the roman empire -key concepts-. i. the first emperor: augustus caesar his dilemma the solution his...
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The Roman Empire
-Key Concepts-
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I. The First Emperor: Augustus Caesar
• His Dilemma• The Solution• His Rise to
Power• The Second
Triumvirate: Octavian, Lepidus, Marc Antony
• Victory over Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium (31 BCE)
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II. The Creation of the Principate
• “Restoration” of the Republic
• “Augustus”• “Princeps”• “Imperator”• Maintaining
the façade of the Republic
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II. The Creation of the Principate (cont)
• “Father of the Country” (2 BCE)
• Supported by the Roman Legions-- “Praetorians”
• Some partnership with the Senate
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II. Creation of the Principate (cont)
• Caesar and provincial administration
• The cult of Roma et Augustus
• “Pontifex Maximus”
• The role of his wife, Livia
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II. Creation of the Principate (cont)
• Augustus’ campaigns on the frontier--Varus and the Battle of Teutoburger Forest (9 AD)
• Begins practice of adopting successor as a son: Tiberius (step-son)
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III. General Characteristics of Later Roman Emperors
• Most emperors were competent, not corrupt--Nero, Caligula and Domitian
• Reduction of the power of the Senate
• The “spectacle” of Emperor Caligula
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III. General Characteristics of Later Roman Emperors (cont)
• The “spectacle” of Nero
• Emperor did not have to be Italian
• Vespasian and the Flavians
• Pattern of defensive military strategy
• Keeping the peace within the Empire
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III. General Characteristics of Later Roman Emperors (cont)
• Taxation within the Empire
• The “Five Good Emperors”: The Antonines--Marcus Aurelius--Commodus--Severus
• The Roman Legions as a garrison force
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IV. The Pax Romana: Signs of Unity
• Peace• Trade Network• Roman Roads• Imperial
Bureaucracy• Emperor Worship• Luke 1 Census• Spread of Greco-
Roman Culture• Roman citizenship• “Acta”:
Newsheets
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V. Life in the City of Rome
• Peace outside; poverty and crowding inside
• Living in insulae
• Public baths• Sanitation
problems
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V. Life in the City of Rome (cont)
• Engineering problems for Insulae
• Problems of Fire and Crime
• “Bread and Circuses”--Free grain--chariot races--Circus Maximus
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V. Life in the City of Rome (cont)
• Gladiatorial contests-- “Ave, Caesar, morituri te salutant”--editor--retiarius--secutor
• Other ludi• Arches built
throughout the city
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V. Life in the City of Rome (cont)
• Treatment of Women and Slaves
• Roman realism versus Greek idealism
• Romans emphasized the interior of their buildings while the Greeks emphasized the exterior of their buildings
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VI. Communicating the Emperor’s Image
• Coins as political advertising
• Buildings communicate the majesty and deity of the Emperor
• Idealized sculptures of Augustus Caesar
• Decline in imperial rivals
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VII. Celebrated Ideals in Imperial Literature
• Golden Age of Latin Literature: 100 BCE-14 AD
• Virgil’s Aeneid—testimony to Roman greatness
• Livy’s History of Rome
• Elegant, humanistic and worldly in both content and style
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VIII. Roman Medicine
• The major issue of fertility
• Roman contraceptives
• Similar to Hellenistic therapies
• Not much respect for doctors
• Most famous court physician: Galen (129-199 AD)
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IX. Life as a Roman Legionnaire
• Organization and Terms of Service--Centurion
• Payment and the origins of the word “salary”--900 sesterces pay per year
• Additional units of non-citizens
• The fitness of Roman soldiers
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IX. Life as a Roman Legionnaire (cont)
• The importance of the Roman roads
• Warfare with Germanic tribesmen
• Germanic warriors as auxiliary forces
• Marcus Aurelius and the settlement of Germanic people in Roman territory--The Meditations