the selfish gene

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Page 1: The Selfish Gene
Page 2: The Selfish Gene

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Page 3: The Selfish Gene

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Page 4: The Selfish Gene

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Page 5: The Selfish Gene

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Page 6: The Selfish Gene

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Page 7: The Selfish Gene

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Page 8: The Selfish Gene

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Page 20: The Selfish Gene

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Page 21: The Selfish Gene

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Page 28: The Selfish Gene

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Page 29: The Selfish Gene

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Page 31: The Selfish Gene

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Page 34: The Selfish Gene

017-@"1047B #; 82B1,' J#@134@1, 8#034#7, #; 9+0#@#,#@1, /# 7#3,[email protected] 47%103> "-3 "19#@1 0123329+1/ 47 2 9#@8.131.6 /4;;10173 8203 #; 3+19+0#@#,#@1> #0 1%17 M#47 -8 D43+ 2 /4;;10173 9+0#@#,#@1 2.3#B13+10'E+4, 9#001,8#7/, 3# 3+1 3027,;10 #; 2 D2/ #; 82B1, ;0#@ #71 %#.-@1 3#27#3+10' E+1 4@8#032791 #; 3+4, $47/ #; @4,32$1 4, 3+23> 3+#-B+ -,-2..6/4,2,30#-,> 43 927 #992,4#72..6 .12/ 3# 3+1 9.#,1 .47$2B1 #; 84191, #;B171349 @231042. D+49+ +28817 3# D#0$ D1.. 3#B13+10' N10+28, 3D#94,30#7, D+49+ +2%1 2 "171;4942. 1;;193 #7.6 D+17 3+16 201 "#3+ 801,173F3+16 9#@8.1@173 #0 0147;#091 129+ #3+10 47 ,#@1 D26FD4.. "1 "0#-B+39.#,1 3# 129+ #3+10 "6 @127, #; 47%10,4#7' E+17 723-02. ,1.1934#7 @26317/ 3# ;2%#-0 3+1 71D )B171349 -743) ,# ;#0@1/> 27/ 43 D4.. ,8012/3+0#-B+ 3+1 ;-3-01 8#8-.234#7' I3 4, 8#,,4".1 3+23 B171 9#@8.1C1, +2%1>#%10 3+1 6120,> "117 1C317,4%1.6 0120027B1/ #0 )1/431/) 47 3+4, $47/ #; D26'

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Page 35: The Selfish Gene

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Page 37: The Selfish Gene

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Contrast this possibility with the exponentially growing world-population problem which in turn contributes to brutal competition for natural resources (e.g., wars) and what this policy would mean for the homo-sapiens in the long run. Perhaps, the annihilation could be avoided.
Page 44: The Selfish Gene

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Page 45: The Selfish Gene

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HAMDO HURTIC August 3, 2010 3:11 PM
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the same process of competition for resources (e.g., energy) has been going on for generations among individuals of the same species, and individuals of different species.
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Page 48: The Selfish Gene

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HAMDO HURTIC
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muscle works on a principle of tension for generating mechanical force
how did we get and idea to built a machine in the first place?
the basic unit of biological comupters is neuron
Page 49: The Selfish Gene

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neurone is slower than transistor, but it is much more miniscule
the main function of brains to
Page 50: The Selfish Gene

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our genes, in fact, control embryonic development and program brains, but not behaviour of animals directly
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predictions and chances/no predestination ro god
Page 56: The Selfish Gene

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HAMDO HURTIC
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HAMDO HURTIC
HAMDO HURTIC
HAMDO HURTIC
Page 57: The Selfish Gene

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HAMDO HURTIC
HAMDO HURTIC
aha!
Page 58: The Selfish Gene

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HAMDO HURTIC
HAMDO HURTIC
HAMDO HURTIC
HAMDO HURTIC
HAMDO HURTIC
HAMDO HURTIC
HAMDO HURTIC
HAMDO HURTIC
HAMDO HURTIC
brain is: simulator, main message center and coordinator
learning/simulation/memory
Page 59: The Selfish Gene

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Page 60: The Selfish Gene

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HAMDO HURTIC
HAMDO HURTIC
Page 68: The Selfish Gene

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2.D26, "1 30647B 3# "1 3+1 4730-/10 47 276 179#-7310' E+16 9#-./ #7.629+41%1 3+4, "6 912,1.1,,> 27/ #3+10D4,1 8#473.1,,> @#%47B 20#-7/X \-43128203 ;0#@ 3+1 9#,3, 47 34@1 27/ 1710B6 3+23 D#-./ "1 479-001/> 3+4,1%#.-34#7206 3017/ D#-./> #; 43,1.;> 317/ 3# .12/ 3# 3+1 9231B#06 )01,4/173)912,47B 3# 1C4,3' I7 2 8#8-.234#7 ,43347B 23 3+1 #3+10 ,32".1 ,3231> )01,4/173D47,> 4730-/10 0130123,)> 723-02. ,1.1934#7 D#-./ ;2%#-0 47/4%4/-2., D+#,30#%1 3# "1 01,4/173,' L#0 129+ 47/4%4/-2.> 3+4, D#-./ @127 +#./47B #73# 2 820349-.20 84191 #; B0#-7/> .12%47B 43 2, .433.1 2, 8#,,4".1> 27/28812047B 3# )/1;17/) 43' ?, 4, 7#D D1.. $7#D7> ,-9+ "1+2%4#-0 4,9#@@#7.6 #",10%1/ 47 723-01> 27/ B#1, "6 3+1 72@1 #; )310043#042./1;1791)'

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Y#D 43 4, 30-1 3+23 B171, /# +2%1 @-.348.1 1;;193,> 2, I 1@8+2,4T1/ 47S+28310 d' I3 4, 3+1#013492..6 8#,,4".1 3+23 2 B171 9#-./ 204,1 D+49+9#7;1001/ 27 1C31072..6 %4,4".1 ).2"1.)> ,26 2 82.1 ,$47> #0 2 B0117 "120/> #02763+47B 9#7,849-#-,> 27/ 2.,# 2 317/1796 3# "1 ,81942..6 7491 3# "12010,#; 3+23 9#7,849-#-, .2"1.' I3 4, 8#,,4".1> "-3 7#3 820349-.20.6 .4$1.6' K0117"120/1/71,, 4, M-,3 2, .4$1.6 3# "1 .47$1/ 3# 2 317/1796 3# /1%1.#847B0#D47B 3#1724., #0 276 #3+10 30243> 27/ 2 ;#7/71,, ;#0 B0117 "120/, 4,M-,3 2, .4$1.6 3# B# 3#B13+10 D43+ 27 472"4.436 3# ,@1.. ;011,42,' I3 4, 7#3%106 80#"2".1 3+23 #71 27/ 3+1 ,2@1 B171 D#-./ 80#/-91 "#3+ 3+1 04B+3.2"1. 27/ 3+1 04B+3 ,#03 #; 2.30-4,@' Y1%103+1.1,,> D+23 @26 "1 92..1/ 3+1K0117 =120/ ?.30-4,@ !;;193 4, 2 3+1#013492. 8#,,4"4.436'

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3+1 9+2791 #; 2 B171 "147B ,+201/ "13D117 3D# 01.234%1,' E+1 01.231/71,,"13D117 3D# "0#3+10, 4, &i`> ,4791 +2.; 3+1 B171, 8#,,1,,1/ "6 #71"0#3+10 D4.. "1 ;#-7/ 47 3+1 #3+10' E+4, 4, 27 2%102B1 ;4B-01H "6 3+1 .-9$#; 3+1 @14#349 /02D> 43 4, 8#,,4".1 ;#0 820349-.20 8240, #; "0#3+10, 3# ,+201@#01 #0 ;1D10 B171, 3+27 3+4,' E+1 01.231/71,, "13D117 820173 27/ 9+4./4, 2.D26, 1C293.6 &i`'

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9+4./017' I3, 01.231/71,, 3# "#3+ 47;273, 4, 1C293.6 3+1 ,2@1> &i`' I7 B171,1.1934#7 310@,> 2 B171 ;#0 "4B ,4,310 2.30-4,349 "1+2%4#-0 ,+#-./ +2%1 M-,32, B##/ 2 9+2791 #; ,8012/47B 3+0#-B+ 3+1 8#8-.234#7 2, 2 B171 ;#08201732. 2.30-4,@' I7 80293491> 3+4, 4, 27 #%10F,[email protected];49234#7 ;#0 %204#-,012,#7, D+49+ D1 ,+2.. 9#@1 3# .2310> 27/ "0#3+10.6 #0 ,4,310.6 9201 4,7#3+47B .4$1 ,# 9#@@#7 47 723-01 2, 8201732. 9201' =-3 3+1 8#473 I 2@@2$47B +101 4, 3+23 3+101 4, 7#3+47B ,81942. B1713492..6 ,812$47B 2"#-33+1 820173i9+4./ 01.234#7,+48 2, 2B247,3 3+1 "0#3+10i ,4,310 01.234#7,+48'E+1 ;293 3+23 820173, 293-2..6 +27/ #7 B171, 3# 9+4./017> "-3 ,4,310, /#7#3 +27/ #7 B171, 3# 129+ #3+10 4, 4001.1%273> ,4791 3+1 ,4,310, "#3+01914%1 4/173492. 018.492, #; 3+1 ,2@1 B171, ;0#@ 3+1 ,2@1 820173,'

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=-3 D+23 2 9#@8.49231/ 92.9-.234#7 3# 1C8193 2 8##0 ,-0%4%2. @29+471 3#/#> 1,81942..6 47 2 +-006X !%17 3+1 B0123 @23+1@23492. "4#.#B4,3 :' =' J'U2./271 a47 2 82810 #; &^cc 47 D+49+ +1 2734948231/ [email protected]#7 "68#,3-.2347B 3+1 ,8012/ #; 2 B171 ;#0 ,2%47B 9.#,1 01.234%1, ;0#@ /0#D747Bb01@20$1/H)''' #7 3+1 3D# #992,4#7, D+17 I +2%1 8-..1/ 8#,,4".6 /0#D747B81#8.1 #-3 #; 3+1 D2310 a23 27 47;47431,4@2. 04,$ 3# @6,1.;b I +2/ 7# 34@13# @2$1 ,-9+ 92.9-.234#7,') L#03-7231.6> +#D1%10> 2, U2./271 D1.. $71D>43 4, 7#3 7191,,206 3# 2,,-@1 3+23 ,-0%4%2. @29+471, /# 3+1 ,-@,9#7,94#-,.6 47 3+140 +12/,' :-,3 2, D1 @26 -,1 2 ,.4/1 0-.1 D43+#-328801942347B 3+23 D1 201> 47 1;;193> -,47B .#B2043+@,> ,# 27 274@2. @26"1 801F80#B02@@1/ 47 ,-9+ 2 D26 3+23 43 "1+2%1, 2, 4; 43 +2/ @2/1 29#@8.49231/ 92.9-.234#7'

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I; D1 D101 3# 80#B02@ 2 9#@8-310 3# ,[email protected] 2 @#/1. ,-0%4%2. @29+471@2$47B /194,4#7, 2"#-3 D+13+10 3# "1+2%1 2.30-4,3492..6> D1 ,+#-./80#"2".6 80#911/ 0#-B+.6 2, ;#..#D,' *1 ,+#-./ @2$1 2 .4,3 #; 2.. 3+12.3107234%1 3+47B, 3+1 274@2. @4B+3 /#' E+17 ;#0 129+ #; 3+1,1 2.3107234%1"1+2%4#-0 8233107, D1 80#B02@ 2 D14B+31/ ,-@ 92.9-.234#7' ?.. 3+1%204#-, "171;43, D4.. +2%1 2 8.-, ,4B7V 2.. 3+1 04,$, D4.. +2%1 2 @47-, ,4B7V"#3+ "171;43, 27/ 04,$, D4.. "1 D14B+31/ "6 "147B @-.348.41/ "6 3+12880#804231 47/1C #; 01.231/71,, "1;#01 "147B 2//1/ -8' L#0 ,[email protected] D1927> 3# "1B47 D43+> 4B7#01 #3+10 D14B+347B,> ,-9+ 2, 3+#,1 ;#0 2B1 27/+12.3+' J4791 27 47/4%4/-2.), )01.231/71,,) D43+ +4@,1.; 4, & a4'1' +1 +2,&(( 810 9173 #; +4, #D7 B171,F#"%4#-,.6b> 04,$, 27/ "171;43, 3# +4@,1.;D4.. 7#3 "1 /1%2.-1/ 23 2..> "-3 D4.. "1 B4%17 3+140 ;-.. D14B+3 47 3+192.9-.234#7' E+1 D+#.1 ,-@ ;#0 276 #71 #; 3+1 2.3107234%1 "1+2%4#-08233107, D4.. .##$ .4$1 3+4,H Y13 "171;43 #; "1+2%4#-0 8233107 k =171;43 3#,1.; F <4,$ 3# ,1.; l&i` =171;43 3# "0#3+10 F &i` <4,$ 3# "0#3+10 l &i`=171;43 3# #3+10 "0#3+10 F &i` <4,$ 3# #3+10 "0#3+10 l &ie =171;43 3# ;40,39#-,47 F &ie <4,$ 3# ;40,3 9#-,47 l m =171;43 3# 9+4./ F m <4,$ 3# 9+4./ l139'

