the sentence structure presentation in english

7/30/2019 The Sentence Structure Presentation in English

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The Sentence StructurePresentation in English

Bugaychuk Olga

group 53


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Definitions of sentence Sentence is a group of words which expresses a

complete thought (Ancient Greece).

A sentence is a structure of logical relationships(Stanley Fish).


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Definitions of sentence a set of words that is complete in itself, typically

containing a subject and predicate, conveying astatement, question, exclamation, or command,

and consisting of a main clause and sometimes

one or more subordinate clauses (OxfordDictionary).


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The term structure

refers to the wayanything is constructed,

built or shaped.


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Simple and composite sentencesconsist of

clauses


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According to the

structure

sentence can be

simple multiple(composite)

compound complexcompound

- complex


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Clause

is a group of words thatcontain subject and

predicate


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Independent (main) clausecan function as a single sentence

The problem is solved.

Emma is like every girl in the world.

She has a few little secrets.


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Dependent (subordinate) clausecontains a subject and predicate, but cannot

function as an independent sentence

while Mum and Dad were downstairs watching Ben Hur.

when we were right in the middle of discussion.

If it doesnt rain soon


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Simple Sentencecontains a single, independentclause

I dont like dogs.

His face is growing pillar-box.

I feel the most almighty bound of shock.


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Compound Sentence

contains two independentclauses

I like red dresses and my sister hates red color

at all.

You can write on paperoryou can usea computer.


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Complex Sentence

contains an independentclause plus

one or more dependentclauses

I knowthat shes pretty.

We were watching wedding videowhen

he entered the room.


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Compound-complex Sentence

contains three or more clauses

(of witch at leasttwo areindependentandone is

dependent)


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Basicsentenceelements:

Subject

Predicate

Object

Adverbial Complement


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Randolph Quirkdistinguishes 5 functionalcategoriesof clause

constituents

Subject(S)

Verb

(V)


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Object

(O)

Adverbial

(A)

Direct object (Od)

Indirect object (Oi)

Subject complement (Cs)

Object complement (Co)

Subject-related (As)

Object-related (Ao)

Complement

(C)


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Subject

one of the clause elements other than theverb; the most important and most often

present element


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Everybodyhas left for the day.Nancyknows my sister.

Subject


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Verb

other main part of sentence that describessomething that the subject is or does.


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I like dogs.A tree fell onto a school roof in a storm.

Verb


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Object

direct & indirect objects are normally anoun phrase, follow the S and V


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I gave him my adress.Oi Od

They amuse me.

Od

Object


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Complement

Identifies or characterizes the referent ofthe clause element to which it is related


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Shes notherselftoday.

His friend calls him Tom.

Complement


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Adverbial

refers to the circumstances of thesituation, comments on the form or contest

of the clause or provides a link between

clauses


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Your children are outside.Dorothy is remainingat Oxford.

Adverbial


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George Davidsondistinguishes 9 elements of the

sentence:


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George Davidson Subject Predicate

Verb

Direct object

Indirect object Complement

Adverbial

Vocative

Exclamatory


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Subjectof the sentence is the word or group of

words that names the person or thingbeing talked about in sentence


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Predicate

of a sentence is everything that is not partof the subject of the sentence


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Verbof a sentence is a word or group of words

that say something about what thesubject of the sentence is doing, what is

happening to the subject of the sentence


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Subject,

predicate, verbVerb

Tom stared at his friend in amusement.

Subject Predicate


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Direct objectof a sentence is the person or

thing that is most directlyaffected by the action or state

described by the verb


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Indirect object

the word or word-group that describes the

person or thing that the direct object isgiven to or done for


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complement

is a word or group of words that sayssomething about the subject or object of

a sentence


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adverbialis a word or a group of words thatprovides information about when,

where, how etc the action or state

described in a sentence take place, or

that makes more comment about

what is said in the rest of the

sentence


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vocativeis a word or a group of words used to

address someone or something directly


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vocative

Do you want to come with us,John

?


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Exclamatoryis a word or a group of words that

expresses strong emotions, such assurprise or pain or pleasure or that is

used to attract someones attention


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Exclamatory

Gosh, thats a big car!


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Generally we distinguish:

Principal parts of sentence

Subject Predicate

Secondary parts of the sentence

Attribute Object Adverbial Adjunct


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Subject

Complete subject

Personal subject

Simple subject

Complex subject

Impersonal subject


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Predicate Complete predicate

Simple predicate

Compound predicate Nominal predicate

Verbal predicate

Compound nominal

predicate


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Attribute and Object

Apposition

Direct object

Indirect object Complex object


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Adverbial modifierAdverbial modifier of place

Adverbial modifier of time

Adverbial modifier of manner

Adverbial modifier of degree

Adverbial modifier of cause

Adverbial modifier of purpose

Adverbial modifier of result

Adverbial modifier of condition

Adverbial modifier of concession


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Used Resources1. A University Grammar of English/Sidney Greenbaum, Randolph Quirk.

Longman, 1973. 484p.

2. Davidson G. Phrases, Clauses and Sentences/ George Davidson. Singapore: Learners Publishing Pte Ltd, 2003. 211p.

3. English Grammar for Today/ Geoffrey Leech, Margaret Deucher,Robert Hoogenraad. London: The MACMILLAN PRESS LTD,1982. 224p.

4. Quirk R. A Comprehensive Grammar of English Language/ RandolphQuirk. New York: Longman Inc, 1985. 1779p.

5. Rayevska N.M. Modern English Grammar/ N.M. Rayevska. KIEV:VYA SKOLA PUBLISHERS, 1976. 292p.

6. http://www.ranez.ru/article/id/234/

7. http://grammar.about.com/od/basicsentencegrammar/a/basicstructures.ht

m8. http://studentu.ucoz.ua/index/0-62

9. http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/sentence

10. http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/sentence
http://grammar.about.com/od/basicsentencegrammar/a/basicstructures.htmhttp://grammar.about.com/od/basicsentencegrammar/a/basicstructures.htmhttp://studentu.ucoz.ua/index/0-62http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/sentencehttp://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/sentencehttp://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/sentencehttp://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/sentencehttp://studentu.ucoz.ua/index/0-62http://studentu.ucoz.ua/index/0-62http://studentu.ucoz.ua/index/0-62http://grammar.about.com/od/basicsentencegrammar/a/basicstructures.htmhttp://grammar.about.com/od/basicsentencegrammar/a/basicstructures.htm

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