviant
it has to be judged by the larger culture as so
• Deviance is socially constructed
What is Deviance?
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Cultural Implications• Considerable variation of
norms across groups, time & place; therefore, definitions of deviance may vary
• EXAMPLES:• Female circumcision v. genital
mutilation • Taking someone’s life• Divorce
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The Deviant• Two components:• Person must be detected
committing a deviant act• Person must be stigmatized
by society• Stigma: mark of social
disgrace that sets the deviant apart from the rest of society
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The Deviant
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Part 2: The Social Functions of Deviance
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Social Functions of Deviance
• In The Rules of Sociological Method, Durkheim observed that deviance has some uses in social life…
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Social Functions of Deviance
• Clarifies cultural norms• Defines boundaries of
acceptable behavior• Promotes social unity• Draws the line between
conforming members & “outsiders”
• Reinforces sense of community & belief in shared values
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Social Functions of Deviance
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Social Functions of Deviance
• Diffuses social tension• When people are unhappy
with social conditions, may strike out at society
• Minor acts of deviance serve as a safety valve
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Social Functions of Deviance
• Promotes social change• Identifies problem areas that
need to be addressed
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Social Functions of Deviance
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Social Functions of Deviance
• Provides jobs• Examples?
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Part 3: Explaining Deviance - Theories
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Structural-Functionalist Analysis
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R. Merton: Strain Theory
• Deviance is a natural outgrowth of the values, norms, beliefs & structure of society
• BIG QUESTION:• How do individuals respond to
culturally approved goals & the means of achieving those goals?
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R. Merton: Strain Theory
• Not everyone has legitimate means to achieve societal goals; the strain of incompatible goals & means leads to anomie
• Anomie:• Situation that arises when the
norms of society are unclear or no longer applicable
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Mode of Adaptati
on
Cultural Goals
Cultural Norms
Deviant Respons
es
Conformity
Accept Accept
Innovation
Accept Reject
Ritualism
Reject Accept
Retreatism
Reject Reject
Rebellion
Reject &
Replace
Reject &
Replace
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R. Merton: Strain Theory
• The Conformist:• Has access to and accepts the
conventional means and uses them to achieve cultural goals
• The Innovator:• Does not have access to or
rejects the conventional means but still accepts and achieves cultural goals
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R. Merton: Strain Theory
• The Ritualist:• Has access to and accepts the
conventional means, but rejects the cultural goals
• The Retreatist:• “Drops out” of society;
rejecting both the conventional means and the cultural goals
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R. Merton: Strain Theory
• The Rebel:• Seeks new goals through new
means
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Conflict Theory
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R. Quinney: Conflict Theory
• Competition & social inequality lead to deviance
• Why are people deviant?• To maintain position• To obtain economic reward• Low self-esteem & feelings of
powerlessness• RATES OF DEVIANCE
MISLEADING
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Symbolic-Interactionist Analysis
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Control Theory • Deviance is a natural
occurrence• Interested in the reasons for
which people conform, rather than the causes of deviance
Integrated into communityLikely to conform
Weak community tiesLikely to be deviant
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Control Theory• Develop social bonds in 4
ways:• Attachment• Belief• Commitment• Involvement
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Techniques of Neutralization
• Gresham Sykes & David Matza
• Some people, despite strong ties to the community, still perform deviant acts
• Suspend moral beliefs in order to do so
• HOW?
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Techniques of Neutralization
• Denial of responsibility• Denial of injury• Denial of the victim• Condemnation of the
authorities• Appeal to higher loyalties
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(Edwin Sutherland)• Suggests that deviance is
learned through association with those who encourage the violation of norms
Cultural Transmission Theory
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• Differential association: If the majority of a person’s interactions are with deviant individuals, the person is likely to be socialized into patterns of deviant behavior
• Generally occurs in primary groups
Cultural Transmission Theory
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Labeling Theory• Focuses on how individuals
come to be identified as deviant, rather than why people perform deviant acts
• ALL people commit deviant acts; not everyone is labeled as deviant
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• Primary Deviance:• Nonconformity that
goes undetected by those in positions of authority
• Society does not consider individuals who commit primary acts deviance to be deviants
Labeling Theory
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Labeling Theory• Secondary Deviance:• An act of deviance in
which the individual becomes labeled as deviant & accepts the label as true
• Alters self-concept & social identity (stigma)
• Degradation ceremony
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Part 4: Crime
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Types of Crime
• FBI defines 5 broad categories:
• Violent crimes• Crimes against property• Victimless crimes• White-collar crime• Organized crime
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Types of Crime• Violent crimes: murder, forcible
rape, robbery, aggravated assault
• Crimes against property: burglary, larceny, motor vehicle theft, arson
• Victimless crimes: prostitution, illegal gambling, illegal drug use, vagrancy
• White-collar crime: Fraud, tax evasion, embezzlement, insider trading, forgery
• Organized crime: “business” – drug trafficking, illegal gambling, loan-sharking, etc
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Statistical Limitations• Individuals are less likely to
report a crime if their friends or family are involved
• Members of the upper classes are more likely to file formal reports; police are more likely to follow through
• Some crimes are less likely to be reported
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Criminal StatisticsPersons Arrested by Race
White
Black
Other
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Criminal StatisticsPersons Arrested by Age
Under 18
18-24
25-34
35-44
45-54
55+
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Criminal StatisticsPersons Arrested by Gender
Male
Female
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Criminal Statistics
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Criminal Statistics
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Criminal Statistics
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Part 6: Juvenile Delinquency
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Minor v. Juvenile
• Minor:• Anyone who is under
the age of 18; not all minors are considered “juvenile” in terms of criminal responsibility
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• Juvenile:• Anyone who has not yet
reached the “age of majority” (threshold of adulthood)
• Juvenile status is defined by age, but varies by jurisdiction
Minor v. Juvenile
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Upper Bound in U.S.(“Age of Majority”)• 40 states – 18 years of age• 10 states – 16 or 17 years of
age• Upper Bound of 17:• GA, IL, LA, MI, MA, MO, SC
and TX• Upper Bound of 16:• NY and NC
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Lower Bound in U.S.(“Age of Reason”)• In the United States,
the lower bound used to be 7 years of age, though as of 1995 most states did away with the “age of reason”
• No lower age limit – controversial?
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Special Privileges/Protections• Juvenile court, except
in extreme situations
• Parent/guardian MUST be present during questioning
• Confidentiality (when accused of a crime)
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Special Privileges/Protections• May NOT be housed with
adult inmates (even if child is tried as an adult)
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• Juveniles have a lower brain capacity than adults
• Evidence suggests that incarceration leads to a higher incidence of reoffending, than do other non-punitive consequences
Other Considerations
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Other Considerations• Death penalty for juveniles
was discontinued in 2005 (Roper v. Simmons)
• Severe offenses (i.e. murder, gang-related acts) are treated as “adult crimes” in 44 states; the lower age limit is generally 14 years of age
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50,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
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Crime
Num
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0
100,000
200,000
300,000
400,000
500,000
600,000
700,000
800,000
Male Female
Num
ber o
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Non-Index Violent Property
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100,000
200,000
300,000
400,000
500,000
600,000
700,000
800,000
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Num
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