the saboteur in your retrospectives: how your brain works against you (mdc 2017)
TRANSCRIPT
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THE SABOTEUR IN YOUR
RETROSPECTIVES
How Your Brain Works Against You
Arthur Doler@arthurdoler
[email protected]: http://bit.ly/2hHEgvx
Handout: http://bit.ly/2wuvF1w
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WHY SHOULD WE HAVE
RETROSPECTIVES?
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To assess the outcomes of the team’s behavior
To change that behavior to get better outcomes
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WHAT HAPPENED?!
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THE BRAIN HAPPENED!
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SYSTEM 1
SYSTEM 2
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Hey. Hey! HEY! Down here – yeah, here. This is where citations will be.
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SYSTEM 1Intuitive
Unconscious
Associative
SYSTEM 2Cognitive
Conscious
Linear
Thinking, Fast & Slow, Kahneman
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PERSONIFYING THE SYSTEMS HELPS US
REASON ABOUT THEIR ACTIONS BETTER
(THAT’S AGENT BIAS)
Thinking, Fast & Slow, Kahneman
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SYSTEM 2(ME)
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SYSTEM 1(NOODLES)
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WHY DOES NOODLES EXIST?
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SYSTEM 1 Uses less glucose
SYSTEM 2 Uses lots of glucose
Thinking, Fast & Slow, Kahneman
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SYSTEM 2 IS COGNITIVELY LAZY
Thinking, Fast & Slow, Kahneman
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IDEA!
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I RARELY EVER QUESTION WHAT NOODLES
BRINGS ME
BUT NOODLES’ WHOLE JOB IS TO BE
LAZY
Thinking, Fast & Slow, Kahneman
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YOU NEVER KNOW WHAT NOODLES IS THINKING!!!!
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A bat and a ball cost $1.10.
The bat costs one dollar more than the
ball.
How much does the ball cost?
Frederick, 2005
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WHAT CAN I DO ABOUT THIS?
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YOU CAN NEVER REALLY CONTROL NOODLES!
THE ONLY REAL TOOL IS AWARENESS
Thinking, Fast and Slow, Kahneman
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•Narrative Bias
•Attribution Errors
oFundamental
Attribution Error
oGroup Attribution
Error
oUltimate Attribution
Error
•Framing and
Anchoring Effects
•Hindsight Bias
•Illusion of Control
•Egocentric Bias
•Bias Blind Spot
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NOW LET’S ACTUALLY GET TO SOME
RETROSPECTIVES!
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NARRATIVE BIAS
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NARRATIVE BIAS
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NARRATIVE BIAS
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HUMANS DO NOT PROCESS NARRATIVE DATA
IN THE SAME WAY WE PROCESS FACTUAL
DATA
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Fred’s parents arrived late.
The caterers were expected soon.
Fred was angry.
Thinking, Fast and Slow, Kahneman
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After spending a day exploring beautiful
sights in the crowded streets of New
York, Jane discovered that her wallet was
missing.
Thinking, Fast and Slow, Kahneman
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Heider and Simmel, 1944
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HUMANS SEE CONFLICT AS NARRATIVES
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WHAT IS NOODLES DOING?
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Thinking, Fast and Slow, Kahneman
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WHAT CAN YOU DO?
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You are a story that you are telling yourself.
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•Recognize that causality is complex
•When you ask “Why did X happen?”, avoid stopping at answers that center on a person
•Realize that the more distant an effect is from a cause, the less likely it is that Noodles will identify that cause
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ATTRIBUTION ERRORS
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FUNDAMENTAL ATTRIBUTION ERROR
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“THE INTUITIVE PSYCHOLOGIST AND HIS
SHORTCOMINGS: DISTORTIONS IN THE
ATTRIBUTION PROCESS”
Ross, 1977
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JONES AND HARRIS, 1967
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Test Procedure: 1) Subjects read both pro- and
anti-Castro articles
2) Rated the authors on their
sentiments about Castro
Control Group:
Test Group:
Not told anything
Told the author chose their side
based on a coin flip
Jones and Harris, 1967
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Control Group:Attributed the opinion of the
piece to the author
Test Group: Did the same thing!
Jones and Harris, 1967
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MY ACTIONS ARE DUE TO MY SURROUNDING
CIRCUMSTANCES
YOUR ACTIONS ARE DUE TO YOUR INHERENT
ATTRIBUTES
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WHAT IS NOODLES DOING?
