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International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (IJMR) ISSN: 2277-9302

Vol. IV, Issue 9 (V), January 2016 1

THE ROLE OF NABARD IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT :-A STUDY.

Dr.Dinesh W. Nichit. Associate Professor Sant- Gadge Maharaj Mv.Walgaon.

Introduction:- India is an agricultural country. More than 60% population lived in rural area. They are dependent on agriculture. Agriculture is a backbone of Indian Economy. Reserve banks provided credits to agriculture through state level co-operative banks and agriculture development banks. After some period the concepts are born for agriculture developments. The National banks for Agriculture Rural Development(NABARD) was established on12 july 1982 by the recommendation of “ committee to review arrangements for institutional dredits for “ Agriculture and Rural Development” In 1975the responsibilities of Rural Divisional are provided to NABARD. 50% shares of capital of reserve bank are in NABARD. All the major issues of rural credit are under the control of NABARD. The main objective of NABARD is to provide the credits for development of agriculture and rural business. All the functions of NABARD are controlled by fifteen directors. 300 crore Rs. Are provided by Reserve bank of India and a loan of 133 crore is provided by various developmental countries. The NABARD functions are classified into three parts one is functions of providing loans, second functions of controlling third function is developments. In response to above views the researcher has chosen “The role of NABARD in rural development” as a topic for study. Review of literature:- NABARD was established on 12 july 1982, during 1983 NABARD mobilized net resources to Rs. 774 crores. In this year NABARD sanctioned 1233 Rs. For agricultural operation. In 1986-87 NABARD also mobilized 887 crores Rs. for providing rural credit. In 1987 NABARD introduced 10 programmes for rehabilitation for weak land development bank and branches of state landdevelopment banks. In 1996-97 NABARD”s resources are increased to Rs. 2963 crore against in previous year. During 2006, regional banks, co-operative banks, commercial banks disbured Rs.1,46,668 crores for farm credit. Objectives:-

1) To study the cedit supply system of NABARD 2) To study the progress of functions of NABARD 3) To study the provision of loan sanctioned to various sectors by NABARD.

Hypothesis:- 1) NABARD play important role in rural areas. 2) NABARD supply credits in various sectors in India. 3) Day by day the supply of credit are increased. 4) Agriculture products are increased day by day NABARD’s help.

Research methodology:- To study the topic “ The role of NABARD in rural development”- A study. The researcher has a adopted the secondary method of research. In secondary method the information is collected through the published and unpublished literature, magazines, newspapers etc. and these references are properly used inc research work wherever necessary. Interpretation, Tabulations of the collected data:-

A) Functions of NABARD:- i) Functions related to credit supply:- ii) NABARD supply credit state co-operative banks, state land-development banks, divisional rural

banks, commercial banks and others banks, which are recognized by reserve bank of India. Short term and long term loans are also provided for purchasing instruments, seeds, irrigation, sericulture products, pesticide and insecticide etc.


2 Vol. IV, Issue 9 (V), January 2016

iii) Function related to developments:- NABARD controlled on the functions of divisional rural banks and other co-operative banks. NABARD also works as a co-ordinator between the functions of large scale industries and small scale industries, centralized industries.

iv) Functions related to developments:- 1) To provided economical help for research development works in rural area. 2) To provide training facilities to bank officers in various banks. 3) To established agricultural mahamendal . 4) To control and evaluate work in view of implementation of plant ets. 5) Promoting research in the field of agriculture and rural development. 6) Providing finance and refinance for providing in rural areas. 7)

Credits supply to various sector in the view of NABARD’s objectives.( In crores)

Heads 1992-93 1997-98

Small Irrigations 560 520

Land development 10 60

Mechanizations 520 1110

Krushi Udhyaan 100 190

Fisheries and others 90 230

Milk development 100 350

Rural development programme 650 610

Others 330 850

Base:-Indian Economy Development:-Dr.Zamare Page,No. 29 In above table no.1 the researcher showed the figures of credit supply to various sectors in the view of NABARD’s objects. In the year 1992-93 NABARD provided Rs. 560 crores to small irrigations while in 1997-98 it provided Rs. 520 crores. NABARD and Rural Infrastructure Development Fund:- Rural Infrastructure Developments Fund are established in 1995-96. The provisions 2000 crore did in central budget for Rural infrastructure Development in 1995-96. The helps provided by Rural Infrastructure Development Fund:

Sr. No

Period Fund Rs. in crores

Admissible amount in crores

Distribution Rs. in crores Percentages

1 1995-96 2000 1830 1661 92%

2 1996-97 2500 2614 1877 72%

3 1997-98 2500 2679 412 16%

4 1998-99 3000 3145 676 21%

1999-2000 3500 3650 418 12%

Base:- Indian economy development and environment economy – page no. 260 In above table the researcher has showed helps provided by Rural infrastructure development fund during 1995-96 to 1999-2000 . In 1995-96 the NABARD provided 1661 crore Rs. to various sectors for development, which are back in his progress ( development) .It was highly 92% than the year of 1991-2000. The ratio of providing funds to rural areas are decreasing in per year from1995-96 to 199-2000, the reason was that help of co-operative and non-repayment of loan, loan waiver etc. Conclusion and suggestions From the above study it can be concluded that though the effort of NABARD in rural development are good , the ratio of providing fund seen to be declining.

1) NABARD should make an attempt for the entire development of the comparatively undeveloped region.

2) It should create beneficiaries psyche for repayment of loan. 3) In rural areas it should propagate various schemes implemented by NABARD.



4) It should give more attention towards irrigation and mechanization through NABARD. 5) It should make available a marked for the goods produced in field. References:- 1) WWW NABARD. Com 2) Indian Economy Development and Environment Economy: Dr, J.N. Zamare 3) Indian Economy: Dr. Prabhakar Deshmukh 4) Role of NABARD in Development of Rural India: Ms.Mini Amit Arrawatia.

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RETAIL STORE EVALUATION IN YAVATMAL DISTRICT, MAHARASHTRA, INDIA

Dr. Praful S. Gudadhe Assistant Professor, Deptt. Of Commerce, Amolakchand College, Yavatmal, Maharashtra,India.

Abstract:

The author tried to evaluate retail stores in Yavatmal district to know the status of the organised and unorganised retail stores providing facilities and services to the customers. The sample consists of Garments shop, Jewellery, retail shops, shopping malls and grocery. 68.28 percent respond received from the customers in the form of questionnaire through retail shops. Most of the retail shops provide modern look equipments, developed physical facilities, clean, attractive stores, prompt services and trust with safe transactions. Keywords: Retail, Industry, Customer, Yavatmal, Stores Introduction: The word ‘retail’ is derived from the French word retailer, meaning ‘to cut a piece-off’ or ‘to break bulk’. In most simple terms, it implies a firsthand transaction with the customer. The term retail refers to the sale of goods or commodities in small quantities directly to consumers. Thus, a retailer is a company or an organization that purchases products from individuals or companies with the intent to resell those goods and services to the ultimate, or final, consumer. Yavatmal district formerly known as Yeotmal, is a district of the Indian state of Maharashtra. It is located in the region of Vidarbha, in the east-central part of the state. Yavatmal town is the administrative headquarters of this district. Yavatmal district is bounded on the north by Amravati District, to the northeast by Wardha District, to the east by Chandrapur District, to the south by Andhra Pradesh state and Nanded District, to the southwest by Hingoli District, and to the west by Washim District in Maharashtra, India The Indian Retail sector has come off age and has gone through major transformation over the last decade with a noticeable shift towards organised retailing. A T Kearney, a US Based global management consulting firm has ranked India as the fourth most attractive nation for retail investment among 30 flourishing markets. The retail market is expected to reach a whooping Rs. 47 lakh crore by 2016-17, as it expands at a compounded annual growth rate of 15 per cent, accordingly to the ‘Yes Bank - Assocham’ study. The retail market, (including organised and unorganised retail), was at Rs. 23 lakh crore in 2011-12. According to the study, organised retail, that comprised just seven per cent of the overall retail market in 2011-12, is expected to grow at a CAGR of 24 per cent and attain 10.2 per cent share of the total retail sector by 2016-17. In terms of sheer space, the organised retail supply in 2013 was about 4.7 million square feet (sq ft). This showed a 78 per cent increase over the total mall supply of just 2.5 million sq ft in 2012. “Favourable demographics, increasing urbanisation, nuclearisation of families, rising affluence amid consumers, growing preference for branded products and higher aspirations are other factors which will drive retail consumption in India,” said DS Rawat, Assocham Secretary General.

Definitional Analysis: Retailing is a set of activities that markets products or services to final consumers for their own personal and household use. It does this by organizing their availability on a relatively large scale and supplying them to consumers on relatively small scale. Any business that directs its marketing efforts towards satisfying the final consumer based upon, the organization of selling goods and services as a means of distribution. David



Gilbert has defined retail as any business that directs it marketing efforts towards satisfying the final consumer based upon the organisation of selling goods and services as a means of distribution. Retail classification: Retail industry can be broadly classified into two categories namely- organised and unorganised retail. Organized retail - Organised traders/retailers, who are licensed for trading activities and registered to pay taxes to the government. Unorganized retail – It consists of unauthorized small shops - conventional Kirana shops, general stores, corner shops among various other small retail outlets - but remain as the radiating force of Indian retail industry.

Market Dynamics: In the past few years, Indian Retail sector has seen tremendous growth in the organised segment. Major domestic players have stepped into the retail arena with long term, ambitious plans to expand their business across verticals, cities and formats. Companies like Tata, Reliance, Adani Enterprise and Bharti have been investing considerably in the booming Indian Retail market. Along with these giant retailers, a number of transnational brands have also entered into the market to set up retail chains in close association with bigger Indian companies. High consumer spending over the years by the young population (more than 31% of the country is below 14 years) and sharp rise in disposable income are driving the Indian organised retail sector’s growth. Even Tier I & Tier II cities and towns are witnessing a major shift in consumer preferences and lifestyles, the result of which, they have emerged as attractive markets for retailers to expand their presence. The Indian retail sector is highly fragmented and the unorganised sector has around 13 million retail outlets that account for around 95-96% of the total Indian retail industry. However, going forward, the organised sector’s growth potential is expected to increase due to globalisation, high economic growth, and improved lifestyle. Although the growth potential in the sector is immense, there are obstacles too, that could slow the pace of growth for new entrants. Rigid regulations, high personnel costs, real estate costs, lack of basic infrastructure, and highly competitive domestic retailer groups are some such challenges.

Objectives of the study:

The allied objectives were as following: 1. To study current status of organized and unorganised retail industry in India. 2. To know various product categories sold in organized and unorganised retail stores in Yavatmal

district. 3. To study various challenges for current retail industry in Yavatmal district. 4. To know customer buying behaviour when they are engaged in buying process in Yavatmal district

in Maharashtra. Scope of the study: The geographical scope of the study covers 16 talukas in Yavatmal district in Maharashtra. The analytical scope covers fulfillment of objectives set for the study. The functional scope covers meaningful suggestions for the organized and unorganised retail industry. Research Methodology: The sample consists of Garments shop (53.75 percent f the sample), Jewellery (2.08 percent of the sample) retail shops (1.66 percent of the sample) shopping malls (1.25 percent of the sample) and grocery (41.25 percent of the sample) The median floor area of the shops equals 200 square feet, with annual sales of Rs 100,000 and growing at a rate of 10.5 percent per annum. The number of employees (excluding the manager) per store averages 6.63, a figure highly inflated by a handful of large stores. About 17.92 percent of the stores are run by the owner/manager with no additional employees; 29.17 percent have 1-5 employees; and 25.83 percent have 6-10 employees and 27.08 percent have more than 10 employees. Over 82 percent of the stores have a single owner, and roughly half the stores use rented or leased land (as opposed to owned land). Survey was conducted among customers of 240 retail shops of Yavatmal district.



2500 questionnaire were distributed among customers through stores to know the physical facilities available, behaviour of employees, attractive equipments, cleanliness, customer friendly environment, services provided to the customer, error free sales transactions, employees knowledge, prompt service etc. 1707 questionnaire were received from the survey area i.e 68.28 percent respond received. The customers visited and shared their experiences and feed back about the retail stores.

Table No. 1:Retail Store Evaluation

Sr. No

Statements Strongly Disagree

Some what Disagree

Neutral Some What Agree

Strongly Agree

Total Chi-Square Value

1 This store has modern looking equipments and fixtures

259 (15.17)

159 (9.31)

133 (7.79)

298 (17.46)

858 (50.26)

1707 1038.78

2 The physical facilities at this store are visually appealing

168 (9.84)

219 (12.83)

141 (8.26)

325 (19.04)

854 (50.03)

1707 1020.03

3 Material associated with this store’s service(Such as shopping bags, catalogues or statements) are visually appealing

346 (20.27)

210 (12.30)

161 (9.43)

365 (21.38)

625 (36.61)

1707

383.18

4 This store has clean attractive and convenient public areas

154 (9.02)

156 (9.14)

170 (9.96)

487 (28.53)

740 (43.35)

1707 817.08

5 The store layout at this store makes it easy for customers to find what they need.

568 (33.27)

520 (30.46)

189 (11.07)

324 (18.98)

106 (6.21)

1707

475.07

6 The store layout at this store make it easy for customers to move around the store.

698 (40.89)

541 (31.69)

120 (7.03)

128 (7.50)

220 (12.89)

1707

809.31

7 When this store promises to do something by a certain time it will do so.

267 (15.64)

449 (26.30)

154 (9.02)

369 (21.62)

468 (27.42)

1707

202.17

8 This store provides its services at the time it promises to do so.

281 (16.46)

324 (18.98)

171 (10.02)

369 (21.62)

562 (32.92)

1707 241.40

9 This store performs the service right the first time.

541 (31.69)

483 (28.30)

136 (7.97)

224 (13.12)

323 (18.92)

1707 340.37

10 This store has merchandise available when the customer want it.

632 (37.02)

521 (30.52)

186 (10.90)

128 (7.50)

240 (14.06)

1707

376.08

11 This store insist on error free sales transaction and records.

101 (5.92)

169 (9.90)

238 (13.94)

529 (30.99)

670 (39.25)

1707 707.02

12 Employees in this store 89 126 215 625 652 1707 887.47



have the knowledge to answer the customer questions.

(5.21) (7.83) (12.60) (36.61) (38.20)

13 The behaviour of employees in this store instill confidence in customers.

59 (3.46)

158 (9.26)

241 (14.12)

638 (37.38)

611 (35.79)

1707

832.22

14 Customers feel safe in their transactions with this stores.

51 (2.99)

126 (7.38)

157 (9.20)

547 (32.04)

826 (48.39)

1707 1294.20

15 Employees in this store give prompt service to the customers.

21 (1.23)

154 (9.02)

161 (9.43)

752 (44.05)

619 (36.26

1707 1218.43

16 Employees in this store tell customers exactly when services will be performed.

19 (1.11)

89 (5.21)

157 (9.20)

892 (52.26)

550 (32.22)

1707

1606.18

( ) Indicates Percentage Expected Frequency of each cell = 341.4 DF = 4, Chi-square table value at 0.05 level of significant = 9.49

Null Hypothesis – Customers are not satisfied with the retail store facilities and services. The table value of X2 for 4 degree of freedom at 5 percent level of significant is 9.488. The calculated value (critical value) of X2 for all the statement in the table is more than the table value. Therefore the null hypothesis is rejected. There is a significant difference in these statements. Customers are satisfied with the retail stores facilities and services.

Findings & Conclusion: Data depicts that customers agree with the statement 1,2,3,4,7,8,11,12,13,14,15 and 16 while customers disagree with the statement 5,6,9,10 given in the table. It can be concluded that most of the retail shops providing modern look equipments, developing physical facilities, clean, attractive stores, prompt services , trust and safe transactions. Customers are also looking for convenience in shopping. This would continue more strongly in future. With more dual income families, the consumer’s ability to spend will increase, but at the same time, it is predicted that the time available for shopping will go down. In such a scenario, the retailers will have to take steps to develop shopping as an experience, though the more successful retailers will be those that will provide faster services. References:

1. David Gilbert (1999) Retail marketing Management. Prentice hall. p. 356 2. Amin, Mohammad. (2007). Labor Productivity and Competition in India’s Retail Stores.

Mimeograph;available at www.enterprisesurveys.org 3. Finn, A., & Louviere, J. (1996). Shopping center image, consideration and choice:Anchor store

contribution. Journal of Business Research, 35(3), 241-51. 4. Hansen, T. (2003). Intertype competition: Specialty food stores competing with supermarkets.

Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 10(1), 35-49. 5. Hu, H., & Jasper, C. (2006). Social cues in the store environment and their impact on store image.

International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management,34(1), 25. 6. Amin, Mohammad (2010) Challenges of Retailing in India. Research Report. World bank Group

Enterprise note no. 10.International Finance Corporation.

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http://www.enterprisesurveys.org/



ROLE OF ADVERTISEMENT IN FRAMING CONSUMER’S PERCEPTION- AN OVERVIEW

Aditya M. Rai M.Com Smt. Kesharbai Lahoti College.

Abstract This study explores the piece of work done by the advertising industry to frame a positive perception of consumer towards the advertisement. Advertisement is a form of communication aim to convince a consumer to buy or to look after a product, information or service etc. this paper investigates a relationship between advertisement and the perception of consumers. There has been a rapid expansion of thetelevision and satellite television in the 1990s but print is still the dominant media. The profile of most advertisedproducts is dominated by advertising for personal products. It plays an important role in shaping dreams and aspirations and help customer to take buying decision effectively. The impact of advertisement is so high that that some products or brands will hold a stronger position in the mind of the customers compared to others from the same category.Advertising also helps in creating Top of the Mind Awareness of a brand and aims at facilitating brand recall. The focus of this paper is to understand how advertisement is framing the buying behaviour of consumers. Introduction Today almost everyone is well aware of the advertisement; one grows up in the world which is flooded with the media for example television, radio, magazines, newspaper, videos, billboards, internet etc. advertisement means making thing known to the people commercially. Advertisement is a powerful weapon to attract consumers. It is renowned for its long lasting impact on consumer’s mind. Basically advertisement is a subset of promotion mix which is one of the 4P’s in the marketing mix product, promotion, price and place. It is used as promotional strategy. It serves as a major tool in creating awareness in the mind of a potential consumer to take purchase decision. Advertisements are messages by those who send them and are intended to inform or influence people who receive them. It is mostly present, though people may not be aware of it. The advertising industry consists of companies that advertise agencies that create advertisements, media that carries the message, and a host of people like copy editors, brand managers, visualizers, creative heads, researchers and designers who take it to the last mile to consumer or the receiver. Advertisement is designed to promote the particular interest of a definite person, caused, or the sale of product. It can be rightly concluded that without advertisement producers will find it extremely difficult to promote their product. In ancient time, we came to know that oral publicity was accepted and the message was carried out by hawkers. However, in recent time publicity with help of print, internet, media is more extensive form of advertisement. The role of advertisement in today’s commercial world is immense. Advertising is a way to showcase a product or a service and offer a vast choice in terms to consumers in terms of what they are offered and what they can choose to purchase. It can lead a consumer to grasp the best in the market at the best price. Today, it is unlikely to expect that consumers will spend their money buying products of which they haven’t heard a thing. People get to know what is available in the market at what price and they choose accordingly. The basic objective of this research is to assess the influence of advertisement on the perception of the consumers. Types of Advertisement Targeted on Customers

To Inform a. telling the market about the new product b. Suggesting new user for the product c. Informing the market of price change



d. Explaining how the products works e. Describing available service f. Building company image

To Persuade a. Building brand preference b. Encouraging switching brand c. Changing customers perception of a product attribute d. Persuading customers to purchase e. Persuading a customer to receive a sales call

To Remind a. Reminding consumers that the product may be needed in near future b. Reminding them where to but it c. Reminding how to check for quality d. Keeping in their minds during off seasons e. Maintaining its top of mind awareness

Literature review Adelaar et al (2003) as a promotional strategy advertising provides a major tool in creating product awareness and condition the mind of a potential consumer to take final purchase decision. As advertiser’s primary mission is to reach potential customers and influence their awareness, attitudes and buying behaviour. Barbie Clarke and SivsSvanaes (2012) in their thesis “Digital Marketing and advertising to children: a literature review” argued that the new forms of digital marketing challenge the methods previously employed to study children and advertising. DhanshriPatil(2011) conclude that increasing trend of newspaper in India shows that it wins to stay in the stiff competition faced from electronic media. In western countries like United States and United Kingdom newspaper circulation is falling due to social and technological changes in print media but the people from developed countries use advanced form of print media such as online newspaper on the internet. Elizabeth Wright, Nile Khanfar, Catherine Hrrington and Fee Kizer(2010) has mentioned that the important thing is that the marketers should remain on the lookout and be ready to jump into new opportunities and maintain relationship with innovative leaders such as connectors, mavens and salespeople. Lynne Ciochetto (2004) conclude in his research paper “Advertising and globalization in India” that television and satellite television has been eroding the market dominance of print advertising in the 1990. But, print is still the largest source of media, including newspapers and magazines, which have expanded considerably in the 1990. Molly K. McGowan (2010) has stated that a trend is emerging where educational foundations and services support podcasters and advertise the fact that they are underwriters on podcasts. Swati Bisht (2013) concluded that there is a positive relationship between TV advertisements and youth purchase. She also concluded consumers purchase products by emotional response rather than environmental response. Advertisements on TV have an impact on the trial of the product by consumer. Hypothesis 1) There is a positive relationship between advertisement and consumer behaviour. 2) Using social networking sites producers attract more customers. Objectives of the Study 1) To study the impact of advertisements on buying behaviour of consumer. 2) To study the impact of social networking sites on advertising. 3) To evaluate the impact of globalization on advertising industry.



Scope of the Study The Inferences from the study are based on the responses given by the consumers in a specific area. This study will be helpful in getting an insight into the perception of Consumers on Advertisements. Research Methodology Research design The present study is based on both primary data and secondary data. The primary data was collected through structured questionnaire for which samples of 100 respondents were taken into consideration. The collected samples using convenient sampling method was validated and took it for further analysis. Secondary data is also been collected from database sites, articles, journals, thesis, etc. Area of the study The respondents are randomly selected for this study from Amravati city. Sampling Technique Random sampling and convenient sampling techniques of probability is used. In which 100 consumers were shared up for the present study. Data Usage Primary data is used for analysis and interpretation only. Conclusion has been drawn taking into consideration both the primary and secondary data also verbal knowledge and information provided by the respondents which is outside the parameters of questionnaire. Data Analysis and Interpretation

Questions No. of respondents

Yes No

Are you interested in watching good advertisements? 100 80 20

Do you think some Ad’s are extremely annoying? 100 70 30

Do Ad’s have some message? 100 40 60

Is Ad beneficial? 100 85 15

Does Ad have some effect on you? 100 80 20

Are Ad visually appealing and engaging? 100 95 05

Do you felt convinced about the Ad and bought the product? 100 65 35

Did the Ad change your opinion and prejudices on a product or a service?

100 55 45

What kind of impact does the social networking sites are having on advertisement?

100 90 10

What kind of impact Ad’s have on buying behaviour of consumers?

100 70 30

Conclusion Though there are various flaws, advertisement manages to throw positive impact on the buying behaviour of consumers. At times on the basis of incomplete information, consumers incur a risk in purchase or non purchase decision. A purchase decision can be considered as an optimization process through which buyers seek the product or the brand that will yield the greatest satisfaction. The convenience of choice provided by the advertisement can be considered as the most satisfying and desirable attribute at different levels. This view of the role of additional information in consumer purchase decision has implications for advertising. The blend of advertising and social networking site is remarkable. Advertisement has very well coped up with the growing technology in the modern world. Globalization has opened new ways for advertising industry. An advertisement reaching a potential buyer while the buyer is seeking information will have a greater impact, since the buyerspared the time and effort needed to seek out this information himself and is less likely to turn to competing brand advertisements to obtain the additional information. Advertisement has also changed the perception of various customers. Overall, we can conclude that the role of advertisement is framing a positive outlook on the perception of buyers.



Refernce Abideen, Z. UI.,&Saleem, S. Effective advertising and its influence on consumer buying behavior.European Journal of Business and Management, Vol 3, No.3, 55-66. Bijmolt, T. H. A., Claassen, W., &Brus, B. (1998).Children’s Understanding of TV Advertising: Effect of Age, Gender, and Parental Influence.Journal of Consumer Policy, 21, 171-194. Bisht, S. (2013).Impact of TV Advertisement on the Youth purchase Decision- Literature Review.International Monthly Refereed Journal of Research In Management & Technology, Vol II. 148-153. Kumar, D. P., &Raju, V. K. (2013). The Role of Advertising in Consumer Decision Making. IOSR Journal of Business and Management, Vol 14 (4), 37-45. McGowan, M. K. (2010). The Unexplored New Medium: Recent Trends in Podcast Advertising. The Elon Journal of Undergraduate Research in Communication, Vol 1 (2), 97-111. Patil, D. M. (2011).Recent Trends of Print Media in Development Communication.Commentry Global Media Journal, Vol 2 (2), 1-20. Sheoliha (2007). Kids: A Bull’s Eye for Advertisers Today.Advertising Express, June, pp. 39-42. Stern, H. (1962). The Significance of Impulse Buying Today.Journal of Marketing, 26, 59-62. Wright, E., Khanfar, N. M., Harrington, C., &Kizer, L. E. (2010). The Lasting Effects of Social Media Trends on Advertising. Journal of Business & Economics Research, Vol 8, 11-73. http://www.rockresearch.com/understanding-consumer-decision-making-with-means-end-research http://answers.mheducation.com/marketing/consumer-behavior/consumer-decision-making http://wiki.answers.com/Q/The_role_of_advertising_in_consumer_decision_making_in_the_telecommunication_industry

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A ROLE OF BUSINESS GAMES IN DEVELOPING LEADERSHIP SKILLS OF MBA STUDENTS OF SELECT MANAGEMENT INSTITUTES IN PUNE CITY.

Mrs. Payal Shreepal Samdariya Assistant Professor

Dr. Tariq Imam Syed Associate Professor

ABTRACT Modern business is on a victorious march through tracking changes via hard work from the most efficient business leaders. The growing influence of global culture and workforce diversity makes the task of being an effective leader that much more challenging. Business games help in developing such Leadership qualities of students. It is now being widely used as a teaching device in Management Education. It is designed to provide students with practice in areas where real world experimentation would be impractical. Because of the high degree of emotional and psychological involvement of the players in such Business games, they are now highly receptive to learning various Managerial Competencies. Keywords: Business games, Leadership skills, Learning, Business, Management Education INTRODUCTION In today’s globally competitive market, change is the only unchanging features. Everything surrounding us changes with the passage of time to be in line with modernization. The ongoing business environment is no exception when it comes to this trend. Modern business is on a victorious march through tracking changes via hard work from the most efficient business leaders. Effective leaders adopt strategies and techniques to try to win or take the lead in the competitive market, which is ultimately a game of “survival of the fittest.” In both good and bad times, there is always a need for quality leadership. The success of a business or an industry is mostly dependent on the leaders it gets or inherits. The successful implementation of desired leadership techniques is crucial for meeting the changing demands in business ABOUT THE LEADERSHIP Leadership is the potential to influence behavior of others. It is a process by which an executive can direct, guide and influence the behavior and work of others towards accomplishment of specific goals in a given situation. It is the ability of a manager to induce the subordinates to work with confidence and zeal for realization of a goal. According to Keith Davis, “Leadership is the ability to persuade others to seek defined objectives enthusiastically. It is the human factor which binds a group together and motivates it towards goals.” Leadership is an important function of management which helps to maximize efficiency and to achieve organizational goals. The following points justify the importance of leadership in a concern.

