the saigon ctt semester 1 chapter 6 le chi trung
TRANSCRIPT
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Semester 1Semester 1
CHAPTER 6CHAPTER 6
Le Chi TrungLe Chi Trung
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ContentContent
• LAN Standards.
• Hexadecimal Numbers.
• MAC Addressing.
• Framing.
• Media Access Control (MAC).
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ScheduleSchedule
No Name Est time No Name22-May Chapter 5 Online Exam
6.1 LAN Standards 0:40:006.2 Hexadecimal numbers 0:20:00
24-May 6.3 MAC Addressing 0:30:006.4 Framing 0:30:006.5 Media access control (MAC) 0:30:00
Summary Chapter 6 0:30:0026-May Chapter 6 Online Exam
Lesson LabDay
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LAN STANDARDSLAN STANDARDS
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Limitations of Layer 1Limitations of Layer 1
• Cannot organize streams of bits.
• Cannot name or identify computers.
• Cannot communicate with the upper-level layers.
• Cannot decide which computer will transmit binary data.
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Layer 2Layer 2
• Layer 2 uses framing to organize or group the bits.
• Layer 2 uses an addressing process to identify computers.
• Layer 2 uses Logical Link Control (LLC) to communicate with the upper-level layers.
• Layer 2 uses Media Access Control (MAC) to decide which computer will transmit.
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OSI and various LAN standardOSI and various LAN standard
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IEEEIEEE
• The Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers.
• LAN standards:
– 802.1d: Spanning tree.
– 802.2: LLC.
– 802.3: MAC ~ Ethernet.
– 802.5: MAC ~ Token ring.
– 802.11: Wireless LAN.
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IEEE LAN StandardIEEE LAN Standard
• Logical Link Control (LLC): Transitions up to the network layer.
• Media Access Control (MAC): Transitions down to media.
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Two Sub-layers Two Sub-layers WHYWHY ? ?
• LLC serves to communicate upward to Network layer, independent of the specific LAN technology used and Upper layer.
• MAC serves to access and communicate downward to the technology-specific Physical layer.
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LLCLLC
• PDU: Protocol data unit
• DSAP: Destination service access point
• SSAP: Source service access point
Packet
Packet
Packet
LLC PDU
Frame
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MACMAC
• Naming.
• Framing.
• Media access control rules.
Packet
Packet
Packet Packet
802.3 802.5
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4 Concepts of Layer 24 Concepts of Layer 2
1. Layer 2 uses framing to organize or group the data.
2. Layer 2 uses a flat addressing convention.
3. Layer 2 communicates with the upper-level layers through LLC.
4. Layer 2 uses MAC to choose which computer will transmit binary data, from a group in which all computers are trying to transmit at the same time.
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ReviewReview
• 2 sub-layers of data link layer.
• Functions of LLC.
• Functions of MAC.
• 4 concepts of layer 2.
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HEXADECIMAL NUMBERSHEXADECIMAL NUMBERS
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Base 16 systemBase 16 system
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Conversion algorithmsConversion algorithms
Homework
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Exercise: Exercise: DEC – HEX – BIN DEC – HEX – BIN
203
CB
11001011
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Exercise: Exercise: DEC – HEX – BIN DEC – HEX – BIN
159
9F
10011111
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Exercise: Exercise: DEC – HEX – BIN DEC – HEX – BIN
95
5F
01011111
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Exercise: Exercise: HEX – BIN – DECHEX – BIN – DEC
FA
250
11111010
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Exercise: Exercise: HEX – BIN – DECHEX – BIN – DEC
A1
161
10100001
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Exercise: Exercise: HEX – BIN – DECHEX – BIN – DEC
B9
185
10111001
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Exercise: Exercise: BIN – DEC – HEXBIN – DEC – HEX
10101011
171
AB
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Exercise: Exercise: BIN – DEC – HEXBIN – DEC – HEX
11101001
233
E9
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Exercise: Exercise: BIN – DEC – HEXBIN – DEC – HEX
00101101
45
2D
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ReviewReview
• Conversion algorithms.
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MAC ADDRESSINGMAC ADDRESSING
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MAC AddressMAC Address
• Every computer has a unique way of identifying itself : MAC address or physical address.
• The physical address is located on the Network Interface Card (NIC).
• MAC addresses have no structure, and are considered flat address spaces.
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MAC address formatMAC address format
The first six hexadecimal digits, which are administered
by the IEEE, identify the manufacturer or vendor.
The remaining six hexadecimal digits comprise the interface serial number.
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MAC addressMAC address
• MAC addresses are sometimes referred to as burned-in addresses (BIAs) because they are burned into read-only memory (ROM) and are copied into random-access memory (RAM) when the NIC initializes.
• 0000.0c12.3456 or 00-00-0c-12-34-56.
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Using MAC addressesUsing MAC addresses
A DData A DData A DDataA DData
Source Address
Destination Address
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EncapsulationEncapsulation
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Limitation of MACLimitation of MAC
• Flat, does not work well in internetwork.
• Hardware dependent.
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ReviewReview
• MAC address structure.
• Limitation of MAC.
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FRAMINGFRAMING
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EncodingEncoding
• Encoding is the process of converting information into a form that can travel on a physical link.
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Why framing is necessary?Why framing is necessary?
• Which computers are communicating with one another.
• When communication between individual computers begins and when it terminates.
• A record of errors that occurred during the communication.
• Whose turn it is to “talk” in a computer “conversation”.
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Frame format diagramFrame format diagram
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Frame format diagramFrame format diagram
• The frame format diagram shows different groupings of bits (fields) that perform other functions.
• Read them from left to right.
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Generic frame formatGeneric frame format
• There are many different types of frames described by various standards.
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Start frame fieldStart frame field
• The Start Frame field tells other devices on the network that a frame is coming down the wire.
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Address fieldAddress field
• The Address field stores the source and destination MAC addresses.
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Length/Type fieldLength/Type field
• The Type/Length field is an optional field used by some protocols to either state what type of data is coming or possibly the length of the frame.
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Data fieldData field
• The Data field is the actual information being sent by the upper layer protocols. Therefore, it will be all upper layer data.
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Stop frame fieldStop frame field
• The Stop Frame field, also called the Frame Trailer, is an optional field that is used when the length of the frame was not specified in the Type/Length field.
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ReviewReview
• Generic frame format.
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MEDIA ACCESS CONTROLMEDIA ACCESS CONTROL
MACMAC
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Definition MACDefinition MAC
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Definition MACDefinition MAC
• Specified by the technology being used.
• Determine who can transmit and when.
• Two types:
– Deterministic: “Let’s take turns”.
• Token-Ring, FDDI.
– Non-deterministic: “First come, first serve”.
• Ethernet : CSMA/CD.
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Deterministic MAC protocolDeterministic MAC protocol
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Non-deterministic MAC protocolNon-deterministic MAC protocol
• Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD).
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CSMA/CDCSMA/CD
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LAN TechnologiesLAN Technologies
• Ethernet: logical broadcast topology
• Token Ring: logical token ring topology
• FDDI: logical token ring topology
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ReviewReview
• Function of MAC layer.
• Type of MAC protocols.
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