the role of religion in achaemenian imperialism (2008)

7/29/2019 The Role of Religion in Achaemenian Imperialism (2008)

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Religion and PoweR

divine KingshiP in the

ancient woRld and beyond

edited by

nicole brisch

with contributions by

n b, Gd J. sz, Pt Mwk, P J Fd,i J. Wt, e eg, cm r, rd bk,

M Gt, Dd Fd, M Ptt, b l,Gg Wf, Jd s. cp, and Kt D. M

The orienTal insTiTuTe oF The universiTy oF chicaGo

orienTal insTiTuTe seMinars • nuMber 4chicaGo • illinois

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l f cg ct nm: 2008920482

isbn: 978-1-885923-55-4

isbn: 1-885923-55-4

issn: 1559-2944

© 2008 T ut f cg. a gt d.

Pd 2008. Ptd t utd stt f am.

The Oriental Institute, Chicago

Oriental institute seminars

number 4

Series Editors

l sm

and

Tm G. u

with the assistance of

Kt l. J

Pt f t m w md p tg g fdg

fm t at d l ht r d edt Fd

Cover Illustration

Kg nm-s f akkd d t mt mmt, wt d. r mt t(2230 b.c.e.). og fm Mptm, fd s, i. 200 ≈ 105 m.

Pt dt: e lg / at r, ny. l, P, F

Printed by Edwards Brothers, Ann Arbor, Michigan

T pp d t pt mt t mmm -qmt f am nt stdd f ifmts — Pm f Pp f Ptd l Mt-, ansi Z39.48-1984.

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Table oF conTenTs

lisT oF abbreviaTions ...........................................................................................................

lisT oF FiGures .......................................................................................................................... lisT oF Tables ............................................................................................................................

PreFace .........................................................................................................................................

inTroDucTion

1. itdt ........................................................................................................................... 1 Nicole Brisch, University of Chicago

secTion one: hisTorical anD TexTual asPecTs oF Divine KinGshiPin ancienT MesoPoTaMia anD ancienT eGyPT

2. T D Pttp ........................................................................................................... 13Gebhard J. Selz, University of Vienna

3. T Mt Kg f u: a st ct f D r at Mptm .......... 33 Piotr Michalowski, University of Michigan

4. apt f Kgp at egpt ................................................................................. 47 Paul John Frandsen, Copenhagen University

secTion TWo: iconoGraPhy anD anThroPoloGy oF Divine KinGshiP

5. Td t Gd: v ed f t D stt f r t at n et ....................................................................................................... 75

Irene J. Winter, Harvard University

6. Dieu et Mon Droit: Kgp lt b d e P Tm ........................ 103 Erica Ehrenberg, New York Academy of Art

7. T Kg i Dd, lg l t Kg: T lt D f t Å-sî ctt eå d it aftmt ............................................................................................... 133Clemens Reichel, University of Chicago

8. r Dft: a amgt Mm f t ct f ct sjtt .......................................................................................................... 157 Reinhard Bernbeck, Binghamton University

9. T szd bd f t akwpm Kg ......................................................................... 171 Michelle Gilbert, Sarah Lawrence College

10. M D Kgp .......................................................................................................... 191 David Freidel, Southern Methodist University

secTion Three: Divine KinGshiP anD eMPire

11. hm d D Kgp e c: cmpt rft .............................. 207 Michael Puett, Harvard University

12. T r f rg am impm ............................................................. 221 Bruce Lincoln, University of Chicago

13. Dt d Pw at rm ................................................................................... 243Greg Woolf, St. Andrews University

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secTion Four: resPonses

14. D Kgp Mptm, a Ftg Pm ................................................. 261 Jerrold S. Cooper, Johns Hopkins University

15. W Gd rd: cmmt D Kgp .............................................................. 267

Kathleen D. Morrison, University of Chicago

TABLE OF CONTENTS

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lisT oF abbreviaTions

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p. p

t . et alii, d t

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22112. THE ROLE OF RELIGION IN ACHAEMENIAN IMPERIALISM

221

12

the Role oF Religion in

achaeMenian iMPeRialisM*

bruce lincoln, universiTy oF chicaGo

i

T w tm w d kgp w f tp mg t f -g, w tgt t w t fd fmt f Fz t t pttf mt d t tttd tgt t t n et. F m, dg s JmGg mf, dtfg t mp f dg d g gd, t gd-m-

dd, pt-kg wt mg t gtt d m k t t f t , d t d tt tq f ct f t mt fm t f pmt ptt.1 F t, d tk f JWt, T. s. et, d t mt , t m kd f mt d t dt ppt pp. i t tt, t w t f mt d t, dgft pt, kg, mg, d t d — t, t m dtmt f t wdtt pg tt td — tt pdd t wt f mdt.2

T gtd, mt pt tt f Fz t p p t dt f tppt, tg t tm f Fz’ mp, t mp f kwdg,t t f dpt p, d t kf w ptd mf

t t T d rt smt ttd gft t d ptt.lk gd tt, w, d p t f t m t, w gt f dtt, ptt, ptm, t d, t d, d t f t fg. a f w dtfd, pjt w dftd, wt tt tt t t t t pw t tpt, t g t k t ptt.atg t dt f t “Mt d rt s” td t p Fzpt t t 1960,3 f d ptd g f, t tg pt g bw Mwk’ Fz Mm lt f 1924, wm gd t f t gd, wt s Jm Gg ttd, t tg-g Kg f t Wd (Mwk 1954). at pt, Fz td gd Fd MMü f t t mmd wt m mmt t gttd, t , t ttd dp tt d m f t fd(tpg, fk, t f g).

agt fm wt t b akitu-ft, egptgt tpd tdm f o, h, d st, t tdt f t hw b, d t dpd t

* i wd k t kwdg t kd t i -d fm Mttw stp dg wt t emtd akkd tt ttd t pp.