1. Initiates action- Leader is a person who starts the work by communicating the policies and plans to the subordinates from where the work actually starts.

2. Motivation- A leader proves to be playing an incentive role in the concern’s working. He perform their work effectively and efficiently.

3. Creating confidence- Confidence is an important factor which can be achieved through expressing the work efforts to the subordinates, explaining them clearly their role and giving them guidelines to achieve the goals effectively. It is also important to hear the employees with regards to their complaints and problems.

4. Building morale- Morale denotes willing co-operation of the employees towards their work and getting them into confidence and winning their trust. A leader can be a morale booster by achieving full co-operation so that they perform with best of their abilities as they work to achieve goals.



BUSINESS AND LEADERSHIP A leader overnight is not made, created or born. The growing influence of global culture and workforce diversity makes the task of being an effective leader that much more challenging. In a very simple and straightforward manner, leadership is all about energizing people toward a specific goal. Few things are more important to human activity than leadership. Effective leadership helps our nation through times of peril. It makes a business organization successful. It enables a not-for-profit organization to fulfill its mission. The effective leadership of parents enables children to grow strong and healthy and become productive adults. The absence of leadership is equally dramatic in its effects. Without leadership, organizations move too slowly, stagnate, and lose their way. After a decision is made, an organization faces the problem of implementation—how to get things done in a timely and effective way. Problems of implementation are really issues about how leaders influence behavior, change the course of events, and overcome resistance. Leadership is crucial in implementing decisions successfully. BUSINESS GAMES

Business game is also called business Simulation game that are used as an educational tool for teaching business. Business games may be carried out for various business training such as: general management, finance, organizational behaviour, human resources, etc.

A business game has been defined as "a game with a business environment that can lead to one or both of the following results: the training of players in business skills (hard and/or soft) or the evaluation of players’ performances (quantitatively and/or qualitatively)"

Business games are used as a teaching method in Universities, and more particularly in business schools, but also for executive education. It is considered to be an innovative learning method (Aldrich 2004), and are often computer-based. Business games are also used within companies for management training and development (Faria 1990). The most frequently reported advantages in the literature on business games are the immediate feedback, active participation of students, learning from the experience, observation of the key factors in an on-the-job situation, preparation for the uncertainty of business and the high motivation to learn created by the competitive environment OBJECTIVES

1. To study and understand the importance Leadership skills in Corporate 2. To study how Business Games help in developing Leadership skills of MBA students 3. To Evaluate the effectiveness of Business Games on students learning Leadership skills

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY A descriptive research methodology was used for this study. Surveys were used to obtain data from students of MBA programme about themselves, their opinions about Business games in developing Leadership skills. Such surveys are comprised of structured questions designed to gather information by examining systematically identified population samples. For these reasons, the researcher chose a descriptive research methodology and designed a questionnaire survey instrument to assess the opinions of MBA students of Pune city regarding developing their Leadership skills through Business games. Sample For this study, nine Management institutes of Pune city were identified by the researcher. The methodology for this study was a Stratified Random Sample. This study collects data from 50 respondents performing a Business simulation exercise to achieve the research objectives. Respondents took part in the Business Game in teams and were required to manage a business in the global scenario.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universities

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_schools

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_education

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_game#CITEREFAldrich2004

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_game#CITEREFFaria1990



DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION 1. Played Business Games before this?

Table No 1

YES NO

82 % 18 %

It was observed that 82 % students have already played Business Games in past while 18 % have never played Business games before this. This implies that Business games being a very important part teaching pedagogy, still most of the Management institutes are not organizing such Business games for student’s learning Table No 2

QUESTIONS STRONGLY

DISAG

REE

DISAGREE NEUTRAL AGREE STRONGLY

AGREE

2.DO YOU THINK YOU HAVE LEADERSHIP QUALITIES? 4% 6 % 22 % 32 % 36 %

3.DID YOU ADDRESS THE PROBLEM WHENEVER IT ARISE? 2 % 8% 26 % 34 % 30 %

4.DO YOU THINK MANAGING PEOPLE IS ONE OF YOUR

STRENGTHS? 6 % 4 % 36 % 36 % 18 %

5.DID YOU MOTIVATE GROUP MEMBERS TO DO THEIR BEST? 4 % 4 % 24 % 42 % 26 %

6.DID YOU ENCOURAGE, LISTEN AND APPRECIATE GROUP

MEMBER’S OPINION? 2 % 2 % 22 % 36 % 38 %

7.DO YOU THINK LEADERSHIP SKILLS ARE IMPORTANT FACET OF

CORPORATE? 4 % 2 % 22 % 34 % 38 %

8.DO YOU THINK BUSINESS GAMES ARE INSTRUMENTAL IN

HIGHLIGHTING THE IMPORTANCE OF LEADERSHIP IN

CORPORATE LIFE?

4 % 4 % 20 % 48 % 24 %

9.LEARNING LEADERSHIP SKILLS THROUGH BUSINESS GAME IS

MORE EFFECTIVE 4 % 4 % 18 % 34 % 40 %

10.‘GOOD LEADERSHIP PAVES WAY TO SUCCESS’ DO YOU AGREE? 4 % 2 % 16 % 36 % 42 %

2. It was evident from the question no 3 that 36 % students strongly agree that they have Leadership qualities in them, followed by 32 % agree and 6 % disagree to this. This indicates that most of the students have Leadership skills innate them. 3. It was noticed that 34 % students agree that they addressed the problem whenever it aroused in the activity, followed by 30 % Strongly agree and 2 % Strongly disagree to this. 4. It has been observed that majority of the students (36 %) Agree as well as Neutral that managing people is their strengths while 6 % Strongly disagree to this. 5. The data presented in the above table indicates that 42 % students agree that they motivated their group members to do their best in the activity while 4 % Strongly disagree as well as disagree to this. 6. It was noticed that 38 % students Strongly agree that they encouraged, listened and appreciated group members in the activity while only 2 % Strongly disagree to this. 7. The data presented indicates that 38 % and 34 % students Strongly Agree and Agree respectively that leadership skills are important facet of corporate. Only 2 % students are Disagreeing to it. This shows that majority of the students understand and agrees to the importance of Leadership skills in corporate.



8. It was noticed that 48 % students Agree that Business Games are instrumental in highlighting the importance of leadership in corporate life and only 4 % are Strongly Disagree and Disagree about this. While 20 % are Neutral about this. 9. It was evident from the question no 11 that 40% students Strongly agree that learning leadership skills through Business game is more effective, followed by 34 % for Agree and 18 % students are Neutral. 10. It is observed from the above table that 42% students Strongly agree that Good Leadership paves way to success’ and 2 % Disagree to this.

Table No 3

QUESTIONS YES NO

LEADERSHIP SKILLS ARE REQUIRED TO BE A BETTER MANAGER? 90 % 10 %

LEADERSHIP SKILLS ARE IN BORN? 46 % 54 %

DEVELOP THEM WITH THE TIME? 54 % 46 %

CAN THEY BE DEVELOPED THROUGH BUSINESS GAMES? 74 % 26 %

BUSINESS GAME IS THE ONLY TEACHING METHODOLOGY WHICH TEACHES

YOU LEADERSHIP SKILLS? 4 % 96 %

From the above table it is 90 % students said yes that Leadership skills are required to be a better manager. 74 % students agree that Leadership skills can be developed through business games and of course 96 % students disagree that Business game is the only teaching methodology which teaches them Leadership skills FINDINGS The study showed that the nature of the Business Games and team dynamics affected learning and performance of the MBA students. The extent to which students perceived the Business Games as reflective of real life situations was positively associated with learning. Business games are increasingly becoming an instructional methodology in Management institutes. For Management institutes, results suggest that business games are effective tools for learning Leadership Skills. The use of a Business Game in learning Leadership Skills gives students the opportunity to experience the real life Business situation with some degree of realism. Business games and simulations appear to be an effective pedagogical tool at the post graduate level. This management game puts the players in a competitive situation in which the role of the managers who have to find out the most successful strategy.

It was found that leadership skills are important aspect of corporate world. It makes a business organization successful.

Highest percentage of MBA students were agreeing that Business Games were instrumental in highlighting the importance of leadership in corporate life.

40% students Strongly agree that learning leadership skills through Business game is more effective.

MBA students were very positive about developing Leadership skills through business games.

They enjoyed and actively participated in learning Leadership through Business Game. CONCLUSION Business games are now being widely used as a teaching device. They are now considered standard in Management education. The games are designed to provide students with practice in areas where real world experimentation would be impractical. They allow for experimentation. Because of the high degree of emotional and psychological involvement of the players in such Business games, they are now highly receptive to learning new ideas. Many of the techniques and concepts which we feel can be learned by playing business games. In summing up, it must be emphasized that business games are not yet a panacea for Management education. Many areas which are of extreme importance to the manager are not adequately incorporated



in either the object or the context of existing games. While business games, whether of the conventional or the game case variety, may be valuable as part of a Management education curricultun or as part of an executive training program, we have a long way to go until the day that these games can provide for a complete education. REFERENCE

http://managementstudyguide.com/leadership_basics.htm

http://www.cafanet.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=qwswE8roe74=

http://www.divinecaroline.com/life-etc/career-money/meaning-and-essence-leadership-business

https://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newLDR_41.htm

http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-82098-1946/unrestricted/chapter3.pdf

Simulation games in business policy courses by Walters, Bruce A., Coalter, Terry M. in the Journal of Education fro Business Jan 1997, Vol. 72

The Role of management Games in Education and Research by Kalman J. Cohen and Eric Rhenman

Management Simulations : determining their effectiveness by Adobor, Henry in Journal of Management Development 2006, Vol. 25

***

http://managementstudyguide.com/leadership_basics.htm

http://www.cafanet.com/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=qwswE8roe74

http://www.divinecaroline.com/life-etc/career-money/meaning-and-essence-leadership-business

https://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newLDR_41.htm

http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-82098-1946/unrestricted/chapter3.pdf



EFFECT OF RUPEE DEPRECIATION ON COMMONMAN

Heena R. Buddhadev

Smt.Kesharbai Lahoti Mahavidyalaya, Amravati.

Abstract This paper presents the effect of rupee depreciation on common man. The main focus of the research was on change in pattern of spending and savings of people who are getting affected by rupee depreciation. Currency depreciation is severely affecting the economy of our country and eventually its residents are getting affected due to drastic change in their monthly budget. For stock market investors, things have turned worse. The fall in the value of Indian currency has several consequences which could have mixed effects on Indian economy and its residents. The study showed that after currency depreciation people are grappling with inflated prices of the commodities which they use in their day to day life and the change in their spending and savings trends, a falling rupee will pinch students who are planning to go abroad or are presently studying outside India. This paper studies the real implications of the depreciation of the rupee on the Indian Nationals and the steps taken by government to stem itsfall. Index Terms- Effect of Rupee Depreciation, Steps to stem fall of rupee, Causes of rupeedepreciation. INTRODUCTION

decrease in the value of a currency with respectto othercurrencies. This means that the depreciatedcurrencyisworthfewerunitsofsomeothercurrency.Whiledepreciationmeans a reduction in value, it can be advantageous as itmakes exports in the depreciated currency less expensive.Toputitdifferently,ifoneUSdollarcanbuy45INRstoday,andcanbuy 60 INRs tomorrow; INR would have depreciated by33percent. The opposite logic holds true for acurrencyappreciation.But what exactly determines the value of a currency? Itisthedemand and supply. If more people demand say, US dollar, the value of it goes up relative to the INR, andvice-versa. As the S&P BSE Sensex is plunging every other day coupled with the free fall of rupee, there is little any one can do. If the depreciation in rupee continues, it will further increase inflation, because of this extreme fear people across all age groups have started saving more which is good news for banks as banks are grappling with the tight liquidity. The volatility in the stock market, the continuing decline of the rupee, and rising yields in government bonds reveal investors’ lack of faith that the Indian government is in control of the situation due to which investment cycle is in its bottom stage which is putting pressure on Indiancurrency.

CAUSES OF RUPEEFALL High Current AccountDeficit: CAD occurs when a country's total imports of goods, services and transfers is greater than the country's total export of goods, services and transfers. This situation makes a country a net debtor to the rest of the world. The High current account deficit is putting a lot of pressure on rupee. The CAD reached to 4.8% of GDP which has breached the comfort level of 2.5% of GDP as mentioned by RBI in 2012-13. The Primary reason for ballooning CAD is high imports as compared withExports. India is Importing crude oil as our country can only produce 20% of the demand , rest 80% is being imported from different oil Producing countries first being Saudi Arabia followed by Iraq. The steadily worsening balance of payments (BoP) outlook has been a central point of concern to not only RBI, but to the finance ministry as well. According to the minister of commerce Mr. Anand Sharma Total import of crude oil is $150 Billion and the import of Gold is $60 billion. The total current account deficit is $150 in 2012-13. The facts show that fertilizer imports surged by 30% in the last two years and coal imports have doubled. Therefore, the problem of CAD continues topersist.



With the reduction in exports and an increase in imports, on one hand the current account deficit has swelled while on the other, the fiscal deficit is also expected to be above the comfort levels due to increased subsidy by government. A slowdown in the global economy has drastically reduced the demand for Indian goods andservices. The fall in commodity prices on the other hand have increased imports which resulted in an imbalance between payments and receipts. S R Rao, India’s trade secretary said that India is unlikely to achieve the export target of $ 350bn which could result in higher current account deficit due to which there will be fall in rupeevalue. A large fiscal deficit forces central bank (RBI) to print more money and encourage inflation. This further hurts the rupee value. Less FDI coming toIndia: The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) june 2013 pointed out that the foreign direct investment in India gone down by 29% to $26 billion in 2012. When dollars come into India through the foreign direct investment (FDI) route they need to be exchanged for INR. Hence, dollars are being sold and rupees are bought. This pushes up the demand for INR, when we increase the supply of dollars, it helps rupee gain value against the dollar or at least hold stable. In 2012, the FDI coming into India has fallen dramatically. The situation is likely to continue in the near shortterm. The corruption scandals revealed in the 2G and the coalgate scam hasn’t improved India’s image abroad. In fact in the 2G scam telecom licenses have been cancelled and the message that was sent to the foreign investors was that India as a country can go back on policy decisions. This is something that no big investor who is willing to put a lot of money at stake, likes to hear. Opening up multi-brand retail sector was government’s other big plan for getting FDI into the country. In September 2012, the government had allowed foreign investors to invest upto 51% in multi-brand retail sector. But between then and now not even a single global retail company has filed an application with the Foreign Investment Promotion Board (FIPB), which scrutinizes FDIproposals. This scenario doesn’t look like it is changing as still foreign investors struggle to make sense of the regulations as they stand today. Dollars that come in through the FDI route come in for the long run as they are used to set up new industries and factories or to have joint venture in existing companies. This money cannot be withdrawn overnight like the money invested in the stock market and the bond market byFIIs. Unreasonably HighImports: Love for gold by Indians has been prime reason behind significant demand for the dollar. Gold is bought and sold internationally in dollars. India extracts very little gold on its own and hence has to import almost all the gold that is required in the country. When gold is imported into the country, the payment has to be done in dollars, thus pushing up the demand for dollars. As many have argued in the past that there is some logic for the love that Indians have had for gold. A major reason behind Indians buy gold is high inflation. Consumer price inflation is still very high. Also, with the marriage season around the corner for the next few months, the demand for gold is likely to go increase. India imported record 162 Tonnes of Gold in May’13, what can also add to the demand is the recent fall in price of gold, which will get those buyers who preferred to stay away from gold because of the rising price, back to the market. All this



means a higher demand for dollars. Gold is the 2ndlargest commodity after crude being imported by theGovt. Also India has been importing a huge amount of coal lately to run its thermal power plants. India’s coal imports drasticallygrew by 43% to 16.77 MT in May’13, as compared to the same period in 2012. Importing coal again shows increased demandfor dollars. The irony is that India got huge coal reserves which are still not being extracted. The common logic here is to blame Coal India Ltd, which more or less has had a monopoly to produce coal in country. The government has tried to bring private sector investment in the coal sector but that has been done in a haphazard manner which resulted in the Coalgate scam. This has delayed the process of bigger role that the private sector could have played in the mining of coal and thus led to lower coal imports. The situation cannot be improvedovernight. The major reason for this is that the expertise to get a coal mine up and running in India has been limited to Coal India till now. To develop the similar expertise in the private sector will take time and till then India should continue to import coal, which will needdollars. Historical Value of ExchangeRate



Indian currency i.e. rupee has been in news because of recent fall against the dollar. Rupee has fallen more than 15% in just 3 months’ time against dollar. India rupee has been depreciating against dollar for long time now. Post liberalization, the fall in the rupee against dollar has been rather steep. It is important to note that rupee has started falling against dollar more frequently after partial convertibility of rupee was introduced. The partial convertibility gave it more elbow room to automatically adjust against thedollar.

RESEARCHOBJECTIVES The research paper emphasizes on the effect of currency depreciation on common man and the main objectives is to find the change in pattern of spending and savings due to depreciation in the value of Rupee in spite of the steps taken by government and RBI to curb the fall of Indianrupee. RESEARCHMETHODOLOGY The present study is exploratory as well as descriptive in context of currency depreciation. The primary data for the study was collected from different background of people like students, working employees, housewives. These people were approached with a structured questionnaire and they requested to participate in the study. The secondary data was collected from reliable database of Reserve bank of India, SEBI and besides this data was also extracted from websites of different leading newspapers andmagazines. As the population covered was large, sample size of 126 individuals belonging to different fields, classes, age groups were taken. Though respondents name and contact details are recorded for research verification purpose, but each of them was assured of his/heranonymity. STEPS TAKEN TO CURB THE RUPEEFALL India's regulators toughen rules for derivatives trading in currencymarkets. Regulators toughened rules for derivatives trading in the currency market in a order to check the steep decline of the Indian rupee, which fell to a record low against the dollar on 8thJuly. The RBI, in a notification issued late on 8thJuly, restricted banks from proprietary trading in domestic currency futures and the exchange-traded optionsmarket. In a separate order, SEBI doubled the margin requirement on the domestic dollar-rupee forward trade, which means investors will now have to pay two times as much in margins for a transaction at the time of the trade itself. SEBI said in a circular that it has reduced the exposure that brokers and their clients can take on currency derivatives and also doubled their margins on dollar-rupee contracts. The exposure to all currency contracts for a broker has been capped at 15% of their overall exposure or $50 million, whichever islower. SEBI said that the new norms will come into force from July 11 and the changes have been decided in consultation with RBI because of recent turbulent phase of extreme volatility in USD-INR exchange rate.



The current exposure limits for brokers and clients were the higher amounts of 15% of their overall exposure or $50 million, and 6% or $10 million, respectively. The margin requirements vary across different categories and they are being revised upwards by 100% of the present rates for rupee-dollar derivativecontracts. RBI directs OMCs to buy dollars from singlePSB. With the rupee depreciating sharply against the US dollar, the RBI on 9th July 2013 ordered state-owned oil companies (OMCs) to purchase their dollar requirements from single public sector bank to curb volatility in the currency. State oil-refiners, who are biggest dollar guzzlers, agreed to implement the RBI order with immediate effect. The OMCs were even willing to accept RBI selling dollars directly to them through a single

window. The RBI issued orders to Indian Oil (IOC), Hindustan Petroleum (HPCL), Bharat Petroleum(BPCL) and Mangalore Refinery (MRPL) to stop seeking quotes from several banks for their USD 8-8.5 billion of monthly US dollar need. Oil firms seeking multiple quotes for their dollar requirement was felt to be one of the prime reasons adding to speculation on demand for the USD and volatility in the localunit. IOC, the nation's largest refiner, will buy their monthly requirement of USD 3.8-4 billion dollars from its official banker State Bank of India. Similarly, BPCL, HPCL and MRPL will buy their dollar requirement from a single particular bank. The decision follows Monday's meeting between RBI and OMCs to discuss measures to control volatility and high fluctuations in the Forexrate. ANALYSIS ANDFINDINGS

Out of total number of people surveyed 40.48% of people have annual income between 5-10 lakhs, 21.43% have annual income between 0-5 lakhs, 15.87% of people have 10-18 lakhs of annual income and rest has more than 18 lakhs per annum ofincome.

While 99% of people surveyed are aware of rupee depreciation and out of these more than 90% of people have started feeling the pinch of currency depreciation. The monthly expenditure of around 44% of people has increased by 5-10%, while the expense of around 10- 15% has been increased for more than 23% of people surveyed, while about 18% of people have said that their daily expense has been increased by10-20%.

Out of above 44% of people whose daily expense has been increased by 5-10% have been severely affected by currency depreciation which is visible by the change in their shopping pattern. Around 44% said that they used to go shopping once in a week before currency got depreciated but now they go once in a month to shop and 16% of people said that they use to go for shopping once in a month and now they go once in a quarter this might be because of increased prices ofgoods.

Those who use to shop once in week almost 76% amongst them now go to market for shopping only once in month, Also those who used to shop once in a month 41% amongst them now goes only once in a quarter to shop in market, this shows that because of increased prices of goods due to currency depreciation in the market.

Out of people who go once in week for shopping, 35.71% used to spend 5000-8000 Rs. And out of these 90% have reduced their shopping expense to 0-5000Rs. 33.33% used to spend 2000-5000 Rs. And 16.6% of people used to spend between0-2000Rs.



While Total of 62% of people surveyed have said that they now do not want to buy gold because of higher import duty imposed on it, because of several duties imposed on it by government, government increased import duty to check the high current accountdeficit.

36% of respondents have said that they invest in stock markets, out of these 55.5% have said that their exposure towards stock market has been reduced, while around 44% of them have said that their exposure towards stock market has been increased, while those who said their exposure towards stock market has been increased it might be possible that they are investing in defensive sectors like IT, Pharmaceutical, FMCG, or since stock market is going down, so few stocks are turning moreattractive.

For those whose exposure towards stock market has increased after currency depreciation 55% out of them have said that they have more disposable income with them now as show by their shopping pattern as earlier they used to spend 2000-5000 Rs and now they spend 5000-8000 Rs. Also 43.75% out of people who said that their exposure to stock market has increase now prefeto buy gold because of their increased income from stockmarket.

Out of total people surveyed 55.56% people have said that they still prefer to buy foreign branded goods and 44.44% have said that they don’t want to buy foreign branded goods after currency depreciation which led to the increase in price of these goods. Out of total people who said that they still want to buy foreign branded goods 55.71% of them go for shopping only once in month and 41.4% of people lies in the bracket of 2000- 5000 Rs of expenditure on their every shoppingvisit.

70.63% of respondents have said that they have started to save more as compared to spending, Out of which 31.4% are service class people, 5.61% are businessman, 37.07% are students and 24.71% are housewives. Also out of total respondents who have started to save more 45% has 5-10 lakhs on annual household income, 20.22% has 0-5 lakhs of income annually, while only 9% of respondents has annual house hold income of more than 30 lakhsrupees.

Because of rupee depreciation economic growth of our country will be affected and will take a downturn, this fact has been agreed by 49% of respondents while 38% have strongly agreed to this, this is because of costlier imports and slow consumption story in the country industrial production has beendecreased.

Because of currency depreciation there would be an upturn in unemployment rate; this fact has been agreed by 20% while 39% have strongly supported this statement, since earnings of companies have been reduced so the employment rate has also been decreased.

LITERATUREREVIEW A research by Fitch rating agency showed the Impact of Rupee Depreciation on Indian Investment-GradeCorporates. Another set of research by Luis-Felipe Zanna in 2006 told Fighting against currency depreciation, macroeconomic instability and sudden stops also In this paper they showed that, in the aftermath of a currency crisis, a government that adjusts the nominal interest rate in response to domestic currency depreciation can induce aggregate instability in the economy by generating self-fulfilling endogenouscycles. Sumanjeet Singh in his research in April 2009 showed Depreciation of the Indian Currency: Implications for the Indian Economy, This paper studies the real implications of the depreciation of the rupee on the Indian economy and shows that in the long run, the Indian economy has more to lose and less to gain with weakerrupee. REFERENCES

[1] Economic Times; http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-08- 14/news/41409812_1_gold-imports-customs-duty-current-account-deficit ; July2013.

[2] Indian Express; http://www.indianexpress.com/news/rbi-moves-to-limited- capital-controls-to-save-rupee/1155564/2 ; July2013.

[3] Economic Times; http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/forex/brazil-steps-up-efforts-to-arrest-real-decline/articleshow/22016545.cms; July2013.

http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-08-

http://www.indianexpress.com/news/rbi-moves-to-limited-

http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/forex/brazil-steps-up-efforts-



[4] Reserve Bank of India. 2013. Available at: http://dbie.rbi.org.in/DBIE/dbie.rbi?site=home;August2013.

[5] Money Control Available at: http://www.moneycontrol.com/news- topic/rupee-depreciation/ ; August2013.

[6] Fitch Ratings Agency research report at: http://indiaratings.co.in/upload/research/specialReports/2012/7/3/fitch03Rupee.pdf ; accessed September2013.

[7] Government of India (2013), Central Statistics Office (CSO) website (http://mospi.nic.in/Mospi_New/site/home.aspx),accessedinJanuary2013.

[8] Reuters, Available at: http://in.reuters.com/article/2013/08/08/india-economy-rupee-rbi-forex-idINDEE97709I20130808;August2013.

[9] DNA, Available at: http://www.dnaindia.com/analysis/1627432/comment-rbi-measures-to-ease-pressure-on-rupee ; August2013.

AUTHORS

First Author – Prof. NavleenKaur, Ph.d(pursuing), MBA,BBA, UGC JRF, UGC NET, Amity International Business School, [email protected]. Second Author – Robin Sirohi, B.Tech, MBA-Pursuing,Amity International Business School,[email protected]

***

http://dbie.rbi.org.in/DBIE/dbie.rbi?site=home

http://www.moneycontrol.com/news-

http://indiaratings.co.in/upload/research/specialReports/2012/7/3/fitch03Ru

http://mospi.nic.in/Mospi_New/site/home.aspx)

http://in.reuters.com/article/2013/08/08/india-

http://www.dnaindia.com/analysis/1627432/comment-

mailto:[email protected]

mailto:[email protected]



CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY – AN OVERVIEW Anupama Laddha Smt. Kesharbai Lahoti Mahavidyalaya, Amravati.

