the scope of ecology chapter 34. what is ecology? ecology- the scientific study of interactions...
TRANSCRIPT
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The Scope of Ecology
Chapter 34
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What is ecology?
Ecology- the scientific study of interactions between organisms and their environments, focusing on energy transfer
• It is a science of relationships.
Oikos- greek for “house”
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Ecology is primarily a descriptive science but is becoming more experimental
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1. very difficult to control experiments2. some research done in laboratories3. most done in the field
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What do you mean by environment?
The environment is made up of two factors:
Biotic factors- all living organisms inhabiting the Earth
Abiotic factors- nonliving parts of the environment (i.e. temperature, soil, light, moisture, air currents)
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Interaction
• interaction includes how the environment affects the organism and how the organism can alter the environment
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Interaction
• 1. photosynthetic organisms use sunlight (abiotic factor) and produce oxygen as a bi-product which is used by organisms for cellular respiration
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Interaction
• 2. shading of the forest floor by trees can make the environment less suitable for their offspring to grow, yet more suitable for other organisms
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Levels of Ecology
• ecological research ranges from studying adaptations of organisms to the dynamics of ecosystems
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• Organism- any unicellular or multicellular form exhibiting all of the characteristics of life, an individual.
• The lowest level of organization
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• 1. organismal ecology – study of the way organisms meet the challenges of abiotic environmental factors
• e.g., reptiles retreat to shaded areas to maintain body temperature
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• Population-a group of organisms of one species living in the same place at the same time that interbreed and compete with each other for resources (ex. food, mates, shelter)
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2. population ecology – study of populations and interaction with environment
e.g., what environmental factors affect population size and composition?
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• Community- several interacting populations that inhabit a common environment and are interdependent.
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• 3. community ecology – study of all organisms that inhabit an area• e.g., study of predator – prey
relationships, competition, disease
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• 4. ecosystem ecology – study of all abiotic factors as well as all organisms in an area
• e.g., study of energy flow and chemical cycling among the biotic and abiotic components
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• Biosphere- life supporting portions of Earth composed of air, land, fresh water, and salt water.
• The highest level of organization
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• 5. Biosphere ecology – studying the global system of living things
• e.g. humans effect on the ozone layer or climate change
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Organism
Population
Community
Biosphere
Ecosystem
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Abiotic factors
• temperature1. most organisms are NOT able to regulate their body temperature; i.e., they’re ectothermic as apposed to endothermic 2. temperature has a tremendous affect on metabolism3. even endotherms function best within a temperature range
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Abiotic factors
• water 1. essential for life2. poses osmotic challenges for organisms
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Abiotic factors
• wind amplifies the effects of temperature by increasing heat loss and evaporation
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Abiotic factors
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Climate
Weather over a long period of timemost important components–Precipitation–Temperature–Wind
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Convection
Heat transfer in a fluid (liquid or gas)Heat risesThe current formed is a
Convection Cell
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Desert Latitude
30 degrees N or SCool dry falling air limits precipitation
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Rain-Shadow Effect
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Rain Shadow Effect
Air flowing over mountain ranges rises and cools, losing moisture
Climate is much dryer on the backside of the mountain range
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Coriolis Effect
Coriolis effect is the apparent curvature of global winds, ocean currents, and everything else that moves freely across the Earth's surface.
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Northern Hemisphere- everything turns right causing counterclockwise rotation of weather systems
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Polar Easterlies
Westerlies
Northeast Tradewinds
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Seasons
Seasons are caused by the Earth’s tilt on its axis
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Terrestrial Biomes
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Terrestrial Biomes
Biome- geographic areas that have similar climates and ecosystems
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Terrestrial BiomesThe most common biomes are:
• Tundra• Taiga• Temperate Deciduous Forest• Tropical Rain Forest• Grassland • Savanna• Desert
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Terrestrial biomes
Tundra is located in areas where temperatures minimize plant growth but not covered completely with ice
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TundraFound in parts of Canada, Alaska, and Siberia
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Tundra – “The Cold Desert”
• Found at latitudes around the North Pole
• Less than 25 cm precipitation yearly
• Very cold year round (-40ºC in winter)
• Cold, dry, treeless region
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Tundra –“The Land of the
Midnight Sun”
• Winter lasts 6 to 9 months with no daylight
• Summer is short and cold with 24 hours of sunlight a day
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Tundra-
• Soil is poor
• Permafrost–Layer of permanently frozen soil
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Plants of the Tundra
Tundra plants are resistant to drought and cold
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Plants of the Tundra• Reindeer moss – It’s a lichen!
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Plants of the Tundra• Lichens
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Plants of the Tundra• Lichen
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Plants of the Tundra
• True Mosses
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Plants of the Tundra
• Small shrubs and flowers
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Plants of the Tundra
• Small shrubs and flowers
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Plants of the Tundra
• Small shrubs and flowers
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Plants of the Tundra
• Grasses
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Animals of the Tundra
Many animals of the tundra migrate there during the short summer
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Animals of the Tundra• Biting insects
Mosquito Blackfly
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Animals of the Tundra• Snowy owl
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Animals of the Tundra• Arctic hare
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Animals of the Tundra• Caribou – “Reindeer”
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Animals of the Tundra
• Musk oxen
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Animals of the Tundra
• Lemmings
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Animals of the Tundra
• Lemmings