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3+1 1C8193234#7 3+23 ;4%1 1BB, ,+#-./ "1 "13310 3+27 ;#-0> 317 "13310 ,34..>&(( 1%17 "13310> 27/ 47;47436 "1,3 #; 2..' I7 #3+10 D#0/, 43 .12/, .#B492..63# 27 2",-0/436' A"%4#-,.6 3+101 201 9#,3, 2, D1.. 2, "171;43, 47 .2647B 2.20B1 7-@"10 #; 1BB,' I79012,1/ "12047B 4, "#-7/ 3# "1 824/ ;#0 47 .1,,1;;494173 92047B' P29$), 1,,17342. 8#473 4, 3+23 ;#0 276 B4%17 ,81941,> 47 276B4%17 17%40#7@1732. ,43-234#7> 3+101 @-,3 "1 27 #834@2. 9.-39+ ,4T1'*+101 +1 /4;;10, ;0#@ *6771F!/D20/, 4, 47 +4, 27,D10 3# 3+1 ]-1,34#7)#834@2. ;0#@ D+#,1 8#473 #; %41D5)' *6771F!/D20/, D#-./ ,26 3+14@8#03273 #834@-@> 3# D+49+ 2.. 47/4%4/-2., ,+#-./ 2,8401> 4, 3+1#834@-@ ;#0 3+1 B0#-8 2, 2 D+#.1' P29$ D#-./ ,26 129+ ,1.;4,+ 47/4%4/-2.9+##,1, 3+1 9.-39+ ,4T1 3+23 @2C4@4T1, 3+1 7-@"10 #; 9+4./017 ,+1 0120,'I; 3+011 4, 3+1 #834@-@ 9.-39+ ,4T1 ;#0 ,D4;3,> D+23 3+4, @127,> ;#0 P29$>4, 3+23 276 47/4%4/-2. D+# 3041, 3# 0120 ;#-0 D4.. 80#"2".6 17/ -8 D43+;1D10 9+4./017 3+27 04%2.> @#01 92-34#-, 47/4%4/-2., D+# #7.6 306 3# 01203+011' E+1 #"%4#-, 012,#7 ;#0 3+4, D#-./ "1 3+23 3+1 ;##/ 4, ,# 3+47.6,8012/ "13D117 3+1 ;#-0 "2"41, 3+23 ;1D #; 3+1@ ,-0%4%1 3# 2/-.3+##/'E+4, D#-./ "1 30-1 "#3+ #; 3+1 #04B472. 2..#9234#7 #; 6#.$ 3# 3+1 ;#-0 1BB,>27/ #; 3+1 ;##/ B4%17 3# 3+1 "2"41, 2;310 +239+47B' ?99#0/47B 3# P29$>3+101;#01> 47/4%4/-2., 01B-.231 3+140 9.-39+ ,4T1 ;#0 012,#7, 3+23 2012763+47B "-3 2.30-4,349' E+16 201 7#3 802934,47B "403+F9#730#. 47 #0/10 3#2%#4/ #%10F1C8.#4347B 3+1 B0#-8), 01,#-091,' E+16 201 802934,47B "403+F9#730#. 47 #0/10 3# @2C4@4T1 3+1 7-@"10 #; ,-0%4%47B 9+4./017 3+16293-2..6 +2%1> 27 24@ D+49+ 4, 3+1 %106 #88#,431 #; 3+23 D+49+ D17#[email protected] 2,,#94231 D43+ "403+F9#730#.'

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E+4, 9+28310> 27/ 3+1 71C3 47 D+49+ D1 /4,9-,, 9#7;.493 "13D117 @231,>9#-./ ,11@ +#004".6 967492.> 27/ @4B+3 1%17 "1 /4,301,,47B 3# +-@27820173,> /1%#31/ 2, 3+16 201 3# 3+140 9+4./017> 27/ 3# 129+ #3+10' A7912B247 I @-,3 1@8+2,4T1 3+23 I 2@ 7#3 32.$47B 2"#-3 9#7,94#-, @#34%1,'Y#"#/6 4, ,-BB1,347B 3+23 9+4./017 /1.4"10231.6 27/ 9#7,94#-,.6 /1914%13+140 820173, "192-,1 #; 3+1 ,1.;4,+ B171, D43+47 3+1@' ?7/ I @-,3 0181233+23 D+17 I ,26 ,#@13+47B .4$1 )? 9+4./ ,+#-./ .#,1 7# #88#03-7436 #;9+12347B ''' .647B> /1914%47B> 1C8.#4347B''')> I 2@ -,47B 3+1 D#0/ ),+#-./) 472 ,81942. D26' I 2@ 7#3 2/%#92347B 3+4, $47/ #; "1+2%4#-0 2, @#02. #0/1,402".1' I 2@ ,[email protected] ,2647B 3+23 723-02. ,1.1934#7 D4.. 317/ 3# ;2%#-09+4./017 D+# /# 293 47 3+4, D26> 27/ 3+23 3+101;#01 D+17 D1 .##$ 23 D4./8#8-.234#7, D1 @26 1C8193 3# ,11 9+12347B 27/ ,1.;4,+71,, D43+47;[email protected],' E+1 8+02,1 )3+1 9+4./ ,+#-./ 9+123) @127, 3+23 B171, 3+23 317/3# @2$1 9+4./017 9+123 +2%1 27 2/%2732B1 47 3+1 B171 8##.' I; 3+101 4, 2+-@27 @#02. 3# "1 /02D7> 43 4, 3+23 D1 @-,3 3129+ #-0 9+4./017 2.30-4,@>;#0 D1 9277#3 1C8193 43 3# "1 8203 #; 3+140 "4#.#B492. 723-01'

^' =233.1 #; 3+1 ,1C1,'

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2.3+#-B+ +1 @4B+3b D#-./ "1 3# 9#8-.231 D43+ 2, @276 @1@"10, #; 3+1#88#,431 ,1C 2, 8#,,4".1> .12%47B 3+1 8203710 47 129+ 92,1 3# "047B -8 3+19+4./017' ?, D1 ,+2.. ,11> 3+4, ,3231 #; 2;;240, 4, 29+41%1/ "6 3+1 @2.1, #;2 7-@"10 #; ,81941,> "-3 47 #3+10 ,81941, 3+1 @2.1, 201 #".4B1/ 3# ,+20127 1]-2. 8203 #; 3+1 "-0/17 #; "047B47B -8 9+4./017' E+4, %41D #; ,1C-2.8203710,+48> 2, 2 01.234#7,+48 #; @-3-2. @4,30-,3 27/ @-3-2.1C8.#43234#7> +2, "117 ,301,,1/ 1,81942..6 "6 E04%10,' I3 4, 2 9#@820234%1.671D #71 3# 13+#.#B4,3,' *1 +2/ -,-2..6 3+#-B+3 #; ,1C-2. "1+2%4#-0>9#8-.234#7> 27/ 3+1 9#-03,+48 3+23 80191/1, 43> 2, 1,,17342..6 29##810234%1 %173-01 -7/1032$17 ;#0 @-3-2. "171;43> #0 1%17 ;#0 3+1 B##/#; 3+1 ,81941,X

P13 -, B# 04B+3 "29$ 3# ;40,3 8047948.1,> 27/ 47]-401 473# 3+1 ;-7/[email protected] #; @2.171,, 27/ ;[email protected],,' I7 S+28310 d D1 /4,9-,,1/ ,1C-2.436D43+#-3 ,301,,47B 43, "2,49 2,6@@1306' *1 ,[email protected] 2991831/ 3+23 ,#@1274@2., 201 92..1/ @2.1> 27/ #3+10, ;[email protected]> D43+#-3 2,$47B D+23 3+1,1D#0/, 012..6 @1273' =-3 D+23 4, 3+1 1,,1791 #; @2.171,,5 *+23> 23"#33#@> /1;471, 2 ;[email protected] *1 2, @2@@2., ,11 3+1 ,1C1, /1;471/ "6D+#.1 ,67/0#@1, #; 9+20293104,349,F8#,,1,,4#7 #; 2 8174,> "12047B #; 3+16#-7B> ,-9$.47B "6 @127, #; ,81942. @4.$ B.27/,> 9103247 9+0#@#,#@2.;123-01,> 27/ ,# #7' E+1,1 90431042 ;#0 M-/B47B 3+1 ,1C #; 27 47/4%4/-2. 2012.. %106 D1.. ;#0 @2@@2., "-3> ;#0 274@2., 27/ 8.273, B17102..6> 3+16 2017# @#01 01.42".1 3+27 4, 3+1 317/1796 3# D120 30#-,10, 2, 2 9043104#7 ;#0M-/B47B +-@27 ,1C' I7 ;0#B,> ;#0 47,32791> 7143+10 ,1C +2, 2 8174,'N10+28,> 3+17> 3+1 D#0/, @2.1 27/ ;[email protected] +2%1 7# B17102. @12747B'E+16 201> 2;310 2..> #7.6 D#0/,> 27/ 4; D1 /# 7#3 ;47/ 3+1@ +1.8;-. ;#0/1,904"47B ;0#B,> D1 201 ]-431 23 .4"1036 3# 2"27/#7 3+1@' *1 9#-./20"430204.6 /4%4/1 ;0#B, 473# J1C & 27/ J1C ` 4; D1 D4,+1/' U#D1%10> 3+1014, #71 ;-7/2@1732. ;123-01 #; 3+1 ,1C1, D+49+ 927 "1 -,1/ 3# .2"1. @2.1,2, @2.1,> 27/ ;[email protected], 2, ;[email protected],> 3+0#-B+#-3 274@2., 27/ 8.273,' E+4,4, 3+23 3+1 ,1C 91.., #0 )B2@131,) #; @2.1, 201 @-9+ ,@2..10 27/ @#017-@10#-, 3+27 3+1 B2@131, #; ;[email protected],' E+4, 4, 30-1 D+13+10 D1 201/12.47B D43+ 274@2., #0 8.273,' A71 B0#-8 #; 47/4%4/-2., +2, .20B1 ,1C91..,> 27/ 43 4, 9#7%174173 3# -,1 3+1 D#0/ ;[email protected] ;#0 3+1@' E+1 #3+10B0#-8> D+49+ 43 4, 9#7%174173 3# 92.. @2.1> +2, ,@2.. ,1C 91..,' E+1/4;;101791 4, 1,81942..6 80#7#-791/ 47 01834.1, 27/ 47 "40/,> D+101 2,47B.1 1BB 91.. 4, "4B 17#-B+ 27/ 7-30434#-, 17#-B+ 3# ;11/ 2 /1%1.#847B"2"6 ;#0 ,1%102. D11$,' !%17 47 +-@27,> D+101 3+1 1BB 4, @490#,9#849> 434, ,34.. @276 34@1, .20B10 3+27 3+1 ,810@' ?, D1 ,+2.. ,11> 43 4, 8#,,4".1 3#473108013 2.. 3+1 #3+10 /4;;101791, "13D117 3+1 ,1C1, 2, ,31@@47B ;0#@3+4, #71 "2,49 /4;;101791'

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/4;;10173 ,#03, #; B2@131,F,810@, 27/ 1BB,F"-3 2.. ,1C 91.., 201 3+1 ,2@1>92..1/ 4,#B2@131,' Y1D 47/4%4/-2., 201 ;#0@1/ "6 3+1 ;-,4#7 #; 3D#4,#B2@131,> 129+ 80#/-91/ "6 @14#349 /4%4,4#7' I; D1 +2%1 3+0114,#B2@131,> ?> => 27/ S>

? 9#-./ ;-,1 D43+ = #0 S>

= 9#-./ ;-,1 D43+ ? #0 S'

E+1 ,2@1 4, 71%10 30-1 #; 7#0@2. ,1C-2. ,6,31@,' I; ? 4, 2 ,810@ 27/ 43927 ;-,1 D43+ = #0 S> 3+17 = 27/ S @-,3 "1 1BB, 27/ = 9277#3 ;-,1 D43+S'