1 o Fz, smt 1978: 208–39; akm 1987;lwd 1993; stkg 1995: 124–51.2 F et’ f Fz “T Wt ld,” dm d et’ w g mt, -

g, pt, t, d t fg f mdt, Mg 1992 d cpt 1998. a et kw-dgd, d Fz t mdt f Wt 1920.

s vk 1973 d F 1991.3 amg t t t w Td Gt (1961 d 1969).

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222 BRUCE LINCOLN

tt J dg-d-g dt f t t n et w mg t mt t-t ppt f t Fz pdgm, gd t cmdg tt.4 i g,it td t Fz md.5 T w d tm wtkgp w g qk t t tt t t tt t t ff gfttwd p a MzdΩ (“t W ld”), w t tt t kg m-

f w t gdd mg, d, pt. at t, w gtmtg dgd g dm, t d kgp gz Fz t (F1964; smtt 1977; rt 1979; D-Gm 1979; F d K 1984; G 1984;Kt 1984; a 1992; l 2007).

G t pt f d tt mgt ft t ptt d t t pp, t-t f The Golden Bough t m t f t g g i dtm. T t t f f pt dg t tp f t apdΩ, m pt t p mp f Pp. i t mg (fg. 12.1), t tgt t w df nw y’ ft g t t tmt f mt dm, tg w kg-p d t m tf w wd t kg w dg, m ,d tzd t t, p, d .6 sm dt f t t wt f td Pp t t, w d’êt w t pfm f tm.7

hd tff, t tt pptd d f t am pd. Tmpt f t t ft, dt f t t d mpt mt(p t akitu t) d t ttm (p -b’ dp-t f t s nw rˇz) t ttt t apdΩ f m mp f tptt t kw w fm w. F tm, t dd gttg t dtk , t t g t td gt wt t t t, t wk f

w t Fz dftd tt m ft.8

ii

sqt p md tt t apdΩ f dpt p f tt- dw fm p f t mp gg gft t t amkg (fg. 12.2; W 1966; hz 1969: 95–114; smdt 1970: 108–20; T 1972; rt1979: 227–84; sz 1978; J 1982; Tümpm 1983; K 1983; st 1985;c 1985; Jmzd 1992; hm 1995). atg mt tmp t wdgt tt t pmt f tt d t m pt, fw wd p t

4 F Fz f td f t t n et, hk 1933, 1935, 1958. a t wk lgd 1914; lt 1939; eg1943; Fkft t . 1946; Fkft 1948; Gdd 1948;Km 1969; J 1976. amg t wtg f tct fd Fz w td tm“cmdg rtt,” t h 1912, 1922; M- 1912. a f akm 1991; sg 1996,1998.5 T f pt G Wdg, w

f i d kgp w tg fd Fz, t mdtd Dméz 1924, 1929. s, f t, Wdg 1953: 201–09, 1955: 51–55, 1959,

1965: 41–49, 1974, d 1983. l mptt, t wttg. rd 1979.6 c t t w w tptt f f p-t fm Pp w m g d d zd gf dtg tnw y t mmt w t tt ldd tt f T. s w gd hzfd1941: 251; Pp 1957: 128; ht d ettg1964, t qt k, w nd 1974:141–44.

7 T w gd Pp 1957–; Gm 1957;edm 1960; d F 1980.8 T mt tg tq nd 1974; cm 1980, 1985–86; d s-Wdg 1991.

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d f d kgp d t f w, t t f mp pt, f mp.9 T tt, w, t t f Fz mptm t d, d ppd — t t — t ttg t pt tt-t w t. F tqt, t kgp, tt, m f tt mtt, pp dtd wtt m f t g, f

dg tdd t d g dm. F t wt t egtmt ttg m t wd d gzd t tm mg t (pt, -m, tt, t, pp, f, t.), f w j t dpd. P-, g w tttd q pgd tdt tm f t ttmpd, ttd, dpd, d pmtd t. ad, t f t tt tw t t tm w fmd, td t g, f tm dtd t md .

o g pp, i m t d t tk t tt pt dptd tapdΩ f d t g gf, tg t f t t m -td wt Fz md f d kgp. T dmtt t, w, dpd dt f t am d, mt mptt f t f tm dt f pt pd t t tg w f Pp (g t f t tt p mp). a g gzd, t p pmt f t -pt ggt t w mt t fm t t, d t dt t f gg. F tg mt am pt tg (od P, emt,d akkd), t m t gg dttd mg t pt, ttdg ft t gt, t ft tw od P (DPd d DP), t td emt (DPf),d t t akkd (DPg). a t, t t mk ttmt t t d dt,w dg gt d pt t t t t f t mp. T

dfft gg d pp pt t t dmtt, t — t P d t t tg — tk t t, mkd t m d q(tg t m tt t tw pt od P mt t pt t Pft d t t Md).10

