the social system
TRANSCRIPT
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04/08/23 1
The Lakota Social System
By Victor Douville
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The Lakota Social System
By Victor Douville
Copyright © 2006 By Victor Douville Published By Sinte Gleska
University No part of this work can be copied
without permission
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The System
All social systems strive to create better society members by nurturing its members with values designed to promote an ideal world to live in. Thus rules and order to achieve this goal are set up to guide its members.
The Lakota society attempts to achieve its similar goal by setting up time honored values based on respect and harmony or wolakota.
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Family Support Systems
Social Units (slide 9) Marriage Control and Regulation (10) Ways of Acquiring a Mate (11) Marriage and Courting (12) The Marriage and the family (13) Divorce or Separation (14 & 15) Analysis of the Marriage System (16 -18)
(Continued)
CONTENTS
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Support Systems
Possible Origin of the Term Wakanyeja (19-21) The Symbols (22) Basic English Kin Terms and Anthropological
Abbreviations (23 & 24) Comparing English System with the Lakota (25) The Four Kin Classification Systems (26 & 27) Six Sister-Cousin & Brother-Cousin
Classification (28-31)
(Continued)
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Support Systems
Interpreting the Four Kin Classifications (32) Interpreting the Peer Collateral Kin and Their
Relationship to the Siblings of the Nuclear Family (33)
Distribution of the 4 Kin Classifications (34) Wowahecon- Nuclear Family (35) Wowahecon- Lineal Family (36) Wowahecon- Collateral Family (37) Wowahecon- Affinal Family (38)
(Continued)
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Support Systems
Status Terms for Daughters/Sons (39) Seating Protocol of Sons (40) Plural Family Terms and Others (41) Non Kin Terms (42) Codes of Respect (43) Lakota Kinship Codes of Behavior (44) Wowahecon-Lakota Kinship Terms (Male)
(45) (Continued)
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Support Systems-Continued
(Female Terms) (46) The Bifurcate Merging System (47) Kin Terming System (48) Kin Behavioral Patterns (49) Significant Historical Analysis of Some
Lakota Terms (50) Use of Family and Kin Symbols (51) Assessment of the Social System (52-53)
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Social Units Tiwahe (household) is the
Smallest Unit-The Ate is the head
Tiospaye (extended family) is the next smallest-The Naca is the head
Ospaye (band) is the second largest unit-Itancan is head
Oyate (nation) is the largest unit- The Wicasa Yatapika is the nominal head of this unit
Oyate
Ospaye
Tiospaye
Tiwahe
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Marriage and the Family: Control and Regulation
The Tiospaye exerts the greatest influence to help choose the right mate
The Tiwahe exerts the next greatest influence to help select the might mate
The couple usually submits to the choices made
Tiospaye
Tiwahe
The Couple
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Marriage and the Family: Ways of Acquiring a Mate
A Dowry is offered by male spouse to be
Male/female offer live in service instead of dowry
Infant is offered for marr-iage before adulthood
Captive women are wed Marrying sisters by
widower Marrying brothers by widow Runaway to wed
Bride Price or Bride Wealth
Bride or Suitor Service
Infant or Child Betrothal
Capture Sororate Levirate Elopement
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Marriage and Courting
Courting is initiated by the male and supervised by elder kin
Male proposes through a “go between”-best friend
Female responds by her ‘go between”-a hakata
The intercessors and the familes of both parties interact until the goal is successfully accomplish-ed
Courting Starts
Proposal
Mediation
Response
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Traditional Relationships and Marriage
Courtesy of Seth Eastman painting from Afton Historical Society Press, Afton, MN
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The Procedures
Apply social behavioral practices and respect Observe rules of exogamy The time to court The place to court Observe rules of directly engaging possible
mate and kin by observing protocol
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Rule of Gender Separation at Adolescence
Adolescence milestone is near maturation for the Lakota, a critical time
Achievement of adolescence requires separation of genders-girls go together and boys congregate together
Gender separation requires that cross gender meetings and activities are controlled and become formalized or cut off, except for courting and family members
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Observe Rules of ExogamyDo not court or marry all of the ones you address with a suffix ending in SI:
Leksi for females Hankasi for males Uncisi for males Tunkasi for females Sice’esi for females Takos for males/females
(All members who can be traced to a common ancestor)
Exemption rules only apply to fourth or fifth cousins or beyond the fifth cousin, they are generally not known
(It is an incest to marry someone who has a common grandparent)
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Time for Courting
There are rules for social planning When the couples are mature During social gathering, especially during the
fall or summer (when larger divisions gather) When families let it be known that their
daughters/granddaughters are ready
