The Skeletal and Muscular Systems

By: Jenna Wozniak, Salma Shedbalkar, Alex Lawson, and Bill

Didier

The Skeletal System

Two Major Systems of Bones

• Born w/275 bones in body• Bone is made up of 3

major parts: compact bone, soft bone, and sponge bone

• Axial skeleton: made up of 80 bones; in skull, ribs, sternum

• Appendicular: made up of 126 bones; in shoulders, pelvis, and attached limbs

Major Functions

• Protects vital organs

• Gives shape to body

• Allows movement

• Marrow

• Supports body

• Stores minerals

Skeletal Problems

Problems/Treatments

• Scoliosis• Arthritis• Disclocation• Fractures• Osteoporosis• Rickets• Spina bifida• Marfan syndrome

• Osteopathy• Bone marrow

transplants• Back braces• Casts• Vitamin D • Surgery

• Artificial limbs

Bone Marrow

• Soft, spongy, reddish

• Fills most of bone

• Blood cells are

produced in the

marrow in some

bones

• An average of 2.6

million red blood

cells are produced

each second

• Transplants

Joints

Joints Continued

Body Movement

• Interaction of the muscular and skeletal systems

• Muscles are connected to bones by tendons

• Bones are connected to each other by ligaments

• Muscles create movement by contracting and relaxing

The Muscular System

The Muscular System

• 650 muscles in human body

• 3 different type of muscle tissues

• 2 types of muscles

• Human heart

Problems/Treatments

• Cramps• Strains• Sprains• Spasms• Muscle fatigue

• Calcium• Magnesium• Bromelian• Creatine• 48 hours of cold

w/elevation, then heat

Skeletal Muscle Tissue

• Striated, voluntary

• Attached to bones

• Work in pairs: flexors and extensors

Cardiac Muscle Tissue

• Striated, involuntary

• Found only in heart wall

• Contracts and relaxes

Smooth Muscle Tissue

• Striated, involuntary

• Found in walls of all internal hollow organs

• Performs the organs functions

Types of Muscles and Response

(Initiated by nerve impulse)

– Involuntary

– Voluntary

• All or none response: A muscle twitch is an all-or-none response; it consists of a lag phase, contraction phase, and relaxation phase.

• Threshold stimulus

• Contraction • twitch

• latent period

• period of contraction

• period of relaxation

New Technology

• Cardiomyoplasty: experimental procedure

• Transplanting muscles into heart

• Becomes a mechanical assistant to a weak heart

• Transplanted muscle can learn to act as an original heart muscle

• Allows patient to have better quality life

Bibliography• http://bart.northnet.com.au/~amcgann/body/skeletal.htm.

• http://bart.northnet.com.au/~amcgann/body/muscular.htm.

• http://encarta.msn.com/find/related.asp?pg=7&ti=761552814&et=2.

• http://www.dukenews.duke.edu/Research/SKELETAL.HTM.

• BSCS Biology: An Ecological Approach, production by PC&F, Hudson, New Hampshire, 1987,1992,1998 by BSCS.

• The Skeletal System, by Silverstein, Silverstein, Silverstein, Twenty-First Century Books, A Division of Henry Holt and Company, Inc., 1994

• The Muscular System, by Silverstein, Silverstein, Silverstein, Twenty-First Century Books, A Division of Henry Holt and Company, Inc., 1994