Introduction “Corporate Social Responsibility” is not a new concept in India. However it has undergone a total-novation and gained a lot of momentum recently with a new law in place. The provisions have been introduced keeping in mind the International Standards and Practices. Also a lot of work is being done to popularize the concept amongst the corporates. The aim is to change the face of Indian Corporate Business and bring Social Responsibility in the Main Stream rather than a side lined concept. Under The Indian Companies Act, 1956 there was no provision for Corporate Social Responsibility. However, the concept has been brought to the Forefront by the Indian Companies Act 2013. Provisions Section 135(1) of the Indian Companies Act 2013, prescribes that “Every company having net worth of rupees five hundred crore or more, or turnover of rupees one thousand crore or more or a net profit of rupees five crore or more during any financial year shall constitute a Corporate Social Responsibility Committee of the Board...” Thus, the Companies Act 2013 very clearly has put the burden on the Corporate Giants to curb the gap between the “Haves and Have-Not’s” to a great extent. In fact, not only the Topmost Companies, but also the SME’s. It’s important that everyone commits towards this cause. According to United Nations Industrial Development Organisation, Corporate Social Responsibility is a management concept whereby companies integrate social and environmental concerns in their business operations and interactions with their stakeholders. CSR is generally understood as being the way through which a company achieves a balance of economic, environmental and social imperatives (“Triple-Bottom-Line-Approach”), while at the same time addressing the expectations of shareholders and stakeholders. Following the same lines, section 135(3) of Indian Companies Act 2013 further provides : “The Corporate Social Responsibility Committee shall,— (a) formulate and recommend to the Board, a Corporate Social Responsibility Policy which shall indicate the activities to be undertaken by the company as specified in Schedule VII;” Expenditure Guidelines The Schedule VII of the Indian Companies Act 2013, as amended by G.S.R, 130(E) dated 27th February 2014, includes the following activities for CSR Policies:

i. eradicating hunger, poverty and malnutrition, promoting preventive health care and sanitation and making available safe drinking water:

ii. promoting education, including special education and employment enhancing vocation skills especially among children, women, elderly, and the differently-abled and livelihood enhancement projects;

iii. promoting gender equality, empowering women, setting up homes and hostels for women and orphans; setting up old age homes, day care centres and such other facilities for senior citizens and measures for reducing inequalities faced by socially and economically backward groups;

iv. ensuring environmental sustainability, ecological balance, protection of flora and fauna, animal welfare, agro-forestry, conservation of natural resources and maintaining quality of soil, air and water;

v. protection of national heritage, alt and culture including restoration of buildings and sites of historical importance and works of art; setting up public libraries; promotion and development of traditional and handicrafts:

vi. measures for the benefit of armed forces veterans, war widows and their dependents; vii. training to promote rural sports, nationally recognised sports, paralympic sports and Olympic sports;



viii. contribution to the Prime Minister's National Relief Fund or any other fund set up by the Central Government for socio-economic development and relief and welfare of the Scheduled Castes, the Scheduled Tribes, other backward classes, minorities and women;

ix. contributions or funds provided to technology incubators located within academic institutions which are approved by the Central Government

x. rural development projects." This notification has come into force with effect from 1st April 2014. Clarifications It is clarified that the projects and activities taken up in India shall only be considered valid as part of the CSR policies. Further, the activities taken up only for the benefit of the employees of the Corporate will not constitute valid CSR expenditure; it could be jointly for the employees and the public at large. However the CSR Committee shall recommend the amount of expenditure to be incurred on the activities referred in CSR Policy and shall monitor it from time to time. Further Section 135(5) of Act provides that “The Board of every company referred to in sub-section (1), shall ensure that the company spends, in every financial year, at least two percent of the average net profits of the company made during the three immediately preceding financial years, in pursuance of its Corporate Social Responsibility Policy” It can be further explained that: The company can implement its CSR activities through the following methods: Directly on its own - through its own non-profit foundation setup so as to facilitate this initiative. Or through independently registered non-profit organisations that have a record of at least three years in similar such related activities. Companies may also go for collaborating or pooling their resources with their Subsidiaries or associate companies. Reporting The Act mandates that if the company has been unable to spend the minimum required (2% of Average Net Profits) on its CSR initiatives, the reasons for not doing so are to be specified in the Board Report. An annual report on the CSR activities of the company in the format prescribed in the CSR Rules setting out a brief outline of the CSR policy must be annexed as part of the Board Report attached to the Annual financial statements of the Company. It must also include composition of the CSR Committee, the average net profit for the last three financial years and the prescribed CSR expenditure. Penal Provisions It is very important to note that - The Indian Companies Act 2013 does not prescribe any specific penal provision, if a company fails to spend the amount on the specific CSR activities. This indicates that there is no legal obligation on companies to incur CSR expenditure, it is only directive. However, due to the requirement of disclosure of short spent amount in the board report, the reputed companies will not do away from spending the prescribed amount. Hence, this policy will create an implied pressure on companies to spend the requisite amount. Conclusion Thus the Government has nailed it right in getting CSR its due importance; however it is now important to move from theory to concrete action. A more practical approach has to be adopted and more transparency to be brought into the area; some penal provisions may be introduced rather than keeping it entirely discretionary for the companies. At the same time, when it comes to SME’s it is important to strike a good balance in Economic stability of companies and Social Responsibility.

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DEVELOPMENT AND PROBLEM OF DISPLACEMENT IN INDIA

Dr. K. V. Sable Shri. Shivaji Arts & Commerce College, Amravati.

Abstract :- Paper focus on the economic and social impacts of developments projects specially by the large scale water resource developments projects. According to the world bank, thinkers and researchers involuntary resettlement is the most serious issue of large dam. There are range of difficulties .development is undertaken to generate and percolate benefit to society of large, however the process has led to the resettlement of millions of people. The involuntary population displacement may lead to irreversible socio-economic impoverishments. India has the largest of displacement due to development projects including dams, power, industries, roads, mining etc. The dam have been a part of economic development model at sum stages of their development most of the countries exploited have built dams for energy, irrigation and drinking water. These projects however are not built without significant cost in addition to substantial adverse impacts on the physical environment they were disrupt the lives and life styles of people displaced from the area. Introduction :- Development is under taken to generate benefits for the society at large. Involuntary resettlement is an issue that currently and after post independence period of India is high on the development agenda. India has the largest numbers of development project in the world and quite possible, the largest number of the development induced displaced person in the world as well. The prosperity of a country depends directly upon the development of agriculture, Industries, Power project, ports, Roads, Irrigation projects, mining etc. In the planning period Indian planners were fully aware of the link between infrastructure facilities and economic development. Each and every development project essentially requires large chunk of land which involuntary displace the local inhabitants mostly the poorer, backward sections of the populations. The projects that displace people generally give to serve social, economic, ecological and environmental problems. This paper focus on the problems of large development projects in India specially by the large dam and problems of displaced persons. Historical Background : India is developing country. The economy lost it's glace for centuries of foreign rules. In the year 1947 the country released from the British rules. Before that period the country's mineral, marine, forest and all kind of wealth were utilized and exploited in different ways for the benefit of the Britishers. After Indepedence or government adopt policy for development of the country. Since 1951 India has grown as a planned economy. The first few plans focus on growth with strengthing of the manufacturing sector emphasizing heavy industries to form the back bone of economy. Other principal area of planning were agriculture and social development. Development is founding belief of modern world. Development encompasses institutional changes including the distribution of national income, development benefits, knowledge and power. Development is understood as improvement in quality of human life, bringing peace and prosperity. In to the view of our first priminister late Pandit Jawaharlal Neharu” large dam are the Temple of Modern India". In the development process India focus on establishment of large scale industries and irrigation project. Land Acquisition, Displacement and Development : As the developing country of the third world are set on onward march towards the good of better deal for their people, represents mainly as on improved quality of life. In order to overcome development mainy developing countries have taken massive developing programmme with basic components that is invisible growth, agriculture growth and social welfare. The dams have been a part of economic developing model of almost all nations of the world. According to the world commission on dam states that development



means "Sustainable improvement of woman welfare". India has the largest number of development projects in the world and also the largest number dams in the world. The Indian social institute has estimated that 21.3 million persons were displaced because of the development project. While Arundhati Rai has estimated such number in between 40 to 50 millions during 1950 to 2000. Acquisition of Land for Development Projects from 1951 to 1998 in India. (Land in Lakh acres)

Sr. No.

Types of Projects

Acquisition of Land Percentage Percentage of Displacement Private Public Forest Total

1 Irrigation 8.04 4.23 3.16 15.43 65.30 75.6

2 Industry 0.63 0.35 0.10 1.10 4.50 4.00

3 Mining 0.53 1.70 1.80 4.10 17.40 11.6

4 Other 2.52 0.40 2.13 3.20 12.80 5.8

Total 9.72 6.68 7.19 23.83 100.00 100.00

Source :- 1) N.S. Science organization, 1997 2) Development Vs. Displacement R. C. Pandit 2009 The table shows 65.30% of land acquired to development of irrigation projects and also 75.6% percent people displaced by such projects. The development projects disproportionately affects the poor and backward Indian society. To established development projects Acquisition of Land is the first necessity. Government acquired government land, no men’s land, private land for the purpose. The table shows the type of land acquired by Indian Government as per land Acquisition and Displacement act 1894. In India there is no strong national policy for land acquisition And resettlement and rehabilitation. The bill of national policy for land acquisition resettlement, and rehabilitation is still not confirm. Dam and Displacement in India :- India has the largest number dam in the world. The dams have been a part of the economic development. According to the national register on large dam (2012). India has more than five thousand large dams. If we distribute state wise complited and under construction dams in India Maharashtra is an numbers one state in the country Madhya Pradesh & Gujrat state are on second and third ranking. The following table shows the state wise distribution of large dam in India. Large dam in India completed and under construction 2012

Sr. No.

State No. dams Sr. No.

State No. dams

1 Andhra Pradesh 151 14 Rajasthan 211

2 Bihar 26 15 Tamilnadu 116

3 Gujarat 632 16 Telangana 182

4 Chhattisgarh 258 17 Uttar Pradesh 130

5 Himachal Pradesh 20 18 Uttarakhand 25

6 Jammu & Kashmir 17 19 West Bengal 30

7 Jharkhand 19 20 Andaman nikobar 2

8 Karnataka 231 21 Arunachal Pradesh 4

9 Kerala 62 22 Nagaland 1

10 Madhya Pradesh 906 23 Sikkim 2

11 Maharashtra 1845 24 Tripura 1

12 Odisa 204 25 Mizoram 1

13 Punjab 16 Total 5092

Source :- National register on largest in India 2012.



In the planning period our government focus on construction on large dam if we see the decate wise dam construction in India it is cleared that Indian government gaves major focus on construction of large after 1970. The following shows the decate wise distribution in India.

Period Construction of dam Period Construction of dam

Up to 1900 67 1971 to 1980 1294

1901 to 1950 304 1981-1990 1265

1951 to 1960 234 1991-2000 629

1961 to 1970 498 2001-Beyond 8875

As per the record year of construction not available are - 198. Under construction dams are - 313.

In the period 1970 to 2000 India constructed 3185 large dam. Against the construction of dam displacement and rehabilitation scenario was extremely poor in the country. A study of land acquisition Act the present legal system favors’ the state and industrialists and ignores the livelihood of the people who depend on common property. The process of displacement begins so long before their land actually claim by the authorities. Hence the developing projects are unable to give a new life for project affected people. Because of that lacuna the displaced project affected people facing so many economical, social, cultural and psychological problems. Problems of Displaced persons :- An overview of the presents study's on this subject and available data we strongly put up the problems of displaced person in India .Economically farmer Pay a great price for development. Landlessness : Expropriation of land removes the main foundation that is land which peoples productive system land is the people's more valuable property land is the property of ancestors. The project affected displaced people lose their land in the process of development. Economically farmer Pay a great price for development. Joblessness : The loss of wage employment occurs both in urban displacement and in rural area and those loosing job are landless laborers’, artisans’, small businessmen and service worker. But difficult to creates a new jobs. Thousands of projected affected persons are waiting for job in India. Homelessness : Loss of housing are the main problem of displaced project persons. It may be only temporary for many displaces but for some homelessness a chronic conditions. Food Insecurity : Forced uprooting increases the risk that people will fall into chronic under nourishment and food insecurity. Social - culture Impact : Due to involuntary displacement, people are brought down the ladder of one social structure and put at the bottom. It tears apart the social public and the existing patterns of social organization. Family systems are often scattered. Local labour markets are disrupted.Loss of compensation money in social, calture and religious Obligations as well as liquor and gambling are the most quoted narratives. Increased morbidity and mortality : Serious problems that decrease in health level result from displacement social stress, insecurity, mental diseases increased. Insufficient food, unsafe water supply affected physical fitness of project affected displaced peoples. It generally associ- Ates with psychological stress and results in sickness, grief and death. Loss of Access to common property :- Loss of access to common property assets belonging to communities that are relocated, represents a major from of income such lost resources remain uncompensated by the government relocation schemes.



Conclusion An overview of the problems an obvious and major conclusion is that the adverse economic and social impacts of development project of large dams hve been seriously underestimated. References :- 1 Datt Gaurav : Indian Economy, S. Chand publication, New Delhi, 2013. 2 sachan A. K. : Development Induced Displacement and Rehabilitation, Alfa publication, New Delhi,2008. 3 Advani Mohan: Urbanization displacement and Rehabilitation, Rawat pub. Jaipur, 2009. 4 Pandit R. C.,: Development vs Displacement of Trible people in India, Abhijit Publication,Delhi,2009. 5 IUCN : workshop proceedings, Large Dams, Learning from the past Looking at the future,Gland Switzerland, April 1997. 6 Varma Manishkumar, : Development, Displacement And resettlement, Rawat Publication, Jaipur,2004.

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A STUDY TO UNDERSTAND SERVICE INITIATIVE BY MARUTI SUZUKI SERVICE CENTERS IN PUNE CITY.

Dr. Rajiv B. Khaire Associate Professor Shri Ramdeobaba College Of Engineering And Management (SRCOEM)

Prof. Prashant Phule Assistant Professor Sinhgad Business School

Abstract

Today, service has been an important part in the automobile sector. In this paper, an attempt has been made to study the customer’s opinion about various service elements provided by the dealers of Maruti Suzuki. Surveys of opinion about various service initiatives provided by the dealers of Maruti Suzuki have been studied. A combination of questionnaire and personal interview has been used for the purpose of gathering data. Based on the analysis of this data, Various suggestions have been given which include a separate lounge for female customers, including Internet, magazines, water and video’s to enhance customer comfort ability, nominating one person exclusively to attend the customer who are coming for the delivery of vehicle, provide alternate vehicle facility to the customer for critical cases and to provide online system to customer for pick up vehicle for servicing or their service operations.

Introduction: The automotive industry in India is one of the largest in the world and one of the fastest growing globally. India's passenger car and commercial vehicle manufacturing industry is the sixth largest in the world and India is set to overtake Brazil to become the sixth largest passenger vehicle producer. In 2009, India emerged as Asia's fourth largest exporter of passenger cars, behind Japan, South Korea, and Thailand. In 2010, India reached as Asia's third largest exporter of passenger cars, behind Japan and South Korea beating Thailand. Making the country the second fastest growing Auto car industries market in the world According to the Society of Indian Auto car Manufacturers, annual vehicle sales are projected to increase. The majority of India's car manufacturing industry is based around three clusters in the south, west and north. The southern cluster near Chennai is the biggest with 35% of the revenue share. The western hub near Maharashtra is 33% of the market. The northern cluster is primarily Haryana with 32%.Chennai, is also referred to as the "Detroit of India" with the India operations of Ford, Hyundai, Renault and Nissan headquartered in the city and BMW having an assembly plant on the outskirts. Chennai accounts for 60% of the country's automotive exports. Gurgaon and Manesar in Haryana form the northern cluster where the country's largest car manufacturer, Auto car, is based. The Chakan corridor near Pune, Maharashtra is the western cluster with companies like General Motors, Volkswagen, Skoda, Mahindra and Mahindra, Tata Motors, Mercedes Benz, Land Rover, Fiat and Force Motors having assembly plants in the area. Aurangabad with Audi, Skoda and Volkswagen also forms part of the western cluster. Another emerging cluster is in the state of Gujarat with manufacturing facility of General Motors in Halol and further planned for Tata Nano at Sanand. Ford, Maruti Suzuki India Limited and Peugeot-Citroen plants are also set to come up in Gujarat. Kolkatta with Hindustan Motors, Noida with Honda and Bangalore with Toyota are some of the other automotive manufacturing regions around the country. Objectives of the study:

To study the customer’s opinion about various service elements provided by the dealer of Maruti Suzuki service centers.

To analyze the service advisor’s opinion about various service initiatives provided by the dealer of Maruti Suzuki service centers.



Research Methodology Primary Data Data which is collected for the first time is called primary data. In the study primary data includes the data which is collected from the customers of Maruti Suzuki service centers directly through interaction. A detailed and structured questionnaire will be formed to suit the objectives of the study. It will contain definite and predetermined questions, containing information relating to customer service. The researcher would like to collect the primary data through following two sources Sources of Primary Data Collection

a. Questionnaire b. Interview

Secondary Data Secondary data will be collected from already available sources like published papers, journals, magazines, previous reports, books, annual reports, literature from the organization, Research Articles on Google Scholar and such other internet websites etc.

Research Tool:- The researcher design self administered questionnaire for collecting primary data. Following parameter will be used to design the questionnaire. Research instruments:- The researcher has used research Instruments in collecting primary data: Questionnaires: - A questionnaire consists of questions presented to respondents for their answers. Because of its flexibility, the questionnaire is by far the most common Instrument used to collect primary data. The study requirement primary data was collected by using questionnaire as a research tool with employed five point Likert scaled questions, multiple choice rating questions. Contact methods: - The subjects were contacted through Personal interview ,since this is the most versatile method wherein, the interviewer can ask more questions and record additional observations about the respondent Sampling design Population and sample size: The researcher will study for the Service initiative by Maruti Suzuki service centers in Pune city. 500 customers out of 10,000 customers i.e. (population) visiting monthly to the dealers are taken for the study. Sampling unit: - The researcher must define the target population that will be sampled. Sampling procedure: - In this study area sampling method was adopted (Probability Sampling) the required number of customers were not selected according to area sampling procedure but the required number of sample (sample size) 500 were selected. Finding & Interpretation Interpretation means explaining and finding the meaning of data. Since the explanation of data without analysis is very difficult or impossible, interpreting the results achieved after analysis is necessary and it enables a researcher to reach truths and the use of its results. As per analysis it is find out that majority of customers lies in the category of 20-30 years of age group with 94%, majority of the respondents’ belong to male category with 94%, 60% of customers annual income lies in the category of below 500000 income, majority of the respondents says that the performance of the Maruti service is good, the researcher has using questionnaire as a research tool with five point Likert scaled questions. Out of total sampled respondents, 2% of the respondents highly dissatisfied, 4% of the respondents dissatisfied, 27.6% of the respondents are neutral, 60% of the respondents satisfied and 6.4% of the respondents strongly satisfied about the flexibility to accommodate the customer’s visit for service/Repair as per customer’s convenience.



Table – Table showing opinion about Service Initiation Statement

Sr. No.

A. Service Initiation Statement

Highly Dissatisfied

Dissatisfied

Neutral Satisfied Highly Satisfied Total

Res % Res % Res % Res % Res %

5 Workshop flexibility to accommodate your visit for service /Repair as per your convenience

19 3.8 18 3.6

3 0.6

17 3.4

443

88.6

500

6 The response of Workshop on remainder for due date of vehicle Servicing

61 12.2

69 13.8

7 1.4

49 9.8

314

62.8

500

7 When you arrived at workshop, the response of the servicing center is inviting and friendly

54 10.8

81 16.2

5 1.0

48 9.6

312

62.4

500

8 Employees in the store are able to handle customer complaints directly and immediately

11 2.2 9 1.8

0 0.0

68 13.6

412

82.4

500

9 Employees in this servicing center give customers individual attention

30 6.0 65 13.0

5 1.0

111 22.2

289

57.8

500

Graph - Graph showing opinion about Service Initiation Statement

Interpretation: Out of total sampled respondents, 3.8% of the respondents highly dissatisfied, 3.6% of the respondents dissatisfied, 0.6% of the respondents are neutral, 3.4% of the respondents satisfied and 88.6% of the respondents strongly satisfied about the flexibility to accommodate the customer’s visit for service / Repair as per customer’s convenience. Out of total sampled respondents, 12.2% of the respondents highly dissatisfied, 13.8% of the respondents dissatisfied, 1.4% of the respondents are neutral,9.7% of the respondents satisfied and 62.8% of the respondents strongly satisfied about getting remainder for due date of vehicle servicing. Out of total sampled respondents, 10.8% of the respondents highly dissatisfied, 16.2% of the respondents dissatisfied, 1% of the respondents are neutral, 9.6% of the respondents satisfied and 62.4% of the respondents strongly satisfied about the response of servicing center is inviting and friendly when the customers are arriving at the workshop.



Out of total sampled respondents, 2.2% of the respondents highly dissatisfied, 1.8% of the respondents dissatisfied, 13.6% of the respondents satisfied and 82.4% of the respondents strongly satisfied about the ability of employees in the store to customer’s complaints directly and immediately. Out of total sampled respondents, 6% of the respondents highly dissatisfied, 13% of the respondents dissatisfied, 1% of the respondents are neutral, 22.2% of the respondents satisfied and 57.8% of the respondents strongly satisfied about the individual attention given by employees in the servicing center. Table - Table for showing opinion about Service Advisor

Sr. No.

B. Service Advisor

Highly Dissatisfied

Dissatisfied

Neutral Satisfied Highly Satisfied

Total

Res % Res % Res % Res % Res %

10 The response of Service Advisor during your visit.

23 4.6 22 4.4 5 1 113 22.6 337 67.4 500

11 The response of the service advisors understanding about vehicle problem.

32 6.4 28 5.6 6 1.2 122 24.4 312 62.4 500

12 Please rate on the response of service adviser given an additional/valuable input for increasing life of the vehicle.

47 9.4 53 10.6

9 1.8 244 48.8 147 29.4 500

13 The overall performance of the Service Advisor

89 17.8 11 2.2 2 0.4 164 32.8 234 46.8 500

14 Explanation of work done & charges for Service/repair at the time of delivery of the vehicle

8 1.6 22 4.4 0 0 155 31 315 63 500

15 The response of service advisor for the final estimation of vehicle servicing

23 4.6 77 15.4

0 0 122 24.4 278 55.6 500

16 Your satisfaction on interest shown by the service advisor in solving your problem

9 1.8 11 2.2 0 0 126 25.2 354 70.8 500

Graph - Graph showing opinion about Service Advisor

Interpretation: Out of total sampled respondents, 4.6% of the respondents highly dissatisfied, 4.4% of the respondents dissatisfied, 1% of the respondents are neutral, 22.6% of the respondents satisfied and 67.4% of the respondents strongly satisfied about the response of service advisor during his visit. Out of total sampled respondents, 6.4% of the respondents highly dissatisfied, 5.6% of the respondents dissatisfied, 1.2% of the respondents are neutral, 24.4% of the respondents satisfied and 62.4% of the respondents strongly satisfied about the response of the service advisors understanding about vehicle problem.

4.6 % 6.4 % 9.4 % 17.8 %

1.6 % 4.6 % 1.8 % 4.4 % 5.6 % 10.6 %

2.2 % 4.4 %

15.4 %

2.2 % 1 % 1.2 % 1.8 % 0.4 % 0 % 0 % 0 %

22.6 24.4

48.8

32.8 31 24.4 25.2

67.4 % 62.4 %

29.4 %

46.8 %

63 % 55.6 %

70.8 %

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

The response of Service Advisor during your visit.The response of the service advisors understanding about vehicle problem.Please rate on the response of service adviser given an additional/valuable input for increasinglife of the vehicle.

The overall performance of the Service AdvisorExplanation of work done & charges for Service/repair at the time of delivery of the vehicleThe response of service advisor for the final estimation of vehicle servicingYour satisfaction on interest shown by the service advisor in solving your problem

Service Advisor

Highly Dissatisfied % Dissatisfied % Neutral % Satisfied % Highly Satisfied %



Out of total sampled respondents, 9.4% of the respondents highly dissatisfied, 10.6% of the respondents dissatisfied, 1.8% of the respondents are neutral, 48.8% of the respondents satisfied and 29.4% of the respondents strongly satisfied about the fact that service adviser gives an additional/valuable input for increasing life of the vehicle. Out of total sampled respondents, 17.8% of the respondents highly dissatisfied, 2.2% of the respondents dissatisfied, 0.4% of the respondents are neutral, 32.8% of the respondents satisfied and 46.8% of the respondents strongly satisfied about the overall performance of the Service Advisor. Out of total sampled respondents, 1.6% of the respondents highly dissatisfied, 4.4% of the respondents dissatisfied, 31% of the respondents satisfied and 63% of the respondents strongly satisfied about the explanation given by of service advisor about the work done & charges for Service/repair at the time of delivery of the vehicle. Out of total sampled respondents, 4.6% of the respondents highly dissatisfied, 15.4% of the respondents dissatisfied, 24.4% of the respondents satisfied and 55.6% of the respondents strongly satisfied about the explanation given by of service advisor about the response of service advisor for the final estimation of vehicle servicing. Out of total sampled respondents, 1.8% of the respondents highly dissatisfied, 2.2% of the respondents dissatisfied, 25.2% of the respondents satisfied and 70.8% of the respondents strongly satisfied about the explanation given by of service advisor about the interest shown by the service advisor in solving your problem Findings Findings related to the level of customer satisfaction on “Service Initiation Statement” A questionnaire (set of five questions) was prepared for assessing the satisfaction of the customers towards the service(s) provided by the employees at the workshops, employees at the stores and employees at the service center to the customers visiting them for any service. The questionnaire was designed to capture the customer’s responses on multiple parameters like the flexibility provided by the workshop to accommodate the customer, flexibility to service the customer as per his convenience, reminders to the customers for servicing the vehicle, ability of the employees to serve the customers, giving individual attention to the customers and approach of the employees towards the customers. Further the customers were asked to respond to each of the question in one of the category among the multiple categories viz. Highly Satisfied, Satisfied, Neutral, Dissatisfied and Highly Dissatisfied. Based on the responses received from the customers selected following are the findings on the service initiation statement: High percentages of the customers in the sample selected were overall highly satisfied with the services provided. The customers were highly satisfied with the level of flexibility given to the customers at the workshop. The customers mentioned that the workshop provided the flexibility to get their vehicle serviced as per their convenient schedule. This flexibility provided the customers to get the vehicle serviced at their convenience. Based on the customer feedback received this parameter has been found as one of the key parameters towards enhancing the level of customer satisfaction. A large number (88.6%) of customers have rated this parameter in the category of “Highly Satisfied”. Secondly the feature of reminding the customers on the vehicle servicing was highly appreciated by most of the customers. Most of the customers felt that often in their busy schedule they missed out on the timing for the vehicle service. Hence getting a reminder on the due date for the vehicle service was considering as one of the good service parameter by the customers. Considering the overall feedback from the customers for this parameter it was noted that the customers were highly satisfied (62.8%) with this service parameter provided to the customers. Further the ability of the employees in the store to handle the complaints directly and immediately was also well appreciated and was considered as a parameter for high satisfaction (82.4%) by the customers. The customers felt that the employees recruited at the stores were capable enough to deal with the customers complaints. As the customers got the service immediately at the store from the employee at the store who attended them, the customers were not required to roam around searching for the right person to attend their query. The customers rated this parameter in the category of “Highly Satisfied”. Thus this parameter too added up to the overall level of the customer satisfaction to the service provided. The employee’s (either at the workshop or at the store or at the service center) quality of



being friendly to the customers and giving individual attention also were the riding factors for the high satisfaction level of the customers. Further a lot of customers (62.4%) felt that the employees at the workshop, store and service center greeted the customers in a friendly way when they arrived at the workshop, store and service center. Further as the customers were provided with individual attention they felt highly satisfied (57.8%) and it gave them the feeling comfort and they mentally perceived that they will get a good service at the workshop or the shop or at the service center. Thus the parameters of friendly attitude of the employees and the individual attention given to the customers by the employees at the workshop store or at the service center were categorized by the customers in the category of “Highly Satisfied”. Considering the overall response from the customers on the various parameters mentioned above it can be concluded that the customers were highly satisfied with the services that they received either at the workshop or at the store or at the service center. Findings related to the level of customer satisfaction on “Service Advisor” A questionnaire (set of seven questions) was prepared for assessing the satisfaction of the customers towards the service(s) provided by the service advisor. The questionnaire was designed to capture the customer’s responses on multiple parameters like the response of the service advisor during the customers visit, response from the customer advisor in understanding the problem of the customer, value added input given by the service advisor for the life of the vehicle, overall performance of the service advisor, explanation on the work done and repairs performed along with the charges, final estimation of servicing and level of interest shown by the service advisor in resolving the customers problem.. Further the customers were requested to respond to each of the question in one of the category among the multiple categories viz. Highly Satisfied, Satisfied, Neutral, Dissatisfied and Highly Dissatisfied. Based on the responses received from the customers selected following are the findings on the service advisors serving the customers: High percentages of the customers in the sample selected were overall highly satisfied with the service advisor who served them. The customers mentioned that when they visited the workshop for servicing their vehicle the service advisors that attended them approached them in a very friendly way. This first level of comfort given to the customers laid the basic foundation for the high level of satisfaction of the customers towards the service advisor. A major chunk (67.4%) of the customers rated the service advisor on this attribute as “Highly Satisfied”. Secondly the customers felt that the service advisors were open to hear to the customer on their problems with the vehicle and were competent enough to understand the vehicle problem. As the service advisors were able to understand the exact problem with the vehicle, the customers felt that they will get the right resolution and the issue will be resolved. A large number (62.4%) of customers have rated the service advisor on this parameter as “Highly Satisfied”. Further the customers also felt that they were provided with a valuable response by the service advisor which will add up to the life of the vehicle. The customers have rated the service advisor on this attribute in the category of “Satisfied”. Further most of the customers (48.8%) confirmed that the service advisor provided them the details of all the work performed to the vehicle (including the repairs done to the existing components / vehicle parts, replacing the faulty parts etc). Further most of the customers (63%) also mentioned that all the charges that were incurred for servicing the vehicle (including the cost of the replaced part, cost of the various lubricants added (if any), labour charges etc) were communicated and explained to the customer by the service advisor at the time of delivering the vehicle. The customers have rated the service advisor on this parameter in the bucket of “Highly Satisfied”. The customers perceived that the final estimation given to them by the service advisor were appropriate and all the parameters mentioned in the final estimation were explained to them by the service advisor. Further a lot of customers (55.6%) have also categorized the service advisor on the parameters of overall performance and final estimation as “Highly Satisfied”. Both these parameters have also helped in enhancing the level of customer satisfaction towards the service advisor. Further major chunk (70.8%) of the customers felt that when they approached the service advisor with their problem, the service advisors were very keen to listen to the customers problems. The customers mentioned that the service advisors also requested for the additional inputs of the problem with vehicle so that he can get as much details of the problem with the vehicle and ultimately he can get the problem rectified by directing the vehicle to the appropriate service team. Considering the level of involvement of the service advisors in problem with the vehicle and their approach towards providing the solution, a major



sample of customers have bucketed the service advisors on this parameter in the bucket of “Highly Satisfied”. Considering the overall response from the customers on the multiple attributes mentioned above it can be concluded that the customers were highly satisfied with the service advisors.