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Cincaton Okihi Kagapi
Puberty rites for females are called “coming out”or becoming a woman-the following are three puberty rites
Tapa Wankal Iyeyapi- throwing of the ball
Tatanka Awicalowan- pi- buffalo sing
Isnala Awicalowanpi- singing over her aloneCourtesy of Lakota Studies
collection of Anderson photos
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Tapa Wankal Iyeyapi
Throwing of the Ball rite symbolizes that a girl now becomes a women
Buffalo hide balls are painted red and when appropriate, they are thrown into a crowd of young boys
Feast is given This symbolizes they are
eligible to wed
For each ball thrown a gift is given to the young boy who catches it. The gift is usually a horse
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Tatanka Awicalowanpi
The Buffalo Sing Over Her rites are songs ev- oking the spirit of the female buffalo which embodies generosity and feminine powers of Unci Maka
This is also a reminder to observe the moral & social laws brought by the White Buffalo Calf WomanCourtesy of Lakota Studies collection of
Anderson photos
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Place for Courtship
At appropriate places that are isolated but within view of guardians or in front of the wooed female’s tipi
During social dances Never when either mate is participating in a
particular ceremony
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Mato Paha (Bear Butte)
Bear Butte is a special place where people go to hold special ceremonies because this place is wakan and exudes power. It is a place where couples go to make social plans to have special children, it is said that couples go here to have twins. If the intent and ceremonies are sincere, then the gift of twins is given. It is a difficult life to have twins.
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Observe Rules of Protocol
Never go directly to parents or grandparents to initiate courting or marriage
Females use a go between called a hakata Males use their best friend to initiate the
contact
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Marriage and the Family: The Marriage Ceremony
The Lakota never institutionalized marriage, there was no lavish ceremony, no priest or Justice of Peace to preside over the marriage, no public vows, no ring exchange and no consecration or marriage blessings.
Marriage was sealed by a gift exchange or bridal dowry, a feast and a public announce-ment of marriage
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Marriage and the Family: Divorce or Separation Divorce or separation was a rarity If divorce or separation is contemplated the
children are carefully considered When divorce or separation occurs, the
children who are under age, go with mother Under special circumstances children are
allowed to chose who and where they want to stay, temporarily or permanently
(Continued)
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Marriage and the Family: Divorce or Separation
Normally the boys go with the father and the girls go with the mother
Children are always under the care of the extended family-they protect, nurture and help rear the children, whenever possible
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Analysis of the Marriage System
The extended family controlled and regulated marriage because they, as a whole, had gen- erations to experience marriage and its out- comes
The extended family, armed with this experi- ence, could see the long range impacts of marriage on the married couple and the family
(continued)
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Analysis of the Marriage System - continued
Individuals, from a conservative family upbringing, accepted the extended family’s choice of who they can marry, while a few rejected this and paid the price
Individuals, from a liberal family upbringing, often defied their family and extended family and took a chance, these few achieved success while a majority failed in their marriage
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Continued
Success of the marriage and family was based on consensus regarding major decision making
Success of marriage was also based on mutuality of relationships within the family
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Reflections on Traditional RelationshipsThe missionaries and federal government tried to curb and eliminate traditional courting and marriage by encouraging the Lakota to learn the non Indian system of lifestyle.
When this was ineffective, the federal government imposed hardship on the Lakota to acculturate. By 1928, the Rosebud Sioux Tribe, under severe duress, outlawed traditional Lakota marriage (restored back in 1980’s). The courting process changed to allow more freedom for the individual couples to choose who they wanted to marry. Thus the traditional pro-cedures for courting and marriage shifted to a more liberal way of doing things. The result of this can be seen plainly today. More immature couples are in charge of relationship and abuse of courting and marriage takes place. The loss of family control of marriage added to this shows that the Lakota are in dire straits. There is a great need for social reform
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The Possible Origin of The Term Wakanyeja/Wakanheja Long ago, the Inca empire sacrificed their children
(waka) to create a great empire. (This term means a messenger of a lineage who appeals to the great Inca deity to allow the Inca empire to exist and flourish.) The Inca Emperor felt that the deity would reverse the prophesy of the destruction of their empire by sending pure innocent messeng- ers to walk the Ghost Trail to plead their case.
