the scramble for africa - yonkers public schools
TRANSCRIPT
TheScrambleforAfrica
THE“DARK”CONTINENT
• “DarkCon5nent”–racistterminologyreferredtoboththepeoplesofAfricaandtheirallegedignorance
• Inreality,Africahasalwayshaddiversegroupsofpeoplewiththeirownuniqueculturesandhistories– Civiliza5ons– Languages– Religions
GEOGRAPHYOFAFRICA
• Con5nent–notacountry
• Con5nentisthree5meslargerthanEurope
• NorthernAfrica–desert
• Mid-to-southernAfrica–diverseclimatesandtopography
FOREIGNHISTORYINAFRICA
• GreekscontrolledEgyptaLerconquestbyAlexandertheGreat– Ptolemaicdynasty
• RomansruledallareasalongtheMediterraneancoastline,includingnorthernAfrica– Mediterranean–“Romanlake”
• ArabtradersconvertedmanyAfricanstoIslamfromthe7thcentury
• SourceofslavesfortheAmericasfromthe17thcentury
• ButliTleforeigninterestintheinteriorofsub-SaharanAfrica
The“OPENINGUP”OFAFRICA• Mid-1800s• Missionariesandexplorers
sparkedforeigninterestinAfrica
DAVIDLIVINGSTONE(1813-1873)
• Sco]shmissionary• 1841-1873–livedincentralAfrica
– ExploredAfrica• NamedLakeVictoria
aKertheBri5shqueen– ConvertedmanyAfricansto
Chris5anity– WrotebooksonAfricawhich
piquedforeigninterest• 1871–reported“lost”
– “Found”byHenryStanley– “Dr.Livingstone,Ipresume?”
HENRYSTANLEY(1841-1904)
• Welsh-Americanreporter• “Found”Dr.LivingstoneinAfrica
– “Dr.Livingstone,Ipresume?”
• ExploredAfrica– CongoRiver– LakeTanganyika– LakeVictoria
• WorkedwithBelgium’sKingLeopoldIIandhisAfricancoloniza5oncompany– Interna5onalAfrican
Society
KARLPETERS(1856-1918)
• GermanexplorerinAfrica• Organizedandpropagandized
forGermany’scolonialexpansion– FoundedtheSocietyfor
GermanColoniza5on• AcquiredGermanEastAfrica
(modern-dayTanzania)• ConvincedOTovonBismarckto
takeoverGermanEastAfricaandincreaseGermany’scoloniesinAfrica
CECILRHODES(1853-1902)
• Bri5shbusinessmanandpoli5cianinsouthernAfrica
• MadeafortunefromAfricandiamondmines• EstablishedSouthAfricanCompany
– LandlaterbecameRhodesia(Zimbabwe)• PrimeministerofCapeColony(1890-1896)
– WantedBri5shcontroloverSouthAfrica– WantedCape-to-CairoRailroad
• ArchitectofBri5shimperialisminsouthernAfrica– GreatBritainbecameleadingcolonialpower
insouthernAfrica
CECILRHODES(1853-1902)
KINGLEOPOLDIIOFBELGIUM(1835-1909)• TookoverlandincentralAfrica• BerlinConference(1885)
– Leopold’scontroloverCongoFreeStaterecognizedbymajorpowers
• BelgianCongo(1908)– Leopoldcri5cizedforthecrueltyof
hisruleintheCongo– LeopoldforcedtosellCongoFree
StatetoBelgiangovernment– RenamedBelgianCongo
• CreatedEuropeanraceforAfricancolonies–“ScrambleforAfrica”– Diamonds,foodstuffs,gold,ivory,
rubber
BRITISHINSOUTHERNAFRICA• 1815–Bri5shtookCapeColonyfromtheDutch
– Boersmovednorth• Transvaal
– 1886–golddiscoveredandBri5shmovedin
– 1881and1895–Bri5sha`emptedtotakeTransvaalfromtheBoers
• OrangeFreeState• BoerWar(1899-1892)
– DutchledbyPresidentPaulKruger– Bri5shwon
UNIONOFSOUTHAFRICA• Createdin1910
• IncludedCapeColony,OrangeFreeState,Natal,andTransvaal
• Self-government
BRITISHCOLONIESINSOUTHERNAFRICA
• Rhodesia(nowZimbabwe)– NamedforCecilRhodes– NorthofUnionofSouthAfrica
• Bechuanaland(nowBotswana)– 1885–becameaBri5shprotectorate
• Kenya– 1888–becameaBri5shprotectorate
BRITISHINNORTHAFRICA
• Egypt–innameruledbyOTomanTurks,butlargelyindependent
• Europeancapitalinvestments– SuezCanalopenedin1869