If we combine all the parameters on which we evaluated the customer satisfaction, it can be concluded that the customers in Pune city were highly satisfied with the services provided by the Maruti Suzuki Ertiga service centers.

Suggestions:

Maruti Suzuki service center should provide a separate lounge for female customers with news papers, magazines, television, drinks, internet etc. In Customer lounge only TV facility is provided to the customer. This can be improved by including Internet, magazines, water and video’s to enhance customer comfort ability. The customer who visits the workshop for knowing vehicle status has to go through the display board at front office, it is suggested that they should nominate one person exclusively to attend the customer who are coming for the delivery of vehicle. Provide alternate vehicle facility to the customer for critical cases. Provide online system to customer for pick up vehicle for servicing or their service operations. They should be keep record through online system at the workshops for their service operations. By providing this facility, their Service advisor and Technician can go through the vehicle history before attending the vehicle. ***



ROLE OF ROADWAYS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF WESTERN VIDARBHA

Dr. D.N. Vyas Department Of Commerce, G.S. Science, Arts & Commerce College, Khamgaon .

Abstract

This research paper focuses on the role of infrastructure particularly roads in promoting growth and development in Western Vidarbha region. The Western Vidarbha region constitutes Buldhana, Akola, Washim, Amravati and Yavatmal. The purpose of this work is to analyze the boost received in growth of districts by development of road infrastructure in the respective five Districts. Roadways, therefore, act as a primary mode of transportation of goods. A good road network and associated infrastructure will ensure easy delivery of goods and jerk free rides for goods. A good infrastructure will reduce to jerks experience of the transported goods; therefore require less packaging material and less damage to goods, thus, ensuring more profit to the sellers and in turn better revenue for the government agency which in turn will be used for development of state and national infrastructure. This work will reveal the level and pattern of investment that is being done in development of road infrastructure and associated development that resulted from it. KEYWORDS: Role of Roadways, Infrastructure Development, Transportation Introduction The sector of transportation is one of the most important sectors in any economy (Olamigoke & Emmanuel, 2013). The importance of transportation sector in any country can be defined by terming them as the life lines of any country (Infrastructure development and economic growth in Sub-Saharan Africa, 2010). These life lines carry logistics of worth billions of dollars without the transportation sector the economy will make progress towards collapsing permanently. The transportation sector of any country can be considered as of fractal formations. Small and medium size transportation networks in states connect together is a repetitive manner to form a well interlinked nationwide transportation infrastructure. Transportation sector is a critical element in the recipe of economics growth for any country. This element becomes an essential element when the talks are then specifically focused on developing economy (Ministry of Transport - Newzeland, 2014). The transportation on superficial level seems to be essential for economic development, but a micro level analysis would reveal that transportation sector is also closely linked to the welfare development of the people residing in that country. Transportation sector when considered includes movement of goods by some means from one point to another so that the movement of goods can bring about a profitable return. The goods referred here can be manufactured goods, agro output, forest output or any form of logistic, means in this context can be transportation medium i.e. through air, water or land. A good road infrastructure is always a key to economic development of country especially in Indian scenario. In India, manufacturing hubs are randomly distributed. The consumers of those manufactured items are also distributed. Hence, transporting goods from manufacturer to consumer is essential without tremendously increasing the cost, which is possible by transportation through either roadways or railways. Indian railway is already performing and delivering services in best of their operating strength and additional loads on them might affect their efficiency significantly to deliver the goods in an effective manner. Roadways not only ensure transportation of goods in an effective manner but also ensure that the revenue due to other services is also increased. Such through sale of agro produced, boosting tourism or boosting effective commuting. Thus, all these activities are somehow related to social welfare of the people as well. Hence, roadways and related infrastructure in present day is a sign of how good the economy of the country is progressing.



Present Scenario The Western Vidarbha region comprises of five districts, they are namely Buldhana, Akola, Yavatmal, Washim and Amravati. These districts are major industrial hubs of the Maharashtra state, especially the district of Buldhana and Amravati (Dhanagare & Vyas, 2015). The region of Yavatmal and Washim is famous for their agro produced goods. The public bodies in the region are well aware of the states manufacturing activities and are therefore, spending considerable resources on development of a fine road infrastructure that can act as feeder for railways and airports. Thus, reducing the time to reach market and to less damage of goods during transportation. The Districts have witnessed development of road infrastructure in both rural and urban areas. Hence, the domestic product through Agriculture sector and transportation sector has increased, but the relation between them needs to establish through statistical methods. Methodology Many researchers in the past have worked on finding the relation between the growth in economy and development in road infrastructure (Dewangan, et al., 2014)(Siddiqui, et al., 2015). For the same the first choice is to use Granger’s Causality test. In the test, the two variables are year wise GDP and expenditure on Road development or year wise GDP and total length of road in various years. For Granger’s test a minimum of fifteen data points is needed, that should represent stationary series (Kum & Altintas, 2013). In the present research, the study duration is 2002-2015 which is less than the minimum recommended data points for carrying out Granger’s test. Hence, Pearson Correlation test will be carried out to perform the analysis for the research work. The variable that will be considered in correlation analysis are the district wise GDP and expenditure on development of road infrastructure. The data will be a time series data. Further sector wise GDDP will be correlated with the expenditure on development of road infrastructure. Data Collection The ancillary data collected for the research work is from the Published reports provided by different public bodies responsible for collecting, Publishing and maintaining it. Some of the agencies from where the data was obtained include planning commission of India (presently known as the Nitiayog) and Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Maharashtra. Analysis and Results The following section presents the analysis of the data collected from various sources to determine the relationship between the economic growth and development of road infrastructure. Table 1, presents the district wise total GDP for various years from 2002 to 2012 for the five districts that comprises Western Vidarbha. The GDP is an excellent indicator of health of the economy and its size hence, GDP will be used as a variable for indicating economy of the region. The variable presented in table is also known as GDDP i.e. Gross District Domestic Product. Table 1: GDDP of districts comprising western Vidarba in Rupees Lakhs at Current Price

Year Buldhana Akola Amravati Yavatmal

2002-2003 357600 374699 521568 469268

2003-2004 393048 398853 580961 525994

2004-2005 397606 404122 597052 526314

2005-2006 485099 458893 711932 675918

2006-2007 571930 571354 797585 781632

2007-2008 723500 666300 979000 928200

2008-2009 830300 764900 1113500 1118000

2009-2010 1097500 1091700 1613700 1385900

2010-2011 1218600 1176600 2012900 1885900

2011-2012 1398900 1272200 2079900 1649900



Source: Economic Survey of Maharashtra of various years From the table it is evident that the GDDP for each district is growing. Table 2, presents the district wise expenditure on road development in various years. The variable is taken under consideration because the road length of State highways and National highways in these districts during the period under consideration almost remained constant. The administration gave stress upon enhancing the health of these already present road infrastructure rather than constructing new ones. However, the data depicts that road length in rural areas has increased considerably. The variable expenditure on road development accounts for these increased road length, as fraction of this expenditure is used to increase length of rural roads. Table 2: Expenditure on road infrastructure development in Western Vidarbha in Rupees Lakhs

Year Buldhana Akola Amravati Yavatmal

2002-2003 339.98 333.35 - - 2003-2004 299.21 370.2 - -

2004-2005 258.44 407.05 - -

2005-2006 217.67 443.91 - -

2006-2007 176.9 480.75 1482.78 836.22 2007-2008 967.36 653.22 3314.3 2267.3 2008-2009 1757.82 825.69 4173.96 2534.48 2009-2010 967.3 1148.58 3975.24 2795.62 2010-2011 2605.06 1705.65 3248.74 3940.1 2011-2012 2339.44 1531.24 4993.4 5784.22

- Values not available for the year and cannot be interpolated also

Source: Socio-Economic Report District Wise, Directorate of Economics and Statistics Maharashtra Table 3 (a,b,c,d), shows the Pearson Correlation coefficient between the district GDP and the district wise expenditure.

Correlations

GDPBuldhana Expenditure_Road_Development_Buldhana

GDPBuldhana

Pearson Correlation 1 .891**

Sig. (2-tailed) .001

N 10 10

Expenditure_Road_Development_Buldhana

Pearson Correlation .891** 1


N 10 10

**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).



Correlation between GDP and Expenditure on Road Development- Buldhana District

Correlations

GDPAkola Expenditure_Road_Development_Akola

GDPAkola



N 10 10

Expenditure_Road_Development_Akola



N 10 10

** Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).

(a) Correlation between GDP and Expenditure on Road Development- Akola District Correlations

GDP_Amravati

Expenditure_Road_Development_Amravati

GDP_Amravati



N 10 10

Expenditure_Road_Development_Amravati



N 10 10

**Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed). (b) Correlation between GDP and Expenditure on Road Development- Amravati District

Correlations

GDP_Yavatmal

Expenditure_Road_Development_Yavatmal

GDP_Yavatmal



N 10 10

Expenditure_Road_Development_Yavatmal



N 10 10

**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed). (c) Correlation between GDP and Expenditure on Road Development- Yavtmal District

From the analysis presented in table 3 and its subparts the following results can be derived. 1. GDDP and expenditure on road infrastructure development is highly correlated. 2. High correlation coefficient indicate that the better the expenditure on the road development the

better the health of the economy of the district. 3. The results are interpreted in light of the fact that the development of new roads is nearly stagnant

in the districts and the expenditure is on improving the health of existing infrastructure so that the transportation using the roads is easier and free from blocks. This improved infrastructure provides a cushion for transporting the products, thus reducing the damage of products that gets incurred on them if the infrastructure is poor. A less quantity of damaged goods implies that the number of



products that can be sold in the market is high, thus increasing the profit of the manufacturer and in turn increasing the revenue received by the government through these activities.

Conclusion From the research work the following conclusions can be derived:

1. Grangers Causality test is the most suitable analytical way to study the effect of variable on GDP. However it was observed that present research lacks minimum number of data points that is needed to carry out Granger’s test. A minimum number of data points are necessary so as to reduce the bias in the result. In present case absence of minimum number of data points i.e. minimum of fifteen data points, would have resulted in biasing of test results.

2. GDDP and Expenditure on road development have high correlation between them. This indicates that the better the health of road infrastructure the better the economy of that district makes progress.

3. High significant correlations scores for all district indicates that GDDP of the district is bound to increase as the infrastructure of roadways gets improved. The contribution of sector wise GDDP will also increase if road infrastructure gets developed. Especially the contribution of agriculture sector and transportation and storage sector will increase in the GDDP. References:

1. Dewangan, J. K., Vyas, D. H. & Siddiqui, I. N., 2014. Analysis of factors affecting consumer behaviour towards purchase from organized retail stores in Chhattisgarh, using Inductive Modelling. South Asia Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies, 1(8), pp. 129-137.

2. Kadiyali, L. R., Lal, N. B., Sathyanarayana, M. and Swaminathan, A. K., Speed flow characteristics on Indian highways. Indian Highways, 52(2), 1991, pp. 233–262. Dhanagare, A. K. & Vyas, D. N., 2015. Analysis of impact of human resource development practices on organizational performance with reference Buldhana region. Global journal of multidisciplinary studies, 4(10), pp. 1-8.

3. Infrastructure development and economic growth in Sub-Saharan Africa (2010) Abass Adewale Bello.

4. Kum, M. & Altintas, H., 2013. Multivariate Granger Causality between Electriciy Generation, Exports, Prices and Economic Growth in Turkey. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, pp. 41-51.

5. Ministry of Transport - Newzeland, 2014. Contribution of transport to economic development, Christchurch: Ministry of Transport - Newzeland.

6. Olamigoke, E. A. & Emmanuel, A. A., 2013. The Role of Road Transportation in Local Economic Development: A Focus on Nigeria Transportation System. Developing Country Studies, 3(6), pp. 46-55.

7. MoRTH, Basic road statistics of India 2004–2005, 2005–2006, 2006–2007 and 2007–2008, Ministry of Road Transport and Highways (MoRTH), Government of India, Transport Research Wing, New Delhi, July 2010.

8. CRRI, Road user cost study in India, Central Road Research Institute, Final Report, Ministry of Surface Transport, New Delhi, Government of India, 1982.

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IMPACT OF E-COMMERCE ON MODERN ECONOMICS

Girish Madhukar Mayee Asst. Professor Shripad Krushna Kolhatkar College Jalgaon Jamod, Dist- Buldana.

Introduction India may not be such advanced as the U.S. in terms of Internet Coverage, but beyond a shadow of drought India is galloping forward in the Information Technology revolution and the youth brain power on this country is helping such revolutions take place in many other countries as well. IT sector is playing major role in e-governance. The National Informatics Center(NIC) has already started work on the inter-possibility for central and state governments. Today there can be no doubt in anyone’s mind that the internet has taken its place alongside the other entire great, world altering technologies like electricity and manned flight. The internet is the most radical innovation of the twentieth century. A technology poised to transform every aspect of business. The dot com setups are shaking out hundreds of ‘new economy’ companies and B2B market places that went under over the fast few years. The Internet revolution and its Impact Nobody can deny that the heat of the “New Economy’ bubble generated a lot of hype. It did, however, what happened with e-business is no different than what took place with other transformational technologies. First there is a period of wild enthusiasm, a period of exhilarating optimism with people, and investors rushing to be a part of this ‘new’ world. That passes only to be replaced by significant disillusionment embodied this time around the dot com shakes out across the world financial markets. What in essence, is the Internet? Too many people often overlook a very simple fact. Internet is technology. It is a tool. It is, in fact, the fifth media of revolution after printing, voice transmission (Radio & Television) and visual/video transmission (T.V.). In the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, installations of telegraph wires and the telephone networks created a revolution in business communication not like the current e-commerce revolution, expanding markets by facilitating communication between geographically dispersed trading partners. The impact of the internet and the rapidly emerging e-commerce environment is profound. We have plainly arrived at one of those movements when everyone, especially in a country like India, Arab countries where changes are occurring at a faster rate. Internet Technology and Market Structure Electronic commerce, being the commercial exchange of goods or service between parties by using the global system of computer and telecommunication networks-has rapidly become a subject of major economic importance worldwide and has changed the way in which individuals, companies and governments interact and conduct business. Commerce across electronic media is not new, however it is advent of the internet and the enormous expansion in the number of users and range of applications, which has changed this global economic environment. The internet is a global phenomenon and electronic commerce over the internet provides enormous potential for global participation on a large scale. In this respect, digital technology promises seemingly unlimited opportunities for commercial exploitation through unprecedented market access at low transition and entry costs, streamlined operating methods, the creation of new virtual markets and distribution channels, innovative business models, which apply to a large and small business enterprise, wherever located.



The Demand of the Internet Economy The advent and rapid spread of computers and the internet introduced the opportunity to transmit to transmit immense qualities of data and information over existing telephone networks and new high speed infrastructure. This technology has changed our lines dramatically and in India the harvests are being reaped especially in the industrial, stock markets BPOS, medias, global acquisitions e- business and e-governance have taken major steps towards productivity. In India information Technology enabled services dominating the realms of higher education. The Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE),a deemed university, from June 2003 has joined hands with the satellite based education delivery services, direct way to offer a one year MBA in financial services that can be taken across 23 cities in India through interactive sessions. This programmed covers financial markets, domestic and global saving and investments, consumers finance, credit rating, mergers and acquisition, project financing etc. Ten modules spread over two semesters can be taken through twice weekly evening classes at 33 satellite backed classrooms in 23 cities created by direct way a brand created by Hughes Escorts Communications Ltd. the Indian end of the US based satellite provider Hughes. The Supply Side of Internet Economy The speed of data communication and the carrying capacity of the communication infrastructure have exponentially increased due to wave length division multiplexing, digital subscriber lines and cable modem. The carrying capacity of fiber is currently doubling every year. The price of telecommunication equipment is declining by more than 5 per cent every year. Today India’s rural agricultural folk are accessed to the internet system. The recent surveys hold a great promise for the future of business and investments in ICT and IT sectors of those surveyed about 35 per cent say that they will begin conducting their transactions within a year and 54 per cent will conduct their transactions in the following year leaving only 21 per cent on the Web. Clearly the future is on the side of e-commerce in a big wave, not only in the US market, but globally. Emerging New Economic Work Place The advent of Internet, a great innovation in modern economic history has also contributed majorly to increased global economic in equality. When investigating the determinant of the internet diffusion and exploring differences between developed and developing nations, some findings indicate that developing nation are being left behind as the transformation to the ‘new economy’ takes place in weather countries. So these nations can benefit from the technological revolution occurring in weather countries should be considered. The pace of change is accelerated by the unabated break through in science and technology, which is the emerging life blood of the new economy to speak. The challenge can be attributed to the velocity of transformation and the amount of turbulence introduced to the economy in a very short span of time. Now we are witnessing dramatic changes in the global economy with India, China, Brazil, Japan, Germany and Mexico have exploited the IT sector resources to change their economic scenario. E-Commerce Success Factor There are several important factors underlying the competitive success of e-commerce enterprises. Use of an innovative business model. The capability to adjust the company’s business model and strategy quickly in response to changing

conditions and emerging opportunities. Focusing on a limited number of competencies and performing a relatively specialized number of

value chain activities. Using innovative marketing techniques that are efficient in reaching the targeted audience and

effective in stimulating purchases or whether other actions are needed to produce a profitable revenue stream, and

Engineering and electronic value that enables differentiation or lower costs or better value for the money.



Conclusion Information Technology has transformed the way of life beyond recognition in the last decade and is set to make a life easier and richer for the common man. Earlier days only few sectors, people used this technology but today it is an integral part of every one’s life. The internet services, like e-commerce, e-business, have made this globalize and liberalized a world decorative heaven of mankind. The advent of information technology and internet has paced up the speed of growth in health care, professionalism business, and market fighting natural calamities. Protection from diseases prevention from global threats. If we can utilize this to counter attack the biggest unwarranted terrorism than mankind has definitely will be successful in creating a modern heaven of peaceful mankind on earth. Reference :-

1 e-commerce, by-Chaudharii, arvind & other; Jalgaon:Prashant Publiction,2014 2 e-commerce.by-Lal, Tripathi; New Delhi: Ess Ess Publicatio,2015 3 e-commerce and marketing,by-Tayal,Pavinkumar;Jaipur:RBSA Pub.,2012. 4 Internet

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IMPACT OF E-BANKING ON TRADITIONAL BANKING SERVICES Dr. Archana V. Bajaj (Bhangdia) HOD, Economics Arts & Science College, Kamargaon Dist: Washim. Abstract Internet banking is changing the banking industry, having the major effects on banking relationships. Banking is now no longer confined to the branches were one has to approach the branch in person, to withdraw cash or deposit a cheque or request a statement of accounts. In true Internet banking, any inquiry or transaction is processed online without any reference to the branch (anywhere banking) at any time. Providing Internet banking is increasingly becoming a "need to have" than a "nice to have" service. The net banking, thus, now is more of a norm rather than an exception in many developed countries due to the fact that it is the cheapest way of providing banking services. This research paper will introduce you to e-banking, giving the meaning, functions, types, advantages and limitations of e-banking. It will also show the impact of e-banking on traditional services and finally the result documentation. Keywords: E-Banking, Functions, Advantages, Limitations, Traditional banking services. INTRODUCTION Internet banking (or E-banking) means any user with a personal computer and a browser can get

connected to his bank‟s website to perform any of the virtual banking functions. In internet banking system the bank has a centralized database that is web-enabled. All the services that the bank has permitted on the internet are displayed in menu. Once the branch offices of bank are interconnected through terrestrial or satellite links, there would be no physical identity for any branch. It would be a borderless entity permitting anytime, anywhere and anyhow banking. The network which connects the various locations and gives connectivity to the central office within the organization is called intranet. These networks are limited to organizations for which they are set up. SWIFT is a live example of intranet application. E-banking provides enormous benefits to consumers in terms of ease and cost of transactions, either through Internet, telephone or other electronic delivery. Electronic finance (E-finance) has become one of the most essential technological changes in the financial industry. E-finance as the provision of financial services and markets using electronic communication and computation. In practice, e-finance includes e-payment, e-trading, and e-banking. MEANING OF E-BANKING E-bank is the electronic bank that provides the financial service for the individual client by means of Internet. FUNCTIONS OF E-BANKING At present, the personal e-bank system provides the following services: - A. INQUIRY ABOUT THE INFORMATION OF ACCOUNT

The client inquires about the details of his own account information such as the card‟s / account‟s balance and the detailed historical records of the account and downloads the report list. B. CARD ACCOUNTS’ TRANSFER

The client can achieve the fund to another person‟s Credit Card in the same city. C. BANK-SECURITIES ACCOUNTS TRANSFER The client can achieve the fund transfer between his own bank savings accounts of his own Credit Card account and his own capital account in the securities company. Moreover, the client can inquire about the present balance at real time. D. THE TRANSACTION OF FOREIGN EXCHANGE



The client can trade the foreign exchange, cancel orders and inquire about the information of the transaction of foreign exchange according to the exchange rate given by our bank on net. E. THE B2C DISBURSEMENT ON NET The client can do the real-time transfer and get the feedback information about payment from our bank when the client does shopping in the appointed web-site. F. CLIENT SERVICE The client can modify the login password, information of the Credit Card and the client information in e-bank on net. G. ACCOUNT MANAGEMENT The client can modify his own limits of right and state of the registered account in the personal e-bank, such as modifying his own login password, freezing or deleting some cards and so on. H. REPORTING THE LOSS IF THE ACCOUNT

The client can report the loss in the local area (not nationwide) when the client‟s Credit Card or passbook is missing or stolen. TYPES OF E-BANKING A. Deposits, withdrawals, inter-account transfer and payment of linked accounts at an ATM; B. Buying and paying for goods and services using debit cards or smart cards without having to carry cash or a cheque book; C. Using a telephone to perform direct banking- make a balance enquiry, inter-account transfers and pay linked accounts; D. Using a computer to perform direct banking- make a balance enquiry, inter-account transfers and pay linked ADVANTAGES OF E-BANKING

A. Account Information: Real time balance information and summary of day‟s transaction. B. Fund Transfer: Manage your Supply-Chain network, effectively by using our online hand transfer mechanism. We can effect fund transfer on a real time basis across the bank locations. C. Request: Make a banking request online. D. Downloading of account statements as an excel file or text file. E. Customers can also submit the following requests online: Registration for account statements by e-mail daily / weekly / fortnightly / monthly basis.

-order g of fixed deposit account

F. Customers can Integrate the System with his own ERP G. Bill Payment through Electronic Banking H. The Electronic Shopping Mall I. Effecting Personal Investments through Electronic Banking J. Investing in Mutual funds K. Initial Public Offers Online LIMITATION OF E-BANKING A. Safety situations around ATMs. B. Abuse of bank cards by fraudsters at ATMs. C. Danger of giving your card number when buying on-line. IMPACT OF E-BANKING ON TRADITIONAL SERVICES E-banking transactions are much cheaper than branch or even phone transactions. This could turn yesterday’s competitive advantage - a large branch network - into a comparative disadvantage,



allowing e-banks to undercut bricks-and-mortar banks. This is commonly known as the “beached dinosaur” theory.

E-banks are easy to set up, so lots of new entrants will arrive. „Old-world‟ systems, cultures and structures will not encumber these new entrants. Instead, they will be adaptable and responsive. E-banking gives consumers much more choice. Consumers will be less inclined to remain loyal. Portal providers are likely to attract the most significant share of banking profits. Indeed banks could become glorified marriage brokers. They would simply bring two parties together e.g. buyer and seller, payer and payee. The products will be provided by monolines, experts in their field. Traditional banks may simply be left with payment and settlement business even this could be cast into doubt. Traditional banks will find it difficult to evolve. Not only will they be unable to make acquisitions for cash as opposed to being able to offer shares, they will be unable to obtain additional capital from the stock market. This is in contrast to the situation for Internet firms for whom it seems relatively easy to attract investment. E-banking is just banking offered via a new delivery channel. It simply gives consumers another service (just as ATMs did). Experience in Scandinavia (arguably the most advanced e-banking area in the world) appears to

confirm that the future is „clicks and mortar‟ banking. Customers want full service banking via a

number of delivery channels. The future is therefore „Martini Banking‟ (any time, any place, anywhere, anyhow). Traditional banks are starting to fight back. The start-up costs of an e-bank are high. Establishing a trusted brand is very costly as it requires significant advertising expenditure in addition to the purchase of expensive technology (as security and privacy are key to gaining customer approval). E-banks have already found that retail banking only becomes profitable once a large critical mass is achieved. Consequently many e-banks are limiting themselves to providing a tailored service to the better off. E-Banking transaction needs some interface to communicate with banking customer. All the electronic transaction performs through some interfaces. The electronic devices which perform interact with customers and communicate with other banking system is called electronic banking delivery channels. RESULTS DOCUMENTATION Once the risk assessment has been completed (threat-sources and vulnerabilities identified, risks assessed, and recommended controls provided), the results should be documented in an official report or briefing. Conclusions E-banking is a borderless entity permitting anytime, anywhere and anyhow banking. This facilitates us with all the functions and many advantages as compared to traditional banking services. During this step of the process, controls that could mitigate or eliminate the identified risks, as appropriate to the

organization‟s operations, are provided. The goal of the recommended controls is to reduce the level of risk to the IT system and its data to an acceptable level. References [1] Allen, F., McAndrews, J., & Stratran, P. (2002). E-finance: An introduction. Journal of [2] Financial Services Research, 22, 5-28.