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N20$10 27/ #3+10, ,+#D1/ +#D 3+4, 2,6@@1306 @4B+3 +2%1 1%#.%1/ ;0#@27 #04B472..6 4,#B2@#-, ,3231 #; 2;;240,' I7 3+1 /26, D+17 2.. ,1C 91..,D101 473109+27B12".1 27/ #; 0#-B+.6 3+1 ,2@1 ,4T1> 3+101 D#-./ +2%1"117 ,#@1 3+23 M-,3 +288171/ 3# "1 ,.4B+3.6 "4BB10 3+27 #3+10,' I7 ,#@101,8193, 2 "4B 4,#B2@131 D#-./ +2%1 27 2/%2732B1 #%10 27 2%102B1F,4T1/#71> "192-,1 43 D#-./ B13 43, 1@"06# #;; 3# 2 B##/ ,3203 "6 B4%47B 43 2 .20B1474342. ;##/ ,-88.6' E+101 @4B+3 3+101;#01 +2%1 "117 27 1%#.-34#72063017/ 3#D20/, .20B10 B2@131,' =-3 3+101 D2, 2 9239+' E+1 1%#.-34#7 #;4,#B2@131, 3+23 D101 .20B10 3+27 D2, ,30493.6 7191,,206 D#-./ +2%1#8171/ 3+1 /##0 3# ,1.;4,+ 1C8.#43234#7' I7/4%4/-2., D+# 80#/-91/ ,@2..103+27 2%102B1 B2@131, 9#-./ 92,+ 47> 80#%4/1/ 3+16 9#-./ 17,-01 3+233+140 ,@2.. B2@131, ;-,1/ D43+ 1C302F"4B #71,' E+4, 9#-./ "1 29+41%1/ "6@2$47B 3+1 ,@2.. #71, @#01 @#"4.1> 27/ 2".1 3# ,11$ #-3 .20B1 #71,2934%1.6' E+1 2/%2732B1 3# 27 47/4%4/-2. #; 80#/-947B ,@2..> 0284/.6@#%47B B2@131, D#-./ "1 3+23 +1 9#-./ 2;;#0/ 3# @2$1 2 .20B10 7-@"10#; B2@131,> 27/ 3+101;#01 9#-./ 8#317342..6 +2%1 @#01 9+4./017' Y23-02.

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O2.1,> 3+17> ,11@ 3# "1 801336 D#03+.1,, ;1..#D,> 27/ #7 ,[email protected] )B##/ #;3+1 ,81941,) B0#-7/,> D1 @4B+3 1C8193 3+23 @2.1, D#-./ "19#@1 .1,,7-@10#-, 3+27 ;[email protected],' J4791 #71 @2.1 927 3+1#013492..6 80#/-9117#-B+ ,810@, 3# ,10%491 2 +201@ #; &(( ;[email protected], D1 @4B+3 ,-88#,1 3+23;[email protected], ,+#-./ #-37-@"10 @2.1, 47 274@2. 8#8-.234#7, "6 &(( 3# &'A3+10 D26, #; 8-3347B 3+4, 201 3+23 3+1 @2.1 4, @#01 )1C817/2".1)> 27/3+1 ;[email protected] @#01 )%2.-2".1) 3# 3+1 ,81941,' A; 9#-0,1> .##$1/ 23 ;0#@ 3+18#473 #; %41D #; 3+1 ,81941, 2, 2 D+#.1> 3+4, 4, 810;193.6 30-1' E# 32$1 271C301@1 [email protected]> 47 #71 ,3-/6 #; 1.18+273 ,12.,> f 810 9173 #; 3+1 @2.1,299#-731/ ;#0 ee 810 9173 #; 2.. 3+1 9#8-.234#7, #",10%1/' I7 3+4, 92,1>27/ 47 @276 #3+10,> 3+101 4, 2 .20B1 ,-08.-, #; "29+1.#0 @2.1, D+#80#"2".6 71%10 B13 2 9+2791 3# 9#8-.231 47 3+140 D+#.1 .4%1,' =-3 3+1,11C302 @2.1, .4%1 #3+10D4,1 7#0@2. .4%1,> 27/ 3+16 123 -8 3+1 8#8-.234#7),;##/ 01,#-091, 7# .1,, +-7B04.6 3+27 #3+10 2/-.3,' L0#@ 2 )B##/ #; 3+1,81941,) 8#473 #; %41D 3+4, 4, +#004".6 D2,31;-.V 3+1 1C302 @2.1, @4B+3 "101B20/1/ 2, ,#942. 8202,431,' E+4, 4, M-,3 #71 @#01 [email protected] #; 3+1/4;;49-.341, 3+23 3+1 B0#-8 ,1.1934#7 3+1#06 B13, 473#' E+1 ,1.;4,+ B1713+1#06> #7 3+1 #3+10 +27/> +2, 7# 30#-".1 47 1C8.24747B 3+1 ;293 3+23 3+17-@"10, #; @2.1, 27/ ;[email protected], 317/ 3# "1 1]-2.> 1%17 D+17 3+1 @2.1,D+# 293-2..6 0180#/-91 @26 "1 2 ,@2.. ;02934#7 #; 3+1 3#32. 7-@"10' E+11C8.27234#7 D2, ;40,3 #;;101/ "6 <' ?' L4,+10'

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*1 927 9#79.-/1 3+23 43 4, 9103247.6 8#,,4".1 ;#0 2 8#8-.234#7 9#7,4,347B.20B1.6 #; 9#6 ;[email protected], 27/ ;243+;-. @2.1, 3# 1%#.%1' I7 3+1,19409-@,32791, 3+1 /#@1,349F".4,, ,30231B6 ;#0 ;[email protected], 012..6 /#1, ,11@ 3#D#0$' *1 /# 7#3 +2%1 3# 3+47$ 47 310@, #; 2 9#7,840296 #; 9#6 ;[email protected],'S#671,, 927 293-2..6 826 2 ;[email protected]), ,1.;4,+ B171,'

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G1@27/47B 3+23 2 80#,81934%1 @231 ,+#-./ "-4./ 2 71,3 4, #71 1;;1934%1D26 ;#0 2 ;[email protected] 3# 3028 +4@' I3 @4B+3 "1 3+#-B+3 3+23 2.@#,3 2763+47B3+23 9#,3, 3+1 @2.1 2 B0123 /12. D#-./ /# 47 3+1#06> 1%17 4; 3+23 9#,3 4,7#3 /40193.6 824/ 47 3+1 ;#0@ #; "171;43 3# 3+1 -7"#07 9+4./017' I; 2..;[email protected], #; 2 8#8-.234#7 ;#091/ @2.1, 3# /# ,#@1 /4;;49-.3 27/ 9#,3.6 /11/>.4$1 ,.2647B 2 /02B#7 #0 9.4@"47B 2 @#-73247> "1;#01 3+16 D#-./ 9#7,1733# 9#8-.231 D43+ 3+1@> 3+16 9#-./ 47 3+1#06 "1 01/-947B 3+1 31@83234#7;#0 3+1 @2.1, 3# /1,103 2;310 9#8-.234#7' ?76 @2.1 31@831/ 3# /1,103 +4,@231 27/ 306 3# ,8012/ @#01 #; +4, B171, "6 27#3+10 ;[email protected]> D#-./ "1

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8-3 #;; "6 3+1 3+#-B+3 3+23 +1 D#-./ +2%1 3# $4.. 27#3+10 /02B#7' I780293491> +#D1%10> 43 4, -7.4$1.6 3+23 ;[email protected], D#-./ 4@8#,1 ,-9+ 20"43020632,$, 2, /02B#7F$4..47B> #0 U#.6FK024.F,11$47B #7 3+140 ,-43#0,' E+1012,#7 4, 3+23 2 04%2. ;[email protected] D+# 4@8#,1/ 2 32,$ 7# .1,, 20/-#-,> "-3@#01 -,1;-. 3# +10 27/ +10 9+4./017> D#-./ +2%1 27 2/%2732B1 #%10 @#010#@273492..6 @47/1/ ;[email protected], D+# /1@27/1/ 2 8#473.1,, .2"#-0 #; .#%1'=-4./47B 2 71,3 @26 "1 .1,, 0#@27349 3+27 ,.2647B 2 /02B#7 #0 ,D4@@47B3+1 U1..1,8#73> "-3 43 4, @-9+ @#01 -,1;-.'

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@2.1, 1@"20$47B #7 3+140 ;40,3 "011/47B ,12,#7> D+13+10 3+16 201/1914%10, #0 7#3' E+1 "0##/ #; 724%1 ;40,3 6120 ;[email protected], D#-./ 317/ 3#9#73247 2 01.234%1.6 +4B+ 80#8#034#7 #; B171, ;0#@ -7;243+;-. ;23+10,> "-3;243+;-. ;23+10, +2%1 3+1 2/%2732B1 47 3+1 ,19#7/ 27/ ,-",1]-173 6120,#; 2 @#3+10), .4;1> ;#0 3+16 /# 7#3 +2%1 3# B# 3+0#-B+ 3+1 ,2@1 80#.#7B1/1710B6FD2,347B 27/ 34@1F9#7,-@47B 9#-03,+48 043-2.,' I; 3+1 @2M#0436 #;47/4%4/-2., 47 2 8#8-.234#7 201 3+1 9+4./017 #; 1C81041791/ 023+10 3+27724%1 @#3+10,F2 012,#72".1 2,,-@834#7 47 276 .#7BF.4%1/ ,81941,F B171,;#0 +#71,3> B##/ ;23+10+##/ D4.. 9#@1 3# 801%24. 47 3+1 B171 8##.'

L#0 ,[email protected]> I +2%1 32.$1/ 2, 3+#-B+ 2 @2.1 D101 143+10 8-01.6 +#71,3#0 3+#0#-B+.6 /19143;-.' I7 012.436 43 4, @#01 80#"2".1 3+23 2.. @2.1,>47/11/ 2.. 47/4%4/-2.,> 201 2 .433.1 "43 /19143;-.> 47 3+23 3+16 20180#B02@@1/ 3# 32$1 2/%2732B1 #; #88#03-74341, 3# 1C8.#43 3+140 @231,'Y23-02. ,1.1934#7> "6 ,+2081747B -8 3+1 2"4.436 #; 129+ 8203710 3# /13193/4,+#71,36 47 3+1 #3+10> +2, $183 .20B1F,92.1 /19143 /#D7 3# 2 ;240.6 .#D.1%1.' O2.1, +2%1 @#01 3# B247 ;0#@ /4,+#71,36 3+27 ;[email protected],> 27/ D1@-,3 1C8193 3+23> 1%17 47 3+#,1 ,81941, D+101 @2.1, ,+#D 9#7,4/102".18201732. 2.30-4,@> 3+16 D4.. -,-2..6 317/ 3# /# 2 "43 .1,, D#0$ 3+27 3+1;[email protected],> 27/ 3# "1 2 "43 @#01 012/6 3# 2",9#7/' I7 "40/, 27/ @2@@2.,3+4, 4, 9103247.6 7#[email protected] 3+1 92,1'