F pp, t mt t pt f dpt t pt kw DPg,wtt akkd, w g wt t f t wd’ t. T t ,f 70% (23/33) f t am pt tt t m t tw pgp g t m f. i , w, t mg t f, ttpd,d g fm.11 i t pg pg, DPg fm t t tdd fm,t t t, t dp w tt q d g gft. T t mj-

t f t ttt f dtt t f t t t W ld (a MzdΩ), f f w d t t dw f tm, f t pp. i t ttmt f t pmdt, DPg fw t, ppt w mp t t t t f w w gd akkd (t 12.1).12

9 T dt, d f tt t pd pt ttt t t g dm, t -dtd d wt f pt m.s, , K 1980; bt 1982, 1986; Dt1985; bt d hmdt 1989; d s-

Wdg 1998.10 o t pt, t pmt, d t - t, sz 1985: 15–16; hmdt1990; lq 1997: 97–98; smtt 1999: 27–36, 2000:

56. o t tt t w t am pt gg tt mk f t Md d P- fm, lq 1974.11 T ft td f t fm tt h-mdt 1977.

12 F t mt pt, t od P t dt- tt t t akkd ptd ,t f t pp f p , t pft mp DPg t t wtt t m gg.

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224 BRUCE LINCOLN

T 12.1. T F Pmd ct, ntd F vt f t cmgWtt akkd

Darius, Persepolis (DPg)

Darius, Elvend

Darius, Naqå-i Rustam

Xerxes, Persepolis (XPa)

Gt t Wld, w tgtt f tgd,

a gt gd tW ld a gt gd tW ld a gt gd tW ld

w md k w td t t w md k w td t t

d t, w td tt k, d t, w td tt k,

w md pp, w td pp, d w md pp, w td mt

w g pp t pp

g t.13

w td d f

pp.14

w tdpp f

pp.15

w tdpp f

mt.16

T tt qt tt d q tt mmt. F pp, tff t mt fw pt . Ft, t f t f pmd t dtd t g (, t, d pp~d). sd, gd t mgtm, g . W DPg, De, d Dn pk f “pp” t p, xP pk f “mt” t g (amelûtú). i g, t akkd f t ammg td t mp t p , t t pt xP fw t od P -t, w tt t g (martiya “m, mkd”) d d t mk mptt pt. F wt p-i mt tdt, t m p mk t g

pp g, pttp dd w mp wt g t p-t t dttd mg dfft mm f t p. (T m t f ptd m Zt t.) Dt, t, t t t tg f m -t, w t dm f t am fd t “t l” (od P drau@ga,akkd pirs≥Ωtú) td t wd d d t fgmtt.17

T l’ t dptd t pmd p, t, d “pp” (od PåiyΩti, akkd dumqu) f t, tdg tf, pt, d dt t t. it mkd t gg f t pp, t g t ft tm w t W ldd t l tgg f pm, wt t wd t ttgd. T tw m pw-

d t gpp wt t dt, w. itd, pp — w dffttdm d t f — m ft d t d, w t f f gd pd d t dp f ttd dd. it t tt tt t mgt t t W ld’ fft t f t, tmp md fm t ft f, p t t pkd t l’ . it t p pt tt t

13 DPg §1: Urumazda rabi åa rabû ina muææi ilΩni gabbi,åa åamê u ers≥iti ibnû u niåê *ibnû, åa dumqi gabbi id-dinuma niåÏ ina libbi balt≥„. Tt W 1911: 85.i m gtf t Mtt stp f p ttgt pt.

14 De §1 (b): ilu rabû AæurumazdΩ, åaqaqqaru agâ iddinu åa åamê annûtu iddinu åa ummΩnΩti(?) iddinu åa gabbi nuæåu ana ummΩnΩti (?) iddinu. Tt W 1911: 101.

15 Dn §1: ilu rabû AæurmazdΩ åa åamê u ers≥eti [ib]nûu niåÏ ibnû åa dumqi ana niåÏ iddinu. Tt W1911: 87.16 xP §1: ilu rabû AæurumazdΩ åa qaqqaru agâ iddinuåa åamê annûtu iddinu åa amËl„tu iddinu åa dumqi ana

amËl„tu iddinu. Tt W 1911: 107.17 T Zt t mt t td t Greater Bundahiån 1–18, t Selections of ZΩd Spram 1–3, d DΩdestΩn Ï DËnÏg 36.

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gt f DPg m dt, f t d t W ld’ fft t mm t f t d f t t t (t 12.2).