[3] Berkowitz, J.&P.,O‟Brien,(2002). How accurate are Value-at-Risk models at commercial banks? Journal of Finance 57 (3) 1093-1112. [4] Banks for International Settlements (2003a). Management and supervision of cross border electronic banking activities. [5] Bank for International Settlements (2003b). Risk management principles for electronic Banking.



[6] Embrechts, P., Kluppelberg, C.& Mikosch, T. (1997). Modeling External Events for Insurance and Finance, New York: Pringer Verlag [7] Estrella, A., Park, S., & Peristiani, S. (2000). Capital ratios as predictors of bank failures. Federal Reserve Bank of New York Economic Policy Review 6 (2), 33-52. [8] Lin, H.-J. (2004), „Information technology and cost and profit efficiencies in commercial banks and

insurance companies: a global comparison‟, Unpublished Dissertation, the State University of New York at Buffalo. [9] Financial integration across border and across sectors: implication for regulatory structures, Working Paper, Stern School of Business, NYU. Wiese, C. (2001). [10] Paperless society and its effects on the sales tax audit. Journal of State Taxation 19(4), 47-53. [11] Part of this article is based on an excerpt of A Brief History of Central Banking in the United States by Edward Flaherty [12] J. Lawrence Broz; the International Origins of the Federal Reserve System Cornell University Press. 1997 [13] Carosso, Vincent P. (1973). "The Wall Street Trust from Pujo through Medina". Business History Review 47: pp. 421-437. [14] Milton Friedman and Anna Jacobson Schwartz, A Monetary History of the United States, 1867-1960 (1963) [15] Goddard, Thomas H. (1831). History of Banking Institutions of Europe and the United States. Carvill. pp. 48ff. [16] Markham, Jerry (2001). A Financial History of the United States. Armonk: M.E. Sharpe. *17+ Gupta V,(2002). “Overview of E-banking”, E-banking : A Global Perspective Bankers *18+ Hawke JD (2004). “Internet Banking- Challenges for banks and regulators”, Banking in the new millennium, iup, p 16. *19+ Iyer ,A.(2006). “Banks sharing Tech Infrastructure”, The Economic times,September 21st, p9. *20+ Jeevan M T (2000) .”Only Banks- No Bricks, Voiceand Data,Accessed Online Nov. 11,www.voicendata.com. [21] M. Ramesh (2008) IDRBT to study ATM deployment, usage, Chennai, March 7, [22] www.thehindubusinessline.com /2005/03/08/06hdline.htm *23+ Mishra A.K.(2005). “Internet Banking in India, Part – I”, www.banknetindia.com *24+ RaoM (2008). “India:Financial inclusion through biometric ATMs”

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E-COMMERCE IN INDIA Sudhir Sharadchanra Muley Asst. Professor Shripad Krushna Kolhatkar College Jalgaon JamodDist- Buldana.

Introduction E-commerce or electronic commerce, also known as e-business, refers to the transaction of goods and services through electronic communications. Although the general public has become familiar with e-commerceonl in the last decade or so, e-commerce has actually been around for over 30 years. There are two basic types of e-commerce: businessto business and business-to consumer. In B2B, companies conduct business with their suppliers, distributors, and other partners through electronic network. In B2C, companies sell products and services to consumers. Although B2C is the better known to the general public, B2B is the form that actually dominates e-commerce in terms of revenue. The concept of e-commerce is related to notions of Internet economy and digital economy. All these concepts relate to the use of new information and communication technologies for economic activities, but with different focuses. Internet economy refers to the economic activities that generate revenue from the Internet or Internet related products or services. Therefore, pre-Internet e- commerce, as will be detailed in the following section, con not be called Internet economy. On the other hand, some activities, such as building Internet connection for commercial purposes, are a part of Internet economy, but they are not necessarily e-commerce. Digital economy is based on digital technologies such as computer, software, and digital networks. In most cases, digital economy is the same as e-commerce. However, not all activities in the digital economy are e-commerce activities. For example, purchasing computer gear from a storefront retailer is not an activity of e-commerce, although it certainly is a key component of the digital economy. Hence, e-commerce, Internet economy and digital economy are closely related but have different concepts. E-commerce has been perhaps one of the most prevalent terms in this digital era. Although e-commerce was once looked upon simply as an expressway to wealth, it has actually transformed the way people conduct business. An historical analysis of e-commerce will provide insights into the evolution of the application of information and communication technologies in the commercial arena. Furthermore, an analysis of the evolution of e-commerce in the past as well as its present state will enable us to project future trends in e- commerce. Definition of E-commerce:

1 e-commerce means where information, all type of data, massages are interchanged through electronic data for commercial purpose its called e-commerce.

2 Where commercial as well as business information and all type of data, massages aresend and received between organizations quickly through electronic media its called e-commerce.

3 E-commerce is about doing business electronically based on the electronic processing and transaction of data including text, sound, and video-European Commission.

Meaning of e-Commerce: e-commerce means electronic commerce. We know that in commercial process different types of organizations are connected to each other, different types of transaction and commercial activities are made between them manually, but it takes more time and through lengthy procedure, hence different problems are faced by organizations. Today e-commerce concept is introduced in this field it means simply we can explain that organizations doing their business electronically. e-commerce involves multimedia, advertising, product information customer support on the WWW, internet security and payment mechanism are all covered under electronic commerce.



Scope of e-commerce: e-commerce concept is very useful to al organizations today, e-commerce is important and useful methodology which addresses the need of organizations, merchants, and consumers because low prices of product, to improve quality of goods and services, fast delivery and service, these aims of the organization can be fulfilled if used e-commerce facility. e-commerce is a new way of conducting, managing, executing business transaction by using Computer and Telecommunications Network. Through this way any organization can improve its productivity and competitiveness. If different organizations industries, small scale business, large corporations, independent interprets and consumers join together through electronic network it means we can say that e-Commerce plays an important role in the commerce successfully. e- Commerce refers to buying and selling information, product and service via computer network so it is a modern methodology. The braod objectives of e-Commerce include reduced costs, lower product cycle time, faster customer response and improved service quality by reducing paper work and automation. Through e-Commerce any organization can introducethe features of organization as well as product and inteact customer, can make advertising, can take online orders for product, and give online customer service and sell easily his product electronically. Organization can collect an important information regarding market and also competitors, current rate of the other product, and establish new strategy for the organization and can stand confidently in world market. Needs of e-commerce: e-Commerce systems include commercial transaction on the Internet but their scope is much wider than this. The needs are as follows.

1 Online Transactions : Fast Processing/Saves time reusable services. 2 Implementing New Business Trends: Better Services to customers. 3 Electronic Markets: The principal function of an electronic market is to facilitate the search for

the required product or service. Airline booking systems are an example of electronic market. 4 Electronic Data Interchange: EDI provides for a efficient transition of recurrent trade exchange

between commercial organizations. EDI widely used by, for example, large retail groups and vehicle assemblers when trading with their suppliers.

5 Internet Commerce : The Internet can be used for advertising goods and services and transacting one off deals. Internet commerce has application for both business to business and business to consumer transaction.

Advantages of e- Commerce :

World Market Because of e-Commerce, market distance is Closer. Anybody can reach the world market any time. Organizations and customers are make effective communication and transaction through Internet

Secured payment system Purchasing or shopping through internet and make a payment, it is secured because of e-payment system. Customer can use smart card or credit card or other facility far the payment. Organizations welcome this systems.

Privacy of information in transaction:- When transaction or communication of the information made between two parties, technology maintain it secured. Each transaction is legal by law.

Time Unlike a brick and mortar an online store works 24 hour a day, 7 days a week, and 365 days a year. Round the clock.

Set up cost Compared with the retail outlet or new office, a cost of setting up an e-Commerce web site is vary low; can be intergrated straight in to your infrastructure with very little overheads.



Changes More flexibility in a web site, it is very easy to add or remove a product, any information, price, tips about the product.

Disadvantages of e-Commerce

Sample psychology Generally customer is satisfied, when he touch and examine the product, it means customer wants sample, since the selling is online. This is a psychological barrier but as consumers become more familiar with shopping online, this barrier is removed.

Knowledge Majority of the population is acknowledging importance of e-Commerce and computer based technologies. It is major drawback. Everything is done on a PC at home and there is not much need to go to the market.

Stores Online stores do not exists for very long. Many companies do not knoe exactly how to set up a store, resulting in a large group of dissatisfied customers, who want to buy something not clear how they should and there is no guide like a shop keeper.

Technical Problem Computer systems will never be hundred percent safe. Hackers intercept transactions and cause problems for both customers and companies that operate on the operate.

Women customers In a developing nation, the average internet user is usually a young highly educated persons, if a business is started on the internet, women and elderly persons will not be reached.

Media Payment by credit card requires faith in the system security. As on date, there is no mutual trust between seller and buyer in this system of using credit cards for goods and services ordered via internet in India. Customers are wary of giving their credit card numbers to vendors who have only a web presence.

Security One of the major problem is security of transactions on the Net. Spies or hackers can steal and misuse credit card numbers if not careful.

Conclusion E-commerce websites should lay down purchasing and payment process in sequence with absolute clarity and regular updating/monitoring of information provided. The terms and conditions should not be generic but specific depending upon the nature of the goods & services offered and they should be brought to the sufficient attention of the consumers and provide ample opportunity to read and then accept. E –commerce players should ensure reasonable efforts to prevent unauthorized transaction. E –commerce business is in nascent stage but the growth has been exemplary. It is crucial for e-commers players to work towards capacity building by training employees and alarming them against the risks discussed above. Working and more crucially implementing the risk management policy and strategy for overall risk mitigation of the company is critical. Constant monitoring and evaluating the consumer behavior for risk assessment and taking further initiatives for a strategic & dynamic approach to the digital economy is crucial. At the end of the day, e-commerce is more about strategy and business management than it is about technology. The online platform should not only provide innovative infrastructure but also innovative and proprietary information structures with sufficient protections and safeguards for its users. This will ensure the problems will remain at bay or at least the companies would be prepared with a strategy to tackle them.



Reference :- e-commerce, by-Chaudharii, arvind& other; Jalgaon:Prashant Publiction,2014 e-commerce.by-Lal, Tripathi; New Delhi: EssEss Publicatio,2015 e-commerce and marketing,by-Tayal,Pavinkumar;Jaipur:RBSA Pub.,2012. History of e-commerce, by-Jain, Pramodkumar; New Delhi-Virat Pub.2012

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Abstract Indian e-commerce business is rapidly growing today and the success of online treading is depend on the various features of e-commerce and also the knowledge of these features. Her is the overview of the future of e-commerce in india, and also discuss various factors which are essential for future growth of Indian e-commerce also discuss various opportunities for retailers, wholesalers, and to customers. Indian ecommerce will increase exponentially in coming years. Introduction The ecommerce industry in India has come a long way since its early days. Now a days the B2C space is growing the transaction to online purchasing from traditional purchasing is taking a long line in the Indian Market. E-commerce means not only treading buying & sealing goods over Internet but also various business process within individual organizations that support the goal. There are various types in ecommerce like B2C, C2C, B2B, these are the main types in ecommerce.

1. Business-to-Consumer (B2C): The B2C market in India generates the bulk of revenues across the consumer-facing modes of e-Commerce. Furthermore, though online travel has typically held a major share of the B2C market, online retail is also growing rapidly and is expected to significantly increase its share.

2. Consumer-to-Consumer (C2C): India’s C2C market, though currently small, is set to grow with the entry of several players. These entrants are attracting VC investment. Their online portals are also garnering significant traffic. We expect the C2C segment to show rapid growth in coming years.

3. Business-to-Business (B2B): India’s first online B2B directory was launched in 1996. The most common users of B2B online classifieds are micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs). These small businesses lack the requisite financial resources and, therefore, find it difficult to market their products and services to potential clients through traditional media such as newspapers, banners and television. Trade through online B2B portals increases the visibility of MSMEs in the marketplace and helps them overcome barriers of time, communication and geography. Advantages:

Workforce productivity - Intranets can help users to locate and view information faster and use applications relevant to their roles and responsibilities.

Time: Intranets allow organizations to distribute information to employees on an as-needed basis; Employees may link to relevant information at their convenience, rather than being distracted indiscriminately by email

Communication: Intranets can serve as powerful tools for communication within an organization, vertically strategic initiatives that have a global reach throughout the organization. By providing this information on the intranet, staff have the opportunity to keep up-to-date with the strategic focus of the organization

Web publishing: allows cumbersome corporate knowledge to be maintained and easily accessed throughout the company using hypermedia and Web technologies

Business operations and management: Intranets are also being used as a platform for developing and deploying applications to support business operations and decisions across the internetworked enterprise.

Cost-effective: Users can view information and data via web-browser rather than maintaining physical documents such as procedure manuals, internal phone list and requisition forms



Enhance collaboration: Information is easily accessible by all authorised users, which enables teamwork.

Immediate updates: When dealing with the public in any capacity, laws, specifications, and parameters can change. E-commerce in India Now a days India is a developing country and ecommerce business is growing business in India lots of product and services are provide on the net. In this also have a support of Mobile technology. The future Mobile commerce is the next logical step for Indian merchants. With the growth of mobile phones and increased issuing and use of debit and credit cards, mobile commerce will deliver strong growth over the coming years. India’s consumer-facing e-Commerce market (B2C-C2C) grew at a whopping CAGR of 49.1% from 2007 to 2011 to reach a market size of US$9.9 billion. On the other hand, the B2B market is a small contributor to the overall domestic e-Commerce market, and it was estimated at US$50.37 million in 2011.5 Online matrimonial, Online recruitment, Online travel, Online retail, Social networking actively used by organizations to reach out to customers have a great support to indian business

Future of Ecommerce

Since 2002 to 2016 India is became strong in internet, computer business, software business and also many other things. Now Various Indian products various indian companies are use online treading. India set to become a fastest growing ecommerce business in the world. According to the latest research by Forrester, a leading global research and advisory firm, the e-commerce market in India is set to grow the fastest within the Asia-Pacific Region at a CAGR of over 57% between 2012-16. Leading e-commerce portals in the country include Flipkart.com, Fashionandyou.com, Rediffshopping.com., Futurebazaar.com, Ebay.in, Homeshop18.com, Snapdeal.com, Indiaplaza.com, Starcj.com, Amazon.com, Fashionandyou.com, Rediffshopping.com., inkfruit.com, myntra.com, futurebazaar.com, yebhi.com, zoomin.com and hushbabies.com.

Future Trends to Watch in E-Commerce Women take control. Women make or influence 80 percent of household sales in the United States, according to Woman Trend. Mobile technology gives us the edge over our competitors. First Data’s mobile commerce solutions can help businesses meet the growing demands of the mobile and social media revolution. Social media networks such as Facebook are likely to increasingly become channels for sales and consumer engagement. First Data already offers a loyalty solution for the Facebook social media network as well as mobile payments opportunities using our Trusted Service Manager (TSM) service, which powers part of the Google Wallet which has made headlines recently. With Google Wallet, millions of consumers will no longer need to carry their leather wallets. This mobile application securely stores credit cards, offers, gift cards and more on their mobile phone. This virtual wallet is changing the face of commerce by enabling customers to simply make “tap and go” payments with their mobile devices, while increasing loyalty at merchant locations. New and exciting developments in India will enable our merchants to attract new tech savvy customers who are ready to use their mobile devices for secure online transactions. The future of e-commerce and how merchants can capitalise on this opportunity is explored further in future papers by ICICI Merchant Services and First Data. Features of E-commerce 1 ubiquity 2 global reach 3 richness 4 information density



5 universal standards 6 customization 7 saves precious time 8 accurate information 9 cuts supply chain 10 technology support These features are support to the ecommerce business to grow up. In the future India will have a largest share in ecommerce in the world.

Conclusion E-commerce websites should lay down purchasing and payment process in sequence with absolute clarity and regular updating/monitoring of information provided. The terms and conditions should not be generic but specific depending upon the nature of the goods & services offered and they should be brought to the sufficient attention of the consumers and provide ample opportunity to read and then accept. E –commerce players should ensure reasonable efforts to prevent unauthorized transaction. E –commerce business is in nascent stage but the growth has been exemplary. It is crucial for e-commers players to work towards capacity building by training employees and alarming them against the risks discussed above. Working and more crucially implementing the risk management policy and strategy for overall risk mitigation of the company is critical. Constant monitoring and evaluating the consumer behavior for risk assessment and taking further initiatives for a strategic & dynamic approach to the digital economy is crucial. At the end of the day, e-commerce is more about strategy and business management than it is about technology. The online platform should not only provide innovative infrastructure but also innovative and proprietary information structures with sufficient protections and safeguards for its users. This will ensure the problems will remain at bay or at least the companies would be prepared with a strategy to tackle them. Reference :-

e-commerce, by-Chaudharii, arvind & other; Jalgaon:Prashant Publiction,2014 e-commerce and marketing,by-Tayal,Pavinkumar;Jaipur:RBSA Pub.,2012. History of e-commerce, by-Jain, Pramodkumar; New Delhi-Virat Pub.2012 E-commerce, by-Fadanvis, Nita; Nagpur: Pimplapure Pub,2012

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USES OF E-MARKETING IN INDIAN AGRICULTURE SECTOR TO MANAGE DISTRIBUTION CHALLENGES

Dr.P.N.Ladhe

Janata Kala-Vanijya Mahavidhyalay

Malkapur.

______________________________________________________________________________________

Abstract

Agriculture plays importance role in Indian economy and is the main source of food production and employment which provides food to various hungry people but the persons who are providing food they are not getting enough returns. As a result of ignorance of government more than 1,00,000 farmers have taken their lives since 1997 and 2005. The wastage of corps is the death of farmers because he put all his efforts to provide food to eat but at the end he gets nothing out of it. It has been proved with the help of parametric test Karl Pearson’s correlation that there is a positive relationship between the farmers suicide and food wastage in India. The problem of failure of distribution and marketing of agriculture products also discussed in this paper. Agriculture E – Marketing is the proposed and solution for the existing problem and model is widely described in the paper.

Key Words : India Agricuture, Problems, Technology, E- marketing, Food wastage, Farmers Suicides.

Introduction

Agriculture sector played a pivotal role in Indian economy. The share of agriculture sector in GDP of India was 44.0% during 1973-74. Agriculture provides the principalmeans of livelihood for over 60 percent of india’s population ( Deshmukh,2011). In today competitive era. Internet has becomes integral part of day to day activities both in developing and developed economics. India ranking 11 th in terms of total number of internet users ( joshi,2009) This paper focuses on storage, processing and distribution or marketing of food in india. It stresses the importance of these function and shows some of the ways with the help of ICT in which they could more efficiently supply consumers with adequate and diversified food, there by ensuring physical access and enhancing food security. An efficient post – harvest and marketing chain promotes production and distribution in accordance with consumers needs and ensures that the costs of transfer from producer to consumer are kept to a minimum. The supply chain of agriculture products remain very fragmented with a large number of intermediaries. A study by Global Agri system of Fruit & vegetable supply chain in four metros (Delhi, Mumbai, Bangalore and Kolkata) revealed that, on an average there are 5-6 intermediaries between the primary producers and the consumer. The total mark up in the chain added up to 60-75% As a result the Primary producer receive only 20-25 % of the consumers price. Moreover multiple handling by different intermediaries resulted in huge wastage of 15-25 % of the value ( Patnaik , November 10-11-2011 ) The use of technology enabled the access of information and communication more conveniently and thus led to not only customer oriented marketing but also customer – initiated marketing today the buyers can (kotler) Thus

Get information about the products and services around the world.

Can do comparison of different product features, quality, prices etc.

Initiate requests for adverting and information from the manufactures.

Design the market offerings.

Hire buying agents and invite market offers from multiple sellers.

Buy ancillary products and services from a recognized third party.



Research Methodology

The study is an inferential study where dada from years 2002 to 2007 had been taken about wastage of food grains and farmers suicide in India. The karl persons’ methods has used under parametric test to show the relationship between two variables.

H0: There is no relationship between wastage of food grain and farmers suicide in india.

H1: There is relationship between wastage of food grains and farmers suicide in India

Data Analysis

With reference to table I correlation between wastage of resources and farmers suicide in india, we can analysis that there is positive correlation between two variable because the value of r > 0 and r = +1. It indicates that the two variables tend to increase.( or decrease) together. Hence, we need to work on the wastage of food grain to reduce the death rate of farmers, it is just a glimpse of 2002 to 2007 years data but if go through the analysis of more years the figures can be more shocking.

Failure in Marketing and Distribution system of Agriculture

Current Agriculture marketing system in India is the outcomes of several years of Government intervention. The system has undergone several changes over the last 60 years owing to the increased marketed surplus : increase in urbanization and income levels and consequent changes in the pattern of demand for marketing service increase in Linkages with distant and overseas markets; and changes in the form and degree of government intervention. Actual buying and selling of commodities mainly takes place in market yards, sub – yards and rural periodic markets spread throughout the country ( as on 30.06.2011) and 21,238 Rural periodic Markets about 20 percent of which function under the ambit of regulation. The institution of regulated markets setup to strengthen and develop agriculture marketing in the country has achived limited success in providing transparent transactional methods/ marketing practices, need based amenities and services conducive to efficient marketing, marketing information and extension services. In a comprehensive study of agriculture marketing system in India during the last fifty years ( Acharya,2004 ) several problems associated with regulated market have been identified;

The marketing committees do not allow the traders to buy from the farmers outsode the specified market yards or sub yards. This adds to avoidable cost of marketing.

Despite expansion in the member of regulated market, the area served per market yard is quite high. The national average is 454 square km and in some states like Assam, Himachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, it is considerable higher. The farmers are therefore required to travel long distance to reach a market place. with small surplus to sell, most of the farmers try to evade these markets;

Though the acts stipulate for the provision of some prescribed facilities and amenities in each market yard, in several markets, the facilities/ amenities actually created are far from the prescribed norms;

Apart from the primary assembling markets, there are 21,238 Rural periodic Market (RPMs), where small and marginal farmers and livestock owners come in contact with the market economy. Most of these (80%) have not been developed which hinders the market orientation of rural areas.

In several states, regular election of APMCs are not being held. These have been superseded by the government and for long, are being administrated by bureaucrats. They have thus, lost the characteristic of farmers- dominated managerial bodies ( APMCs). The staff remains overly occupied in collection of market fees and construction work rather than market development;

With the expansion in the market arrivals, there is considerable congestion in several market yards. This leads to undue delays in the disposal of the farmers produces resulting in long waiting periods and frustration for the farmers;

In several markets, malpractices like late late payment to farmers are still prevalent and deduction of certain amount for cash or spot payment and non-issue of sale slips by traders have continued unabated;



Market functionaries ( Like traders, commission agents and labours) in some markets have organized themselves in strong association and thus, have created barriers to entry of new functionaries;

Market fee, by definition, is the charge for the services provided to market functionaries. But a considerable part of the market fee is not ploughed back. In some States, this has even become a source of income for the government. The market free varies from 0.5% to 2% and commission charges from 2 to 8% across States depending upon the type of commodity ; and

By and large the APMCs have emerged as some sort of government sponsored monopolies in supply of marketing services/ facilities, with all drawback and inefficiency associated with a monopoly.

Proposed System for Effective Distribution System in Agriculture.

Conduct of marketing such as buying , selling , distributing or delivering of goods or services using electronic methods are termed as e marketing. It includes the use of electronic data and its applications for conceptualization, planning, distribution and promotion of goods and services to create exchanges to satisfy customer needs (joshi, 2009). Electronic communication and computer technology to conduct agriculture business, so that trading partners can share awide rage of data. Agriculture E – Marketing transforms the way agriculture products are sold and the way agribusiness interact with each other and customer through communication channels. In other words the technology is a subject of the larger world of both information technology and agriculture. E Marketing can provide greater transparency in the purchasing process since prices and stock levels all accessible in an open environment. The international trade are removed as it is possible to operate on a round the clock basis. Some of the potential benefits are summarized below;

It will help to save transaction costs, time and energy.

It will create the transparency of price and product information.

It will help to expand market opportunity

We can create a web portal for farmers to facilitate the open market system. In this system farmers would have choice to sell their crops at the negotiated price to the buyers. This portal will provide facility to directly interact and negotiate with the buyers wheather national or international hence farmers doest need middlemen or intermediary because of which farmers are facing losses. Farmers will be able to get orders on advance and accordingly they will demand of our product we’ll be able to manage production efficiently e marketing is model of ecommerce which has been to trade a wide range of goods, including agriculture products. The proposed model includes digital transaction system, information publishing system and online auction system. The system will be in regional language to understand and manage properly. The system will work in two parts as follows;

Information System

The system will food grain collecting, analyzing and releasing information of food grain; It will help farmer to forecast the demand on the basis of market information. This system will help farmer and buyer to know about demand and supply of the food grain and can set price accordingly. Farmer can produce those foodgrain which are in demand and easy to earn to earn profit at the place of traditional foodgrain without any estimation of profit.

Transaction System

The transaction process takes the way of electronic matchmaking, which depends on price priority, quantity priority and time priority; It is computerized version of traditional auctions where prices are set by buyers bidding against each other. With the help of technology vast number of farmers can bid, allowing sellers to get the best price. The speed, simplicity and verity of auction mean that shrewd buyers can cut the time and cost of procurement with online auction system the market organizer can attract more dealers and increase the popularity.



The model can save the management charge and spot fee for the vegetable wholesale market organizer. The system offer a platform on which dealers can buy the lowest price of vegetable, which can save a lot of money and time, reducing the transaction cost. The platform is public and transparent, which can avoid the purchases cost and price increasing.

E marketplace supplies a central dealing platform for enterprises, and realizes a new businesspattern with lower cost and higher return. Agriculture third-party e marketing is usually a b2b Online platform for agriculture product market, which is served for the farms and agribusiness. by registering on an independent-marketplace ,you can access classified ads or requests for quotations or bids in your industry sector. Farmer could therefore control, revise, change, or dispose of their business information, including registration, issuance, counter offers ; contract signing, and trade codes. Payment and delivery are handled through a network of financial institutions and branches. A new authorized and controlled logistic network offers convenience and cost saving potential to users. The ability to track and supervise transactions by coordinated branches adds to the safety of transactions.