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=-3 ;#0 ;4,+ 27/ #3+10 D2310F/D1..47B 274@2., 3+47B, 201 %106 /4;;10173' I;3+1 @2.1 /#1, 7#3 8+6,492..6 4730#/-91 +4, ,810@, 473# 3+1 ;[email protected]), "#/63+101 4, 7# 7191,,206 ,17,1 47 D+49+ 3+1 ;[email protected] 4, .1;3 )+#./47B 3+1 "2"6)'!43+10 8203710 @4B+3 @2$1 2 ]-49$ B132D26 27/ .12%1 3+1 #3+10 #71 478#,,1,,4#7 #; 3+1 71D.6 ;1034.4T1/ 1BB,' =-3 3+101 4, 1%17 2 8#,,4".1012,#7 D+6 43 @4B+3 #;317 "1 3+1 @2.1 D+# 4, @#,3 %-.7102".1 3# "147B/1,1031/' I3 ,11@, 80#"2".1 3+23 27 1%#.-34#7206 "233.1 D4.. /1%1.#8 #%10D+# ,+1/, 3+140 ,1C 91.., ;40,3' E+1 8203710 D+# /#1, ,# +2, 3+12/%2732B1 3+23 +1 #0 ,+1 927 3+17 .12%1 3+1 #3+10 #71 47 8#,,1,,4#7 #;3+1 71D 1@"06#,' A7 3+1 #3+10 +27/> 3+1 8203710 D+# ,82D7, ;40,3 0-7,3+1 04,$ 3+23 +4, 80#,81934%1 8203710 @26 ,-",1]-173.6 ;24. 3# ;#..#D ,-43'Y#D 3+1 @2.1 4, @#01 %-.7102".1 +101> 4; #7.6 "192-,1 ,810@, 201 .4B+31027/ @#01 .4$1.6 3# /4;;-,1 3+27 1BB,' I; 2 ;[email protected] ,82D7, 3## 120.6> 4'1'"1;#01 3+1 @2.1 4, 012/6> 43 D4.. 7#3 B0123.6 @23310 "192-,1 3+1 1BB,> "147B01.234%1.6 .20B1 27/ +12%6> 201 .4$1.6 3# ,326 3#B13+10 2, 2 9#+10173 9.-39+;#0 ,#@1 34@1' E+101;#01 2 ;[email protected] ;4,+ 927 2;;#0/ 3# 32$1 3+1 )04,$) #;,82D747B 120.6' E+1 @2.1 /201 7#3 32$1 3+4, 04,$> ,4791 4; +1 ,82D7, 3##120.6 +4, ,810@, D4.. +2%1 /4;;-,1/ 2D26 "1;#01 3+1 ;[email protected] 4, 012/6> 27/,+1 D4.. 3+17 7#3 ,82D7 +10,1.;> "192-,1 43 D4.. 7#3 "1 D#03+ +10 D+4.1 3#/# ,#' =192-,1 #; 3+1 /4;;-,4#7 80#".1@> 3+1 @2.1 @-,3 D243 -734. 3+1;[email protected] ,82D7,> 27/ 3+17 +1 @-,3 ,+1/ +4, ,810@, #%10 3+1 1BB,' =-3,+1 +2, +2/ 2 80194#-, ;1D ,19#7/, 47 D+49+ 3# /4,288120> .12%47B [email protected] 47 8#,,1,,4#7> 27/ ;#0947B +4@ #7 3# 3+1 +#07, #; E04%10,), /4.1@@2'J# 3+4, 3+1#06 7123.6 1C8.247, D+6 8231072. 9201 4, 9#@@#7 47 D2310 "-30201 #7 /06 .27/'

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#7 2 @2.1 @4B+3 +2%1 "117 27 47/4923#0 #; ,#@1 %432@47 /1;4941796F1%4/1791 #; 8##0 ;##/FB13347B 2"4.436' A0 810+28, ,+#03F324.1/ @2.1, D1017#3 %106 B##/ 23 0-7747B 2D26 ;0#@ 801/23#0,> 27/ ,# +2/ +2/ 3+140 324.,"43317 #;;' Y#3491 3+23 D1 /#7)3 +2%1 3# 2,,-@1 3+23 3+1 ,+#03 324. D2, 4743,1.; B1713492..6 47+10431/> #7.6 3+23 43 ,10%1/ 2, 27 47/4923#0 #; ,#@1B171349 47;104#0436' ?76D26> ;#0 D+231%10 012,#7> .13 -, ,-88#,1 3+23;[email protected], 47 3+1 2791,302. "40/ #; 8202/4,1 ,81941, 801;1017342..6 D173 ;#[email protected], D43+ .#7B10 3+27 2%102B1 324.,' N0#%4/1/ 3+101 D2, ,#@1 B1713499#7304"-34#7 3# 3+1 723-02. %204234#7 47 @2.1 324.F.17B3+> 3+4, D#-./ 4734@1 92-,1 3+1 2%102B1 324.F.17B3+ #; @2.1, 47 3+1 8#8-.234#7 3# 479012,1'[email protected], ;#..#D1/ 2 ,[email protected] 0-.1H .##$ 2.. 3+1 @2.1, #%10> 27/ B# ;#0 3+1#71 D43+ 3+1 .#7B1,3 324.' ?76 ;[email protected] D+# /182031/ ;0#@ 3+4, 0-.1 D2,8172.4T1/> 1%17 4; 324., +2/ 2.012/6 "19#@1 ,# .#7B 3+23 3+16 293-2..6179-@"101/ @2.1, 8#,,1,,47B 3+1@' E+4, D2, "192-,1 276 ;[email protected] D+#/4/ 7#3 80#/-91 .#7BF324.1/ ,#7, +2/ .433.1 9+2791 #; #71 #; +10 ,#7,"147B 01B20/1/ 2, 23302934%1' P4$1 2 ;2,+4#7 47 D#@17), 9.#3+1,> #0 47?@104927 920 /1,4B7> 3+1 3017/ 3#D20/ .#7B10 324., 3##$ #;; 27/ B23+101/43, #D7 @#@173-@' I3 D2, ,3#881/ #7.6 D+17 324., "192@1 ,#B0#31,]-1.6 .#7B 3+23 3+140 @274;1,3 /4,2/%2732B1, ,32031/ 3# #-3D14B+3+1 2/%2732B1 #; ,1C-2. 23302934%171,,'

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1%#.-34#7206 801,,-01 #7 "#3+ ,1C1, 3# "1 /02".6 9#.#-01/' =04B+3 9#.#-0,2330293 801/23#0, 7# .1,, 3+27 3+16 2330293 ,1C-2. 8203710,' I7 B171 310@,>3+4, @127, 3+23 B171, ;#0 "04B+3 9#.#-0, 201 @#01 .4$1.6 3# @113 3+140 17/47 3+1 ,3#@29+, #; 801/23#0, 3+27 201 B171, ;#0 /02" 9#.#-0,' A7 3+1#3+10 +27/> B171, ;#0 /02" 9#.#-0, @26 "1 .1,, .4$1.6 3+27 B171, ;#0"04B+3 9#.#-0, 3# ;47/ 3+1@,1.%1, 47 3+1 71C3 B1710234#7> "192-,1 /02"47/4%4/-2., +2%1 /4;;49-.36 47 233029347B 2 @231' E+101 201 3+101;#01 3D#9#7;.49347B ,1.1934#7 801,,-01,H 801/23#0, 317/47B 3# 01@#%1 "04B+3F9#.#-0B171, ;0#@ 3+1 B171 8##.> 27/ ,1C-2. 8203710, 317/47B 3# 01@#%1 B171,;#0 /02"71,,' ?, 47 ,# @276 #3+10 92,1,> 1;;494173 ,-0%4%2. @29+471, 927"1 01B20/1/ 2, 2 9#@80#@4,1 "13D117 9#7;.49347B ,1.1934#7 801,,-01,'*+23 473101,3, -, 23 3+1 @#@173 4, 3+23 3+1 #834@2. 9#@80#@4,1 ;#0 [email protected] ,11@, 3# "1 /4;;10173 ;0#@ 3+1 #834@2. 9#@80#@4,1 ;#0 2 ;[email protected]'E+4, 4, #; 9#-0,1 ;-..6 9#@8234".1 D43+ #-0 %41D #; @2.1, 2, +4B+F04,$>+4B+F01D20/ B2@".10,' =192-,1 2 @2.1 80#/-91, @276 @4..4#7, #;,810@, 3# 1%106 1BB 80#/-91/ "6 2 ;[email protected]> ,810@, +12%4.6 #-37-@"101BB, 47 3+1 8#8-.234#7' ?76 B4%17 1BB 4, 3+101;#01 @-9+ @#01 .4$1.6 3#17310 473# ,1C-2. ;-,4#7 3+27 276 B4%17 ,810@ 4,' !BB, 201 2 01.234%1.6%2.-2".1 01,#-091> 27/ 3+101;#01 2 ;[email protected] /#1, 7#3 711/ 3# "1 ,# ,1C-2..623302934%1 2, 2 @2.1 /#1, 47 #0/10 3# 17,-01 3+23 +10 1BB, 201 ;1034.4T1/' [email protected] 4, 810;193.6 9282".1 #; ,4047B 2.. 3+1 9+4./017 "#07 3# 2 .20B18#8-.234#7 #; ;[email protected],' !%17 4; 2 @2.1 +2, 2 ,+#03 .4;1 "192-,1 +4, B2-/6324. 2330293, 801/23#0,> #0 B13, 327B.1/ 47 3+1 "-,+1,> +1 @26 +2%1;23+101/ 2 %106 .20B1 7-@"10 #; 9+4./017 "1;#01 +1 /41,' ?7 -723302934%1#0 /02" @2.1 @26 .4%1 1%17 2, .#7B 2, 2 ;[email protected]> "-3 +1 +2, ;1D 9+4./017>27/ +4, B171, 201 7#3 82,,1/ #7' *+23 ,+2.. 43 80#;43 2 @2.1 4; +1 ,+2..B247 3+1 D+#.1 D#0./> 27/ .#,1 +4, 4@@#032. B171,5

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4, 3#32..6 D2,31/ ;0#@ 3+1 8#473 #; %41D #; +10 B171,' [email protected] +#0,1,,+#-./ "1 %106> %106 9201;-. 3+23 3+1 47/4%4/-2. 3+16 9#8-.231 D43+ 4,27#3+10 +#0,1> 27/ 7#3 2 /#7$16' I7 B171 310@,> 276 +#0,1 B171 3+23,26, )=#/6> 4; 6#- 201 ;[email protected]> 9#8-.231 D43+ 276 #./ @2.1> D+13+10 +1 4, 2/#7$16 #0 2 +#0,1)> 4, 2 B171 D+49+ @26 71C3 ;47/ 43,1.; 47 3+1 /12/F17/"#/6 #; 2 @-.1> 27/ 3+1 @#3+10), 8201732. 47%1,3@173 47 3+23 "2"6 @-.1/130293, +12%4.6 ;0#@ +10 92829436 3# 0120 ;1034.1 +#0,1,' ? @2.1> #7 3+1#3+10 +27/> +2, .1,, 3# .#,1 4; +1 @231, D43+ 2 @1@"10 #; 3+1 D0#7B,81941,> 27/> 2.3+#-B+ +1 @26 +2%1 7#3+47B 3# B247 143+10> D1 ,+#-./1C8193 @2.1, 3# "1 .1,, ;-,,6 47 3+140 9+#491 #; ,1C-2. 8203710,' *+1013+4, +2, "117 .##$1/ 23> 43 +2, "117 ;#-7/ 3# "1 30-1'

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#3+10 +27/> ,#@1 +-@27 ,#941341, 201 80#@4,9-#-,> 27/ @276 201+201@F"2,1/' *+23 3+4, 2,3#74,+47B %204136 ,-BB1,3, 4, 3+23 @27), D26#; .4;1 4, .20B1.6 /1310@471/ "6 9-.3-01 023+10 3+27 "6 B171,' U#D1%10> 434, ,34.. 8#,,4".1 3+23 +-@27 @2.1, 47 B17102. +2%1 2 317/1796 3#D20/,80#@4,9-436> 27/ ;[email protected], 2 317/1796 3#D20/, @#7#B2@6> 2, D1 D#-./801/493 #7 1%#.-34#7206 B0#-7/,' *+49+ #; 3+1,1 3D# 317/17941, D47, 47820349-.20 ,#941341, /1817/, #7 /1324., #; 9-.3-02. 9409-@,32791> M-,3 2,47 /4;;10173 274@2. ,81941, 43 /1817/, #7 19#.#B492. /1324.,'

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@474@4T1 43, 9+2791 #; "147B 3+1 71201,3 3# 2 801/23#0' *1 927 8493-01129+ 8016 47/4%4/-2. 2, "147B ,-00#-7/1/ "6 2 )/#@247 #; /27B10)' E+4, 4,/1;471/ 2, 3+23 2012 #; B0#-7/ 47 D+49+ 276 8#473 4, 712010 3# 3+2347/4%4/-2. 3+27 43 4, 3# 276 #3+10 47/4%4/-2.' L#0 47,32791> 4; 3+1 801647/4%4/-2., @209+ ,8291/ #-3 47 2 01B-.20 B1#@13049 ;#0@234#7> 3+1/#@247 #; /27B10 0#-7/ 129+ #71 a-7.1,, +1 4, #7 3+1 1/B1b @4B+3 "10#-B+.6 +1C2B#72. 47 ,+281' I; 2 801/23#0 +28817, 3# "1 .-0$47B 47 3+1+1C2B#72. /#@247 #; /27B10 ,-00#-7/47B 47/4%4/-2. ?> 3+17 47/4%4/-2. ?4, .4$1.6 3# "1 12317' I7/4%4/-2., #7 3+1 1/B1 #; 3+1 +10/ 201 1,81942..6%-.7102".1> ,4791 3+140 /#@247 #; /27B10 4, 7#3 2 01.234%1.6 ,@2.. +1C2B#7>"-3 479.-/1, 2 D4/1 2012 #7 3+1 #817 ,4/1'

