the sociological perspective chapter 1. copyright © 2007 pearson education canada 1-2 sociology...
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The Sociological Perspective
Chapter 1
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1-2Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada
Sociology & the Other Sciences
The Natural SciencesBiologyGeologyChemistryPhysics
The Social SciencesPolitical
ScienceEconomicsAnthropologyPsychologySociology
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1-3Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada
The Goals of Science
Why Something Happens
Making Generalizations
Making Predictions
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1-4Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada
The Development of Sociology The Scientific Method Key Figures
Auguste Comte (1798-1857)• Positivism
Karl Marx (1818-1883)• Class conflict
Emile Durkheim (1858-1917)• Social integration & suicide
Max Weber (1864-1920)• Religion & capitalism
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1-5Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada
The Role of Values in Research
“value-free”
“objectivity”
“replication”
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1-6Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada
The Debate over Values
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1-7Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada
Verstehen & Social Facts
Weber and Verstehen“to understand”subjective meanings
Durkheim and Social Facts“social facts”: patterns of behaviour
that characterize a social group.
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1-8Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada
Sexism in Early Sociology
The “Four Ks”: Kirche, Kuchen, Kinder, und Kleider (church, cooking, children, and clothes)
Harriet Martineau (1802-1876)Society in AmericaTranslator of Comte
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1-9Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada
Early Sociology in North America Canada
Quebec: European & French influence
English Canada• British tradition: University of Toronto• U. S. tradition: McGill University
United StatesUniversity of Chicago
• George Herbert Mead
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1-10Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada
Theoretical Perspectives in Sociology
Symbolic Interactionism Functional Analysis (AKA
Functionalism & Structural Functionalism)
Conflict Theory Feminist Theory Postmodernism Queer Theory Critical Race Theory
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1-11Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada
Symbolic Interactionism
Symbols (things to which we attach meaning) as the basis of social life
Key FiguresCharles Horton Cooley (1864-
1929)George Herbert Mead (1863-1931)
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1-12Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada
Functional Analysis
Society is a whole unit, made up of interrelated parts that work together
Key FiguresAuguste Comte (1798-1857)Emile Durkheim (1858-1917)Robert Merton (1910-2003)
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1-13Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada
Conflict Theory
Class Struggle as the basis of social lifeBourgeoisie & Proletariat
Key FiguresKarl Marx (1818-1883)Ralf Dahrendorf (1929 - )Lewis Coser (1913 - )
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1-14Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada
Feminist Theories
Marxist Feminist TheoriesClass & economic position
Liberal Feminist TheoriesLegal restraints & customs
Radical Feminist TheoriesPatriarchy
Commonalities of Feminist Theories
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1-15Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada
Postmodernism
Modernity: Max Weber (1864-1920)Change, collective action, &
progress Postmodernity: C. Wright Mills (1916-
1962)A rejection of modernity
Cultural Diversity Images & Symbols
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1-16Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada
Queer Theory
Judith Butler: Gender TroubleFluidity of gender identities
Gayle Rubin: “Thinking Sex”Intolerance of sexual differencesFear of sex
Challenges All Notions of Fixed Identity
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1-17Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada
Critical Race Theory
Derrick Bell Post–Civil Rights Era African –
American Legal Thought
A Multi-discipline Examination of: The social construction of race &
race identityThe reality of racial discrimination
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1-18Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada
Levels of Analysis Macro-Level Analysis
Conflict theoryFunctionalist theory
Micro-Level AnalysisSymbolic interactionismQueer theory
Macro- & Micro-Level analysesFeminist theoryPostmodernism
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1-19Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada
Applied & Clinical Sociology
The Three Phases of Research
1. Reform
2. Establish sociology as a respected field of knowledge
3. Merging sociological knowledge and practical work
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1-20Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education Canada
Comparing Basic & Applied Sociology