• BuiltbytheEgyp5ansandFrench• TakenoverbytheBri5sh(1875)
– Bri5shPrimeMinisterBenjaminDisraeli» BoughtsharesinSuezCanal
CompanyfromEgypt• Egyptwasnearly
bankruptfromtheexpenseofbuildingtheSuezCanal
» Bri5shgovernmentbecamelargestshareholder
EUROPEANSINEGYPT
• 1870s–withtheEgyp5angovernmentbankrupt,theBri5shandFrenchtookoverfinancialcontrolofthecountry– Egyp5anmonarchs(technicallyO`oman
viceroys)ruledaspuppetleaders• 1882–Egyp5anna5onalistrebellion
– Francewithdrewitstroops– GreatBritainleKincontrolofEgypt
• LordCromerintroducedreforms– DefactoBri5shprotectorate
• Madeofficialin1914• Independencecamein1922
BRITISHINNORTHERNAFRICA• Sudan
– AreasouthofEgypt– UnderAnglo-Egyp5ancontrol– CoTonneededforBri5shtex5lemills– EntenteCordiale(1904)
• GreatBritaincontrolledSudan• FrancecontrolledMorocco
• Cape-to-CairoRailroad
– IdeaofCecilRhodes– WouldsecureGreatBritain’sdominanceinAfrica– Nevercompleted–sec5onsmissingthroughmodern
SudanandUganda
Cape-to-CairoRailway:CrossingoverVictoriaFalls
FRENCHINAFRICA• Algeria
– 1830–invasion– 1831–annexa5on
• Tunis– 1881–controlledbyFrance
• LedItalytojointheTripleAlliancewithAustria-HungaryandGermany
• Morocco– 1881–largepartunderFrenchcontrol– 1905and1911–nearlysparkedaEuropeanwarbetween
FranceandGermany• 1906–AlgecirasConference–Germanyrecognized
FrenchrightsinMorocco• 1911–AgadirCrisis–GermanyrecognizedFrench
protectorateoverMoroccoinexchangeforpartofFrance’sterritoryintheCongo
FRENCHINAFRICA• Madagascar
– 1896–controlledbyFrance• Somaliland
– 1880s–partlyunderFrenchcontrol• WestAfrica
– Late1800s–largelyunderFrenchcontrol• Sudan
– 1898–metBritain’sareaofcontrolandnearlywenttowar
– EntenteCordialeseTledBri5sh-FrenchdisputesinAfrica
FRENCHINAFRICA
• ByWorldWarI–1914– Francecontrolled3,250,000
squaremilesinAfrica• 145mestheareaofFrance
– Franceruled30,000,000Africans• 75%ofthepopula5onof
France
GERMANSINAFRICA
• Togoland(nowTogoandGhana)• Cameroons(nowCameroonand
Nigeria)• SouthwestAfrica(nowNamibia)• EastAfrica(nowBurundi,
Rwanda,andTanzania)
ITALIANSINAFRICA• 1882-1896
– Eritrea(alongtheRedSea)– Somaliland(alongtheIndianOcean,partof
today’sSomalia)• 1896
– DefeatedinaTempttoconquerAbyssinia(Ethiopia)
• 1912– WonTripolifromOTomanTurks
BELGIANSINAFRICA
• 1908– BelgiumgainedcontrolofCongo
(CongoFreeState)fromKingLeopoldII
– LeopoldwasinfamousforthecrueltyofhisruleintheCongo
• CongoFreeState(today’sDemocra5c
RepublicofCongo)– 805mesthesizeofBelgium– Sourceofuranium
PORTUGUESEINAFRICA
• Under“oldimperialism”PortugalgainedAfricanterritoryandledtheearlytrans-Atlan5cAfricanslavetrade
• Angola
• Mozambique
PortugueseterritoryinAfrica,1810
SPANISHINAFRICA• SpainhadveryfewpossessionsinAfrica
• TipofMorocco
• RiodeOro
• RioMuni
AFRICANSINAFRICA
• Bythe5meoftheFirstWorldWar(1914)– Only2independentAfricancountries• Abyssinia(Ethiopia)
– Ruledbydynastystretchingbacktoatleastthe13thcentury
– LastemperorwasHaileSelassie,deposedin1974– HometoEthiopianOrthodoxChris5anChurch(strongly5edtoEgyp5anCop5cChurch)
• Liberia– FormedbyfreedslavesunderauspicesoftheUnitedStatesgovernment
REVIEWQUESTIONS
1. Whatledtothe“ScrambleforAfrica”?
2. WhichEuropeanna5onscontrolledthemostlandinAfrica?
3. WholedBri5shimperialisminAfrica?4. WhichAfricanna5onswereleL
independentatthe5meofWorldWarI?