T 12.2. T Fft at f ct, ntd F vt f t cmgWtt akkd

Darius, Persepolis (DPg)

Darius, Elvend

Darius, Naqå-i Rustam

Xerxes, Persepolis (XPa)

w md D kg w md D kg w md D kg w md x kg

t ptg kg, t p tg.18

f m kg.19 m kg, m .20

d g Kg Dkgp t dt,

w m d-d-pp t:

P, Md, dt d-d-pp

wt t gg,

wt mt dp,

t d f t (t., t tt )d t f d f t,

t d f tdt (t., t d f tt) d t f df t dt.21

18 De §1: åa ana DΩriamuå åarru ibnû, iåtËn ina åarrΩnimaærûtu, iåten ina mute’imË mah rûtu. Tt W1911: 101.19 Dn §1: [åa] ana DΩriamuå åarru åa åarrΩni mΩd„tu

ibnû. Tt W 1911: 87.20 xP §1: åa ana Æiåîaråi åarru ibnû iåten ina åarrΩnimΩd„tu iåtËn ina mute’imË mΩd„tu. Tt W1911: 107.

21 DPg §1: åa ana Dariamuå åarru ibnû u ana Dariamuå åarri åarr„tu iddinu ina qaqqar agâ rapåΩtu åa mΩtΩtimadetu ina libbiåu Parsu MΩdaya u mΩtΩi åanêtimaliåΩnu åanÏtu, åa åadî u mΩtu åa aæanΩ agâ åa nΩr mar-

ratu u aæulluΩ ullî åa naru marratu, åa aæanΩ agâ åaqaqqar s≥umΩma’itu u aæulluΩ ullî åa qaqqar s≥umama’itu.Tt W 1911: 85.

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226 BRUCE LINCOLN

o, t tt d t pt t Kg pg d -m t mt t . cd t W ld, t tmt tgw d pp t mpd t. smwt , t m p-g dd t f t d dt, f t mpt kwdg tt t f t l’ t, mt ftd t mtp gp, f w pd

t w d w t tm kg, d t tt pd t pt f mptt, , wf, dd, dd, d t ffg. T t t t, ggtd t p tt m D “ kg m kg, m,” f t m t mpd t , t kg (d t pp)pt t dp f Gd’ : t am m.

W t t g t t f (mp d tdt) d wt gw- p, DPg dp t t gt. it t tt t Wld fd t jt kgp D, t kgp: “kgp t dt” d, gg ft, t ft t t f t d dt wt dm pfg tt t “d t” w t kg “m d-d-pp t.”ad , t t t t tt t tdd tt dd mg am “Kg f d-d-pp, Kg t t,” wt t ft dtdg tt ttm ttd “t” (od P b„mÏ ) dtd t mp (hmdt 1976).

DPg t ff t f ppt tt gz t tg t w dd pp ddd: t d t m, f pmd t d pft t td. a gd pp, t pm d tt tw t f t -t t (P d Md), ppd t t, wt gg t f d f dt. a gd d, t ttd tdd: g/w (mt dp), wt/d ( d dt), /f (t d d tt d f t dt). imp-

t, t d f , ggtg tt t d t t g w, t wt t t (t ), d t d (t dt), t d tt mt d ft. Pm, t w dtd tt t w t tt f t t tw g td, d tt t dt tdd t l’ t w dt f f fm, f pt t m t t q dtt t dg tw t dtd fm pmd pft, mg t m d, t m mt, tm g d k, t m w d wmp, t., mk f t f tt.

Fgmtt f g t t pdd mtp dfft d, wt t wdtt pp, pkg t w gg, d dffg fm t t ttt,t, t, d t. Wt m, d — t f t dfft mt d

t — w p f pptg dfft fm f pt d m f, w t ttf d dfft m, , d t . sm w , tm p, t pd tg, d f d d pp kd tgd (dtdg “gd” t m , t wt d m,tt, d g mpt), g w-g d ttmt w mpmd.att, d tt t fd, pft, pmd pp tt t W ldtd f mt t t f g t d ftd d p f t dt-td t w-dfd g. it t tt tt t fft t f t w mtt d, d t tt f DPg — w pd t pt — d- w t mgt mpd.

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Kg D pm: ud ptt f t W ld, t t d-d-pp w md t (p) tt md : 22 P, Md, d t d-d-pp, wt t gg, wt mt d p, t d f t d t f d f t , t d f t dt d t f d f dt, dg t t d i g tm.23

Wt D d t ft f pp t tt dd tm. at mmd, m t Pp d t p tf t pdt f t d-td, pt, fd-d-fg .24 bt w w t mpd? T t pt tt mp DPg t t’ t w p dd tt qt.

iii

DP g t tt t pm f t d dt, t t f.T, w t am w g t tt “Kg f d-d-pp,”

DP m “Kg f d-d-pp, of which there are many.”25

lk m t pt, t fw t tt wt t f t m d-d-pp (odP dahyΩva) tt, t dt, mpd wt t mp. uk t t,w, t pf t tmt tg w t mpd (t 12.3).

