The Romantic The Romantic Period: 1798-Period: 1798-

18321832The “Sea of Fog” is a painting that is generally used to represent the Romantics. What comes to mind when you look at the painting?

Development of Development of RomanticismRomanticism The Industrial RevolutionThe Industrial Revolution (began late 18 (began late 18thth century) – century) – developments in science & machinery led to developments in science & machinery led to debates about how far to go in pursuit of debates about how far to go in pursuit of knowledge.knowledge.

Enlightenment Enlightenment (18(18thth century) – Enlightened people century) – Enlightened people believed that human reason was supreme.believed that human reason was supreme.

Development of Development of RomanticismRomanticism 1752 – Ben Franklin invents lightening rod.1752 – Ben Franklin invents lightening rod.

1769 – Steam engine used for warships1769 – Steam engine used for warships 1776 – American Declaration of Independence1776 – American Declaration of Independence 1789 – beginning of the French Revolution1789 – beginning of the French Revolution 1793 – invention of the cotton gin1793 – invention of the cotton gin 1803 – Giovanni Aldini published a book in 1803 – Giovanni Aldini published a book in

London in which he reports using electricity 4 London in which he reports using electricity 4 times to nearly revive a recently executed mantimes to nearly revive a recently executed man

(galvanized).(galvanized). 1803-1815 – Napoleonic Wars1803-1815 – Napoleonic Wars

Development of Development of RomanticismRomanticism

In England there was a In England there was a shift from agriculture to shift from agriculture to industry (1750-1850)industry (1750-1850)

This led to a new This led to a new middle class but also middle class but also to brutal working to brutal working conditions.conditions.

Romantics idealized Romantics idealized farmers who lived a farmers who lived a simpler life.simpler life.

Romanticism:Romanticism:

Romanticism began in Romanticism began in the late 18the late 18thth century. century.

The Romantic Period The Romantic Period began with the French began with the French Revolution in 1789 and Revolution in 1789 and ended with the ended with the Parliamentary reforms of Parliamentary reforms of 1832 that laid the 1832 that laid the political foundations for political foundations for modern Britain.modern Britain.

Percy Shelley and Lord Byron were Percy Shelley and Lord Byron were 2 main leaders in the romantic 2 main leaders in the romantic movement.movement.

Romantics preferred imagination to Romantics preferred imagination to reason;reason; in other words, they in other words, they believed people could create a believed people could create a utopia, but they also saw the darker utopia, but they also saw the darker side of human nature.side of human nature.

Laissex-faire (les’ā fer’)Laissex-faire (les’ā fer’)

““Let people do as they please”Let people do as they please” Economic forces were allowed to operate Economic forces were allowed to operate

freely without government interference. freely without government interference. Rich grew richer, and the poor grew Rich grew richer, and the poor grew

poorerpoorer.. Small children of the poor were forced to Small children of the poor were forced to

work in extreme, sometimes dangerous work in extreme, sometimes dangerous conditions.conditions.

RomanticismRomanticism Romantic novels emphasize:Romantic novels emphasize:

Exotic settings (especially through travel)Exotic settings (especially through travel) A new appreciation for natureA new appreciation for nature IndividualismIndividualism Symbolism and allusionSymbolism and allusion Strong, sometimes irrational emotionsStrong, sometimes irrational emotions Constant pursuit of the “marvelous” or Constant pursuit of the “marvelous” or

“mysterious”“mysterious” Asked readers to suspend disbelief.Asked readers to suspend disbelief.

Gothic RomanceGothic Romance

Mary Shelley uses elements of both Gothic and Mary Shelley uses elements of both Gothic and Romantic literature.Romantic literature.

Gothic fiction (began in the 1760s) – elements Gothic fiction (began in the 1760s) – elements of the Gothic novel include horror, the of the Gothic novel include horror, the supernatural and mysterious settings.supernatural and mysterious settings.

Romanticism is much more difficult to define: Romanticism is much more difficult to define: Romantics came from all walks of life and Romantics came from all walks of life and different belief systems.different belief systems.

Mary Shelley Mary Shelley (1797 – 1851)(1797 – 1851)

Mary ShelleyMary Shelley

Born in London in 1797.Born in London in 1797. The daughter of the famous feminist writer The daughter of the famous feminist writer

Mary Wollstonecraft and anarchist philosopher Mary Wollstonecraft and anarchist philosopher William Godwin.William Godwin.