History showed that the deity probably were dis- pleased by this action and allowed the terrible destruction of their empire to occur when the Conquistadores came and put an abrupt end to the Inca empire. (Destruction would occur 800 years after 650 AD, the exact date of Pizzaro’s coming)
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Continued The kingdoms of the Inca, Maya and Aztecs
who practiced human sacrifice collapsed with the coming of the Spaniards. The in- fluence of these kingdoms spread northward and soon this practice spread to the mound building cultures that impacted all of the eastern tribes of the United States, including the Lakota.
The majority of the tribes discontinued hu- man sacrifice and turned to other forms of ritual sacrifice to pray to the spiritual powers
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Continued The Lakota, like most tribes, refused to create em-
pires with dictatorial emperors and pledged never to harm their children like the Inca had done. So they declared the children as wakanyeja and vowed never to strike or physically harm them, lest their minds and spirits are forced to return to the Wanagi Tacanku (Ghost Trail).
The term Wakanyeja is closely related to the Inca term waka (lineage messenger). Waka with kinyan (Wakinyan) means the sacred winged one. Winged ones can soar to the sky and they come into com- munication with the spiritual powers. Hence, a Wakinyan is a messenger to the spiritual powers.
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The Symbols
Circle = Female Triangle = Male = Marriage I Vertical line = Lineage __ Horizontal line = siblings Blue Triangle = Ego or Myself (one
who creates the diagram)
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Basic English Kin Terms and Anthropological Abbreviations
Aunt…….FaSi, FaBrWi, MoSi, MoBrWi Brother…………………………………Br Brother-in-law………………SiHu, WiBr Cousin-FaBrDa, FaBrSo, FaSiDa, FaSiSo,
MoBrda, MoBrS, MoSiDa, MoSiSo Daughter…………………………….…Da Daughter-in-law…………………....SoWi Father…………………………………..Fa Father-in-law……………….HuFa, WiFa Granddaughter……………..DaDa, SoDa Grandfather……………...…FaFa, MoFa
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CONTINUED Grandmother………..……FaMo, MoMo Grandson……………..…...…DaSo, SoSo Husband………………..………...……Hu Mother……………………………..….Mo Mother-in-law………….…HuMo, WiMo Nephew……………………….BrSo, SiSo Niece………………………….BrDa,SiDa Sister…………………………………....Si Sister-in-law………………...BrWi, WiSi Son……………………………………...So Son-in-law…………………….……DaHu Uncle……FaBr, FaSiHu, Mobr, MoSiHu Wife…………………………………….Wi
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Comparing the English System with the Lakota
English System has 23 basic kin terms that can be combined to form 46 overall terms
These 23 basic terms can be divided into 15 kin or genetic relatives and 8 affinal relatives
Lakota System has about 59 basic terms for kin and at least 10 more supplemental terms
These basic terms can be divided into 46 kin or genetic relatives and 13 Affinal relatives
Today the Lakota only retain 42 or less terms
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Kin Classification Systems: Mother-Aunt Terms
EGO EGO
EGO EGO
LINEAL GENERATION
*BIFURCATE MERGING BIFURCATE COLLATERAL
INA INA
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Kin Classification Systems: Father-Uncle Terms
EGO EGO
EGO EGO
LINEAL
GENERATION
BIFURCATE COLLATERAL
*BIFURCATE MERGING
ATE ATE
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6 Sister-Cousin Classifications ESKIMO
HAWAIIAN
IROQUOIS
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Sister-Cousin Class. (Continued)CROW
OMAHA
QUICHE MAYA
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6 Brother-Cousin Classifications ESKIMO
HAWAIIAN
IROQUOIS
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Brother-Cousin Class. (Cont.)CROW
OMAHA
QUICHE MAYA
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Interpreting the 4 Kin Classifications
Lineal-recognizes the lineal kin (Mo and Fa) as different from the collateral (MoSi-FaSi & MoBr-FaBr) relatives, and applies two terms for each set
Generation-uses one term each to cover the collateral (MoSi-FaSi & MoBr-FaBr) and the lineal (Mo & Fa) kin
