the role of strain development and improvement in tilapia ... ·
TRANSCRIPT
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The role of strain development and improvement in tilapia aquaculture Dr Curtis E. Lind WorldFish, MALAYSIA TILAPIA 2015, 2-4 April, KL
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aquaculture provides nearly half of all food fish
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mostly freshwater species farmed in Asia
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many countries still demand continued growth
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key constraints are lack of feed, seed and capacity
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fish breeding has been a major issue
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<10% is from genetically improved strains
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enormous opportunity for improved strains
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Genetic improvement approaches in fish
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Several approaches to genetic improvement feasible with fish
hybridization cross-breeding
chromosome manipulation
transgenesis
selective breeding only approach where gains are
cumulative and permanent
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Several approaches to genetic improvement feasible with fish
hybridization cross-breeding
chromosome manipulation
transgenesis
selective breeding multiple selection approaches
with varying complexity
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Several approaches to genetic improvement feasible with fish
selective breeding multiple selection approaches
with varying complexity
individual (mass) selection
cohort selection
within-family selection
“combined” selection
genomic selection (?)
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selective breeding multiple selection approaches
with varying complexity
individual (mass) selection
cohort selection
within-family selection
“combined” selection
genomic selection (?)
Application in fish lags far behind livestock or crops …but we are making progress
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Tilapia genetic improvement : a brief history
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Background – problem identification
• WorldFish (ICLARM) and partners’ research on Tilapias, which began in late 1970s, indicated that: – inadequate seed supply and
– deteriorating performance in many systems were a major bottleneck
• In Africa, production was in its infancy, wild stocks of native tilapias were under threat • habitat degradation • uncontrolled fish transfers • over-exploitation
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In response…
1983-87 WorldFish (ICLARM) brought together partners from Asia and Africa, experts to review the status of Tilapia genetic resources
Outcome to undertake a major research project on genetic improvement of tropical finfish
Genetic Improvement of Farmed Tilapia (GIFT) project
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Eknath & Hulata (2009), Reviews in Aquaculture, 1: 197–213. Gupta & Acosta (2004), NAGA, 27(3-4):4-14 Ponzoni et al. (2010), GIFT: The Story Since Leaving ICLARM, FNI Report 14/2010, 47pp
Project years (1988-1998)
germplasm collected from Asia
and Africa
index-based selective breeding
partnership with
AKVAFORSK
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Superiority of improved strains
Abbassa Commercial GIFT vs Sri Lanka
local tilapia
“GIFT Technology” - Egypt
Continued gain in Malaysia
Response to selection in Philippines
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CHINA
INDIA
BANGLADESH
THAILAND INDONESIA
PHILIPPINES
MALAYSIA
VIETNAM
Common Carp (P)
Rohu (P); Freshwater Prawn (P); GIFT (SC, P)
Common Carp (P)
GIFT (P)
GIFT (P); Red Tilapia (P)
Common Carp (from China and Vietnam) Silver Barb (P); GIFT
(P)
Silver Barb (P) & GIFT (P, SC)
EGYPT
UGANDA
MALAWI
ZIMBABWE
BURKINA FASO
GHANA
Nile Tilapia (P)
Nile Tilapia from Ghana
Nile Tilapia (MS, P); O.aureus (MS, P); Catfish (P)
O. shiranus (P)
Nile Tilapia (SC)
Nile Tilapia (SC)
SRI LANKA
Rohu (P); GIFT (SC)
The “GIFT Technology” approach not limited to tilapia
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Economic and development impacts of improved tilapia strains
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GIFT was featured as a proven success in “Millions Fed” Sent to 16 countries from WorldFish (more requests in) Grows 50 to 80% faster, high survival Significant impact in Bangladesh, Thailand, China, Philippines (ADB, 2006) Philippines, 70% of market GIFT-Technology extends reach beyond tilapias
GIFT was a proven success
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Cost / Benefit of breeding programs can be large
Study by Ponzoni et al. (2007) Aquaculture, 267, 188-199
Assumption of breeding program
Sensitivity
Initial investment Very low
Annual cost Very low
Year at 1st return Moderate
Heritabilities Moderate
Fish price High
Feed cost Moderate
Dissemination Very high
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100
150
200
250
Pond (Base) Pond (Lowest) Hapa-Pond
(Low)
Hapa (High)
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Dissemination is a critical factor
Improved strain introduction in Ghana could increase GDP by 1%, just from productivity increases (Ansah et al. Sustainability 2014, 6, 3697-3721)
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“indirect” benefits breeding programs
recall the issues pre-GIFT...
high reproductive rate (a good thing too!)
large populations from a few breeders
rapid inbreeding, poor productivity low effective population size (Ne)
difficult to maintain pedigree
breeding programs help industry-wide
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inbreeding can be managed through proper hatchery
practices and training
…and a developed industry structure
production level diversity not critical
if maintained in nucleus
generally not present
“indirect” benefits breeding programs
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this basic structure necessitates a lot of other basic improvements for the industry
improved management practices (e.g. feeding), greater opportunity for participation along value chain
the situation will almost certainly vary from region to region; technically and socio-economically
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Technical issues: - Inbreeding management - Terms of accreditation - Training and capacity - and more…
Social issues: - Participation and role of women - Access to extension and training - Decision making roles - and more…
Economic issues: - Business models for the nucleus - Marketing improved seed - Access to finance - and more…
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Well managed dissemination strategies
can also provide excellent opportunities for
monitoring and evaluation
In Philippines, BFAR hatchery registration
practices require certain data to be recorded and
reported
Tools for monitoring
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Institutional arrangements and partnerships
Both private and government hatcheries should be considered in effective dissemination strategy
Private: - established production areas - attractive investment opportunities
Government: - areas insufficiently served by private
hatcheries - areas where lack of competition may
result in abuse of market - stimulate industry in regions with
future production potential - eventually role taken over by private
sector
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Institutional arrangements and partnerships
GIFT project provided valuable lessons regarding Public-Private partnerships
GIFT Foundation International Inc. was created in 1998
• continue research • market the strain • dissemination
Was unable to be financially self-sufficient, entered agreement with private company in 1999 (GenoMar)
• successful in increasing production (200 million fingerlings by 2001)
• focus shifted towards profitability (e.g. target larger operations)
• rights of strain use and info restricted • relationship ended in 2005
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• Strain development in tilapias has had large success in creating highly productive strains
• GIFT project instrumental in this process
– Developing methodologies
– GIFT dissemination
– Focus on poor or small farmers
– Showing the way
– Tilapia genetic research
Concluding remarks
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• Structured sector able to deliver improved genetic material can benefit industry in other ways
• Developing efficient dissemination pathways are critical to achieving impact
• Public-Private relationships will play an important role in this
• All together will result in a more sustainable sector and continued production increases
Concluding remarks
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Production of farmed tilapia by country (million tonnes)
Source: FAO 2012; graphic by Epipelagic
GIFT Project 1988-1998