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HE’S WRONG
NOODLES THINKS HE’S GOOD AT FIGURING
OUT WHY PEOPLE ACT THE WAY THEY DO…
WE ONLY SEE THEM AND THEIR ACTIONS, NOT THEIR CIRCUMSTANCES
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GROUP ATTRIBUTION ERROR
TYPE 1 AND TYPE 2
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TYPE 1
ANY MEMBER OF A GROUP I AM NOT PART
OF IS REPRESENTATIVE OF THAT GROUP
Hamill, Nisbett, and Wilson, 1980
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TYPE 2
ALL MEMBERS OF A GROUP AGREE WITH
DECISIONS THAT GROUP MAKES
Allison and Messick, 1985
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WHAT IS NOODLES DOING?
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Matzen, Trumbo, Leach, and Leshikar, 2015
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Matzen, Trumbo, Leach, and Leshikar, 2015
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Nosofsky, Pothos, and Willis, 2011
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Nosofsky, Pothos, and Willis, 2011
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ULTIMATE ATTRIBUTION ERROR
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MY INGROUP’S ACTIONS ARE DUE TO OUR
SURROUNDING CIRCUMSTANCES
YOUR INGROUP’S ACTIONS ARE DUE TO
YOUR INHERENT ATTRIBUTES
Pettigrew, 1979
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YOUR INGROUP’S NEGATIVE ACTIONS ARE
DUE TO YOUR INHERENT ATTRIBUTES
YOUR INGROUP’S POSITIVE ACTIONS CAN BE
EXPLAINED AWAY
Pettigrew, 1979
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Mediawiki - Author “golanubi”
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WHAT CAN YOU DO?
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Most types of attribution error deal with outgroups
We deal with outgroups daily:•Customers•QA•UX•Managers•Etc…
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•Try to imagine other people’s story. •What do they value?•What do they see as their extenuating circumstances?
•Actually go talk to people in your outgroups!•Find common goals and recast them as your ally
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FRAMING AND
ANCHORING EFFECTS
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FRAMING
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HOW AN IDEA IS INTRODUCED AFFECTS HOW
YOU THINK ABOUT IT
(AND THE IDEAS AFTER THAT)
Kahneman and Tversky, 1981
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KAHNEMAN AND TVERSKY, 1981
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Treatment A:•200 people will live•400 people will die
Treatment B:•33% chance everyone will live•66% chance everyone will die
Kahneman and Tversky, 1981
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Treatment ASaves 200 lives
Treatment BA 33% chance of saving all 600 66% possibility of saving no one
Positive Framing
Treatment A400 people will die
Treatment BA 33% chance that no people will die, 66% possibility that all 600 will die
Negative FramingKahneman and Tversky, 1981
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72% of people chose Treatment A when presented
with positive framing
78% of people chose Treatment B when presented
with negative framing
Kahneman and Tversky, 1981
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WHAT IS NOODLES DOING?
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ANCHORING
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Thinking, Fast and Slow, Kahneman
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“What is your best guess of the percentage of African nations in the UN?”
Thinking, Fast and Slow, Kahneman
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Average estimate of people who spun 10:
24%
Average estimate of people who spun 65:
45%
Thinking, Fast and Slow, Kahneman
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WHAT IS NOODLES DOING?
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ANCHORING AFFECTS BOTH YOU AND NOODLES
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Thinking, Fast and Slow, Kahneman
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Thinking, Fast and Slow, Kahneman
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WHAT CAN YOU DO?
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Avoid anchoring by:
•Recording opinions before discussion
•Voting on topics to discuss instead of allowing the first topic to come up to dominate•Use secret ballots if necessary
(The Lean Coffee techniques are a really huge help here)
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Avoid framing by:
•Using neutral frames
•Using frames that are large enough to encompass the whole picture
If all else fails, use multiple frames at once
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ILLUSION OF CONTROL
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JENKINS AND WARD, 1965
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Jenkins and Ward, 1965
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ESTIMATES OF CONTROL BORE NO RELATION
TO ACTUAL CONTROL
… BUT WERE CORRELATED TO HOW OFTEN
“SCORE” LIT UP
Jenkins and Ward, 1965
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CONTROL HEURISTIC
You need:
1) An intention to create the
outcome
2) A relationship between an action
and the outcome
Jenkins and Ward, 1965
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WHAT IS NOODLES DOING?
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NOODLES WANTS TO MAKE YOU MORE
EFFECTIVE
PLUS, NOODLES HATES NOT FEELING IN
CONTROL
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WHAT CAN YOU DO?