Shelley never had a formal education, but she Shelley never had a formal education, but she read a lot in her father’s library and spent her read a lot in her father’s library and spent her childhood surrounded by famous writers.childhood surrounded by famous writers.

At age 16, Shelley moved from England to At age 16, Shelley moved from England to France with the famous poet Percy Shelley; France with the famous poet Percy Shelley; she later married Percy Shelley.she later married Percy Shelley.

Of her four children, all born within 5 years of Of her four children, all born within 5 years of their marriage, only one survived: Percy their marriage, only one survived: Percy Florence.Florence.

Some of her works included Some of her works included The Last Man The Last Man (1826) and (1826) and LodoreLodore (1835). (1835).

Her relations with her father were strained, as Her relations with her father were strained, as depicted in some of her writings. depicted in some of her writings.

She spent much of her life in the shadow of She spent much of her life in the shadow of her husband’s success.her husband’s success.

She died in 1851.She died in 1851.

Mary Shelley had learned various philosophical and Mary Shelley had learned various philosophical and scientific doctrines. scientific doctrines.

GalvanismGalvanism (electricity produced by a chemical reaction; direct (electricity produced by a chemical reaction; direct

electrical current used to stimulate nerves and muscles)electrical current used to stimulate nerves and muscles) was a was a popular topic of discussion at that time. popular topic of discussion at that time.

Galvanism, at the time, implied Galvanism, at the time, implied “the release, through “the release, through electricity, of mysterious life forces.”electricity, of mysterious life forces.”

Electricity’s seeming ability to stir the dead to life Electricity’s seeming ability to stir the dead to life gave the word galvanize its own special flavoring.gave the word galvanize its own special flavoring.

FrankensteinFrankenstein is also in keeping with the spirit of the is also in keeping with the spirit of the times. times.

The novel reflects ideas from the The novel reflects ideas from the Romantic Period Romantic Period (1798 – 1832):(1798 – 1832): the primacy of feeling, the importance the primacy of feeling, the importance of nature’s quest, the supernatural and the exotic, of nature’s quest, the supernatural and the exotic, and solitude.and solitude.

FrankensteinFrankensteinOr the Modern Or the Modern PrometheusPrometheusBy: Mary ShelleyBy: Mary Shelley

FrankensteinFrankenstein

Published in 1818 when Shelley was only Published in 1818 when Shelley was only 18 years old.18 years old.

FrankensteinFrankenstein has been said to be a has been said to be a product of the horror she felt in losing her product of the horror she felt in losing her 3 children. The trauma, hopes and fears 3 children. The trauma, hopes and fears of reanimating a corpse are transferred to of reanimating a corpse are transferred to the character of Victor, through whom the the character of Victor, through whom the author re-lives the experience, and in a author re-lives the experience, and in a way, purges herself of it.way, purges herself of it.

Background for the NovelBackground for the Novel

In 1816, Mary & Percy Shelley were In 1816, Mary & Percy Shelley were staying in staying in the Swiss Alps w/the poet Lord Byronthe Swiss Alps w/the poet Lord Byron & doctor & doctor John Polidori.John Polidori.

It had been raining for days, and the four had It had been raining for days, and the four had been stuck inside reading German ghost been stuck inside reading German ghost stories.stories.

Bored, Lord Byron proposed that they each Bored, Lord Byron proposed that they each write a ghost story.write a ghost story.

After struggling for days, Mary came up with After struggling for days, Mary came up with the idea for the idea for Frankenstein.Frankenstein.

Background for the novelBackground for the novel

Lord Byron’s villa in Geneva, Switzerland.Lord Byron’s villa in Geneva, Switzerland.

About the novelAbout the novel

For the first 13 years of publication, it was For the first 13 years of publication, it was assumed that Percy Shelley had written the assumed that Percy Shelley had written the novel.novel.

It took Mary Shelley a year to finish writing the It took Mary Shelley a year to finish writing the entire novel after its conception in the Swiss entire novel after its conception in the Swiss Alps.Alps.

Percy probably did write the preface and Percy probably did write the preface and helped edit the rest of the novel.helped edit the rest of the novel.

The novel became popular immediately, The novel became popular immediately, although it was not liked by the critics at the although it was not liked by the critics at the time.time.

Popular CulturePopular Culture

FrankensteinFrankenstein is sometimes considered is sometimes considered the first science fiction novel.the first science fiction novel.