22 W (1911: 85) d ip-æu-rum, d dg

w ptd t Chicago Assyrian Dictionary ttg f akanna “,” w t m d t-t t t p “t t t wgathered .” aft tdg t tt g t, Gg cm d W t dt pt. h tt ppd smdt (1953:63), w t m p dd “t () tt w did this which was done .” smdt(1953: 62 . 20) ttd tt cm d ppd w tpt f t tt tt gt t pt- pd, t ppt t w d. Mttstp fm m (p. mm., 9 J 2007) tt

g td pd ptgp f t -pt, tk t tt t dft, t tt W’ ip-æu-rum (fm t paharu , “tgt [tt]”) mp, g dt f t

pgp dt smdt’ pt 7. P d

pf ep-åú, fm t epeåu “t mk, d,d”; p ib-nu, “t md/t.” Pm-, t wt cm dd.23 DPg §2: DΩriamuå åarru iqabbi ina s≥il li åa Urumaz-da aganËtu mΩtΩtÏ, åa agâ ÏpuåΩ, åa akanna epåu Parsu

MadΩya u mΩtΩati madêtu åanêtima liåanu åanÏtu, åaåadî u mΩtu åa aæanΩ agâ åa nΩr marratu u aæulluΩ ullî åa nΩr marratu, åa aæanΩ agâ åa qaqqar s≥umΩma’Ïtu uaæulluΩ ullî åa qaqqar s≥umΩma’Ïtu libbû åa anΩku t≥Ëmeaåkunuåunu.24 Dsf, Ds, d Ds d t p D t ts t t f m p, d d m

dt. s ft l 1996.25 DP §1: xåΩya† iya dahy„nΩm tayai @åΩm par„nΩm. Tt smtt 2000: 61.

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228 BRUCE LINCOLN

T 12.3. itdt Fm Pdg lt f ld-d-Pp d am r

Darius, Persepolis

Darius, Bisitun

Darius,Susa

Darius,Susa and Naqå-i Rustam;

Xerxes, Persepolis

Pm D tKg:

Pm D tKg:

Pm D tKg:

Pm D tKg:

T W ldtwd t kgp/ kgdm tt gt,w pp gd, m. h mdm kg t t/ mp.

b t W ld’w,

T d-d-pp, w m t

m t W ld’w,

b t W ld’w,

b t W ld’w,

t t d-d-pp

t t d-d-pp

t t d-d-pp

tt i tk d f i w kg f tm.26 w i mkg.27

tt i zd f fmP.

w Pr

rmy.

ty frd m i d tm.

d m tt.28 T m tt.29

if t pt tt d pm t kg Gd’ -tmt, DP q kwdgg t P m t tmt tg wtt kg jgtd t d-d-pp. i t g pgp, t tt g ft t D d w t mpt t d-jd pjt g.

26 Db §6: † ati DΩrayavauå xåΩya† iya: imΩ dahyΩva,tayΩ manΩ patiyΩi @ åa, vaånΩ AuramazdΩha adamåΩm

xåΩya† iya Ωham. Tt smtt 1991: 49.27 Dsm §2: † Ωti DΩrayavauå XÅ AMmaiy xåaçam frΩbarataya vazr ¸kam taya umartiyam, mΩm xåΩya† iyam ahyΩyΩb„miyΩ akunauå, vaånΩ AMhΩ imΩ dahyΩva tayaiåΩmadam xåΩya† iya abavam. Tt Kt 1953: 145.

28 DP §2: † Ωti DΩrayavauå xåΩya† iya: vaånΩ AuramazdΩhΩ imΩ dahyΩva, tayΩ adam adaråi hadΩ anΩ PΩrsΩ kΩrΩ, tayΩ hacΩma atr Ésa, manΩ bΩjim abara. Tt smtt 2000: 61.

29 Ds §3 = Dn §3 = xP §3: † Ωti DΩrayavauå xåΩya† iya: vaåna AuramazdΩha imΩ dahyΩva, tayΩ adamagr ÉbΩyam apataram hacΩ ParsΩ; adamåam patiyaxåayai @;manΩ bΩjim abaraha. T fw t p -f t t mm (“Tt w w pmdt tm m, tt t dd. M w — tt d tm”tayaåΩm hacΩma a† anhya, ava akunava; dΩtam taya

manΩ avadis adΩraya). Tt smtt 2000: 29, 91;Kt 1953: 141.

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Pm D t Kg: if d tk t: “M i f f fm t,” t ptt t P m. if t P m d pttd, pp- w dtd f t gt tm.30

a t pg mk , t t jt qt pft w mt, t t tt f pmd pp d t mpmt f Gd’ w f mt. T, od P åiyΩti, w m “pp,” twt-t tm tp f am pt. a twt-tw f t t t f t mg t, w t w dt t t f t W ld’ g t:“pp f mkd” (åiyΩti … martiyahyΩ).31 cdg DP §§2 d 3 tgt, wm t dtd tt t P m w p f t ttd mp-mt: (1) t pd f t d-d-pp; (2) t d t d d ppt p tt (bΩji) t t P kg; (3) t d t t tt f pp tt “w dtd f t gt tm,” tt , dg pp tt m wt t t-mt f P P, mpd mt f, t pg t f tt w

d pft m t f t f t t f t l.

iv

if DPg d t t f t g m, f fm t W ld’ d, dtt t wt t td tt tt tz t t tm, DP pkf t w t t f fm pft, ptg t t am kg d t P- m pm gt t p. DPd p t gmt ft t, dtgw t f t t P d dtfg t t t d t m d tff t m.