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8+6,492. 9+20293104,349, #; 3+1 92.., ,11@ 3# "1 4/12..6 ,+281/ 3# "1/4;;49-.3 3# .#9231' I; 27 29#-,349 17B47110 D101 2,$1/ 3# /1,4B7 2 ,#-7/3+23 2 801/23#0 D#-./ ;47/ 43 +20/ 3# 2880#29+> +1 D#-./ 80#/-91,#@13+47B %106 .4$1 3+1 012. 2.20@ 92.., #; @276 ,@2.. ,#7B"40/,' Y#D 47723-01 3+4, ,+2847B #; 3+1 92.., @-,3 +2%1 "117 80#/-91/ "6 723-02.,1.1934#7> 27/ D1 $7#D D+23 3+23 @127,' I3 @127, 3+23 .20B1 7-@"10, #;47/4%4/-2., +2%1 /41/ "192-,1 3+140 2.20@ 92.., D101 7#3 ]-431 810;193'E+101;#01 3+101 ,11@, 3# "1 /27B10 23329+1/ 3# B4%47B 2.20@ 92..,' E+1,1.;4,+ B171 3+1#06 +2, 3# 9#@1 -8 D43+ 2 9#7%47947B 2/%2732B1 #; B4%47B2.20@ 92.., D+49+ 4, "4B 17#-B+ 3# 9#-7310293 3+4, /27B10'

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#71 47/4%4/-2. 47 2 ;.#9$ #; ;11/47B "40/, +2, ,8#331/ 2 801/23#0' *+23 4,+1 3# /#5 U1 9#-./ ,[email protected] ;.6 #;; +4@,1.;> D43+#-3 D20747B +4, 9#..12B-1,'=-3 7#D +1 D#-./ "1 2 "40/ #7 +4, #D7> 7# .#7B10 8203 #; 2 01.234%1.627#76@#-, ;.#9$> "-3 27 #// @27 #-3' U2D$, 201 293-2..6 $7#D7 3# B#;#0 #// 84B1#7, #-3> "-3 1%17 4; 3+4, D101 7#3 ,# 3+101 201 8.1736 #;3+1#013492. 012,#7, ;#0 3+47$47B 3+23 "012$47B 027$, @4B+3 "1 2 ,-494/2.8#.496' !%17 4; +4, 9#@8274#7, 1%173-2..6 ;#..#D +4@> 3+1 47/4%4/-2. D+#;40,3 ;.41, -8 #;; 3+1 B0#-7/ 31@8#0204.6 479012,1, +4, /#@247 #; /27B10'*+13+10 [email protected]#7), 820349-.20 3+1#06 4, 04B+3 #0 D0#7B> 3+101 @-,3 "1,#@1 4@8#03273 2/%2732B1 47 .4%47B 47 ;.#9$,> #3+10D4,1 3+1 "40/, D#-./7#3 /# 43' *+231%10 3+23 2/%2732B1 @26 "1> 3+1 47/4%4/-2. D+# .12%1, 3+1;.#9$ 2+12/ #; 3+1 #3+10, D4..> 23 .12,3 47 8203> ;#0;143 3+23 2/%2732B1' I; +1@-,3 7#3 "012$ 027$,> 3+17> D+23 4, 3+1 #",10%273 "40/ 3# /#5 N10+28,+1 ,+#-./ M-,3 92006 #7 2, 4; 7#3+47B +2/ +288171/ 27/ 01.6 #7 3+180#31934#7 2;;#0/1/ "6 +4, @1@"10,+48 #; 3+1 ;.#9$' =-3 3+4, 3## 920041,B02%1 04,$,' U1 4, ,34.. #-3 47 3+1 #817> +4B+.6 %-.7102".1' U1 D#-./ "1@-9+ ,2;10 -8 47 2 3011' E+1 "1,3 8#.496 4, 47/11/ 3# ;.6 -8 473# 2 3011>"-3 3# @2$1 ,-01 1%106"#/6 1.,1 /#1, 3##' E+23 D26> +1 D4.. 7#3 "19#@127 #// @27 #-3 27/ +1 D4.. 7#3 ;#0;143 3+1 2/%2732B1, #; "147B 8203 #; 290#D/> "-3 +1 D4.. B247 3+1 2/%2732B1 #; ;.647B #;; 473# 9#%10' A791 2B247>-331047B 2 D20747B 92.. 4, ,117 3# +2%1 2 8-01.6 ,1.;4,+ 2/%2732B1' !' P'S+207#% 27/ :' <' [01", +2%1 80#8#,1/ 2 ,[email protected] 3+1#06 47 D+49+ 3+16 B#,# ;20 2, 3# -,1 3+1 D#0/ )@2748-.234#7) 3# /1,904"1 D+23 3+1 92..47B "40//#1, 3# 3+1 01,3 #; +4, ;.#9$' *1 +2%1 9#@1 2 .#7B D26 ;0#@ 8-01>/4,473101,31/ 2.30-4,@X

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*+23 #; 3+1 ,3#3347B E+#@,#7), B2T1..1> D+49+ I @1734#71/ 47 S+28310 &>27/ D+#,1 28820173.6 ,-494/2. 2.30-4,@ @#%1/ ?0/016 3# ,32319231B#0492..6 3+23 43 9#-./ "1 1C8.2471/ #7.6 "6 B0#-8 ,1.1934#75 U101 3+1,1.;4,+ B171 3+1#06 +2, 2 @#01 1C29347B 9+2..17B1' ?.20@ 92.., 47 "40/, /#D#0$> "-3 3+16 201 9.120.6 /1,4B71/ 3# "1 2, 479#7,849-#-, 27/ /4,901132, 8#,,4".1' Y#3 ,# 3+1 ,3#3347B +4B+FM-@8,' E+16 201 #,3173234#-, 3# 3+18#473 #; /#D704B+3 80#%#9234#7' E+1 B2T1..1, .##$ 2, 4; 3+16 201/1.4"10231.6 47%4347B 3+1 801/23#0), 2331734#7> 2.@#,3 2, 4; 3+16 201 312,47B3+1 801/23#0' E+4, #",10%234#7 +2, .1/ 3# 2 /1.4B+3;-..6 /2047B 3+1#06' E+13+1#06 D2, #04B472..6 ;#01,+2/#D1/ "6 Y' J@63+1 "-3> 8-,+1/ 3# 43,.#B492. 9#79.-,4#7> 43 "120, 3+1 -7@4,32$12".1 ,4B723-01 #; ?' Q2+2%4'

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Q2+2%4), 3+1#06 927 "1 8-3 .4$1 3+4,' E+1 90-942. "43 #; .23102. 3+47$47B 4,3+1 4/12 3+23 ,3#3347B> ;20 ;0#@ "147B 2 ,4B72. 3# 3+1 #3+10 B2T1..1,> 4,012..6 24@1/ 23 3+1 801/23#0,' I3 4, 7#3491/ "6 3+1 #3+10 B2T1..1, 27/ 432;;193, 3+140 "1+2%4#-0> "-3 3+4, 4, 4794/1732.> ;#0 43 4, [email protected] ,1.1931/2, 2 ,4B72. 3# 3+1 801/23#0' E027,.231/ 0#-B+.6 473# !7B.4,+ 43 @127,H)P##$ +#D +4B+ I 927 M-@8> I 2@ #"%4#-,.6 ,-9+ 2 ;43 27/ +12.3+6 B2T1..1>6#- 927)3 9239+ @1> 6#- D#-./ "1 @-9+ D4,10 3# 306 27/ 9239+ @6714B+"#-0 D+# 4, 7#3 M-@847B ,# +4B+X) I7 .1,, 273+0#8#@#08+49 310@,>B171, ;#0 M-@847B +4B+ 27/ #,3173234#-,.6 201 -7.4$1.6 3# "1 12317 "6801/23#0, "192-,1 801/23#0, 317/ 3# 9+##,1 8016 D+# .##$ 12,6 3# 9239+'I7 820349-.20> @276 @2@@2. 801/23#0, 201 $7#D7 3# B# ;#0 3+1 #./ 27/3+1 -7+12.3+6' ?7 47/4%4/-2. D+# M-@8, +4B+ 4, 2/%1034,47B> 47 271C2BB10231/ D26> 3+1 ;293 3+23 +1 4, 7143+10 #./ 7#0 -7+12.3+6' ?99#0/47B3# 3+4, 3+1#06> 3+1 /4,8.26 4, ;20 ;0#@ 2.30-4,349' I; 2763+47B 43 4, ,1.;4,+>,4791 43, #"M193 4, 3# 810,-2/1 3+1 801/23#0 3# 9+2,1 ,#@1"#/6 1.,1' I7 2D26 3+101 4, 2 9#@813434#7 3# ,11 D+# 927 M-@8 3+1 +4B+1,3> 3+1 .#,10"147B 3+1 #71 9+#,17 "6 3+1 801/23#0'

E+1 #3+10 [email protected] 3+23 I ,24/ I D#-./ 013-07 3# 4, 3+1 92,1 #; 3+1$2@4$2T1 "11,> D+# ,347B +#716F024/10, "-3 9#@@43 2.@#,3 9103247,-494/1 47 3+1 80#91,,' E+1 +#716 "11 4, M-,3 #71 [email protected] #; 2 +4B+.6,#942. 47,193' A3+10, 201 D2,8,> 273,> 27/ 310@431, #0 )D+431 273,)' I D2733# /4,9-,, ,#942. 47,193, B17102..6> 7#3 M-,3 ,-494/2. "11,' E+1 1C8.#43, #;3+1 ,#942. 47,193, 201 .1B17/206> 47 820349-.20 3+140 2,3#74,+47B ;123, #;9##810234#7 27/ 28820173 2.30-4,@' J-494/2. ,347B47B @4,,4#7, 3684;63+140 80#/4B41, #; ,1.;F2"71B234#7' I7 3+1 )+#716F8#3) 273, 3+101 4, 2 92,31#; D#0$10, D43+ B0#31,]-1.6 ,D#..17> ;##/F829$1/ 2"/#@17,> D+#,1 ,#.1;-7934#7 47 .4;1 4, 3# +27B @#34#7.1,, ;0#@ 3+1 914.47B .4$1 ".#231/ .4B+3F"-.",> "147B -,1/ 2, ;##/ ,3#01, "6 3+1 #3+10 D#0$10,' I7 3+1 +-@27,17,1 3+16 /# 7#3 .4%1 2, 47/4%4/-2., 23 2..V 3+140 47/4%4/-2.436 4,,-"M-B231/> 28820173.6 3# 3+1 D1.;201 #; 3+1 9#@@-7436' ? ,#94136 #; 273,>"11,> #0 310@431, 29+41%1, 2 $47/ #; 47/4%4/-2.436 23 2 +4B+10 .1%1.' L##/ 4,,+201/ 3# ,-9+ 27 1C3173 3+23 #71 @26 ,812$ #; 2 9#@@-72. ,3#@29+'I7;#0@234#7 4, ,+201/ ,# 1;;494173.6 "6 9+1@492. ,4B72., 27/ "6 3+1;2@#-, )/2791) #; 3+1 "11, 3+23 3+1 9#@@-7436 "1+2%1, 2.@#,3 2, 4; 43D101 2 -743 D43+ 2 710%#-, ,6,31@ 27/ ,17,1 #0B27, #; 43, #D7' L#014B74730-/10, 201 019#B74T1/ 27/ 0181..1/ D43+ ,#@13+47B #; 3+1 ,1.1934%436 #;2 "#/6), 4@@-71 012934#7 ,6,31@' E+1 023+10 +4B+ 31@81023-01 47,4/1 2"11+4%1 4, 01B-.231/ 7120.6 2, 80194,1.6 2, 3+23 #; 3+1 +-@27 "#/6> 1%173+#-B+ 27 47/4%4/-2. "11 4, 7#3 2 )D20@ ".##/1/) 274@2.' L472..6 27/@#,3 4@8#03273.6> 3+1 272.#B6 1C317/, 3# 0180#/-934#7' E+1 @2M#0436 #;47/4%4/-2., 47 2 ,#942. 47,193 9#.#76 201 ,3104.1 D#0$10,' E+1 )B10@ .471)F3+1 .471 #; 4@@#032. B171 9#7347-436F;.#D, 3+0#-B+ 3+1 "#/41, #; 2@47#0436 #; 47/4%4/-2.,> 3+1 0180#/-934%1,' E+1,1 201 3+1 272.#B-1, #; #-0#D7 0180#/-934%1 91.., 47 #-0 31,31, 27/ #%2041,' E+1 ,3104.1 D#0$10, 2013+1 272.#B6 #; #-0 .4%10> @-,9.1> 27/ 710%1 91..,'