Conclusion:-

The use of IT in agriculture has grown rapidly in the past few years. However; It and the problem facing decision makers are constantly changing. Thus, future information systems for research purposes will be significantly different the current system because of the changes. The use of IT in agribusiness in some countries is quite advanced but the situation in India is quite different as like its neighboring countries like Sri Lanka as compared to developed countries. In India we have farmers with low levels of computer literacy and haveless usages of IT in the farm sector. But farmers often go to grate efforts to obtain better information, thus much attention should be given by the Government to the development of wireless networks, the centers and other methods for promoting IT access and knowledge diffusion in the rural sector in India Neverthless, IT is likely to become increasingly important in innovation diffusion in agriculture, in both developed countries and in developing economies such as India. In implementing policies to this end, India must give due attention to the complex interactions between the many players to the role of tacit knowledge and social sectors and to the low levelto the It literacy in the IT literacy in the agriculture sector.



Lack of information at the proper time causes a huge loss to farmers.This gap in communication may be bridged by information technology. Information of the required quality always has the potential of improving efficiency in all spheres of agriculture. In the context of agriculture industry the potential of information technology can be assessed broadly under two heads: (a) as a tool for direct contribution to productivity and (b) as an indirect tool for empowering farmers to take informedand quality decisions which will have positive impact on the way agriculture production, distribution and allied activities are conducted. IT has been one of the most aspired fields in today`s world . Integrating IT with agriculture will help any country to regulate its overall economy and trade. The different Information Technologies like Expert System in Decision Support System and Remote Sensing have brought revolution in world agriculture.

Bibliography :-

Agriculture,D.O. (-). Annual Report -.New Delhi: Government of India.

B,K. B. ( February,) E-Marketing for Nigeria Agricultural Products. Journal of Innovative Research in Engineering and Sciences ( 1 ),(pp 455-465.)

Cooperatiion,D.O. (2013) Annual Report. New Delhi:- Government of India.

Das, B. S.(n.d.).Agricultural production and food distribution to vulnerable families in India today.

Deshmukh, D.P. (Vol.1,Issue,1/Gebruary,2011). Farmers Suicides India Indian Streams Research Journal,pp.113-117.

Farmer`s suicides in India.(2014) Retrieved from www.wikipedia.com

Joshi. R. M.(2009) International Marketing New Delhi :- Oxford University Press.

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A STUDY OF EMPOWERING INDIAN WOMEN

Dr. Surendra R Jichkar Asst Professor, Dept. of Commerce,

Dhanwate National College,

Congress Nagar,

Nagpur.

_______________________________________________________________________________________

Introduction

‘Biology is not destiny’ written by Francis Fukuyama is more applicable today to Indian women, who are interested to become ‘Politicians’. Since the past unveil years politics is a sector dominated by man. Women have been starting to enter in polities since last few decades but not as a ‘warrior’ with ‘full training’ and ‘instruments’. Whereas, on government front, it is not enough to offer reservation for women for their active role in politics but it is necessary to make them trained in every aspect for upcoming challenges in their political career. The issue of empowerment of women has becoming a burning issue all over the world including India since last few decades. Many agencies of United Nations in their reports have emphasized that gender issue is to be given utmost priority. It is held that women now cannot be asked to wait for any more for equality. Inequalities between men and women and discrimination against women have also been age-old issues all over the world. Thus, women’s quest for equality with man is a universal phenomenon. What exists for men is demanded by women?

What is Women Empowerment?

In the simplest of words it is basically the creation of an environment where women can make independent decisions on their personal development as well as shine as equals in society. Women want to be treated as equals so much so that if a woman rises to the top of her field it should be a commonplace occurrence that draws nothing more than a raised eyebrow at the gender. This can only happen if there is a channelized route for the empowerment of women. Thus it is no real surprise that women empowerment in India is a hotly discussed topic with no real solution looming in the horizon except to doubly redouble our efforts and continue to target the sources of all the violence and ill-will towards women. They have demanded equality with men in matters of education, employment, inheritance, marriage, politics and recently in the field of religion also to serve as cleric (in Hinduism and Islam). Women want to have for themselves the same strategies of change which men folk have had over the centuries such as equal pay for equal work. Their quest for equality has given birth to the formation of many women’s associations and launching of movements The position and status of women all over the world has risen incredibly in the 20th century. We find that it has been very low in 18th and 19th centuries in India and elsewhere when they were treated like ‘objects’ that can be bought and sold. For a long time women in India remained within the four walls of their household. Their dependence on men folk was total. A long struggle going back over a century has brought women the property rights, voting rights, an equality in civil rights before the law in matters of marriage and employment (in India women had not to struggle for voting rights as we find in other countries). In addition to the above rights, in India, the customs of purdha (veil system), female infanticide, child marriage, sati system (self-immolation by the women with their husbands), dowry system and the state of permanent widowhood were either totally removed or checked to an appreciable extent after independence through legislative measures.

Crimes against Women

The crimes against women fly directly against orchestrating women empowerment in India. A report on the crimes against women by the National Crime Records Bureau comes up with some alarming statistics:-



Sr No. Crime Head Year 2006

Year 2007

Year 2008

Year 2009

Year 2010

Year 2011

Year 2012

Percentage Variation in 2012 over 2011

1 Rape (Sec. 376 IPC)

19,348 20,737 21,467 21,397 22,172 24,206 24,923 3.0

2 Kidnapping & Abduction (Sec. 363 to 373 IPC)

17,414 20,416 22,939 25,741 29,795 35,565 38,262 7.6

3 Dowry Death (Sec 302/304 IPC)

7,618 8,093 8,172 8,383 8,391 8,618 8,233 -4.5

4 Torture (Sec. 498-A IPC)

63,128 75,930 81,344 89,546 94,041 99,135 1,06,527 7.5

5 Molestation (Sec. 354 IPC)

36,617 38,734 40,413 38,711 40,613 42,968 45,351 5.5

6 Sexual Harassment (Sec. 509 IPC)

9,966 10,950 12,214 11,009 9,961 8,570 9,173 7.0

7 Importation of Girls (Sec. 366-B IPC)

67 61 67 48 36 80 59 -26.3

8 Sati Prevention Act, 1987 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 -100.0

9 Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act, 1956

4,541 3,568 2,659 2,474 2,499 2,435 2,563 5.3

10

Indecent Representation of Women (Prohibition) Act, 1986

1,562

1,200

1,025

845

895

453

141

-68.9

11 Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961 4,504 5,623 5,555 5,650 5,182 6,619 9,038 36.5

Total 1,64,765 1,85,312 1,95,856 2,03,804 2,13,585 2,28,650 2,44,270 6.8

A total of 2,44,270 incidents of crime against women (both under IPC and SLL) were reported in the country during the year 2012 as compared to 2,28,650 in the year 2011 recording an increase of 6.4% during the year 2012. These crimes have continuously increased during 2008 – 2012 with 1,95,856 cases in the year 2008, 2,03,804 cases in 2009 and 2,13,585 cases in 2010 and 2,28,650 cases in 2011 and 2,44,270 cases in the year 2012. West Bengal with 7.5% share of country’s female population has accounted for nearly 12.7% of total crime against women by reporting 30,942 cases during the year 2012.

Legislation

Two Acts have also been enacted to emancipate women in India. These are: Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005 and the Compulsory Registration of Marriage Act, 2006. The Domestic Violence Act recognizes that abuse be physical as well as mental. Anything that makes a woman feel inferior and takes away her self-respect is abuse. Compulsory Registration of Marriage Act can be beneficial in preventing the abuse of institution of marriage and hindering social justice especially in relation to women. It would help the innumerable women in the country who get abandoned by their husbands and have no means of proving their marital status. It would also help check child marriages, bigamy and polygamy, enable women to seek maintenance and custody of their children and widows can claim inheritance rights. The Act is applicable on all women irrespective of caste, creed or religion. It would truly empower Indian women to exercise their rights. To what extent legislative measures have been able to raise the status of women in India? Are women now feel empowered in the sense that they are being equally treated by men in all spheres of life and are able to express one’s true feminine urges and energies? These are the important questions to be investigated with regard to women’s empowerment in India.



Challenges

There are several challenges that are currently plaguing the issues of women’s rights in India. A few of these challenges are presented below. While a lot of these are redundant and quite basic issues faced across the country, these are contributory causes to the overarching status of women in India. Targeting these issues will directly benefit the empowerment of women in India.

Education

While the country has grown from leaps and bounds since its independence where education is concerned, the gap between women and men is severe. While 82.14% of adult men are educated, only 65.46% of adult women are known to be literate in India. Not only is an illiterate women at the mercy of her husband or father, she also does not know that this is not the way of life for women across the world. Additionally, the norms of culture that state that the man of the family is the be-all and end-all of family decisions is slowly spoiling the society of the country.

Data Source: Census of India 2011

We all know that girls are now doing better at school than boys. The annual results of Secondary and Higher Secondary Board examinations reveal this fact. More women are getting degrees than men, and are filling most new jobs in every field. There was a time when women’s education was not a priority even among the elite. Since the last quarter of the 20th century and more so after the opening up of die economy, post-1991, a growing number of women have been entering into the economic field, seeking paid work (remunerative jobs) outside the family.

Economic Contribution

Women are playing bigger and bigger role in economic field: as workers, consumers, entrepreneurs, managers and investors. According to a report of The Economist, ‘Women and the World Economy’, in 1950, only one-third of American women of working age had a paid job. Today, two-thirds do, and women make up almost half of American’s workforce. In fact, almost everywhere, including India, more women are employed, though their share is still very low. Manufacturing work, traditionally a male preserve, has declined, while jobs in services have expanded, reducing the demand for manual labour and putting the sexes on equal footing. We can now see women in almost every field: architecture, lawyers, financial services, engineering, medical and IT jobs. They have also entered service occupations such as a nurse, a beautician, a sales worker, a waitress, etc.



They are increasingly and gradually seen marching into domains which were previously reserved for males (police, driver’s army, pilots, chartered accountants, commandos). In spite of their increasing number in every field, women still remain perhaps the world’s most underutilized resources. Many are still excluded from paid work and many do not make best use of their skills. The rapid pace of economic development has increased the demand for educated female labour force almost in all fields. Women are earning as much as their husbands do, their employment nonetheless adds substantially to family and gives family an economic advantage over the family with only one breadwinner. This new phenomenon has also given economic power in the hands of women for which they were earlier totally dependent on males. Economically independent women feel more confident about their personal lives. Hence, they are taking more personal decisions, for instance, about their further education, marriage, etc. More and more women want freedom of work and control their own reproduction, freedom of mobility and freedom to define one’s own style of life. It is contended that freedom leads to greater openness, generosity and tolerance. This new pattern of working wives and mothers has affected the status of women in many ways. Women’s monetary independence leads them to the way to empowerment. Sociologist Robert Blood (1965) observes, ‘Employment emancipates women from domination by their husbands and secondarily, raises their daughters from inferiority to their brothers’ (Blood and Wolfe, 1965). In brief, economic independence of women is changing their overall equations, perspective and outlook. Economic independence of women has also affected the gender relationships. New forms of gender relationships (live-in relationship are challenging the long-rooted conception of marriages as a permanent arrangement between families and communities. In traditional marriages the relationships were hierarchical and authoritarian. The modem conjugal relationships are based on freedom and desire rather than convention. People’s attitudes about marriage are also changing. Educated women now feel that there is more to life than marriage. They can get most of the things they want (income, status, identity) without marriage, while they find it harder to find a suitable accomplished mate. This is why their marriage is delayed. With increasing literacy among women in India, their entry into many types of work, formerly the preserve of men, women can now look upon the bearing and raising of their children not as a life’s work in itself but as an episode. It women have started taking men’s work, it could be said that men have taken over women’s. Young fathers could be seen wash up and making beds, caring of the young and doing many other domestic works. The division of labour between sexes has changed somewhat. They do similar work and share both household activities and tastes. Women wear trousers, jeans, suits and put on ties. The facts about working wives suggest a basic change in Indian family. The traditional (nuclear) household, in which the husband works and the wife remains at home to care for the children, though still a dominant pattern, is changing gradually but steadily. A new pattern is emerging in which both partners work outside the home but do not share equally in housework and child care as we see in Western families. In India, the paternalistic attitude of the male has not undergone much change. In spite of such drawbacks and hurdles that still prevail, Indian women (especially educated) are no longer hesitant or apologetic about claiming a share and visibility within the family, at work, in public places, and in the public discourse.

Health & Safety

The health and safety concerns of women are paramount for the wellbeing of a country, and is an important factor in gauging the empowerment of women in a country. However there are alarming concerns where maternal healthcare is concerned. In its 2009 report, UNICEF came up with shocking figures on the status of new mothers in India. The maternal mortality report of India stands at 301 per 1000, with as many as 78,000 women in India dying of childbirth complications in that year. Today, due to the burgeoning population of the country, that number is sure to have multiplied considerably. The main causes of maternal mortality are:-

Haemorrhage: 30%

Anaemia: 19%



Sepsis: 16%

Obstructed Labour: 10%

Abortion: 8%

Toxaemia: 8%

While there are several programmes that have been set into motion by the Government and several NGOs in the country, there is still a wide gap that exists between those under protection and those not.

Poverty and illiteracy add to these complications with local quacks giving ineffective and downright harmful remedies to problems that women have. The empowerment of women begins with a guarantee of their health and safety.

Suggestions to Empower Women

Millennium Development Goal

The United Nations Development Program constituted eight Millennium Development Goals (MDG) for ensuring equity and peace across the world. The third MDG is directly related to the empowerment of women in India. The MDGs are agreed-upon goals to reduce certain indicators of disparity across the world by the year 2015. The third MDG is centered towards promoting gender equality and empowering women: “Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education, preferably by 2005, and in all levels of education by no later than 2015” While India’s progress in this front has been brave, there are quite a few corners that it needs to cut before it can be called as being truly revolutionary in its quest for understanding what is women empowerment.

As UNDP says:-

India missed the 2005 deadline of eliminating gender disparity in primary and secondary education. However, the country has hastened progress and the Gender Parity Index (GPI) for Gross Enrolment Ratios (GER) in primary and secondary education has risen. Given current trends, India is moderately or almost nearly on track. However, as the Government of India MDG Report 2009 notes, “participation of women in employment and decision-making remains far less than that of men, and the disparity is not likely to be eliminated by 2015.” Achieving GPI in tertiary education also remains a challenge. In addition, the labour market openness to women in industry and services has only marginally increased from 13-18 percent between 1990-91 and 2004-05.

Ministry for Women & Child Development

The Ministry for Women & Child Development was established as a department of the Ministry of Human Resource Development in the year 1985 to drive the holistic development of women and children in the country. In 2006 this department was given the status of a Ministry, with the powers to formulate plans, policies and programs; enacts/ amends legislation, guiding and coordinating the efforts of both governmental and non-governmental organizations working in the field of Women and Child Development. It delivers such initiatives such as the Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) which is a package of services such as supplementary nutrition, health check-ups and immunisation. As mentioned earlier, the empowerment of women begins with their safety and health and this Ministry is committed to providing them.

Centrally Sponsored Schemes

The following Rural Development Programs are initiated by the Government of India.

Integrated Rural Development Program (IRDP)

Training for Rural Youth for Self Employment (TRYSEM)

Development of Women and Children in Rural Areas (DWCRA)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millennium_Development_Goals



Swayamsidha Programme

Additionally, the Ministry is also implementing the Swayamsidha program – an integrated scheme for the empowerment of women at a total cost of Rs. 116.30 Crores. Core to this program will be the establishment of women’s self-help groups which will empower women to have increased access to all kinds of resources that they are denied, in addition to increasing their awareness and skills. This program will benefit about 9,30,000 women with the setting up of 53,000 self-help groups, 26,500 village societies and 650 block societies.

National Commission for Women

The National Commission for Women is a Department within the Ministry of Women and Child Development. It was set up exclusively to help women via the Constitution – by reviewing Legal and Constitutional safeguards for women, recommending remedial legislative measures, by facilitating quick redressal of grievances and by advising the Government of India on all policy matters affecting women. The website allows for online submission of complaints and fast redressal exclusively for women. Additionally it is also a good resource of information for women and the Commission is committed to helping out women in need.

Conclusion

To conclude, planned development has been considered to be the most effective way of solving the numerous problems come in the way of eradicating poverty, reducing imbalances and preventing discriminations among vast number of poor people living in rural areas, especially of rural poor women folk. In this process various policies and program intended for empowerment of women have been implemented for which special budget allocations are made in Five Year Plans. Besides, various schemes a re being implemented to uplift socio - economic status of rural poor women and paving a path for their empowerment. Thus the government has been making sincere efforts to empower women in socio economic and politico - cultural aspects, so that a welfare state and a prosperous nation can be built. Thus, in this chapter the governmental policies and program implemented for empowerment of women have been examined to fulfil in the fourth objective.

References

Neera Desai, ‘Changing Status of Women, Policies and Programmes’

in Amit Kumar Gupta (ed) Women and Society, Development Perspective,

Quiterion Publishers, New Delhi

Kitchlu T.N., ‘Women rights, Legislative Measures’in Yojana, Nov. 15, 1991, vol. 35, No. 20, Publication Division, Government ofIndia, New Delhi

Neera Desai and Maithreyi Krishna Raj, Women and Society in India

Kalbagh C., (Edi.), Social And Economic Dimensions of Women’s Development, Discovery Publication House, New Delhi, 1992.

Anil Kumar Gupta, (ed) Women and Society: The Developmental Perspective,

Government of India, “Towards Equality”Reportof the Committee on the Status of Women in India,

Department of Women and Child Development, Ministry of Women Resource Development, National Perspective Plan for women-1988

Kalbagh C., (Edi.), Social And Economic Dimensions of Women’s Development, Discovery Publication House, New Delhi, 1992.

Widge M.K., “Gender issue in Development” in Yojana June 15, 1992, Vol. 37, No. 10, Publication Division, Govt. of India, New Delhi

“Towards Equality”, Report of the Committee on Status of Women in India

National Perspective Plan for Women 1988

Government of India, Seventh Five Year Plan 1985

http://www.wcdhry.gov.in/SWAYAMSIDHA_F.htm



Economic Programmes for India, Planning Commission

Economic Survey-2010, Ministry of Finance, Oxford Uni. Press, New Delhi, 2011.

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A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF HEALTH CARE EXPENDITURE OF BELOW POVERTY LINE FAMILIES IN AMRAVATI DISTRICT

Dr Dinesh Shrikishanji Kasat

M.Com, M.Phil, B.Ed,Ph.D

Assistant Professor

Smt.Kesharbai Lahoti Mahavidyalaya

Vidyanagar, Morshi Road, Amravati.

_______________________________________________________________________________________

Introduction & Background: Poverty, health and income opportunities are known to be closely intertwined, particularly in developing countries (Dasgupta and Ray 1987; Strauss and Thomas 1998). A robust health system that tackles health challenges effectively holds the key not only to individual and population health, but also to tackling the challenges of an aging population, and to harvesting the demographic dividend (Bloom et al. 2010). With variable public health infrastructure, the burden of seeking care has been largely left to the private individual with almost 80% of total care estimated to be on out-of-pocket medical expenditures (Ahuja and De 2004). With such out-of-pocket expenditures, a large fraction of the population is unable to access care, and as much as 40% of the population is forced to borrow to make healthcare related payments (Rao 2004). Even though better health is one of the most effective ways of fighting poverty, medical care itself impoverishes 150 million people worldwide each year. A number of papers show that households fall into poverty due to health events in the family. In such a setting, a government-supported program can provide gains to the entire economy; not only does it reduce morbidity and encourage greater labor force participation today by reducing and managing the current disease burden, it also limits entry into poverty and therefore poverty in the future. In India healthcare is provided free to the citizens or at a nominal cost by way of user fees in the public healthcare facilities. The BPL families are not supposed to pay any user fee for any services and this is true for all states. Also every state government has some scheme or the other for the BPL families which promises to provide free medical treatment for all sorts of Primary Secondary and Tertiary care. Due to fiscal constraints and low spending on healthcare lot many hospitals do not have sufficient medicines & disposable available in the hospital, lot many instruments are not functioning requiring tests to be done from outside. This leads to OOP expenditure in seeking healthcare even from a public facility. Indirect costs like transportation, food adds to the expenses. More so there is wage loss due to sickness. Hence healthcare expenditure leads to medical impoverishment or force poor HH not to seek medical care. The majority of OOP healthcare expenditure (74%) is incurred on outpatient treatment while inpatient treatment/hospitalization comprises only 26%. Drugs account for 72% of total private OOP expenditure (NSSO 2004-05). NSSO data suggests that HH spend nearly 5-6% of their total HH consumption expenditure and 10 to 12% of all non food MPCE on healthcare. According to recent data, families in India spent 58 percent of their total household annual spending on health care when a family member was hospitalized, and, as a result, as many as 25 percent of families with a hospitalized member fell into bankruptcy after that hospitalization. Studies show that about 72% of outpatient care and about 40 – 60% of inpatient care is sought from the private health sector. This has implications for lower income patient communities. About 6% of patients who require hospitalization do not seek health care because they cannot afford it. Among those who seek hospital care, about 25 – 40% of patients have to borrow or sell their assets to meet their medical expenses. All these figures are aggregate, the picture is worse if one disaggregates along the divides of urban / rural; male / female; upper quintile / lower quintile; upper caste / lower caste etc. To fill in this gap and weakness in the present system government has come up with an innovative sophisticated voucher program of health insurance targeted towards BPL families, namely the RSBY scheme. The scheme was started in 2009 but was abruptly terminated in 2011. Recently government has



started a new health insurance scheme the ‘Rajeev JeevandayeeYojana’ from July 2012. Also there are government programs and subsidies available to the poor for their healthcare needs. We selected Amravati District in Maharashtra state for the research because it belongs to comparatively backward area of Vidarbha where there were quite a few farmers’ suicides because of poverty and in-debtness and the district has a big tribal belt of Melghat (Chikhaldara and Dharani) which has been in national and International news for its malnutrition deaths and very high infant mortality rate (HINDU n.d., 10h, 12h). Amravati is one of 35 districts of Maharashtra and was ranked 15th amongst them in 2001 on the Human Development Index in Maharashtra (GoI 2002). Its annual per capita income was approximately Rs.17,168, about Rs, 5,000 below the state average, and it is one of the 250 most under-developed districts in India as per the Planning Commission (GoM). Amravati, viewed as a poor and economically disadvantaged district. The proportion of ailing persons (PAP) gives an indication of the status of the health of the population. PAP is found to be high in urban population (7.9%) as compared to rural population (6.3%). In the rural population PAP is higher in females (6.9%) and lower in males (5.7%). The average medical expenditure per hospitalization case in the state of Maharashtra was estimated to be Rs. 6,538 for rural areas and Rs. 9,477 for urban areas in 2004. Amravati division has one of the lowest hospitalization episode costs, at Rs 4597 for rural areas and Rs 5164 for urban areas; one possible implication of this is that secondary and tertiary care needs are under-served in Amravati (NSSO 2004). In terms of public health facilities, Amravati district has 78 beds per one lakh persons, which is below the statewide average of 90 beds. There are 22.37 doctors per lakh people in Amravati, well below the norms currently mooted in parliament for adequate healthcare (one doctor per 1000 people or about 100 doctors per lakh). Thus, access to healthcare is poor, and in general is somewhat worse than the state average. Review of Literature: Healthcare is a very basic fundamental human right which every citizen should get irrespective of his income status. Good health is essential for the individual to explore his capabilities Countries around the globe are grappling with the problem to reform its health system so that quality healthcare is provided to all its citizens at an affordable cost and free to those who cannot afford it. There is a strong feeling amongst non-economists that health is a matter of ‘social’ and not ‘economic’ concern and therefore the tools economists use for resource allocation in other areas are not appropriate for the field of health and healthcare. The fundamental question remains, how to structure the health system??? Whether it should be centrally planned or there should be free market??? What will give the most efficient, equitable and effective outcome so that quality healthcare can be provided to all at an affordable cost. Central planning relies on the belief in the ability of the government to advance the welfare of its people and manage its public sector efficiently (which is questionable?). Free market hypothesis believes that consumer can make informed and rational choices and a laissez-faire market will best satisfy individual wants and thereby bring in efficiency. Healthcare is a mixture of Public, Merit and Private good. Hence it makes it more difficult to manage. The public and merit good part calls in for governmental intervention as there would be no or less provision by the market forces. While the private good puts in the logic of putting the market in place to gain efficiency and satisfy individual wants according to individual choices and needs. In healthcare, provision of public health and all preventive measures are public good. Private Good: Like any other commodity or service, treatment of illness can be termed as a private good as the benefit is provided to the person exclusively who consumes it. So this part of healthcare provision can be left to the market for efficient provision and cost effective output. It is assumed that competition in the market will provide efficient outcom Importance of study: Farmers suicide has been in news in India, and government is taking all possible steps to curb the same. Andhrapradesh and Vidarbha have been two places where this burning issue has been in limelight. The main reasons for farmers suicide has been debt trap; the farmers get into, because of loans taken at exorbitant rates and their inability to pay the same. Government of India constituted a high level expert group under the chairmanship of Prof Swaminathan to study the problem and give suitable recommendations, so that this menance could be taken care of. The expert group was of the view that one of the reasonfor the debt trap could be poor health and healthcare expenditure. Hence one of the recommendations of the expert group was to provide social security in the form of health insurance to poor farmers. We try to explore and study in detail this aspect of healthcare expenditure amongst the poor



families in the poor and backward region of Vidarbha and compare and contrast our study findings with other studies. Objectives of Research:

To critically study and analyze healthcare expenditure.

To study the out of pocket expenditure (OOP) on health events by BPL households and estimate health expenditure as a percentage of monthly per capita consumption expenditure.

To critically analyze the expenditure on drugs, hospitalization, transportation, diagnostics and other indirect expenses on health events.

Do age, gender, caste, religion, occupation and geographical distribution of households affect such OOP expenditure; and if so, try to find out reasons of the same?

To study and estimate HH who have to bear catastrophic payments for healthcare expenditure, and those who fall in poverty due to health events.

To analyze and estimate the ‘source’ from where households generate the funds.

Whether the funds deployed during such expenditure is from their daily savings.

Whether HH have to borrow, sell their assets to meet their requirements and critically examine the aftermath of the same.

To analyze and estimate how many households deferred, postponed or gave up seeking medical attention for non-availability of funds.

To study and analyze the effect of health events on the earning capacity of the HH.

In case of health shocks in the family what is the effect of the earning capacity of the family and the effect on HH expenditure.

To estimate and analyze how much support is available to poor HH by effect of social security or government supported program.

To analyse and estimate how many households deferred, postponed or gave up seeking medical attention for fear of loss of wages.

To study and analyze qualitatively and quantitatively the data of 1-3 and understand the causes and effects of Medical Impoverishment.

To study whether government supported programs like health insurance schemes have helped in reducing OOP expenditure.

To analyze people’s perception of the health systems.

Hypothesis Of Research: A Hypothesis is a Provisional Formulation or Possible Solution or tentative explanation suggested answer to the problems facing the scientist. It is an explanation that needs to be established before it can be accepted. When a Researcher observes known facts & takes up a problem for analysis, researcher first has to start somewhere & this point of start is the Hypothesis. Researcher has prepared the following hypothesis for the project work those tested by his as under We propose to have the following hypothesis for the present research study:

“There is poor outlet on health care expenditure amongst the BPL families because of economic poverty and lack of health care awareness.”

Research Methodology: Research Methodology refers logic of Scientific Investigation of how knowledge is built i.e how facts are collected, classified and analysis. It starts with the problems, collects data or facts, analysis them critically and reaches decision based on the actual evidence. Research Methodology means, discovery of facts, development of facts, verification of the facts.Research Methodology refers to the scientific procedure for the acquisition of knowledge based on empirical observation and logical reasoning. Research Methodology can be Quantitative (for example, measuring the number of times someone does something under certain conditions) or Qualitative (for example, asking people how they feel about certain situation) Statistical Analysis:- Primary data will be collected by household survey. Data will be collected by using Stratified Random Sampling. It will ensure that different groups of BPL will be included in the sampling.