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Remember that you can only control your own actions…
… but maybe not even the primary effects of those actions!
… and you can forget secondary effects
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HINDSIGHT BIAS
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FISCHHOFF AND BEYTH, 1975
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Image credit: Wikimedia
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1) The USA will establish a permanent diplomatic mission in Peking, but not grant diplomatic recognition.
2) President Nixon will meet Mao at least once.
3) President Nixon will announce that his trip was successful.
Fischhoff and Beyth, 1975
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PEOPLE RETROACTIVELY INFLATED THEIR
ORIGINAL ESTIMATE OF THE EVENTS THAT
ACTUALLY HAPPENED
Fischhoff and Beyth, 1975
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WHAT IS NOODLES DOING?
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WHAT CAN YOU DO?
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Record everything!
Keep public records of meetings and action items. The more note-taking and note takers the better.
Keep telling yourself: “If I’d known it then, I’d have acted on it then.”
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EGOCENTRIC BIAS
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ROSS, GREENE AND HOUSE, 1977
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Ross, Greene and House, 1977
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HOW MANY OF YOUR PEERS WOULD DO
THIS?
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Those who agreed to do it thought
58.3%would agree
Those who did not agree to do it thought
70.3%would not agree
Ross, Greene and House, 1977
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FALSE CONSENSUS EFFECT
Ross, Greene, and House, 1977
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THINK ABOUT GROUP PROJECTS
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WHAT IS NOODLES DOING?
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WHAT CAN YOU DO?
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GIVE PEOPLE A PURPOSE
Ross, Greene, and House, 1977
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The stronger your team is – the more they identify with a common goal – the less egocentric bias will matter in the
team.
The stronger your company is…
Ross, Greene, and House, 1977
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BIAS BLIND SPOT
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BIAS BIAS
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ILLUSION OF SUPERIORITY
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LAKE WOBEGON
“Where all the women are strong, all the men are good looking, and all the children are above average."
Prairie Home Companion, Keillor
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University of Nebraska faculty survey, 1977
•68% rated themselves in the top 25%
•More than 90% rated themselves above average
Cross, 1977
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YOU THINK YOU ARE LESS BIASED THAN YOU
ARE
… AND I’VE JUST SPENT AN HOUR GIVING
YOU JUSTIFICATION FOR THAT
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WHAT CAN YOU DO?
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Teach your team about biases – then keep each other honest
“Bias Buddies™”
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LET’S WRAP THIS UP
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REMEMBER!
YOUR PRIMARY TOOL IS AWARENESS
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• Actually talk to other people and find out what they value, and what their external circumstances are. (Narrative Bias, Attribution Errors)
• Be empathetic towards other people. (Narrative Bias, Attribution Errors)
• Remember that the farther an action is from its effects, the less likely it is that your intuition will connect the dots. (Narrative Bias)
• Recast people in your outgroups as your ally. (Attribution Errors, Egocentric Bias)
• Record opinions before discussion. (Anchoring and Framing Effects)
• Vote on topics to discuss. (Anchoring and Framing Effects)
• Focus on the things your team can actually control. (Illusion of Control)
• Record your team’s decisions, and what information led you to make them. (Hindsight Bias)
• Make sure you and your team know your purpose. (Egocentric Bias)
• Build trust in your team and become Bias Buddies™. (Bias Bias)
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• Be satisfied with explanations of events that blame a person. (Narrative Bias)
• Fall prey to the post hoc ergo propter hoc fallacy. (Narrative Bias)
• Use frames that are strictly positive or negative when proposing ideas. (Framing Effect)
• Try to use complex processes or even your knowledge of biases to manipulate people. (Illusion of Control)
• Feel bad because you “should have known” something. (Hindsight Bias)
• Procrastinate by continuing to seek more information when you don’t need it. (Information Bias)
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DON’T MAKE DECISIONS
UNDER PRESSURE OR HIGH
COGNITIVE LOAD!
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THANKS!
Arthur Doler@arthurdoler
[email protected]: http://bit.ly/2hHEgvx
Handout: http://bit.ly/2wuvF1w
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RESOURCES
•Thinking, Fast and Slow – Daniel
Kahneman
•You Are Not So Smart – David McRaney
•You Are Now Less Dumb – David
McRaney
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•The Wikipedia list of Cognitive Biases
•Chase down the primary sources! A lot of the studies are in PDF format for free!
RESOURCES