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[2@4$2T1 "1+2%4#-0 27/ #3+10 ;#0@, #; 2.30-4,@ 27/ 9##810234#7 "6D#0$10, 201 7#3 2,3#74,+47B #791 D1 299183 3+1 ;293 3+23 3+16 201 ,3104.1'E+1 "#/6 #; 2 7#0@2. 274@2. 4, @2748-.231/ 3# 17,-01 3+1 ,-0%4%2. #; 43,B171, "#3+ 3+0#-B+ "12047B #;;,8047B 27/ 3+0#-B+ 92047B ;#0 #3+1047/4%4/-2., 9#7324747B 3+1 ,2@1 B171,' J-494/1 47 3+1 473101,3, #; 92047B;#0 #3+10 47/4%4/-2., 4, 479#@8234".1 D43+ ;-3-01 "12047B #; #71), #D7#;;,8047B' J-494/2. ,1.;F,2904;491 3+101;#01 ,1./#@ 1%#.%1,' =-3 2 D#0$10"11 71%10 "120, #;;,8047B #; 43, #D7' ?.. 43, 1;;#03, 201 /401931/ 3#801,10%47B 43, B171, "6 92047B ;#0 01.234%1, #3+10 3+27 43, #D7 #;;,8047B'E+1 /123+ #; 2 ,47B.1 ,3104.1 D#0$10 "11 4, 7# @#01 ,104#-, 3# 43, B171,3+27 4, 3+1 ,+1//47B #; 2 .12; 47 2-3-@7 3# 3+1 B171, #; 2 3011'

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92010, 201 9.#,1 $47 3# 3+1 47/4%4/-2., ;#0 D+#@ 3+16 9201> 23 .12,3 2,9.#,1 2, 3+16 D#-./ "1 3# 3+140 #D7 #;;,8047B 4; 3+16 +2/ 276' ?.3+#-B+ 434, 3+1#013492..6 8#,,4".1 ;#0 1%#.-34#7 3# 80#911/ 47 3+4, /401934#7> 43 ,11@,3# "1 #7.6 47 3+1 ,#942. 47,193, 3+23 43 +2, 293-2..6 +288171/'

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E04%10, 27/ U201 012.4T1/ 3+23 3+1 D#0$10, @-,3 306 3# "42, 3+1 ,1C 0234#47 ;2%#-0 #; ;[email protected],' E+16 3##$ 3+1 L4,+10 92.9-.234#7, #7 #834@2. ,1C0234#, aD+49+ D1 .##$1/ 23 47 3+1 801%4#-, 9+28310b 27/ 01FD#0$1/ 3+1@;#0 3+1 ,81942. 92,1 #; 3+1 U6@17#83102' I3 3-071/ #-3 3+23 3+1 ,32".10234# #; 47%1,3@173 ;#0 2 @#3+10 4,> 2, -,-2.> &H&' =-3 3+1 ,32".1 0234# ;#02 ,4,310 4, dH& 47 ;2%#-0 #; ,4,310, 023+10 3+27 "0#3+10,' I; 6#- 201 2+6@17#831027 ;[email protected]> 3+1 @#,3 1;;494173 D26 ;#0 6#- 3# 80#82B231 6#-0B171, 4, 3# 01;0247 ;0#@ "011/47B 6#-0,1.;> 27/ 3# @2$1 6#-0 @#3+1080#%4/1 6#- D43+ 0180#/-934%1 ,4,310, 27/ "0#3+10, 47 3+1 0234# dH&' =-3 4;6#- @-,3 +2%1 #;;,8047B #; 6#-0 #D7> 6#- 927 "171;43 6#-0 B171, "1,3 "6+2%47B 0180#/-934%1 ,#7, 27/ /2-B+310, 47 1]-2. 80#8#034#7,'

?, D1 +2%1 ,117> 3+1 /4;;101791 "13D117 ]-117, 27/ D#0$10, 4, 7#3 2B171349 #71' ?, ;20 2, +10 B171, 201 9#791071/> 27 1@"06# ;[email protected] @4B+3"1 /1,3471/ 3# "19#@1 143+10 2 D#0$10> D+# )D273,) 2 d H& ,1C 0234#> #0 2]-117> D+# )D273,) 2 &H& 0234#' J# D+23 /#1, 3+4, )D27347B) @1275 I3@127, 3+23 2 B171 3+23 ;47/, 43,1.; 47 2 ]-117), "#/6 927 80#82B231 43,1.;"1,3 4; 3+23 "#/6 47%1,3, 1]-2..6 47 0180#/-934%1 ,#7, 27/ /2-B+310,' =-33+1 ,2@1 B171 ;47/47B 43,1.; 47 2 D#0$10), "#/6 927 80#82B231 43,1.; "1,3"6 @2$47B 3+1 @#3+10 #; 3+23 "#/6 +2%1 @#01 /2-B+310, 3+27 ,#7,'E+101 4, 7# 012. 8202/#C +101' ? B171 @-,3 32$1 "1,3 2/%2732B1 #; 3+1.1%10, #; 8#D10 3+23 +28817 3# "1 23 43, /4,8#,2.' I; 43 ;47/, 43,1.; 47 28#,434#7 3# 47;.-1791 3+1 /1%1.#8@173 #; 2 "#/6 3+23 4, /1,3471/ 3# 3-07473# 2 ]-117> 43, #834@2. ,30231B6 3# 1C8.#43 3+23 9#730#. 4, #71 3+47B' I; 43

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;47/, 43,1.; 47 2 8#,434#7 3# 47;.-1791 3+1 D26 2 D#0$10), "#/6 /1%1.#8,> 43,#834@2. ,30231B6 3# 1C8.#43 3+23 8#D10 4, /4;;10173'

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E+1 ,1C 0234# 3+23 4, #; 473101,3 4, 3+1 0234# #; @2.1 3# ;[email protected]#/-934%1,' E+1,1 201 3+1 .20B1 D47B1/ ;#0@, D+49+ 1@10B1 ;0#@ 3+1273,) 71,3 47 8104#/49 "-0,3, ;#0 @2347B ;.4B+3,> 2;310 D+49+ 3+1 6#-7B]-117, @26 306 3# ;#-7/ 71D 9#.#741,' I3 4, 3+1,1 D47B1/ ;#0@, 3+23 +2%13# "1 9#-731/ 3# #"3247 27 1,34@231 #; 3+1 ,1C 0234#' Y#D 3+1 @2.1 27/;[email protected] 0180#/-934%1, 201> 47 @276 ,81941,> %106 -71]-2. 47 ,4T1' E+4,9#@8.49231, 3+47B, ,4791> 2, D1 ,2D 47 3+1 801%4#-, 9+28310> 3+1 L4,+1092.9-.234#7, 2"#-3 #834@2. ,1C 0234# ,30493.6 288.6> 7#3 3# 7-@"10, #;@2.1, 27/ ;[email protected],> "-3 3# ]-273436 #; 47%1,3@173 47 @2.1, 27/ ;[email protected],'E04%10, 27/ U201 @2/1 2..#D2791 ;#0 3+4, "6 D14B+47B 3+1@' E+16 3##$`( ,81941, #; 273 27/ 1,34@231/ 3+1 ,1C 0234# 47 310@, #; 47%1,3@173 470180#/-934%1,' E+16 ;#-7/ 2 023+10 9#7%47947B.6 9.#,1 ;43 3# 3+1 dH& ;[email protected]# @2.1 0234# 801/4931/ "6 3+1 3+1#06 3+23 3+1 D#0$10, 201 0-7747B 3+1,+#D ;#0 3+140 #D7 "171;43' I3 ,11@, 3+17 3+23 47 3+1 273, ,3-/41/> 3+19#7;.493 #; 473101,3, 4, )D#7) "6 3+1 D#0$10,' E+4, 4, 7#3 3## ,-0804,47B,4791 D#0$10 "#/41,> "147B 3+1 B-20/427, #; 3+1 7-0,1041,> +2%1 @#018#D10 47 80293492. 310@, 3+27 ]-117 "#/41,' K171, 30647B 3# @2748-.2313+1 D#0./ 3+0#-B+ ]-117 "#/41, 201 #-3@27#1-%01/ "6 B171,@2748-.2347B 3+1 D#0./ 3+0#-B+ D#0$10 "#/41,' I3 4, 473101,347B 3# .##$20#-7/ ;#0 ,#@1 ,81942. 9409-@,32791, 47 D+49+ D1 @4B+3 1C8193 ]-117,3# +2%1 @#01 80293492. 8#D10 3+27 D#0$10,' E04%10, 27/ U201 012.4T1/3+23 3+101 D2, M-,3 ,-9+ 2 9409-@,32791 D+49+ 9#-./ "1 -,1/ 2, 29043492. 31,3 #; 3+1 3+1#06'

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20@41,' J.2%47B 024/, 201 M-,3 2 820349-.20 $47/ #; D20 1;;#03' E+1 ,.2%10,@#-73 27 23329$ #7 2 71,3 #; 273, "1.#7B47B 3# 2 /4;;10173 ,81941,>2331@83 3# $4.. 3+1 /1;17/47B D#0$10, #0 ,#./410,> 27/ 92006 #;; 3+1-7+239+1/ 6#-7B' E+1,1 6#-7B #71, +239+ #-3 47 3+1 71,3 #; 3+1409283#0,' E+16 /# 7#3 )012.4T1) 3+23 3+16 201 ,.2%1, 27/ 3+16 ,13 3# D#0$;#..#D47B 3+140 "-4.3F47 710%#-, 80#B02@,> /#47B 2.. 3+1 /-341, 3+23 3+16D#-./ 7#[email protected] 810;#0@ 47 3+140 #D7 71,3' E+1 ,.2%1F@2$47B D#0$10, #0,#./410, B# #7 ;-03+10 ,.2%47B 1C81/434#7, D+4.1 3+1 ,.2%1, ,326 23 +#@127/ B13 #7 D43+ 3+1 1%106/26 "-,471,, #; 0-7747B 27 273,) 71,3> 9.12747B>;#02B47B> 27/ 92047B ;#0 3+1 "0##/'

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L#0 [email protected]> ,-88#,1 3+23 47 276 273 ,81941,> ]-117, )2331@83) 3#/4,B-4,1 @2.1 1BB, "6 @2$47B 3+1@ ,@1.. .4$1 ;[email protected] #71,' Y23-02.,1.1934#7 D4.. 7#[email protected] ;2%#-0 276 317/1796 "6 D#0$10, 3# ),11 3+0#-B+)3+1 /4,B-4,1' *1 @26 8493-01 27 1%#.-34#7206 "233.1 47 D+49+ ]-117,9#7347-2..6 )9+27B1 3+1 9#/1)> 27/ D#0$10, )"012$ 3+1 9#/1)' E+1 D20 D4.."1 D#7 "6 D+#1%10 @272B1, 3# B13 @#01 #; +10 B171, 473# 3+1 71C3B1710234#7> %42 3+1 "#/41, #; 3+1 0180#/-934%1,' E+4, D4.. 7#[email protected] "1 3+1D#0$10,> 2, D1 +2%1 ,117' =-3 D+17 3+1 ]-117 #; 2 ,.2%1F@2$47B ,81941,9+27B1, 3+1 9#/1> 3+1 ,.2%1 D#0$10, 9277#3 1%#.%1 276 2"4.436 3# "012$3+1 9#/1' E+4, 4, "192-,1 276 B171 47 2 ,.2%1 D#0$10 );#0 "012$47B 3+19#/1) 4, 7#3 01801,1731/ 47 3+1 "#/6 #; 276 0180#/-934%1 47/4%4/-2.> 27/,# 4, 7#3 82,,1/ #7' E+1 0180#/-934%1, 2.. "1.#7B 3# 3+1 ,.2%1F@2$47B,81941,> 27/ 201 $47 3# 3+1 ]-117 "-3 7#3 3# 3+1 ,.2%1,' I; 3+1 B171, #; 3+1,.2%1, ;47/ 3+140 D26 473# 276 0180#/-934%1, 23 2..> 43 D4.. "1 473# 3+10180#/-934%1, 3+23 1@10B1 ;0#@ 3+1 #04B472. 71,3 ;0#@ D+49+ 3+16 D101$4/72881/' E+1 ,.2%1 D#0$10, D4..> 4; 2763+47B> "1 "-,6 "012$47B 3+1