The data will be tabulated in the suitable format needed on the future analysis from the data of the expenditure for the health care will be estimated for each family as well as average income and expenses Pattern will be study next, the effect of health care expenditure on there regular expenditure will be estimated for sample data. Suitable Statistical Taste will be applied to the study of significance of health care expenditure on the regular expenditure. If any pattern is observed in this Phenomenon it will be study to the regular analysis. The result will be obtained by the interview of the objective. Find the new views. Primary Data Analysis: Study Design: We plan to undertake community based survey with an objective to estimate the proportion of out of pocket expenditure on healthcare and study the reasons for medical impoverishment. Study Setting: Randomly Selected Blocks in Amravati District were taken up for the study Sample Size: Sample will be collected from 2 thousands respondent by Stratified Random Sampling Method. Study Design & Sampling Framework: In all there are 14 Blocks (taluqs) in Amravati District. There are 2 Blocks which have dense tribal population and the BPL population here is 70 to 80% of the total population. One of the tribal blocks and 6 of non-tribal blocks were selected randomly. The study was carried out in 7 blocks (6 non-tribal blocks + 1 tribal block). Blocks Selected:

Amravati

Anjangaon

Chandurbazar

Chikhaldara(Tribal)

Daryapur

Morshi

NandgaonKhandeshwar

Teosa

From Block Head quarter’s direction was selected randomly by rotating a pencil. In the decided direction first village was selected randomly by choosing the last 2 digit number from a randomly selected currency note (which denoted the distance from the head qtrs.) BPL card holders will be surveyed in that village. Separate detailed questionnaires were prepared for the household and healthcare expenditure survey. The HH survey had questions regarding demographics of the HH, income and assets of HH and healthcare needs of the HH. The healthcare expenditure questionnaire was used for the households who had any health event in the family and if they incurred any expenditure on the same. It had questions in relation to medical needs, nature of medical problem, whether there was any wage loss, transportation, health treatment availed at Public/Private facility, total expenditure incurred, sources of funds to meet the expenditure, whether HH had to borrow or sale any assets, and whether HH had to compromise any other expenditure because of health expenditure. The whole data so collected during the survey and study period will be analysed analyzed with the help of a statistician by using an Statistical Software (STATA /SPSS). Both Qualitative and Quantitative analysis will be done. Secondary Data Analysis: Secondary data which is available with the health department, government sources, on the web and research articles will be analyzed quantitatively. Qualitative data analysis: The household perceptions, views, opinions and comments will be analyzed qualitatively. Qualitative techniques like free listing of domains, coding of responses and use of qualifiers and comparative tables across stakeholders will be used to assess the healthcare needs and behavior of households.



Visits to Sub centers, PHCs, Rural Hospitals and District Hospital. Selected Sub centers, PHCs and rural hospital in the block will be visited during the survey. Also visit to the District hospital will be made. Interaction with medical personnel and a look at the infrastructure of these institutions will be done. A comprehensive analysis of the health systems with expenditure on healthcare by the poor HH will be done. Interaction with Health Department, Rural Development Department. An interaction with the Health and Rural development department personnel will also be done to know the views of other various stakeholders about healthcare expenditure. Research Design: A Research design is an important step in the process of conducting a research. Research design is nothing but a Scheme of work to be undertaken by a researcher at various stages Research design is nothing but a working plan prepared by researcher before actual starting of research work. “Just as a House builder prepare a blue print of the entire Building before commencing the actual construction and army prepares a strategy before launching an attack and artist makes a design before he executes his ideas as same Researcher also prepares a Research Design before commencing the actual research work” References:

A. Catlin et al., "National Health Spending In 2005: The Slowdown Continues," Health Affairs 26, no. 1 (2007): 142153; and Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, OECD Health Data 2006 (Paris: OECD, 2006).

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INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY (IT)

Ku.Kritika Narendra Laddha B.Com, M.Com I Sem Smt. Kesharbai Lahoti Mahavidyalaya, Vidya Nagar, Morshi Road, Amravati.

Abstract: Since we live in the era of information and communication, what has attracted the attention of all companies and organizations is investment in information technology and efficiency resulting from it. Nowadays, great amount of saving in resources and reduction in costs of organizations have occurred by using information technology which has increased the efficiency of organizations. A main hypothesis and two sub hypotheses were developed to investigate significance of the difference between the efficiency of Parks and Green Space Organization of Mashhad Municipality before and after application of information technology. Based on research findings, the main hypothesis and the sub-hypotheses were confirmed and it was shown that application of information technology in Parks and Green Space Organization of Mashhad Municipality has respectively increased optimum use of human resources and information resources and, therefore, increased efficiency of that organization. At the end of the article, practical suggestions are presented based on research findings for effective and efficient application of information technology to increase the efficiency of organizations

Introduction Taking advantage of opportunities created by information In today's world, "Technology" has a vital role in and modern organizations. During recent years, the creating added value, creating wealth and increase in use of modern information and communication productivity in all aspects and levels and is considered technologies (ICT) in state sector, which aim to establish propellant of achievement and development in any efficient organizations and offer services in a fast, easy society. Organizations as sub-system of the system of and convenient way, has been considered by the public society are also forced to use variety of technologies and sector agencies in most countries throughout the world. technological innovations as a way to modernize Understanding the importance of IT application in state production capacity and increase their competitiveness sector to increase organizational productivity (efficiency and flexibility. Nowadays, in the era of communication and effectiveness) and customer and citizens’ and information when virtual network and non-border satisfaction, have made policy-makers in different organizations and citizen-centered e-government are communities apply institutional and administrative gaining importance, it is necessary and inevitable to use infrastructures of information technology to state sector "Information Technology" for all organizations, because by considering it as guideline and enacting related with the expansion of commercial activities, globalization policies. Since the wide application of information and rapid technological changes, organizations need to technology in governmental organizations of Iran has have the required flexibility to comply with environmental been emphasized from the beginning of the third Five-year changes which cannot be achieved except through Development Project in the form of the project of applied "information technology". In fact, involvement in and development of IT and establishment of electronic technology are among the important issues for successful.

Objectives:

Provide a reliable and secure infrastructure on which to base current and future university technology systems.

Support and expand campus-wide wireless connectivity.

Provide adequate network bandwidth both on campus and to the Internet.

Identify methods and practices to better manage network infrastructure.



Expand university capabilities using technology, including multimedia desktop technologies and audio visual tools.

Expand and improve remote access to university information and data resources.

Primary And Secondary The United Nations’ Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) two and three are about achieving universal primary education and promoting gender equality, respectively. The MDGs in education are defined in terms of participation and completion of primary education by all children and the elimination of gender discrimination in education. Despite the continued efforts of the various Governments on universalizing the primary and elementary education, through a wide range of programmes and schemes, access to quality education continues to be an obstacle in the achievement of the education goals. For instance, in India, during 2004 – 05, while the Gross Enrolment Ratio for children enrolling in classes I to VIII was 97 percent, the Drop-out Rate for the same classes was as high as 46 percent. The situation is more worrying at the secondary education level (classes IX and X), where the enrollment is recorded at 53 percent and the Drop-out Rate is as high as 60 percent1. Efforts so far have addressed to a considerable degree, the concerns of equity as well as that of regional parity, however concerns of quality have not received adequate attention. Recognizing this, the Government of India’s flagship education programme at the primary level - the Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA) - has streamlined its focus on ‘quality’. The situation is similar across the South Asia region. With the target timelines for universalizing of primary and secondary education nearing, there is a sense of urgency in accomplishing the goals set therein. As is being increasingly articulated, if after spending large sums of money on programmes and schemes, countries have not become fully literate, it is time that innovative and cost effective methods be put in place to address the problem of education in these countries. While this is a larger problem and points to the need for reform in the educational systems of these countries at various levels - pedagogical, curricular, as well as institutional, the emergence of various Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) and their increasing acceptance and adoption by society provide unique opportunities and could potentially promote education on a large scale. While there is no conclusive research to prove that student achievement is higher when using ICTs in the education space, either in the developed or developing countries, there is a general consensus among practitioners and academics that integration of ICTs in education has a positive impact on the learning environment. It is understood that in diverse socio-economic and cultural contexts ICTs can be successfully employed to reach out to a greater number of students, including those to whom education was previously not easily accessible, and help in promoting learning, along with exposing students to the technical skills required for many occupations. ICTs act as and provide students and teachers with new tools that enable improved learning and teaching. Geographical distance no longer becomes an insurmountable obstacle to obtaining an education. It is no longer necessary for teachers and students to be physically in proximity, due to innovations of technologies such as teleconferencing and distance learning, which allow for synchronous learning. ICTs in schools provide an opportunity to teachers to transform their practices by providing them with improved educational content and more effective teaching and learning methods. ICTs improve the learning process through the provision of more interactive educational materials that increase learner motivation and facilitate the easy acquisition of basic skills. The use of various multimedia devices such as television, videos, and computer applications offers more challenging and engaging learning environment for students of all ages. A study conducted by the International Institute for Communication and Development (IICD) indicated that 80 percent of its participants felt more aware and empowered by their exposure to ICT in education, and 60 percent stated that the process of teaching as well as learning were directly and positively affected by the use of ICT. Twenty-first century teaching learning skills underscore the need to shift from the traditional teacher-centered pedagogy to more learner-centered methods. Active and collaborative learning environments facilitated by ICT contribute to the creation of a knowledge-based student population. Education leadership, management, and governance can also be improved through ICT by enhancing educational content development and supporting administrative processes in schools and other educational establishments. ICT in School Education in the Developed World In the developed countries, and the urban elites of advanced economies, twenty-first century education integrates technologies, engaging students in ways which were not previously possible, creating new learning and teaching possibilities, enhancing



achievement and extending interactions with local and global communities. Students live in a world that has seen an information explosion and significant and rapid social and economic changes. ICT in School Education in the Developing World In the developing world, ICTs are used largely to increase access to and improve the relevance and quality of education. ICTs have demonstrated potential to increase the options, access, participation, and achievement for all students. The unprecedented speed and general availability of diverse and relevant information due to ICT, extends educational opportunities to the marginalized and vulnerable groups, among the other disadvantaged.

Hypothesis Since last August the Information Technology Section Standing Commiee (SC) members have been very active in the preparation of the next IFLA World Library and Information Conference program in Singapore. We are grateful to the SC members and guests that aended the last two SC meetings in Helsinki with whom we defined the relevant topics of our future sessions. Many libraries have started opening their bibliographic data and linking it with other datasets. What are the experiences of these libraries in integrating Linked Data from multiple sources and providing access to it through appropriate end user interfaces will be presented and discussed at IFLA pre-conference on “User interaction based on library linked data” on 16 August 2013. We are very thankful to the colleagues of Jurong East Regional Library of Singapore who are helping us in the organization of this event. During the main IFLA World Library and Information Conference in Singapore we are planning two sessions. One joint session will be organized in cooperation with the Preservation and Conservation Section, Rare Books and Manuscripts Section, and Library and Research Services for Parliaments Section. It will be dedicated to the integration of physical and digital preservation processes in libraries. Another session organized by the IT Section will deal with innovative and useful open source experiences in libraries from all parts of the world. The decision to address the topic on open source was strongly supported by the members of our section who have recently created the Open Source Working Group. It has been very active in fostering support and promoting open source solutions in libraries. The call for papers for these events are being published through the IFLA list serve and the IFLA IT section website at hp://www.ifla.org/it. We invite you to submit paper proposals. Our IT Section is also supporting two Special Interest Groups on Semantic Web and RFID which are also preparing very interesting plans for next year. If you are interested to take active part in their sessions, please contact their respective convenors. For additional information on our activities and plans, please visit our IFLA web-site. There you will find the amended IT Section Strategic Plan for 2012-2013. You can also propose ideas and share with us your opinion about relevant trends and developments on IT in libraries. If you have any question, feel free to ask me or any of the standing commiee members of the IT Section listed in this newsleer. I would like to use this occasion to wish you happy season holidays and a very productive and successful year 2013.

Review Of Literature Over the past decade, both academics and the business press have periodically revisited the socalled “productivity paradox” of computers. On one hand, delivered computing-power in the US economy has increased by more than two orders of magnitude in the past two decades (figure 1). On the other hand, productivity, especially in the service sector, seems to have stagnated (figure 2). Despite the enormous promise of information technology (IT) to effect “the biggest technological revolution men have known” *Snow, 1966+, disillusionment and even frustration with the technology are evident in statements like “No, computers do not boost productivity, at least not most of the time” *Economist, 1990+ and headlines like “Computer Data Overload Limits Productivity Gains” *Zachary, 1991+. Interest in the “productivity paradox”, as it has become known, has engendered a significant amount of research. Although researchers analyzed statistics extensively, they found little evidence that information technology significantly increased productivity in the 1970s and 1980s. The results were aptly characterized by Robert Solow’s quip that “you can see the computer age everywhere but in the productivity statistics,”1 and Bakos and Kemerer’s *1992+ summation that, “These studies have fueled a



controversial debate, primarily because they have failed to document substantial productivity improvements attributable to information technology investments.” Now, after researchers such as Brynjolfsson and Hitt [1993, 1995], and Lichtenberg [1995] found firm-level evidence that IT investments earned substantial returns, the media pendulum has swung in the opposite direction. Businessweek’s proclamation of “the productivity surge” due to “information technology”2, and Fortune magazine’s headline heralding the arrival of “technology payoff”3 represent the latest trend. A growing number of academic studies also report positive effects of information technology on various measures of economic performance. As more research is conducted, we are gradually developing a clearer picture of the relationship between IT and productivity. However, productivity measurement isn’t an exact science. Our tools are still blunt, and our conclusions not as definitive as we would like. While one study shows a negative correlation between total factor productivity and high share of high-tech capital formation during 1968-1986 period [Berndt and Morrison, 1995], another study suggests that computer capital contributes to growth more than ordinary capital during the similar period [Jorgenson and Stiroh, 1995]. Hitt and Brynjolfsson [1994] report positive effects of IT based on output and consumer surplus measures. On the other hand, Landauer [1995] de-emphasizes the findings of recent studies and documents various cases of “the trouble with computers”. At this stage, the academic research results are inconsistent on a number of dimensions, including measures of performance, methodologies, and data sources. Just as the business media’s premature announcement of a “productivity paradox” was out of proportion to the more carefully worded academic research, the current cover stories on the “productivity payoff” often overstate reality and overlook the limitations of the academic studies on which they were based. Although progress in this area of research has been quite substantial, a consensus about the relationship between IT investment and economic performance eludes us. More than a decade ago, one of the earliest surveys concluded that we still had much to learn about measuring the effects of computers on organizations *Attewell and Rule, 1984+. A more recent survey also reports a “sobering conclusion: our understanding of how information technology affects productivity either at the level of the firm or for the economy as a whole is extremely limited” *Wilson, 1995+. This paper seeks to contribute to the research effort by summarizing what we know and don’t know, by distinguishing the central issues from peripheral ones, and by clarifying the questions to be profitably explored in future research. Results and implications of different studies should be interpreted in the context of specific research questions. The question of aggregate economic performance differs from the question of firm-level economic performance. Data sources, and performance measures may also depend on the level of aggregation. Even within the same level of aggregation, results may depend on different measures of performance or research methods. While this review emphasizes economic approaches to both theory and empirics, it is hoped that the process of reviewing studies of the productivity controversy will serve as a useful springboard for examining other methodologies and the broader issues involved. As a prelude to the literature survey, it is useful to define some of the terms used and to highlight some of the basic trends in the economics of IT.

Reference

Tarek M. Khalil, 1999. Management of Technology, supplier-driven IT spillovers. Management Sci., 1th Edition, McGraw-Hill Science Press, USA.

Giovanni Masino, 1999. Information technology and dilemmas in organizational learning, J. Organizational Change Management, 12(5): 360-376.

Ricky Ryssel, Thomas Ritter and Hans Georg Gemünden, 2004. The impact of information technology deployment on trust, commitment and value creation in business relationships, J. Business and Industrial Marketing, 19(3): 197-207.

Bretschneider, S., 2003. Information Technology, E- Government and Institutional Change. Public Administration Review, 63(6): 738-741. http://www.Elsevier.com / locate /dsw.



BANKING

Ku. Sonali Sanjay Gosavi B.Com, M.Com I Sem Smt. Kesharbai Lahoti Mahavidyalaya Vidya Nagar Morshi Road Amravati.

Abstract

The Multi Banking System Interface is targeted to the future banking solution for the users who is having multiple bank accounts in multiple banks. This interface integrates all existing banks and provides business solutions for both retail and corporate. This system acts as a standard interface between the clients and all the banks. By using this portal any client who maintain accounts in various banks can directly log on to Multi Banking System Interface and make any kind of transactions. In the backend, system will take care of the entire obligation required in order to carry on transaction smoothly. The author reviews the theoretical and empirical literature to examine the traditional perception that the following trade-off exists between economic efficiency and stability in the banking system: a competitive banking system is more efficient and therefore important to growth, but market power is necessary for stability in the banking system. That this trade-off exists is not clear. Market power can have positive implications for efficiency, and the potentially negative implications of competition on stability may be manageable through prudential regulation. Neither extreme (perfect competition nor monopoly) is likely ideal. Rather, it may be optimal to facilitate an environment that promotes competitive behaviour (contestability), thereby minimizing the potential costs of market power while realizing benefits from any residual that remains. It can be very difficult to assess the contestability of a banking market. Recent work suggests that the number of banks and the degree of concentration are not, in themselves, sufficient indicators of contestability. Other factors play a strong role, including regulatory policies that promote competition, a well-developed financial system, the effects of branch networks, and the effect and uptake of technological advancements.

Introduction The Domain “Banking System " keeps the day by day tally record as a complete banking. It can keep the information of Account type, account opening form, Deposit, Withdrawal, and Searching the transaction, Transaction report, Individual account opening form, Group Account. The exciting part of this project is; it displays Transaction reports, Statistical Summary of Account type and Interest Information

Finance is the life blood of trade, commerce and industry. Now-a-days, banking sector acts as the backbone of modern business. Development of any country mainly depends upon the banking system. The term bank is either derived from old Italian word 'banca' or from a French word 'banque' both mean a 'Bench' or 'money exchange table'. In olden days, European money lenders or money changers used to display (show) coins of different countries in big heaps (quantity) on benches or tables for the purpose of lending or exchanging.

A bank is a financial institution which deals with deposits and advances and other related services. It receives money from those who want to save in the form of deposit and it lends money to those who need it. A bank has a following features:

Dealing in money ,

Individual / Firm / Company ,

Acceptance of Deposit

Giving Advances

Payment and Withdrawal

Agency and Utility Services



Profit and Service Orientation

Ever increasing Functions

The largest bank, and the oldest still in existence, is the State Bank of India (S.B.I). It originated as the Bank of Calcutta in June 1806. In 1809, it was renamed as the Bank of Bengal. This was one of the three banks funded by a presidency government, the other two were the Bank of Bombay and the Bank of Madras. The three banks were merged in 1921 to form the Imperial Bank of India, which upon India's independence, became the State Bank of India in 1955. For many years the presidency banks had acted as quasi-central banks, as did their successors, until the Reserve Bank of India was established in 1935, under the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934. In 1960, the State Banks of India was given control of eight state-associated banks under the State Bank of India (Subsidiary Banks) Act, 1959. These are now called its associate banks. In 1969 the Indian government nationalised 14 major private banks. In 1980, 6 more private banks were nationalized. These nationalized banks are the majority of lenders in the Indian economy. They dominate the banking sector because of their large size and widespread networks. The Indian banking sector is broadly classified into scheduled banks and non-scheduled banks. The scheduled banks are those which are included under the 2nd Schedule of the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934. The scheduled banks are further classified into: nationalised banks; State Bank of India and its associates; Regional Rural Banks (RRBs); foreign banks; and other Indian private sector banks. The term commercial banks refers to both scheduled and non-scheduled commercial banks which are regulated under the Banking Regulation Act, 1949. Generally banking in India is fairly mature in terms of supply, product range and reach-even though reach in rural India and to the poor still remains a challenge. The government has developed initiatives to address this through the State Bank of India expanding its branch network and through the National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development with facilities like microfinance. Withdrawal facility to its customers in the form of cheques and drafts, It also brings bank money in circulation. This money is in the form of cheques, drafts, etc. Banking in India in the modern sense originated in the last decades of the 18th century. Among the first banks were the Bank of Hindustan, which was established in 1770 and liquidated in 1829-32; and the General Bank of India, established in 1786 but failed in 1791. The largest bank, and the oldest still in existence, is the State Bank of India (S.B.I). It originated as the Bank of Calcutta in June 1806. In 1809, it was renamed as the Bank of Bengal. This was one of the three banks funded by a presidency government, the other two were the Bank of Bombay and the Bank of Madras. The three banks were merged in 1921 to form the Imperial Bank of India, which upon India's independence, became the State Bank of India in 1955. For many years the presidency banks had acted as quasi-central banks, as did their successors, until the Reserve Bank of India was established in 1935, under the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934. In 1960, the State Banks of India was given control of eight state-associated banks under the State Bank of India (Subsidiary Banks) Act, 1959. These are now called its associate banks. In 1969 the Indian government nationalised 14 major private banks. In 1980, 6 more private banks were nationalized. These nationalized banks are the majority of lenders in the Indian economy. They dominate the banking sector because of their large size and widespread networks. The Indian banking sector is broadly classified into scheduled banks and non-scheduled banks. The scheduled banks are those which are included under the 2nd Schedule of the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934. The scheduled banks are further classified into: nationalised banks; State Bank of India and its associates; Regional Rural Banks (RRBs); foreign banks; and other Indian private sector banks. The term commercial banks refers to both scheduled and non-scheduled commercial banks which are regulated under the Banking Regulation Act, 1949.

Generally banking in India is fairly mature in terms of supply, product range and reach-even though reach in rural India and to the poor still remains a challenge. The government has developed initiatives to address this through the State Bank of India expanding its branch network and through the National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development with facilities likemicrofinance.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Bank_of_India

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Calcutta

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Bengal

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidencies_and_provinces_of_British_India

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Bombay

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Madras

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_of_Madras

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Bank_of_India


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reserve_Bank_of_India

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reserve_Bank_of_India_Act,_1934

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Bank_of_India#Associate_banks

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_India

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_India

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalised

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_economy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheduled_bank


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_Rural_Bank

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banking_Regulation_Act,_1949

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Bank_for_Agriculture_and_Rural_Development

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Bank_for_Agriculture_and_Rural_Development

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microfinance



Adoption of banking technology The IT revolution has had a great impact on the Indian banking system. The use of computers has led to the introduction of online banking in India. The use of computers in the banking sector in India has increased many fold after the economic liberalisation of 1991 as the country's banking sector has been exposed to the world's market. Indian banks were finding it difficult to compete with the international banks in terms of customer service, without the use of information technology. The RBI set up a number of committees to define and co-ordinate banking technology. These have included: In 1984 was formed the Committee on Mechanisation in the Banking Industry (1984) whose chairman was Dr. C Rangarajan, Deputy Governor, Reserve Bank of India. The major recommendations of this committee were introducing MICR technology in all the banks in the metropolises in India. This provided for the use of standardized cheque forms and encoders. In 1988, the RBI set up the Committee on Computerisation in Banks (1988) headed by Dr. C Rangarajan. It emphasized that settlement operation must be computerized in the clearing houses of RBI in Bhubaneshwar, Guwahati, Jaipur, Patnaand Thiruvananthapuram. It further stated that there should be National Clearing of inter-city cheques at Kolkata, Mumbai,Delhi, Chennai and MICR should be made operational. It also focused on computerisation of branches and increasing connectivity among branches through computers. It also suggested modalities for implementing on-line banking. The committee submitted its reports in 1989 and computerisation began from 1993 with the settlement between IBA and bank employees' associations. In 1994, the Committee on Technology Issues relating to Payment systems, Cheque Clearing and Securities Settlement in the Banking Industry (1994) was set up under Chairman W S Saraf. It emphasized Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT) system, with the BANKNET communications network as its carrier. It also said that MICR clearing should be set up in all branches of all those banks with more than 100 branches. In 1995, the Committee for proposing Legislation on Electronic Funds Transfer and other Electronic Payments (1995) again emphasized EFT system.

Review of literature Review of literature has vital relevance with any research work due to literature review the possibility of repetition of study can be eliminated and another dimension can be selected for the study. The literature review helps researcher to remove limitations of existing work or may assist to extend prevailing study. Several research have been conducted to analyse the different aspects of performance of commercial banks in India and abroad. But there are very few research and literature available on the subject related to financial reforms and its impact on Indian banks. The available literature and research are divided into four major parts according to the area of research i.e. literature related to:

Review of Literature related to Performance Appraisal of Banks Review of Literature related to Policy Framework and Recommendations for Banks Review of Literature related to Impact of Reforms on Indian Banks Review of Literature related to Service Quality of Indian Bank

The above mentioned literature have been obtained from following four major sources such as (i) Ph.D. research conducted in India, (ii) The research / studies carried over by the institutions like RBI, ICRA Limited and business magazines like Financial Express, Business Today, Money Outlook, Business India, etc. and (iii) Research Studies of individual scholars published in journals and magazines and (iv) websites of RBI, Govt. of India and websites of various banks. The present study is undertaken in the light of the methodology adopted and conclusions emerged in the earlier studies relating to the performance evaluation, financial reforms and their impact on the Indian banking sector. and a comparison between the two. Oxford Dictionary defines a bank as "an establishment for custody of money, which it pays out on customer's order."

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_banking

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MICR

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clearing_house_(finance)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhubaneshwar

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guwahati

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaipur

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patna

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thiruvananthapuram

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheque

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chennai

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Payment_system

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clearing_(finance)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clearing_(finance)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Settlement_(finance)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Funds_Transfer



Types of Banks Saving Banks

Saving banks are established to create saving habit among the people. These banks are helpful for salaried people and low income groups. The deposits collected from customers are invested in bonds, securities, etc. At present most of the commercial banks carry the functions of savings banks. Postal department also performs the functions of saving bank.

Commercial Banks Commercial banks are established with an objective to help businessmen. These banks collect money from general public and give short-term loans to businessmen by way of cash credits, overdrafts, etc. Commercial banks provide various services like collecting cheques, bill of exchange, remittance money from one place to another place. In India, commercial banks are established under Companies Act, 1956. In 1969, 14 commercial banks were nationalised by Government of India. The policies regarding deposits, loans, rate of interest, etc. of these banks are controlled by the Central Bank.

Industrial Banks / Development Banks Industrial / Development banks collect cash by issuing shares & debentures and providing long-term loans to industries. The main objective of these banks is to provide long-term loans for expansion and modernisation of industries. In India such banks are established on a large scale after independence. They are Industrial Finance Corporation of India (IFCI), Industrial Credit and Investment Corporation of India (ICICI) and Industrial Development Bank of India (IDBI).

Land Mortgage / Land Development Banks Land Mortgage or Land Development banks are also known as Agricultural Banks because these are formed to finance agricultural sector. They also help in land development. In India, Government has come forward to assist these banks. The Government has guaranteed the debentures issued by such banks. There is a great risk involved in the financing of agriculture and generally commercial banks do not take much interest in financing agricultural sector.

Indigenous Banks Indigenous banks means Money Lenders and Sahukars. They collect deposits from general public and grant loans to the needy persons out of their own funds as well as from deposits. These indigenous banks are popular in villages and small towns. They perform combined functions of trading and banking activities. Certain well-known Indian communities like Marwari's and Multani even today run specialised indigenous banks.