There are over 50 films that have the There are over 50 films that have the name “Frankenstein” in the title.name “Frankenstein” in the title.

““Frankenstein” is one of the most Frankenstein” is one of the most recognizable characters in the world.recognizable characters in the world.

Myths about Myths about FrankensteinFrankenstein

This 1931 film version helped construct the modern This 1931 film version helped construct the modern image of “Frankenstein”.image of “Frankenstein”.

Myths about Myths about FrankensteinFrankenstein

The monster’s name is “Frankenstein”The monster’s name is “Frankenstein” The monster is GREEN w/bolts The monster is GREEN w/bolts

protruding from his neck.protruding from his neck. The monster is an inarticulate beast.The monster is an inarticulate beast.

Key TermsKey Terms

Epistolary narrativeEpistolary narrative: a story told through : a story told through letters.letters.

Frame narrativeFrame narrative: a story within a story.: a story within a story. Unreliable narratorUnreliable narrator: a literary device in : a literary device in

which the narrator cannot be entirely which the narrator cannot be entirely believed.believed.

AllusionAllusion: a casual reference to : a casual reference to something, usually another literary work. something, usually another literary work.

Who is Prometheus?Who is Prometheus? Prometheus was a Prometheus was a TitanTitan, , a race of giant gods who a race of giant gods who

ruled the Earth until overthrown by Zeus, in ancient ruled the Earth until overthrown by Zeus, in ancient Greek mythologyGreek mythology. One night, when Zeus, ruler of . One night, when Zeus, ruler of the gods, was away, Prometheus sneaked to the gods, was away, Prometheus sneaked to Olympus, the home of the gods, along a secret Olympus, the home of the gods, along a secret path. He stole the gods’ sacred fire and hid it in his path. He stole the gods’ sacred fire and hid it in his cloak. Then he gave the gift to man, and taught cloak. Then he gave the gift to man, and taught mankind how to use it. But when Zeus returned to mankind how to use it. But when Zeus returned to Olympus, so in rage, that he ordered Prometheus to Olympus, so in rage, that he ordered Prometheus to be chained forever to a lonely rock in the Caucasian be chained forever to a lonely rock in the Caucasian Mountains. There he bravely endured for Mountains. There he bravely endured for thousands of years until Zeus finally set him free.thousands of years until Zeus finally set him free.

Therefore, he helped early mankind survive. Therefore, he helped early mankind survive.

ThemesThemes

The fundamental & often universal ideas The fundamental & often universal ideas explored in a literary work.explored in a literary work.

Dangerous knowledgeDangerous knowledge Sublime natureSublime nature MonstrosityMonstrosity SecrecySecrecy TextsTexts

MotifsMotifs

The recurring structures, contrasts, or The recurring structures, contrasts, or literary devices that can help to develop literary devices that can help to develop and inform the text’s major themes.and inform the text’s major themes.

Passive womenPassive women AbortionAbortion

SymbolsSymbols

Objects, characters, figures, or colors Objects, characters, figures, or colors used to represent abstract ideas or used to represent abstract ideas or concepts.concepts.

Light and FireLight and Fire

http://www.sparknotes.com/http://www.sparknotes.com/sparknotes/video/frankensteinsparknotes/video/frankenstein

Letters Vocabulary:Letters Vocabulary:1.1. SufficientSufficient: enough to meet the needs of a situation: enough to meet the needs of a situation

2.2. TranquiliseTranquilise: to relieve tension or anxiety through drugs: to relieve tension or anxiety through drugs

3.3. ConsecratedConsecrated: dedicated to a sacred purpose : dedicated to a sacred purpose

4.4. PerusePeruse: to read over in an attentive or leisurely manner: to read over in an attentive or leisurely manner

5.5. FortitudeFortitude: strength of mind that enables one to encounter pain : strength of mind that enables one to encounter pain or adversity with courageor adversity with courage

6.6. RenovatingRenovating: to restore to a healthy or better state: to restore to a healthy or better state

7.7. StatureStature: natural height of a person while standing in an upright : natural height of a person while standing in an upright positionposition

8.8. EmaciatedEmaciated: to waste away physically: to waste away physically

9.9. BenevolenceBenevolence: act of kindness: act of kindness

10.10. ImpertinentImpertinent: given or characterized by rudeness: given or characterized by rudeness

11.11. IrradiatedIrradiated: to cast rays of light upon: to cast rays of light upon

Chapter 1-5 VocabularyChapter 1-5 Vocabulary1.1. Indefatigable: incapable of being fatigued Indefatigable: incapable of being fatigued