a gd t fm pt, t t mp g:

Pm D t Kg: T d-d-pp P, w t W ld -twd m, gd. Pd f gd , pd f gd pp, tw f t W ld d f m, D t Kg, t f f f t.32

T pt wt mkg. Ft, t djt nai @ba, w mdf P, -g gd tm tt t m, tt, d t tt ttd t t d.33 atg t wd gt tm, P d t P kgp ( kgdm, tmt g f xåaça mp t) d t nai @ba t.34 uq gftd,P p mt — gd m d gd — tt g t dtg t d-d-pp, t f t gft f Gd, t g wt tm

30 DP §3: † Ωti DΩrayavauå xåΩya† iya: yadi ava† ΩmaniyΩhai @: hacΩ aniyanΩ mΩ tr Ésam, imam PΩrsam kΩram

pΩdi; yadi kΩra PΩrsa pΩta ahati, hayΩ duvaiåtam åiyΩtiå ΩxåatΩ. Tt smtt 2000: 61.31 o t mt f t g gft tm, hmdt 1991; K 1995: 34–38; P1994–95; d l 2003.32 DPd §2: † Ωti DΩrayavauå xåΩya† iya: iyam dahyΩu å

PΩrsa , tayΩm manΩ AuramazdΩ f rΩbara , hayΩnai @bΩ uvaspΩ umartiyΩ, vaånΩ AuramazdΩhΩ manacΩ

DΩrayavahau å xåΩya† iyahyΩ hacΩ aniyanΩ nai @ tr Ésati.Tt smtt 2000: 58.

33 o t mt d gf f od Pna¹ba, Kt 1953: 192; hzfd 1938: 266–67, wtmp t ot (i) nˇib “.”34 nt Dsp §1: “T gt W ld t gttf t gd. h td D () kg. h twdt kgp/kgdm m, w gd (nai @bam),

w t gd, w gd, wpp gd.” AuramazdΩ vazr É ka haya ma† iåta

bagΩnΩm hau DΩrayavaum XÅyam adΩ hau åai @ xåaçam frΩbara taya nai @bam taya ura† am uvaspam umartiyam.Tt Kt 1953: 146.

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230 BRUCE LINCOLN

d pt. etg dd “gd” (nai @ba) m t -t f m tt t dtk t P kg, t fwg mp.

Pm D t Kg: W t W ld md m kg t t/mp, t W ld’ w, i md tg gd (nai @bam).35

Pm x t Kg: b t W ld’ w, i md t d f d-d-pp. M t gd (nai @bam) w md Pp: tt i mdd m ft md t. Tt w md tt m gd ( nai @bam), tt wmd t W ld’ w.36

Pm D t Kg: M tt w -d, tt i md gd ( nai @bam). Td-d-pp w tg ( ), mt t t. T i dd tW ld’ w, tt d t mt t t m.37

hg g gd d fm w t wk, d d wt gd m d

— w t w f m — t P kg wk t mk t tg gd. ad t tk d dd, t , m, pp d f f f t. rt, t t t f, mt, , d tt.

immdt ft mmtg p t f f t P d-d-pp, DPdpd t dtf t t gtt f tt f d dpt t tt f ppGd tdd f mt. T t pmd tt f t, w, d , t t t q t dg.

Pm D t Kg: M t W ld m d, tgt wt tgd, d m t W ld ptt t d-d-pp fm t m m, fm

fm, fm t l.38

atg t td f ft tdd t, t mptt t dtdtm q.39 lg (d g) ft t m tt md t t tt: t l, w t t t d t f t. T, w t Tt, fd t mp dpt t mt t , tt , dp-t dt tt p t dff tw t w tg d t w ’ pmk tm m t . T l t mft tf t w, f tm f mt, m, d, d d. W t p — t fm f pm, -tt, tt, w, t, m pdg, t ttm, t f f-d,

d t k — d pp tgt, dg tt d tg t f ft p-t, f p d p t ppt, wg mtt, f, p, tt,, tmt, d t. F p — fm pj, , d, fd,

35 Ds §2: † Ωti DΩrayavauå XÅ ya† Ω AM mΩm XÅyamakunauå ahyΩyΩ BUyΩ vaånΩ AMha visam nai @bam aku-navam. Tt Kt 1953: 144.36 xP §3: † Ωti Xåayar ÉåΩ xåΩya† iya: vaånΩ AuramazdΩhΩimam duvar † im visadahyum adam akunavam; vasai @ ani-

yaåci nai @bam kr Étam anΩ PΩrsΩ, taya adam akunavam ut-amai @ taya pitΩ akunau å; tayapati kr Étam vai @natai @ nai @bam,

ava visam vaånΩ AuramazdΩhΩ akumΩ. Tt smtt2000: 68.37 Ds §4: † Ωti DΩrayavauå XÅ: vasi @ taya duåkartamΩha, ava nai @bam akunavam. dahyΩva ayauda, aniya ani-

yam aja. ava adam akunavam vaånΩ AuramazdΩhΩ ya† Ωaniya aniyam nai @ jati cinΩ. Tt Kt: 141.38 DPd §3: † Ωti DΩrayavauå xåΩya† iya: manΩ AuramazdΩupastΩm baratu hadΩ visai @biå baga biå, utΩ imΩmdahyΩu m AuramazdΩ pΩtu hacΩ hai @nΩyΩ, hacΩ duåiyΩrΩ,hacΩ drau gΩ.39 T d f bt 1938 w mt

mdfd gt f P 1986. s h-mdt 1991.