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? @#01 2D$D20/ ,827710 47 3+1 1.1B273 D#0$, #; 3+1 3+1#06 4, 3+1 ;2933+23> 47 ,#@1 ,81941,> 3+1 6#-7B ]-117 #7 +10 @2347B ;.4B+3 @231, D43+,1%102. @2.1, 47,312/ #; #71' E+4, @127, 3+23 3+1 2%102B1 01.231/71,,2@#7B +10 /2-B+310, 4, .1,, 3+27 dif> 27/ @26 1%17 2880#29+ &if 471C301@1 92,1,' I3 4, 31@8347B> 3+#-B+ 80#"2".6 7#3 %106 .#B492.> 3# 01B20/3+4, 2, 2 9-7747B ".#D ,30-9$ "6 ]-117, 2B247,3 D#0$10,X I794/1732..6>3+4, @4B+3 ,11@ 3# ,-BB1,3 3+23 D#0$10, ,+#-./ 9+2810#71 2 ]-117 #7+10 @2347B ;.4B+3> 3# 801%173 +10 ;0#@ @2347B @#01 3+27 #791' =-3 3+4,D#-./ 47 7# D26 +1.8 3+1 D#0$10,) #D7 B171,F#7.6 3+1 B171, #; 3+19#@47B B1710234#7 #; D#0$10,' E+101 4, 7# 302/1F-74#7 ,84043 2@#7B 3+1D#0$10, 2, 2 9.2,,' ?.. 3+23 129+ #71 #; 3+1@ )9201,) 2"#-3 4, +10 #D7B171,' ? D#0$10 @4B+3 +2%1 ).4$1/) 3# +2%1 9+2810#71/ +10 #D7 @#3+10>"-3 ,+1 .29$1/ 3+1 #88#03-7436> 7#3 +2%47B "117 9#7914%1/ 47 3+#,1 /26,'? 6#-7B ]-117 #7 +10 @2347B ;.4B+3 4, 3+1 ,4,310 #; 3+1 801,173 B1710234#7#; D#0$10,> 7#3 3+1 @#3+10' E+101;#01 3+16 201 #7 +10 ,4/1 023+10 3+27 #73+1 ,4/1 #; 3+1 71C3 B1710234#7 #; D#0$10,> D+# 201 @101.6 3+140 74191,'O6 +12/ 4, 7#D ,847747B> 27/ 43 4, +4B+ 34@1 3# "047B 3+4, 3#849 3# 2 9.#,1'

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?73, +2%1 3+140 #D7 /#@1,349 274@2., 2, D1.. 2, 3+140 90#8 8.273,'?8+4/,FB0117;.6 27/ ,[email protected] "-B,F201 +4B+.6 ,81942.4T1/ ;#0 ,-9$47B 3+1M-491 #-3 #; 8.273,' E+16 8-@8 3+1 ,28 -8 #-3 #; 3+1 8.273,) %147, @#011;;494173.6 3+27 3+16 ,-",1]-173.6 /4B1,3 43' E+1 01,-.3 4, 3+23 3+16 1C901312 .4]-4/ 3+23 +2, +2/ #7.6 ,#@1 #; 43, 7-30434#-, %2.-1 1C302931/' G0#8.13,#; ,-B20F049+ )+#716/1D) 82,, #-3 #; 3+1 "29$ 17/ 23 2 B0123 0231> 47 ,#@192,1, @#01 3+27 3+1 47,193), #D7 "#/6FD14B+3 1%106 +#-0' E+1 +#716/1D7#[email protected] 0247, /#D7 #7 3# 3+1 B0#-7/F43 @26 D1.. +2%1 "117 3+180#%4/17342. ;##/ $7#D7 2, )@2772) 47 3+1 A./ E1,32@173' =-3 273, #;,1%102. ,81941, 473109183 43 2, ,##7 2, 43 .12%1, 3+1 "-B' E+1 273, )@4.$)3+1 28+4/, "6 ,30#$47B 3+140 +47/F]-20310, D43+ 3+140 ;11.10, 27/ .1B,'?8+4/, 01,8#7/ 3# 3+4,> 47 ,#@1 92,1, 28820173.6 +#./47B "29$ 3+140/0#8.13, -734. 27 273 ,30#$1, 3+1@> 27/ 1%17 D43+/02D47B 2 /0#8.13 4; 27

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273 4, 7#3 012/6 3# 299183 43' I3 +2, "117 ,-BB1,31/ 3+23 ,#@1 28+4/,+2%1 1%#.%1/ 2 "29$,4/1 3+23 .##$, 27/ ;11., .4$1 27 273), ;291> 3+1 "133103# 2330293 273,' *+23 3+1 28+4/, +2%1 3# B247 ;0#@ 3+1 01.234#7,+48 4,28820173.6 80#31934#7 ;0#@ 3+140 723-02. 171@41,' P4$1 #-0 #D7 /24069233.1 3+16 .12/ 2 ,+1.3101/ .4;1> 27/ 28+4/ ,81941, 3+23 201 @-9+9-.34%231/ "6 273, +2%1 .#,3 3+140 7#0@2. /1;17,4%1 @19+274,@,' I7 ,#@192,1, 273, 9201 ;#0 3+1 28+4/ 1BB, 47,4/1 3+140 #D7 -7/10B0#-7/ 71,3,>;11/ 3+1 6#-7B 28+4/,> 27/ ;472..6> D+17 3+16 201 B0#D7> B173.6 920063+1@ -8 3# 3+1 80#31931/ B02T47B B0#-7/,'

? 01.234#7,+48 #; @-3-2. "171;43 "13D117 @1@"10, #; /4;;10173 ,81941, 4,92..1/ @-3-2.4,@ #0 ,6@"4#,4,' O1@"10, #; /4;;10173 ,81941, #;317 +2%1@-9+ 3# #;;10 129+ #3+10 "192-,1 3+16 927 "047B /4;;10173 ),$4..,) 3# 3+18203710,+48' E+4, $47/ #; ;-7/2@1732. 2,6@@1306 927 .12/ 3#1%#.-34#7204.6 ,32".1 ,30231B41, #; @-3-2. 9##810234#7' ?8+4/, +2%1 3+104B+3 ,#03 #; @#-3+8203, ;#0 8-@847B -8 8.273 ,28> "-3 ,-9+ ,-9$47B@#-3+8203, 201 7# B##/ ;#0 ,1.;F/1;1791' ?73, 201 7# B##/ 23 ,-9$47B ,28;0#@ 8.273,> "-3 3+16 201 B##/ 23 ;4B+347B' ?73 B171, ;#0 9-.34%2347B 27/80#319347B 28+4/, +2%1 "117 ;2%#-01/ 47 273 B171F8##.,' ?8+4/ B171, ;#09##8102347B D43+ 3+1 273, +2%1 "117 ;2%#-01/ 47 28+4/ B171F8##.,'

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Page 164: The Selfish Gene

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=-3 3+1,1 201 ,819-.234#7, ;#0 3+1 ;-3-01' ?3 801,173 D1 201 9#791071/D43+ ,6@"4#,4, 23 3+1 +4B+10 .1%1. #; 01.234#7,+48, "13D117 @276F91..1/#0B274,@,> 023+10 3+27 D43+47 3+1@' E+1 D#0/ ,6@"4#,4, 4,9#7%1734#72..6 -,1/ ;#0 2,,#94234#7, "13D117 @1@"10, #; /4;;10173,81941,' =-3> 7#D 3+23 D1 +2%1 1,9+1D1/ 3+1 )B##/ #; 3+1 ,81941,) %41D #;1%#.-34#7> 3+101 ,11@, 7# .#B492. 012,#7 3# /4,347B-4,+ 2,,#94234#7,"13D117 @1@"10, #; /4;;10173 ,81941, 2, 3+47B, 28203 ;0#@ 2,,#94234#7,"13D117 @1@"10, #; 3+1 ,2@1 ,81941,' I7 B17102.> 2,,#94234#7, #; @-3-2."171;43 D4.. 1%#.%1 4; 129+ 8203710 927 B13 @#01 #-3 3+27 +1 8-3, 47' E+4,4, 30-1 D+13+10 D1 201 ,812$47B #; @1@"10, #; 3+1 ,2@1 +6172 829$> #0#; D4/1.6 /4,34793 90123-01, ,-9+ 2, 273, 27/ 28+4/,> #0 "11, 27/ ;.#D10,'I7 80293491 43 @26 "1 /4;;49-.3 3# /4,347B-4,+ 92,1, #; B17-471 3D#FD26@-3-2. "171;43 ;0#@ 92,1, #; #71F,4/1/ 1C8.#43234#7'

E+1 1%#.-34#7 #; 2,,#94234#7, #; @-3-2. "171;43 4, 3+1#013492..6 12,6 3#4@2B471 4; 3+1 ;2%#-0, 201 B4%17 27/ 01914%1/ ,[email protected]#-,.6> 2, 47 3+192,1 #; 3+1 8203710, D+# @2$1 -8 2 .49+17' =-3 80#".1@, 204,1 4; 3+101 4,2 /1.26 "13D117 3+1 B4%47B #; 2 ;2%#-0 27/ 43, 01826@173' E+4, 4, "192-,13+1 ;40,3 019484173 #; 2 ;2%#-0 @26 "1 31@831/ 3# 9+123 27/ 01;-,1 3# 82643 "29$ D+17 +4, 3-07 9#@1,' E+1 01,#.-34#7 #; 3+4, 80#".1@ 4, 473101,347B27/ 4, D#03+ /4,9-,,47B 47 /1324.' I 927 /# 3+4, "1,3 47 310@, #; 2+68#3+13492. [email protected]'

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J-88#,1 = +2, 2 8202,431 #7 3+1 3#8 #; +4, +12/' ? 8-.., 43 #;; +4@' P2310>3+1 34@1 9#@1, D+17 ? +2, 2 8202,431 #7 +4, +12/' U1 723-02..6 ,11$,#-3 = 47 #0/10 3+23 = @26 826 "29$ +4, B##/ /11/' = ,[email protected] 3-07, -8 +4,7#,1 27/ D2.$, #;;' = 4, 2 9+123> 27 47/4%4/-2. D+# 299183, 3+1 "171;43 #;#3+10 47/4%4/-2.,) 2.30-4,@> "-3 D+# /#1, 7#3 826 43 "29$> #0 D+# 826, 43"29$ 47,-;;494173.6' S+123, /# "13310 3+27 47/4,904@47231 2.30-4,3,"192-,1 3+16 B247 3+1 "171;43, D43+#-3 82647B 3+1 9#,3,' E# "1 ,-01> 3+19#,3 #; B0##@47B 27#3+10 47/4%4/-2.), +12/ ,11@, ,@2.. 9#@8201/ D43+3+1 "171;43 #; +2%47B 2 /27B10#-, 8202,431 01@#%1/> "-3 43 4, 7#371B.4B4".1' J#@1 %2.-2".1 1710B6 27/ 34@1 +2, 3# "1 ,8173'

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Page 189: The Selfish Gene

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Page 194: The Selfish Gene

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G20D47427, +2%1 -,-2..6 9+#,17 3# /4,9-,, B171, D+#,1 8+17#368491;;193, "171;43> #0 8172.4T1> 3+1 ,-0%4%2. 27/ 0180#/-934#7 #; D+#.1 "#/41,'E+16 +2%1 317/1/ 7#3 3# 9#7,4/10 "171;43, 3# 3+1 B171 43,1.;' E+4, 4, 8203.6D+6 3+1 8202/#C 23 3+1 +1203 #; 3+1 3+1#06 /#1,7)3 7#[email protected] @2$1 43,1.;;1.3' L#0 47,32791 2 B171 @26 "1 ,-991,,;-. 3+0#-B+ 4@80#%47B 3+10-7747B ,811/ #; 2 801/23#0' E+1 D+#.1 801/23#0), "#/6> 479.-/47B 2.. 43,B171,> 4, @#01 ,-991,,;-. "192-,1 43 0-7, ;2,310' I3, ,811/ +1.8, 43,-0%4%1 3# +2%1 9+4./017V 27/ 3+101;#01 @#01 9#841, #; 2.. 43, B171,>479.-/47B 3+1 B171 ;#0 ;2,3 0-7747B> 201 82,,1/ #7' U101 3+1 8202/#C9#7%174173.6 /4,288120, "192-,1 D+23 4, B##/ ;#0 #71 B171 4, B##/ ;#0 2..'