Bifurcate Collateral-recognizes 3 branches of 2 sets of kin (MoBr, FaBr & Fa and MoSi & FaSi, & Mo ) and applies three terms for each set
Bifurcate Merging-recognizes 3 branches of kin (the Mo & MoSi, Fa & FaBr, and FaSi & MoBr kin) and has three terms each
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Interpreting the Peer Collateral Kin and Their Relationship to Siblings of the Nuclear Kin
Brothers and Sisters are called siblings Parallel Cousins-are the father’s brother’s
and mother’s sister’s children-they are merged together and called brothers and sisters
Cross Cousins-are the mother’s brother’s and father’s sister’s children-they are separated and called cousins
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Distribution of the 4 Kin Classifications
Lineal Generation Bifurcate Collateral Bifurcate Merging Overlapping of the four
types
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Wowahecon-Nuclear FamilyMALE FEMALE EQUIVALENT
Ate Same FatherIna Same MotherTawicu Wife
Higna Husband
Ciye Tiblo Older BrotherMisunka Same Younger Brother
Tanke Cuwe Older SisterCinksi Same SonCunksi Same Daughter
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Wowahecon-Lineal Family
Tunkan Same GrandfatherTunkasila Same Grandfather (FaFa) Tunkansi Same Grandfather (MoFa) Unci Same GrandmotherKunsi Same Grandmother (FaMo)Uncisi Same Grandmother (MoMo)
Takoja Same Grandchild Wicatakoja Same GrandsonWinotakoja Same Grandaughter
MALE FEMALE EQUIVALENT
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Leksi
MALE FEMALE EQUIVALENT
Same UncleTonwin Same Aunt
Tonska Toska Nephew
Tonjan Tojan Niece
Tanhansi Sice’si Male Cousin
Hankasi Scepansi Female Cousin
Continued
Wowahecon-Collateral Family
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Wowahecon-Affinal Family
Tunkansi Same Father-in-law
Uncisi Same Mother-in-law
Takos Same Son-in law/ Daughter-in-law
Wicawoha Same Son-law-law
Wiwoha Same Daughter-in law
Tanhan Sice’ Brother-in law
Hanka Scepan Sister-in-law
Omawahiton Omahiton HuPa/Wi Pa
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StatusTerms for Daughters/Sons
SON DAUGHTER
*Tokape....(1st born) *Witokape…..(1st born) Hepan…..(2nd born) Hapan……...(2nd born) Hepi……..(3rd born) Hepistanna..(3rd born) Catan……(4th born) Wanska…….(4th born) Hake…….(5th born) Wihake……..(5th born) Hakakta...(last born) Hakakta…… (last born)
*sometimes Caske is used, this is Santee *sometimes Winona is used, this is Santee
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Seating Protocol of Sons
Water
1
Catku-Ate
Tokape
Hepan
Hepi Catan
HakeHakakta
Tiopa-door
Tipi poles
2
3
4 5
6 7
wifewater
fire wood
1
fire place
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Plural Family Terms and Other
Bluze -----husband of polygynous wife Miteyak --sororal wife Teyak -----non sororal wife Winu –----captured wife (from enemy tribe) Tawagan-step son/daughter
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Non Kin Terms
Kola ---friend (male term) Maske -friend (female) Mase --close friend or brother-in-law (male) Wase --close friend or sister-in-law (female) Lakota -ally or friend (as a group) Tokeca -stranger Toka -----enemy
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Codes of Respect
Avoid direct eye contact Avoid inappropriate physical contact Avoid excessive and unnecessary talk Assume a demure and respectful appearance
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Lakota Kinship Codes of Behavior
BEHAVIOR RELATIONSHIP
Complete Avoidance Father-in-law & Daughter-in law Mother-in-law & Son-in-law
Partial Avoidance Male & Sister, Male & Female Cousin Female & Brother, Female & Male Cousin
Joking & Teasing Brother-in-law & Sister-in-law Brother-in-law & Brother-in-Law Sister-in-law & Sister-in Law
Reserve & Respect Aunt & Niece Uncle & Nephew
Love & Devotion Brother to Brother & Sister to Sister
Tenderness & Affection Father to Son & Mother to DaughterFather to Daughter-Formal Mother to Son-Formal
Intimacy Husband to Wife
Gentle & Open Grandfather/Grandmother to Grandchildren
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WOWAHECON - LAKOTA KIN TERMS: MALE PATERNAL SIDE MATERNAL SIDE Tunkasila K unsi Tunkansi Uncisi Tunkan K un Tunkan Unci
Tonwin Ate Leksi Tonwin Ate Ina Tunkasi Uncisi Leksi Tonwin Ina Leksi