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f tt, dt, dt, gmt, t, dt, d ft — t pd t m, t d mtt d tmt, dg pp pt d d-g tm t t dff, t tg p (w p ttwt),t tg t t.

T l t g t w, t t t t tt dd t “m m.”

h, t d td tt t tm ttd t f (od P hainΩ) d tmt t tt d w d f -P tp.40 i ptd tt, tm m g tm kΩra w d f t P m , m p f t P- pp--m, t wd d d f t m m w t td t g t pf pt (bt 1969: 111–12). T tt f m m(hainΩ) fd tm t pt dw t t f pdt d pk p wp, wt tq tt w t kΩra-t-p m t kΩra-t-m, t d, fd, d pw dd. W t , t l d mftd tf pwf t w, t tt f t m m qt d t fm.

c g, t tp g w t ftd d m t pp-t. it w t fft, w, f t P m t q t m m, fgtg t df. rt, t P m d t fgt f f Tt, d t q t t mt f, t t l tt pd tm, d d t d t jt tt t, t d t tmp fd w. o t d ppt t pf tt, gtg ppt d p fft t t ttf fm. it t tt — dft f t l t Tt, t tmp f tP m t, d t pdt f dg g d — tt Dtptd DP §3, w dg “if t P m d pttd,pp w dtd f t gt tm.” 41

v

T g t DPf, t t f t t t dd. aft tg D’ tt,t tt t fw.

s D t Kg: o t t, w t p (: ft) t,p t w p t . b t W ld’ w, i t t p.T W ld d t gd dd tt t p t d i t t. i t td d tf, jt i dd t.

s D t Kg: M t W ld ptt m, tgt wt t gd, dt p, and also those assembled here on this terrace. 42

40 T daËvic t f od P hainΩ d t atgt haËnΩ gzd btm1904: 1729. o t tmt ppt f dm(daËvic) d d (ahuric) i -gg, Gütt 1914.

41 DP §3: yadi kΩra PΩrsa pΩta ahati, hayΩ duvaiåtamåiyΩtiå ΩxåatΩ. Tt smtt 2000: 61.42 DPf: §1: ak Dariamauå sunkir nanri kat hima mur halmarriå hi kuåika appuka hima halmarriå inni kuåik

zaumin Uramazdana hi halmarriå u kuåiya ak Uramazdahi zila tukminina nap marpepda idaka appa hi halmarriå kuåika ak u kuåiya kutta kuåiya tarma ak åiåni kutta åillak hi zila sap u tukmana. Ak Dariamauå sunkir nanri u Ura-mazda un nuåkiåni nap marpepda idaka ak kutta halmar-

riå hi kutta åarak kat hi ikka kappaka . i m gtf tMtt stp f kd t t tpttf t pg.

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232 BRUCE LINCOLN

i tt t t t t pt wt w t gpd, DPf mmd- d mt dt qt t t. it pk f t p w t d d f t pp md tt p.43 ntg t pt dd t qt f wt pp , wt g tm t Pp, wt t t t t dg dt kg. a t qt, w, d q ttt t pt pd

gt d DPf: DPg, t tt wt w w g.

ud t ptt f t W ld, these are the lands-and-peoples who made this(palace) that is made here: P, Md, d t d, wt t gg, wtmt d p … t.44

atg D tt DPf tt mf t t p, w gg dt t t d- d-d-pp f t mp DPg, t tdt tw t tw tt.rt, tt f t pt t tmt dtd t t W ld, w wktg t kg, jt t kg wk tg t f tt md. of pt- t, w, t tt t f tt f, w m fm pt

f t mp — “P, Md, d t d, wt t gg” — gg dttk, t, d mt wt tm. T p t td mtg k t - mg f t b Tw f b, tt , t pdt f tt t,w m dff, md gg, w dd, t t td. o, tpt t pt k t i fm f f, t tt f t p tttdt f t l’ pmd t d t ft f p dd -mt.

ogg f t p d t t pp d gd, tg t m- ptt f tt. o gt tt f w t t w tzd, w,

w z tt t tt dptd t apdΩ t con-ttf tg tt d dis-ttd t t f t l’ t, d t con-tt f t gd — f t pp — t t mp t w t m f g tfgmtt d tf tt d tzd t .

T f pt dpt dgt ptg twt-t d-d-pp t g tt t t P kg. e f t dgt d twd m P Md ff, d t d f t m ft ggp dt fm t Pt. T , w, P dgt, P w mpt fm tt (h-dt 3.97; Wöf 1989). T ft dgt tt f t Md, d P,ft w fw emt, am, b, d t, dw t l d et-

p t t d f t f.e dgt qt dtt fm t t t pgm d tg, d

t tt w d t dpt t, , d t dff tt t f d t tgp mm (Ddm d lk 1989: 251).Ptkg ttt w g t t dfft m dgt gt wt td t mt jt t fd, dw t t t w t w d

43 ot p fm k t W ld t pttt Kg, d, t P d-d-pp, t

kgp/kgdm, d tt t Kg t (ah§2, DPd §3, DP §2, Dn §5, Ds §6, Dsf §4, Dsj §3,Ds, Ds, Dst §2, Dh §2, xP §4, xP §3, xP §3, xPf §5, xPg, xP §5, xs §2, xv §3, a1P §3, a2s, a2sd

§2, a2h §2, a2h §3, a3P §4, D2s). n t t,w, k d ptt f t mp’ jt

pp. h, g, DPf q.44 DPg §2: ina s≥illi åa Urumazda aganËtu mΩtΩti åa agâÏpuåΩ åa akanna epåu Parsu MadΩya u mΩtΩti madêtuåanêtima liåΩnu åanitu åa åadî u mΩtu ….

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(fg. 12.3–4). s m tt t t md t f ï dmt f t f dt.

o mt f t, w, tt t f pt t pp, m, djt t mt t t, w t , t t mmt f t ttt f fgmtt d dp tt mkd t t t f t l. Dt-

t td md p t ptfm f t apdΩ tf, f tm — mt dmt — w ft t p dtt d d d ( dd)t t mp w. at tt mmt, t tt f w, ttt, d “pp f mkd” tt t W ld md t w f g t w td,t t t t mp t: mm, w ptt f t d-d-pptd md, t Gt Kg Gd’ g p tm. lt, p f gd mt t t t, t td t t pp. at tt pt, t twd m pp, pp, pf, d w g, t d d ttf tg pft p t tt, tk t t wk f t am kg,t P m, d t tt f d-d-pp.

o t dgt f mp d d wd t . nt qt Fz’ mdf d kgp, md f pt m, t — f i m t mtk — mtg tt mgt gtmt dtd tg f mp, w t kg tzd Gd’ , w t t wd d t t pft p ttt, -mdd tp mgt d qt, dmt, d tt.

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234 BRUCE LINCOLN

Fg 12.1. a Pt f t rf spt t apdΩ stp, Pp. n f tTwt-t Dgt tt F t st app t Pt (W 1966: p. 3)

Fg 12.2. rf P it Pd t t smmt f t apdΩ st, swg etdD, h r t Ft Dgt f Tt b (ot ittt Mm P.57121)

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Fg 12.3. apdΩ rf, Dt. ctt t b Dgt a (d Md) wtt a bw (d P). Dff i Mkd t e l: ht, r, s,bd d h, F Ft, am, v, d Gft (ot ittt Mm P.29002)

Fg 12.4. lt d Mt et f t Dgt, Tt f t etp (d Md).nt t Gff d t i Tk tt t Td M l c h sd

(ot ittt Mm P.28981)

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236 BRUCE LINCOLN

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1978 “W t bg bk.” i Map Is Not Territory: Studies in the History of Reli-gions, dtd Jt Z. smt, pp. 208–39. std Jdm lt atq-t 23. ld: b.

stkg, Gg W.

1995 After Tylor: British Social Anthropology, 1888–1951. Md: ut f W- P.

st, Dd

1985 “T apdΩ: a sgt f t l f D.” i De l’Indus aux Balkans: Re-cueil à la mémoire de Jean Deshayes, dtd J-l ht, Mgt y,d y ct, pp. 433–45. P: r t.

T, a btt

1972 Studies and Restorations at Persepolis and Other Sites in Fars . rpt d Mm- 16. rm: ittt it p Md d etm ot.

Tümpm, l1983 “Z d Gäd Pp d Fkt.” i Kunst, Kultur und Ge-

schichte der Achämenidenzeit und ihr Fortleben, dtd hdm K d D. n.MKz, pp. 225–37. aäg Mttg i, egäzgd 10.b: Dt rm.

vk, J b.

1973 The Literary Impact of the Golden Bough . Pt: Pt ut P.

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1966 Die Völkerschaften auf den Reliefs von Persepolis: Historische Studien über den so-genannten Tributzug an der ApadΩnatreppe. T Fg 2. b: M.

W, Fz h., dt

1911 Die Keilinschriften der Achämeniden. vdt btk 3. lpzg: J. c.h.

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1920 From Ritual to Romance: An Account of the Holy Grail from Ancient Ritual to Chris-tian Symbol. cmdg: cmdg ut P.

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1953 Religionens Värld: Rel igionsfenomenologiska studier och översikter . stkm:sk Kk Dkt.

1955 Stand und Aufgaben der iranischen Religionsgeschichte . ld: b.1959 “T s Kgp f i.” i La Regalità sacra: Contributi al tema dell’VIII

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1965 Die Religionen Irans. D rg d Mt 14. stttgt: W. Kmm.

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1983 “D njft m t i.” Iranzamin 2: 35–42.

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i Le tribut dans l’empire perse (at d t d d P, 12–13 Dm 1986), dtd P bt d c hmdt, pp. 183–92. Td ’ittt d’étd d ’uté d s 13. P:Pt.

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the role of religion in achaemenian imperialism (2008)

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