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P13 -, B13 "29$ 3# 3+1 @247 20B-@173' E+1 92//4, +#-,1> 7#"#/6 9#-.//#-"3> 4, 27 2/283234#7> 1%#.%1/ "6 G20D47427 ,1.1934#7' I3 @-,3 +2%1"117 ;2%#-01/ "6 ,1.1934#7> 47 %106 @-9+ 3+1 ,2@1 D26 2,> ,26> 3+1 +20/,+1.. #; .#",310, D2, ;2%#-01/' I3 4, 2 80#31934%1 9#%1047B ;#0 3+1 "#/6' ?,,-9+ 43 4, #; "171;43 3# 3+1 D+#.1 #0B274,@ 27/ 2.. 43, B171,' =-3 D1 +2%17#D 32-B+3 #-0,1.%1, 3# ,11 "171;43, 3# 3+1 #0B274,@ 2, 4794/1732.> 2, ;202, 723-02. ,1.1934#7 4, 9#791071/' E+1 "171;43, 3+23 293-2..6 9#-73 2013+1 "171;43, 3# 3+#,1 B171, 3+23 B4%1 3+1 ,+1.. 43, 80#31934%1 80#810341,' I73+1 92,1 #; 3+1 .#",310 3+4, 4, 3+1 -,-2. ,3#06' E+1 .#",310), ,+1.. 4,#"%4#-,.6 2 8203 #; 43, "#/6' =-3 D+23 2"#-3 3+1 92//4, +#-,15

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7#"#/6 +2, 293-2..6 ,3-/41/ 3+1 B171349, #; 92//4, +#-,1,' E# /# ,# 6#-D#-./ +2%1 3# $118 9201;-. 81/4B011 019#0/, #; 92//4,1, "01/ 47 92834%436>27/ "011/47B 3+1@ 4, /4;;49-.3' =-3 6#- /#7)3 +2%1 3# ,3-/6 B171349, 3# "1

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,-01 3+23 3+101 201> #0 23 .12,3 #791 D101> B171, 47;.-17947B /4;;101791,"13D117 92//4, +#-,1,' ?.. 6#- 711/ 4, B##/ 012,#7 3# "1.41%1 3+23 3+192//4, +#-,1 4, 2 G20D47427 2/283234#7' I7 3+23 92,1 3+101 @-,3 +2%1"117 B171, 9#730#..47B %204234#7 47 92//4, +#-,1,> ;#0 ,1.1934#7 9277#380#/-91 2/283234#7, -7.1,, 3+101 201 +101/43206 /4;;101791, 2@#7BD+49+ 3# ,1.193'

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*1 201 012/6 ;#0 3+1 71C3 ,318 47 3+1 20B-@173H B171, 47 #71 #0B274,@927 +2%1 1C317/1/ 8+17#36849 1;;193, #7 3+1 "#/6 #; 27#3+10 #0B274,@'S2//4, +#-,1, +1.81/ -, 32$1 3+1 801%4#-, ,318V ,724. ,+1.., D4.. +1.8 -,32$1 3+4, #71' E+1 ,+1.. 8.26, 3+1 ,2@1 0#.1 ;#0 2 ,724. 2, 3+1 ,3#71 +#-,1/#1, ;#0 2 92//4, .20%2' I3 4, ,190131/ "6 3+1 ,724.), #D7 91..,> ,# 29#7%1734#72. B1713494,3 D#-./ "1 +2886 3# ,812$ #; B171, );#0) ,+1..]-2.4341, ,-9+ 2, ,+1.. 3+49$71,,' =-3 43 3-07, #-3 3+23 ,724., 8202,434T1/"6 9103247 $47/, #; ;.-$1 a;.23D#0@b +2%1 1C302F3+49$ ,+1..,' *+23 927 3+4,3+49$1747B @1275 I; 3+1 8202,434T1/ ,724., +2/ +2/ 1C302F3+47 ,+1..,> D1)/+2884.6 1C8.247 3+4, 2, 27 #"%4#-, /1"4.432347B 1;;193 #7 3+1 ,724.),9#7,343-34#7' =-3 2 3+49$10 ,+1..5 ? 3+49$10 ,+1.. 801,-@2".6 80#3193, 3+1,724. "13310' I3 .##$, 2, 3+#-B+ 3+1 8202,431, 201 293-2..6 +1.847B 3+140+#,3 "6 4@80#%47B 43, ,+1..' =-3 201 3+165

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*1 +2%1 3# 3+47$ @#01 9201;-..6' I; 3+49$10 ,+1.., 201 012..6 "13310 ;#0 3+1,724.> D+6 /#7)3 3+16 +2%1 3+1@ 276D265 E+1 27,D10 80#"2".6 .41, 4719#7#@49,' O2$47B 2 ,+1.. 4, 9#,3.6 ;#0 2 ,724.' I3 01]-401, 1710B6' I301]-401, 92.94-@ 27/ #3+10 9+1@492., 3+23 +2%1 3# "1 1C302931/ ;0#@+20/FD#7 ;##/' ?.. 3+1,1 01,#-091,> 4; 3+16 D101 7#3 ,8173 #7 @2$47B,+1.. ,-",32791> 9#-./ "1 ,8173 #7 ,#@13+47B 1.,1 ,-9+ 2, @2$47B @#01#;;,8047B' ? ,724. 3+23 ,817/, .#3, #; 01,#-091, #7 @2$47B 27 1C302F3+49$,+1.. +2, "#-B+3 ,2;136 ;#0 43, #D7 "#/6' =-3 23 D+23 9#,35 I3 @26 .4%1.#7B10> "-3 43 D4.. "1 .1,, ,-991,,;-. 23 0180#/-947B 27/ @26 ;24. 3# 82,,#7 43, B171,' ?@#7B 3+1 B171, 3+23 ;24. 3# "1 82,,1/ #7 D4.. "1 3+1 B171,;#0 @2$47B 1C302F3+49$ ,+1..,' I7 #3+10 D#0/,> 43 4, 8#,,4".1 ;#0 2 ,+1.. 3#"1 3## 3+49$ 2, D1.. 2, a@#01 #"%4#-,.6b 3## 3+47' J#> D+17 2 ;.-$1 @2$1,2 ,724. ,190131 27 1C302F3+49$ ,+1..> 3+1 ;.-$1 4, 7#3 /#47B 3+1 ,724. 2 B##/3-07 -7.1,, 3+1 ;.-$1 4, "12047B 3+1 19#7#@49 9#,3 #; 3+49$1747B 3+1 ,+1..'?7/ D1 927 ,2;1.6 "13 3+23 43 4,7)3 "147B ,# B1710#-,' E+1 ;.-$1 4,1C10347B ,#@1 +4//17 9+1@492. 47;.-1791 #7 3+1 ,724. 3+23 ;#091, 3+1,724. 3# ,+4;3 2D26 ;0#@ 43, #D7 )801;1001/) 3+49$71,, #; ,+1..' I3 @26 "180#.#7B47B 3+1 ,724.), .4;1' =-3 43 4, 7#3 +1.847B 3+1 ,724.), B171,'

*+23 4, 47 43 ;#0 3+1 ;.-$15 *+6 /#1, 43 /# 435 O6 9#7M193-01 4, 3+1;#..#D47B' =#3+ ,724. B171, 27/ ;.-$1 B171, ,327/ 3# B247 ;0#@ 3+1 ,724.),"#/4.6 ,-0%4%2.> 2.. #3+10 3+47B, "147B 1]-2.' =-3 ,-0%4%2. 4, 7#3 3+1 ,2@13+47B 2, 0180#/-934#7 27/ 3+101 4, .4$1.6 3# "1 2 302/1F#;;' *+1012, ,724.B171, ,327/ 3# B247 ;0#@ 3+1 ,724.), 0180#/-934#7> ;.-$1 B171, /#7)3' E+4,4, "192-,1 276 B4%17 ;.-$1 +2, 7# 820349-.20 1C8193234#7 3+23 43, B171,D4.. "1 +#-,1/ 47 43, 801,173 +#,3), #;;,8047B' E+16 @4B+3 "1> "-3 ,#@4B+3 3+#,1 #; 276 #; 43, ;.-$1 04%2.,' K4%17 3+23 ,724. .#7B1%436 +2, 3# "1"#-B+3 23 3+1 9#,3 #; ,#@1 .#,, 47 3+1 ,724.), 0180#/-934%1 ,-991,,> 3+1;.-$1 B171, 201 )+2886) 3# @2$1 3+1 ,724. 826 3+23 9#,3> ,4791 3+16 +2%17# 473101,3 47 3+1 ,724.), 0180#/-947B 43,1.;' E+1 ,724. B171, 201 7#3+2886 3# 826 3+23 9#,3> ,4791 3+140 .#7BF310@ ;-3-01 /1817/, -8#7 3+1,724. 0180#/-947B'

J#> I ,-BB1,3 3+23 ;.-$1 B171, 1C103 27 47;.-1791 #7 3+1 ,+1..F,1901347B91.., #; 3+1 ,724.> 27 47;.-1791 3+23 "171;43, 3+1@,1.%1, "-3 4, 9#,3.6 3#3+1 ,724.), B171,' E+4, 3+1#06 4, 31,32".1> 3+#-B+ 43 +2,7)3 "117 31,31/ 613'

*1 201 7#D 47 2 8#,434#7 3# B17102.4T1 3+1 .1,,#7 #; 3+1 92//4,1,' I; I 2@04B+3 2"#-3 D+23 3+1 ;.-$1 B171, 201 /#47B> 43 ;#..#D, 3+23 D1 [email protected] ,812$ #; ;.-$1 B171, 2, 47;.-17947B ,724. "#/41,> 47 M-,3 3+1,2@1 ,17,1 2, ,724. B171, 47;.-1791 ,724. "#/41,' I3 4, 2, 4; 3+1 B171,0129+1/ #-3,4/1 3+140 )#D7) "#/6 27/ @2748-.231/ 3+1 D#0./ #-3,4/1' ?,47 3+1 92,1 #; 3+1 92//4,1,> 3+4, .27B-2B1 @4B+3 @2$1 B1713494,3, -712,6'E+16 201 299-,3#@1/ 3# 3+1 1;;193, #; 2 B171 "147B .4@431/ 3# 3+1 "#/6 47D+49+ 43 ,43,' =-3> 2B247 2, 47 3+1 92,1 #; 3+1 92//4,1,> 2 9.#,1 .##$ 23D+23 B1713494,3, 1%10 @127 "6 2 B171 +2%47B )1;;193,) ,+#D, 3+23 ,-9+

Page 215: The Selfish Gene

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?7/ +101 4, 2 92,1 +4,3#06 3# 80#%#$1 1%17 @#01 L01-/427 27C4136 3+273+1 N1310 N27 "113.1,F8202,4349 92,30234#7X S02", 201 8202,434T1/ "6 290123-01 92..1/ J299-.472' J299-.472 4, 01.231/ 3# "20729.1,> 3+#-B+ 6#-D#-./ 3+47$> 3# .##$ 23 43> 3+23 43 D2, 2 8202,4349 8.273' I3 /04%1, 271.2"#0231 0##3 ,6,31@ /118 473# 3+1 34,,-1, #; 3+1 -7;#03-7231 902"> 27/,-9$, 7#-04,+@173 ;0#@ 43, "#/6' I3 4, 80#"2".6 7# 2994/173 3+23 2@#7B3+1 ;40,3 #0B27, 3+23 43 23329$, 201 3+1 902"), 31,349.1, #0 #%2041,V 43 ,8201,3+1 #0B27, 3+23 3+1 902" 711/, 3# ,-0%4%1F2, #88#,1/ 3# 0180#/-91F34...2310' E+1 902" 4, 1;;1934%1.6 92,30231/ "6 3+1 8202,431' P4$1 2 ;233171/"-..#9$> 3+1 92,30231/ 902" /4%103, 1710B6 27/ 01,#-091, 2D26 ;0#@0180#/-934#7 27/ 473# 43, #D7 "#/6F049+ 849$47B, ;#0 3+1 8202,431 23 3+11C817,1 #; 3+1 902"), 0180#/-934#7' Z106 @-9+ 3+1 ,2@1 ,3#06 2, I9#7M193-01/ ;#0 Y#,1@2 47 3+1 ;.#-0 "113.1 27/ ;#0 3+1 ;.-$1 47 3+1 ,724.'I7 2.. 3+011 92,1, 3+1 9+27B1, 47 3+1 +#,3> 4; D1 299183 3+23 3+16 201G20D47427 2/283234#7, ;#0 3+1 "171;43 #; 3+1 8202,431> @-,3 "1 ,117 2,1C317/1/ 8+17#36849 1;;193, #; 8202,431 B171,' K171,> 3+17> 0129+ #-3,4/13+140 )#D7) "#/6 3# 47;.-1791 8+17#3681, 47 #3+10 "#/41,'

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