2.2. Interment: the act or ceremony of interringInterment: the act or ceremony of interring

3.3. Afflicted: to distress so severely as to cause persistent Afflicted: to distress so severely as to cause persistent suffering or anguish suffering or anguish

4.4. Disconsolate: dejected; downcastDisconsolate: dejected; downcast

5.5. Penury: a cramping and oppressive lack of resources Penury: a cramping and oppressive lack of resources

6.6. Fervent: exhibiting or marked by great intensity of feeling Fervent: exhibiting or marked by great intensity of feeling

7.7. Tertiary: a member of a monastic third order especially of lay Tertiary: a member of a monastic third order especially of lay peoplepeople

8.8. Impediment: an impairment (as a stutter or a lisp) that Impediment: an impairment (as a stutter or a lisp) that interferes with the proper articulation of speech interferes with the proper articulation of speech

9.9. Relinquish: to withdraw or retreat from Relinquish: to withdraw or retreat from :: leave behind leave behind

10.10. Palpable: capable of being touched or felt Palpable: capable of being touched or felt :: tangible tangible

Chapter 6-8 VocabularyChapter 6-8 Vocabulary1.1. VicarVicar: one serving as a substitute or agent; an administrative : one serving as a substitute or agent; an administrative

deputy deputy

2.2. ChastiseChastise: to inflict punishment : to inflict punishment

3.3. VacillateVacillate: to waver in mind, will, or feeling : to waver in mind, will, or feeling :: hesitate in choice hesitate in choice of opinions or courses of opinions or courses

4.4. DocileDocile: easily led or managed : easily led or managed

5.5. DiffidentDiffident: hesitant in acting or speaking through lack of self-: hesitant in acting or speaking through lack of self-confidence confidence

6.6. PerambulationPerambulation: to : to traveltravel over or through especially on foot over or through especially on foot

7.7. DesolateDesolate: devoid of inhabitants and visitors : devoid of inhabitants and visitors

8.8. PromontoryPromontory: a high point of land or rock projecting into a body : a high point of land or rock projecting into a body of water.of water.

9.9. DirgeDirge: a song or hymn of grief or lamentation; one intended to : a song or hymn of grief or lamentation; one intended to accompany funeral or memorial rites accompany funeral or memorial rites

10.10. MagistrateMagistrate: an official entrusted with administration of the laws: an official entrusted with administration of the laws

Chapter 9-12 VocabularyChapter 9-12 Vocabulary1.1. Adduce:Adduce:

2.2. Obdurate:Obdurate:

3.3. Gnash:Gnash:

4.4. Abhorrent:Abhorrent:

5.5. Dissoulble:Dissoulble:

6.6. Irrevocable:Irrevocable:

7.7. Lament:Lament:

8.8. Debilitate:Debilitate:

9.9. Sustenance:Sustenance:

10.10.Conjecture:Conjecture:

Chapter 13-15 Chapter 13-15 VocabularyVocabulary1.1. Hovel:Hovel:

2.2. Venerable:Venerable:

3.3. Exhortation:Exhortation:

4.4. Mortify:Mortify:

5.5. Dispel:Dispel:

6.6. Asylum:Asylum:

7.7. Tumultuous:Tumultuous:

Chapter 16-18 Chapter 16-18 VocabularyVocabulary

1.1. Tenement:Tenement:

2.2. Spurn:Spurn:

3.3. Succor:Succor:

4.4. Imprecate:Imprecate:

5.5. Precipice:Precipice:

6.6. Dissipate:Dissipate:

7.7. Candour:Candour:

8.8. Allure:Allure:

Chapter 19-21 Chapter 19-21 VocabularyVocabulary

1.1. Superscription:Superscription:

2.2. Remissness:Remissness:

3.3. Loiter:Loiter:

4.4. Waft:Waft:

5.5. Buffet:Buffet:

6.6. Augury:Augury:

7.7. Respite:Respite:

Chapter 22-24 Chapter 22-24 VocabularyVocabulary

1.1. Futile:Futile:

2.2. Conjure:Conjure:

3.3. Exertion:Exertion:

4.4. Palpitate:Palpitate:

5.5. Quiver:Quiver:

6.6. Oppression:Oppression:

7.7. Malice:Malice: