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The Signs Of Life Detector (SOLID) instrument concept for
planetary exploration
Victor Parro
Centro de Astrobiología (INTA-CSIC), Carretera de Ajalvir km 4, Torrejón deArdoz, 28850, Madrid, Spain
RIA-SpaceTec: Instrumentación astronómica en España, CSIC, 2018
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2
0379 ky75% H
200 My1000 MyElements, molecules, and first exoplanets
9500 MyComplex chemistry
Origin and evolution of life
10000 MyDiversity of Planetary systems and environments
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Controversial deffinitions of life. A “consensus” “Life is a self-sustaining chemical system capable of Darwinian evolution”
Ruiz-Mirazo et al Chem. Rev. 2014, 114, 285−366
Three essential components
Darwinian evolution
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How to identify life or signs of life?
Biology mediated Constructs
Through Biochemistry
Preserved Biomarkers
We know they are biomarkers because we know them very well.
Direct visualization
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Modified from Parro and Muñoz-Caro 2009
Biochemistry: the low energy, non-covalent bonding kingdom
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Antibodies are big molecules (150 kDa) that can be modified (fluorescent labeling) without affecting their binding specificities
9 nm
Hsieh-Wilson et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., U.S.A.93, 5363 (1996)
Bioaffinity: Immunological assays
The search for life using life properties: the bio-affinity recognition of biological structures
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LDChip
Multiplex Fluorescent Sandwich Microarray Immunoassay
From Dirt
To Data
Biochemical evidences of life in planetary exploration
McKay and Parro (2014) Sci Am.
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Biochemical targets
Structure: Polysaccharides
Structure and metabolism: Proteíns
Information: Nucleic Acids (NA)
Structure: Lípids and LPS
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Betaproteobacteria
Gammaproteobacteria
Alphaproteobacteria
Nitrospira
Actinobacteria
Deinococcus-Thermus
Firmicutes (G+ Low GC)
Cyanobacteria
Aquificae
Archaea
BacteroidetesEpsilonproteobacteriaDeltaproteobacteria
ThermotogaePlanctomycetes
VerrucomicrobiumAcidobacterium
A collection of more than 450 Abs: The main phylogenetic groups of prokaryotes are
represented in LDChip (Life Detector Chip)
Several metabolisms are coverered
Abs to proteins from key, ancient and well evolutively conserved metabolisms
Nitrogen Fixation, Methanogenesys, Iron oxidation, Iron reduction, Iron storage,
Sulphur uptake, S reduction, Nitrate/Nitrite/Perchlorate reduction/
Hydrogenases, Photosynthesis, Chaperones, ATPases
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0
5000
10000
15000
20000
BH10_413_3
LDCHip is a powerful tool for detecting microbial life in terrestrial analogues: Detecting cyanobacteria at 413 m depth in the Iberian Pyrite Belt.
Puente-Sánchez et al. 2018, PNAS
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Viable cyanobacteria in the deepcontinental subsurface of Iberian Pyrite Belt
Puente-Sánchez et al., 2018, www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1808176115
420 m 607 m
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SOLID3: TWO SEPARATED FUNTIONAL UNITSSPU
SAU
SPU
SAU
Parro, V. et al . (2011) Astrobiology 11, 29-54.
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Functional diagrams of SPU and SAU
Parro, V. et al . (2011) Astrobiology 11, 29-54.
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Testing the SOLID3 signal readout module
Parro, V. et al . (2011) Astrobiology 11, 29-54.
Full
CCD
imag
e12
0 um
sp
ots
Quantification
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0
4000
8000
12000
16000
20000
Hallo
thiob
acillu
s sp
Desu
lfota
lea
spDI_ext2&3
A.th
ioox
idan
s
Paen
ibacil
lussp Pseudomonas sp FControl
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SOLID 3.1 SPU: TRL 5-6 SPU Re-utilizable
FLUÍDICA EN TITANIO SINTERIZADO
Tested under relevant Marsenvironment
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De Diego Castilla et al., 2011, Astrobiology
Rela
tive
fluor
esce
nce
(%)
EFFECT OF THE IONIZING RADIATION ON THE IMMUNOASSAY COMPONENTS
g, e-, p
3 M
48 M
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SOLID’S TARGET MOLECULES SURVIVE COSMIC RADIATION 1-10 MYLineal Model
Blanco et al., 2018, Astrobiology
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Recent (<10 My) Obliquity changes
have allowed higher insolation from the
Sun, Warmer summers and
higher atmospheric humidity
McKay et al., IceBreaker, 2014
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Phoenix site is safe for landing
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IceBreaker Payload Deck
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Acidithiobacillus sp
1
2
3
456
7
SOLID coupled to NASA-Ames robotic drilling platform. LMAP2017 in Rio Tinto.
Life-Detection Mars Analog Project (LMAP)Lead by Brian Glass
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Integración de SOLID en IceBreaker
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ARADS in Atacama: SOLID integration on a rover in 2018
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SOLID-LDChip to help in human exploration
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Method Instrumentation Sample Target Size Reference
Heating and
Pyrolysis
GC-MS
/Viking, Cassini-
Huygens, SAM
(MSL)
Volatiles
Elemental,
gases, PAHs,
aliphatic
hydrocarbons,
etc
Elemental
to 500 Da
[12-220
(Viking)
2-146
(Cassini)]
Novotny et al., 1975
(Viking); Niemann
et al., 2005
(Cassini)
Water /solvent
extraction +
volatilization
Capillary
electrophoresis
/Urey
Volatiles/extr
acts
Aa,
nucleobases,
PAHs, etc.
Up to 500-
600 DaAubrey et al., 2008
SpectrometricIR, Raman
Spectrometers
Solid
surfaces
Chemical
bonds,
pigments, etc
AnyEdwards et al.,
2003
Laser
desorption
Laser Desorption
LD-MS
/MOMA
Desorb
neutral and
ionized
molecules
Oligo and
small polymers
500 to
2000 Da
Evans-Nguyen et
al., 2008
Laser
desorption
Laser Desorption
Time of Flight TOF-
MS
Ionized
molecules
Oligo and
small polymers
500 to
5000 DaTodd et al., 2007
Bioaffinity
Ab microarrays
/SOLID
Liquid
suspension
From aa, nt,
to whole cells
100 Da to
kDa.
Parro et al., 2005;
Fernandez-Calvo et
al., 2006
Microscopic
structuresMicroscope Imager
Solid
surfaces
Micro-
structures
Cells,
colonies,
etc
Pullan et al., 2008
Instrumentation for organics and/or life detection
Es como llevar un pequeño sistema inmunológico y preguntar ¿Hay algún alérgeno?
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The SOLID People
Centro de Astrobiología• Biology
– Victor Parro– Mercedes Moreno– Yolanda Blanco– Luis A Rivas– Graciela de Diego-Castilla– Miriam García-Villadangos– Ignacio Gallardo-Carreño
• Engineering– Javier Gómez-Elvira– Juan M. Manchado– Jose A. Rodríguez-Manfredi– Eduardo Sebastián– Javier Martín– Julio Romeral– Josefina Torres
• Geology and Planetary Exploration– Olga Prieto-Ballesteros– Alberto G. Fairén
INDUSTRY (Engineering)• SENER Ingeniería y Sistemas S.A.
– Carlos Compostizo– Pedro L. Herrero– Adolfo García Marín
• International Collaborations– Chris Mckay (NASA-Ames)– Carol Stoker (NASA-Ames)– Brian Glass (NASA-Ames)– Lyle Whyte (McGill Univ., Canada)– Alfonso Davila (SETI Institute)– Dr. Mary Sceweitzer (North Carolina
University)– Esta van Heerden (University of
Free State, Southafrica– Cecilia Demergasso, Universidad
Católica del Norte, Antofagasta, Chile
– John Coates (Berkely Univ.)