Tanksi Hankasi Hanka Misun Tanhan Tanksi Miye Mitawicu Tanhan Hankasi Tanksi Tanke Misun Tanhansi Ciye Tanke Hanka Tanhansi Misun Tanke Ciye Ciye
Cinksi Cunksi Tonska Tonjan Takos Cunksi Cinksi Takos Wicawoha Wiwoha (Wino)Takoja (Wino) Takoja (Wica)Takoja (Wica)Takoja
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WOWAHECON: FEMALE TERMS
MATERNAL SIDE PATERNAL SIDE Uncisi Tunkansi K unsi Tunkasila Unci Tunka K un Tunkan
Leksi Ina Tonwin Leksi Uncisi Tunkansi Ina Ate Tonwin Leksi Ate Tonwin
Tanka Scepansi Sic’e Mihigna Miye Tanka Sic’e Tiblo Scepan Scepansi Cuwe Cuwe Tiblo Sic’esi Scepan Cuwe Misun Sic’esi T iblo Tanka Misun Misun
Wiwoha Cinksi Cunksi Takos Cinksi Tojan Toska Cunksi (Wica) Takoja (Wino) Takoja (Wino) Takoja (Wica) Takoja
RED = LINEAL + NUCLEAR FAMILY ORANGE = COLLATERAL FAMILY GREEN = AFFINAL FAMILY
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The Bifurcate Merging System
Eliminates Orphans Supports Clan System Parallel cousins are recognized (Fa Br and
Mo Si children) and merged with family
Supports Levirate marriage (female marry-ing her deceased husbands brother)
Supports Sororate marriage (male marry-ing his deceased wife’s sister)
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Kin Terming System
The key to determining behavior pattern is found in the suffix of the term for kin (si)
Identifies four sets of grandparents – MoMo, FaMo, MoFa and FaFa
The suffix of kin term can reveal that the Lakota once had cross cousin marriage(si)
Promotes exogamy Eliminates child abuse and incest
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Kin Behavior Patterns
Has seven sets of relationships and one that is designed especially for the grandparents and their grandchildren (gentle and open)
Has two sets of extreme relationships that are opposite each other (joking and teasing & complete avoidance) with the remaining sets of relationships sandwiched between them
Behavioral rules eliminates sex abuse and child abuse
Is designed to promote Wolakota-that is living in peace and harmony
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Significant Historical Analysis of Some Lakota Kin Terms
Analysis reveals that the Lakota have traces of cross cousin marriage -Hanka and Hankasi are male terms for female cousin and sister-in-law respectively -If the suffix si is removed from Hankasi then both female cousin and sister-in-law are combined to a single term, Hanka -both kin would then be eligible for marriage under the clan system because they would have different clan signs (one cannot marry anyone bearing the same clan sign)(woodland tribes employed this) -this ended with the termination of the clan system
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Use of Family and Kin Symbols
The use of symbols is the best way to show the number and relationships of kin, especially when a large volume of kin or relatives are displayed
The use of anthropological abbreviations is the best method of entering terms and geneology for recording a large volume of kin backed by an organized method
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Assessment of the Social System
The Lakota Social System started out as a clan social organization with emphasis on the blood kin membership in the woodland cultural zone and made a transition from this to a prairie-woodland zone and ultimately to a plains system. Each time the Lakota shifted their lifestyle to each zone, they honed this lifestyle to what each zone offered. The plains kinship system became the perfect system.
Today, there are no cultural zones or friendly environmental systems to help the transition of the
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Continued
Lakota to a type of lifestyle that suited them, instead it is a trouble way of life forced upon them by the dominant society. Despite this forced acculturation imposed on the Lakota and other Indian tribes, the family system is struggling to regain some of the values that held them together.
The future looks brighter because the Lakota have withstood the hardships and that has not killed them but made them stronger and more determined to survive.
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Hecegla