the scientific revolution
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The Scientific Revolution. Chapter 19 Section 1. Key Terms. Geocentric Theory Scientific Revolution Scientific method Rene’ Descartes Nicholas Copernicus Heliocentric Theory Galileo Galilei Isaac Newton. The Old View. Geocentric theory-believed earth was the center of the universe - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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The Scientific RevolutionChapter 19 Section 1
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Key Terms• Geocentric Theory• Scientific Revolution• Scientific method• Rene’ Descartes• Nicholas Copernicus• Heliocentric Theory• Galileo Galilei• Isaac Newton
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The Old View
• Geocentric theory-believed earth was the center of the universe
• Aristotle proposed this theory
• Ideas were upheld by the church
• God put earth at the center of the universe
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New Viewpoints
• Scientific Revolution-proposed theories and developed procedures to test them
• Open to new ideas• Through exploration
found new animals and people
• Scientists examined the natural world
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The Scientific Method
• Five basic steps• One-identify a
problem• Two-for a hypothesis • Perform
experiments to test hypothesis
• Four-record results• Five-analyze results
to form a conclusion
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The Scientific Method• Rene’ Descartes and
Francis Bacon-only way to gain scientific knowledge is through experimentation
• Ancient scholars only provided information
• The more scientists examined the more the ideas of the ancient world did not hold up
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Copernicus
• 1500 Polish astronomer Nicolas Copernicus- geocentric theory did not explain the movement of the sun and moon
• After years of observation he stated the earth is not the center of the universe
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Copernicus
• Heliocentric theory-the earth revolves around the sun
• First scientist to create a model of the solar system
• Published his ideas in the last years of his life
• Church opposed his work
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Copernicus
• He thought his theory was weak
• Mathematical formula did not predict the positions of the planets accurately
• Did not want to face ridicule
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Brahe and Kepler
• Brahe a Danish astronomer noticed a bright object in the sky
• Called it a supernova (new star)
• King Frederick of Denmark gave Brahe money to build two observatories
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Brahe and Kepler
• Brahe developed system to explain planetary movement
• He believed the sun revolved around the earth
• Other five planets revolved around the sun
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Brahe and Kepler
• Kepler ,German mathematician
• Made mathematical theory for measuring planets
• Planets orbit the sun in ovals patterns or eclipse
• Copernicus said they orbited in a circle
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Galileo
• Galileo Galilei supported Copernicus’ theory
• Built first telescope in 1609
• First scientist to observe• Saturn• Sunspots • Moons of Jupiter• Milky Way
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Sir Isaac Newton
• Brought astronomy, physics and mathematics together
• Questioned the affects of gravity in the universe
• 1687 published The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy
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Sir Isaac Newton
• Law of gravity affects things in the universe as well as on earth
• Gravity causes an apple to fall from a tree
• Developed calculus• Leibniz also claimed
to discovered calculus• Accused each other of
plagiarism
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Biology• Galen ancient Greek
physician• Assumed human
anatomy was similar to animals
• Andreas Vesalius made bodies of executed criminals available for dissection
• Hired artists to do drawings
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Biology
• William Harvey observe and explained the workings of the human heart
• Harvey described how the circulatory system functioned
• Antony van Leeuwenhoek developed the microscope (Dutch)
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Biology
• First person to describe the appearance of bacteria, blood cells, yeast and other microorganisms
• Robert Hooke used microscope appearance of plants
• Created the term cell
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Chemistry
• Robert Boyle- father of modern chemistry
• 1661 The Skeptical Chemist
• Described matter as a cluster of tiny particles called atoms
• Changes in matter happens when the clusters are rearranged
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Chemistry• Boyle’s law-describes
how temperature, volume, and pressure affect gases
• Antoine Lavoisier developed methods of precise measurements in the 1700’s
• Discovered the Law of Conservation of mass
• Matter can not be created or destroyed
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Chemistry
• Lavoisier named oxygen
• Introduced the metric system
• Invented the first periodic table (33 elements)
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Science and Society
• Church was primary for learning and knowledge during Middle Ages
• Church established universities
• Most scientists were Christians
• Conflicts between science and the Church
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Science and Society
• Early science explained things through accumulation of facts and logical reasoning
• Early church rejected Greek Scholars
• Became convinced reason could serve their needs
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Science and Society• Galileo’s theories had
direct conflict• Pope Urban VII ordered
Galileo to Rome for an inquisition
• 1633 stood trial• Placed under house
arrest• Galileo said he would
not use Copernicus’ theory
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Science and Art• Art and Architecture
separate from science• Artists learned anatomy• Artists experimented
with chemistry• Mathematics and
physics crucial to architecture
• Most art and architecture during the Renaissance dedicated to God
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Science and Community
• Scientific Revolution established new way of thinking
• Advances in physics, astronomy, biology, and chemistry
• Influenced developments in arts and architecture
• Impact beyond the laboratories
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Science and Community
• Reexamine old ideas• Government• Education• Religion• Economics •Wondered if they could solve poverty, war and ignorance