Central / Federal / National Bank Every country of the world has a central bank. In India, Reserve Bank of India, in U.S.A, Federal Reserve and in U.K, Bank of England. These central banks are the bankers of the other banks. They provide specialised functions i.e. issue of paper currency, working as bankers of government, supervising and controlling foreign exchange. A central bank is a non-profit making institution. It does not deal with the public but it deals with other banks. The principal responsibility of Central Bank is thorough control on currency of a country.

Co-operative Banks In India, Co-operative banks are registered under the Co-operative Societies Act, 1912. They generally give credit facilities to small farmers, salaried employees, small-scale industries, etc. Co-operative Banks are available in rural as well as in urban areas. The functions of these banks are just similar to commercial banks.

http://kalyan-city.blogspot.com/2010/09/commercial-banks-definitions-primary.html

http://kalyan-city.blogspot.com/2010/09/nationalisation-of-banks-in-india.html

http://www.ifciltd.com/#_blank

http://www.icicibank.com/#_blank

http://www.idbi.com/#_blank

http://www.federalreserve.gov/#_blank

http://www.bankofengland.co.uk/#_blank



Exchange Banks Hong Kong Bank, Bank of Tokyo, Bank of America are the examples of Foreign Banks working in India. These banks are mainly concerned with financing foreign trade.

Following are the various functions of Exchange Banks :- Remitting money from one country to another country,

Discounting of foreign bills,

Buying and Selling Gold and Silver, and

Helping Import and Export Trade.

Consumers Banks Consumers bank is a new addition to the existing type of banks. Such banks are usually found only in advanced countries like U.S.A. and Germany. The main objective of this bank is to give loans to consumers for purchase of the durables like Motor car, television set, washing machine, furniture, etc. The consumers have to repay the loans in easy instalments.

Objectives To promote and develop in India sound and progressive banking principles, practices and

conventions and to contribute to the developments of creative banking.

To render assistance and to provide various common services to Members and to the banking industry.

To develop and implement new ideas and innovations in banking services, operations and procedures.

To organize co-ordination and co-operation on procedural, legal, technical, administrative or professional problems and practices of banks and the banking industry.

To initiate advance planning for introduction of new systems or services in the banking industry.

To collect, classify and circulate statistical and other information on the structure and working of the banking system.

Hypothesis Banking systems have been with us for as long as people have been using money. Banks and other financial institutions provide security for individuals, businesses and governments, alike.

In general, what banks do is pretty easy to figure out. For the average person banks accept deposits, make loans, provide a safe place for money and valuables, and act as payment agents between merchants and banks. Banks are quite important to the economy and are involved in such economic activities as issuing money, settling payments, credit intermediation, maturity transformation and money creation in the form of fractional reserve banking

Primary And Secondary Primary data The Primary Function of Commercial banks are as follows:-

1. Accepting Deposits:- The bank generally accepts deposit by the way of opening following accounts:

2. Fixed Deposit Account:- This is also known as ‘Term Deposit’ or ‘Time Deposit’ account. Money in this account is accepted for a fixed period, say one, two or ten years.

3. Current Deposit Account:-This is also known as ‘Demand Deposit’ or ‘Current Deposit’. This account is generally opened by Businessman, Companies and Institutions who may have to withdraw money several times in a day.



4. Saving Deposit Account:- The main aim of these accounts is to encourage and mobilize small savings of the public. This type of account is generally opened by small and middle income group persons.

5. Recurring Deposit Account:- The purpose of these accounts is to encourage monthly savings by the public, particular by the fixed income group. Generally money in these accounts is deposited in monthly instalments for a fixed period.

Advancing of Loans:- a] Overdraft Facility:- The Bank grants overdraft facility to its reliable and respectable depositors. It enables companies and businessman to withdrawn amount over and above their actual balance in their current account. This is known as ‘Overdraft Facility’. In the case of overdraft a customer pays interest on the amount by which his current account is actually overdrawn. He does not have to pay interest on the entire amount of overdraft sanctioned to him by the bank. Companies, firms, traders are given such facilities on their current account which they kept with the bank. b] Cash Credit:- The bank may advance in the form of cash credit. In this system bank advances loans on the basis of security of shares, debentures, other securities and tangible assets. It may also be based on the promissory notes of the borrowers. In cash credit banks grants loans and deposit it in the borrowers account. The borrower can withdraw this amount at any time according to his convenience. The interest is charged only on the used amount. The borrower need not pay interest on the entire amount. c] Discounting of Bills of Exchange:- Commercial banks can also lend money by discounting bills of exchange. In case the holder of a bill needs money immediately, he can get his bills discounted by a commercial bank. It should be noted that ordinary bills are not discounting by the bank. The bank charges a commission for discounting of bills. d] Credit Creation (Loans and Advances):- Credit creation is a unique function of the commercial banks. Here the bank gives a specified sum of money to a person or a firm against some collateral security. The loan money is credited to the account of the borrower and the borrower can withdrawn loan amount according to his requirement. The borrower has to pay interest on the entire amount of loan from the date of sanctioning of loan to the date of repayment of loan. e] Consumer Credit:- These loans are given to the householders for the purchase of durable consumer goods like Washing Machine, T.V etc. or higher education and marriage etc. Such credit repaid by easy installments within the given period of time.

Secondary data The Secondary Functions of Commercial Bank are as follows: 1. Agency or Representative Function:-The bank performs various Agency functions or services for its

customers. For these services, the bank charges a commission from its customers. A few services are rendered by the bank to its customer free of charge. The various agency services rendered by the bank are as follows:

2. Collection and Payments of Credit Instrument:- The banks collect the payment of cheques, bills of exchange or other credit instruments on behalf of its customers from other bank and credit it in their accounts. Generally this service is rendered free of charge but on outstation credit instruments, bank charges and nominal fees.

3. Remittance Facilities:- On the request of the customer, bank helps in transferring funds from one place to another place. This service is rendered through bank drafts, cheques and mail transfers. Bank charges fee for its services. For Ex, on DD facility bank charges extra money.

4. Purchase and Sale of Security:- Bank purchases and sale’s securities in the share market on order and behalf of its customers. They charge appropriate commission for their services.

Reference Capiello, S. (2006) Public Enforcement and Class Actions Against Conflicts of Interest in

Universal Banking – The US Experience Vis-à-vis Recent Italian Initiatives, Working Paper,



Bank of Italy, Law and Economics Research Department.

Chemmanur, T.J. and Fulghieri, P. (1994) ‘Investment bank reputation, information production,

and financial intermediation’, Journal of Finance, March, Vol. 49, No. 14, pp.57–86.

De Fontnouvelle, P., DeJesus-Rueff, V., Jordan, J.S. and Rosengren, E.S. (2006) Capital and Risk:

New Evidence on Implications of Large Operational Losses, September, Working Paper,

Federal Reserve Bank of Boston.

De Long, G., Saunders, A. and Walter, I. (2007) Pricing Reputation-Sensitive Events in Banking

and Financial Services,” New York University, Department of Finance Working Paper

(in draft).

Fiordelisi, F., Soana, M-G. and Schwizer, P. (2013) ‘The determinants of reputational risk in the

banking sector’, Journal of Banking and Finance, Vol. 37, No. 8, pp.1359–1371.

Galbraith, J.K. (1973) Economics and the Public Purpose, Macmillan, New York.

Gillet, R., Hübner, G. and Plunus, S. (2010) ‘Operational risk and reputation in the financial

industry’, Journal of Banking and Finance, Vol. 34, No. 4, pp.224–235.

Hoechle, D., Schmid, M., Walter, I. and Yermack, D. (2012) ‘How much of the diversification

discount can be explained by poor corporate governance?’, Journal of Financial Economics,

Vol. 103, pp.41–60.

International Monetary Fund (2009) Global Financial Stability Report, April, IMF, Washington,

DC.

Kanatas, G. and Qi, J. (2003) ‘Integration of lending and underwriting: implications of scope

economies’, Journal of Finance, Vol. 58, No. 3, pp.1167–1191.

Karpoff, J., Lee, D.S. and Martin, G.S. (2008) ‘The cost to firms of cooking the books’, Journal of

Financial and Quantitative Analysis, September, Vol. 43 pp.581–612.

Laeven, L. and Levine, R. (2007) ‘Is there a diversification discount in financial conglomerates?’,

Journal of Financial Economics, Vol. 85, No. 16, pp.331–367.

Plunus, S., Gillet, R. and Hübner, G. (2012) ‘Reputational damage of operational loss on the bond

market: evidence from the financial industry’, International Review of Financial Analysis,

Vol. 24, No. 4, pp.66–73.

Saunders, A. (1985) ‘Conflicts of interest: an economic view’, in Walter, I. (Ed.): Deregulating

W

*****



THE ROLE OF NABARD IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT :-A STUDY.

Dr.Dinesh W. Nichit

Associate Professor

Sant- Gadge Maharaj

Mv.Walgaon.

_______________________________________________________________________________________

Introduction:-

India is an agricultural country. More than 60% population lived in rural area. They are dependent on agriculture. Agriculture is a backbone of Indian Economy. Reserve banks provided credits to agriculture through state level co-operative banks and agriculture development banks. After some period the concepts are born for agriculture developments. The National banks for Agriculture Rural Development(NABARD) was established on12 july 1982 by the recommendation of “ committee to review arrangements for institutional dredits for “ Agriculture and Rural Development” In 1975the responsibilities of Rural Divisional are provided to NABARD. 50% shares of capital of reserve bank are in NABARD. All the major issues of rural credit are under the control of NABARD. The main objective of NABARD is to provide the credits for development of agriculture and rural business. All the functions of NABARD are controlled by fifteen directors. 300 crore Rs. Are provided by Reserve bank of India and a loan of 133 crore is provided by various developmental countries. The NABARD functions are classified into three parts one is functions of providing loans, second functions of controlling third function is developments. In response to above views the researcher has chosen “The role of NABARD in rural development” as a topic for study.

Review of literature:- NABARD was established on 12 july 1982, during 1983 NABARD mobilized net resources to Rs. 774 crores. In this year NABARD sanctioned 1233 Rs. For agricultural operation. In 1986-87 NABARD also mobilized 887 crores Rs. for providing rural credit. In 1987 NABARD introduced 10 programmes for rehabilitation for weak land development bank and branches of state landdevelopment banks. In 1996-97 NABARD”s resources are increased to Rs. 2963 crore against in previous year. During 2006, regional banks, co-operative banks, commercial banks disbured Rs.1,46,668 crores for farm credit.

Objectives:- To study the cedit supply system of NABARD

To study the progress of functions of NABARD

To study the provision of loan sanctioned to various sectors by NABARD.

Hypothesis:- NABARD play important role in rural areas.

NABARD supply credits in various sectors in India.

Day by day the supply of credit are increased.

Agriculture products are increased day by day NABARD’s help.

Research methodology:- To study the topic “ The role of NABARD in rural development”- A study. The researcher has a adopted the secondary method of research. In secondary method the information is collected through the published and unpublished literature, magazines, newspapers etc. and these references are properly used inc research work wherever necessary.



Interpretation, Tabulations of the collected data:- Functions of NABARD:- Functions related to credit supply:- NABARD supply credit state co-operative banks, state land-development banks, divisional rural banks, commercial banks and others banks, which are recognized by reserve bank of India. Short term and long term loans are also provided for purchasing instruments, seeds, irrigation, sericulture products, pesticide and insecticide etc. Function related to developments:- NABARD controlled on the functions of divisional rural banks and other co-operative banks. NABARD also works as a co-ordinator between the functions of large scale industries and small scale industries, centralized industries. Functions related to developments:-

To provided economical help for research development works in rural area.

To provide training facilities to bank officers in various banks.

To established agricultural mahamendal .

To control and evaluate work in view of implementation of plant ets.

Promoting research in the field of agriculture and rural development.

Providing finance and refinance for providing in rural areas.

Credits supply to various sector in the view of NABARD’s objectives.( In crores) Heads 1992-93 1997-98

Small Irrigations 560 520

Land development 10 60

Mechanizations 520 1110

Krushi Udhyaan 100 190

Fisheries and others 90 230

Milk development 100 350

Rural development programme 650 610

Others 330 850

Base:-Indian Economy Development:-Dr.Zamare Page,No. 29 In above table no.1 the researcher showed the figures of credit supply to various sectors in the view of NABARD’s objects. In the year 1992-93 NABARD provided Rs. 560 crores to small irrigations while in 1997-98 it provided Rs. 520 crores.

Nabard and Rural Infrastructure Development Fund:-

Rural Infrastructure Developments Fund are established in 1995-96. The provisions 2000 crore did in central budget for Rural infrastructure Development in 1995-96.

The helps provided by Rural Infrastructure Development Fund:

Sr. No

Period Fund Rs. in crores

Admissible amount in crores

Distribution Rs. in crores Percentages

1 1995-96 2000 1830 1661 92%

2 1996-97 2500 2614 1877 72%

3 1997-98 2500 2679 412 16%

4 1998-99 3000 3145 676 21%

1999-2000 3500 3650 418 12%



Base:- Indian economy development and environment economy – page no. 260

In above table the researcher has showed helps provided by Rural infrastructure development fund during 1995-96 to 1999-2000 . In 1995-96 the NABARD provided 1661 crore Rs. to various sectors for development, which are back in his progress ( development) .It was highly 92% than the year of 1991-2000. The ratio of providing funds to rural areas are decreasing in per year from1995-96 to 199-2000, the reason was that help of co-operative and non-repayment of loan, loan waiver etc. Conclusion and suggestions :- From the above study it can be concluded that though the effort of NABARD in rural development are good the ratio of providing fund seen to be declining.

NABARD should make an attempt for the entire development of the comparatively undeveloped region.

It should create beneficiaries psyche for repayment of loan.

In rural areas it should propagate various schemes implemented by NABARD.

It should give more attention towards irrigation and mechanization through NABARD.

It should make available a marked for the goods produced in field.

References:- www nabard. Com

Indian Economy Development and Environment Economy: Dr, J.N. Zamare

Indian Economy: Dr. Prabhakar Deshmukh

Role of NABARD in Development of Rural India: Ms.Mini Amit Arrawatia.

*****



RETAIL STORE EVALUATION IN YAVATMAL DISTRICT, MAHARASHTRA, INDIA

Dr. Praful S. Gudadhe Assistant Professor, Deptt. Of Commerce, Amolakchand College, Yavatmal, Maharashtra ____________________________________________________________________________________

Abstract: The author tried to evaluate retail stores in Yavatmal district to know the status of the organised and unorganised retail stores providing facilities and services to the customers. The sample consists of Garments shop, Jewellery, retail shops, shopping malls and grocery. 68.28 percent respond received from the customers in the form of questionnaire through retail shops. Most of the retail shops provide modern look equipments, developed physical facilities, clean, attractive stores, prompt services and trust with safe transactions.

Keywords: Retail, Industry, Customer, Yavatmal, Stores

Introduction: The word ‘retail’ is derived from the French word retailer, meaning ‘to cut a piece-off’ or ‘to break bulk’. In most simple terms, it implies a firsthand transaction with the customer. The term retail refers to the sale of goods or commodities in small quantities directly to consumers. Thus, a retailer is a company or an organization that purchases products from individuals or companies with the intent to resell those goods and services to the ultimate, or final, consumer. Yavatmal district formerly known as Yeotmal, is a district of the Indian state of Maharashtra. It is located in the region of Vidarbha, in the east-central part of the state. Yavatmal town is the administrative headquarters of this district. Yavatmal district is bounded on the north by Amravati District, to the northeast by Wardha District, to the east by Chandrapur District, to the south by Andhra Pradesh state and Nanded District, to the southwest by Hingoli District, and to the west by Washim District in Maharashtra, India The Indian Retail sector has come off age and has gone through major transformation over the last decade with a noticeable shift towards organised retailing. A T Kearney, a US Based global management consulting firm has ranked India as the fourth most attractive nation for retail investment among 30 flourishing markets. The retail market is expected to reach a whooping Rs. 47 lakh crore by 2016-17, as it expands at a compounded annual growth rate of 15 per cent, accordingly to the ‘Yes Bank - Assocham’ study. The retail market, (including organised and unorganised retail), was at Rs. 23 lakh crore in 2011-12. According to the study, organised retail, that comprised just seven per cent of the overall retail market in 2011-12, is expected to grow at a CAGR of 24 per cent and attain 10.2 per cent share of the total retail sector by 2016-17. In terms of sheer space, the organised retail supply in 2013 was about 4.7 million square feet (sq ft). This showed a 78 per cent increase over the total mall supply of just 2.5 million sq ft in 2012. “Favourable demographics, increasing urbanisation, nuclearisation of families, rising affluence amid consumers, growing preference for branded products and higher aspirations are other factors which will drive retail consumption in India,” said DS Rawat, Assocham Secretary General.



Definitional Analysis: Retailing is a set of activities that markets products or services to final consumers for their own personal and household use. It does this by organizing their availability on a relatively large scale and supplying them to consumers on relatively small scale. Any business that directs its marketing efforts towards satisfying the final consumer based upon, the organization of selling goods and services as a means of distribution. David Gilbert has defined retail as any business that directs it marketing efforts towards satisfying the final consumer based upon the organisation of selling goods and services as a means of distribution.

Retail classification: Retail industry can be broadly classified into two categories namely- organised and unorganised retail.

Organized retail - Organised traders/retailers, who are licensed for trading activities and registered to pay taxes to the government.

Unorganized retail – It consists of unauthorized small shops - conventional Kirana shops, general stores, corner shops among various other small retail outlets - but remain as the radiating force of Indian retail industry.

Market Dynamics: In the past few years, Indian Retail sector has seen tremendous growth in the organised segment. Major domestic players have stepped into the retail arena with long term, ambitious plans to expand their business across verticals, cities and formats. Companies like Tata, Reliance, Adani Enterprise and Bharti have been investing considerably in the booming Indian Retail market. Along with these giant retailers, a number of transnational brands have also entered into the market to set up retail chains in close association with bigger Indian companies. High consumer spending over the years by the young population (more than 31% of the country is below 14 years) and sharp rise in disposable income are driving the Indian organised retail sector’s growth. Even Tier I & Tier II cities and towns are witnessing a major shift in consumer preferences and lifestyles, the result of which, they have emerged as attractive markets for retailers to expand their presence. The Indian retail sector is highly fragmented and the unorganised sector has around 13 million retail outlets that account for around 95-96% of the total Indian retail industry. However, going forward, the organised sector’s growth potential is expected to increase due to globalisation, high economic growth, and improved lifestyle. Although the growth potential in the sector is immense, there are obstacles too, that could slow the pace of growth for new entrants. Rigid regulations, high personnel costs, real estate costs, lack of basic infrastructure, and highly competitive domestic retailer groups are some such challenges.

Objectives of the study: The allied objectives were as following:

To study current status of organized and unorganised retail industry in India.

To know various product categories sold in organized and unorganised retail stores in Yavatmal district.

To study various challenges for current retail industry in Yavatmal district.

To know customer buying behaviour when they are engaged in buying process in Yavatmal district in Maharashtra.

Scope of the study: The geographical scope of the study covers 16 talukas in Yavatmal district in Maharashtra. The analytical scope covers fulfillment of objectives set for the study. The functional scope covers meaningful suggestions for the organized and unorganised retail industry.

Research Methodology: The sample consists of Garments shop (53.75 percent f the sample), Jewellery (2.08 percent of the sample) retail shops (1.66 percent of the sample) shopping malls (1.25 percent of the sample) and grocery (41.25 percent of the sample) The median floor area of the shops equals 200 square feet, with annual sales of Rs



100,000 and growing at a rate of 10.5 percent per annum. The number of employees (excluding the manager) per store averages 6.63, a figure highly inflated by a handful of large stores. About 17.92 percent of the stores are run by the owner/manager with no additional employees; 29.17 percent have 1-5 employees; and 25.83 percent have 6-10 employees and 27.08 percent have more than 10 employees. Over 82 percent of the stores have a single owner, and roughly half the stores use rented or leased land (as opposed to owned land). Survey was conducted among customers of 240 retail shops of Yavatmal district. 2500 questionnaire were distributed among customers through stores to know the physical facilities available, behaviour of employees, attractive equipments, cleanliness, customer friendly environment, services provided to the customer, error free sales transactions, employees knowledge, prompt service etc. 1707 questionnaire were received from the survey area i.e 68.28 percent respond received. The customers visited and shared their experiences and feed back about the retail stores. Table No. 1:Retail Store Evaluation

Sr. No

Statements Strongly Disagree

Some what Disagree

Neutral Some What Agree

Strongly Agree

Total Chi-Square Value

1 This store has modern looking equipments and fixtures

259 (15.17)

159 (9.31)

133 (7.79)

298 (17.46)

858 (50.26)

1707 1038.78

2 The physical facilities at this store are visually appealing

168 (9.84)

219 (12.83)

141 (8.26)

325 (19.04)

854 (50.03)

1707 1020.03

3 Material associated with this store’s service(Such as shopping bags, catalogues or statements) are visually appealing

346 (20.27)

210 (12.30)

161 (9.43)

365 (21.38)

625 (36.61)

1707

383.18

4 This store has clean attractive and convenient public areas

154 (9.02)

156 (9.14)

170 (9.96)

487 (28.53)

740 (43.35)

1707 817.08

5 The store layout at this store makes it easy for customers to find what they need.

568 (33.27)

520 (30.46)

189 (11.07)

324 (18.98)

106 (6.21)

1707 475.07

6 The store layout at this store make it easy for customers to move around the store.

698 (40.89)

541 (31.69)

120 (7.03)

128 (7.50)

220 (12.89)

1707 809.31

7 When this store promises to do something by a certain time it will do so.

267 (15.64)

449 (26.30)

154 (9.02)

369 (21.62)

468 (27.42)

1707 202.17

8 This store provides its services at the time it promises to do so.

281 (16.46)

324 (18.98)

171 (10.02)

369 (21.62)

562 (32.92)

1707 241.40

9 This store performs the service right the first time.

541 (31.69)

483 (28.30)

136 (7.97)

224 (13.12)

323 (18.92)

1707 340.37

10 This store has merchandise available when the customer want it.

632 (37.02)

521 (30.52)

186 (10.90)

128 (7.50)

240 (14.06)

1707 376.08

11 This store insist on error free sales transaction and records.

101 (5.92)

169 (9.90)

238 (13.94)

529 (30.99)

670 (39.25)

1707 707.02

12 Employees in this store have the knowledge to answer the customer questions.

89 (5.21) 126 (7.83)

215 (12.60)

625 (36.61)

652 (38.20)

1707 887.47

13 The behaviour of employees in this store instill confidence

59 (3.46) 158 (9.26)

241 (14.12)

638 (37.38)

611 (35.79)

1707 832.22



in customers.

14 Customers feel safe in their transactions with this stores.

51 (2.99) 126 (7.38)

157 (9.20)

547 (32.04)

826 (48.39)

1707 1294.20

15 Employees in this store give prompt service to the customers.

21 (1.23)

154 (9.02)

161 (9.43)

752 (44.05)

619 (36.26

1707 1218.43

16 Employees in this store tell customers exactly when services will be performed.

19 (1.11) 89 (5.21) 157 (9.20)

892 (52.26)

550 (32.22)

1707 1606.18

( ) Indicates Percentage Expected Frequency of each cell = 341.4 DF = 4, Chi-square table value at 0.05 level of significant = 9.49

Null Hypothesis – Customers are not satisfied with the retail store facilities and services. The table value of X2 for 4 degree of freedom at 5 percent level of significant is 9.488. The calculated value (critical value) of X2 for all the statement in the table is more than the table value. Therefore the null hypothesis is rejected. There is a significant difference in these statements. Customers are satisfied with the retail stores facilities and services.

Findings & Conclusion: Data depicts that customers agree with the statement 1,2,3,4,7,8,11,12,13,14,15 and 16 while customers disagree with the statement 5,6,9,10 given in the table. It can be concluded that most of the retail shops providing modern look equipments, developing physical facilities, clean, attractive stores, prompt services , trust and safe transactions. Customers are also looking for convenience in shopping. This would continue more strongly in future. With more dual income families, the consumer’s ability to spend will increase, but at the same time, it is predicted that the time available for shopping will go down. In such a scenario, the retailers will have to take steps to develop shopping as an experience, though the more successful retailers will be those that will provide faster services.

References: David Gilbert (1999) Retail marketing Management. Prentice hall. p. 356

Amin, Mohammad. (2007). Labor Productivity and Competition in India’s Retail Stores. Mimeograph;available at www.enterprisesurveys.org

Finn, A., & Louviere, J. (1996). Shopping center image, consideration and choice:Anchor store contribution. Journal of Business Research, 35(3), 241-51.

Hansen, T. (2003). Intertype competition: Specialty food stores competing with supermarkets. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 10(1), 35-49.

Hu, H., & Jasper, C. (2006). Social cues in the store environment and their impact on store image. International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management,34(1), 25.

Amin, Mohammad (2010) Challenges of Retailing in India. Research Report. World bank Group Enterprise note no. 10.International Finance Corporation.

*****



INFRASTRUCTURE OF POWER & ENERGY FOR ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

Dr. P. S. Changole

Head Dept. of Commerce

Dhanwate National College

Nagpur.

___________________________________________________________________________________

Abstract Agricultural production, requires irrigation, power, credit, transport facilities, etc. Industrial production requires not only machinery and equipment but also skilled manpower, management, energy, banking and insurance facilities, marketing facilities, transport services which include railways, roads, and shipping, communication facilities, etc. All these facilities and services which help in industrial and agricultural production constitute collectively the infrastructure of an economy. Indian planners were fully aware of the link between infrastructural facilities and general economic development, they gave high priority to the rapid expansion of these facilities right from the First plan (1951-1956) itself. The plans have generally devoted over 50 percent of the total plan outlay on infrastructure development. Power sector reforms basically were prompted by the rising losses of State Electricity Boards (SEBs) and their inability to meet demand. it followed world-wide reforms that began in the United Kingdom, Norway, Canada, and the USA and were later adopted in Latin America as well, In developed countries. swiping reforms focused on restructuring vertically integrated monopolies and introducing competition, while developing countries focused on their need to accelerate power generation investment. As on 30 November 2012, electrification works in 1.06,116 un-electrified villages and intensive electrification in 2,73,328 partially electrified villages have been completed and free electricity connections to 202.60 lakh BPL households have been released. Capital subsidy of Rs. 26,664 crore has so far been utilized under the scheme.

Key KeyWords : Agriculture, Commercial, Energy, Infrastructure, Irrigation, Electricity, Electrification, Power

Introduction Agricultural production, requires irrigation, power, credit, transport facilities, etc. Industrial production requires not only machinery and equipment but also skilled manpower, management, energy, banking and insurance facilities, marketing facilities, transport services which include railways, roads, and shipping, communication facilities, etc. All these facilities and services which help in industrial and agricultural production constitute collectively the infrastructure of an economy. The development and expansion of these facilities are an essential pre-condition for increasing agricultural and industrial production in a country. in the last 210 years or more, industrial and agricultural revolutions in England and in other countries were accompanied by a revolution in transport and communications, the extensive use of coal and later oil as source of energy, tremendous expansion in banking, insurance and other financial institutions to finance production and trade, an explosion of knowledge of science and technology. Indian constitution directs to Govt. that Duty to the state to raise the level of nutrition and the standard of living and to improve public health. Infrastructural facilities - often referred to as economic and social overheads-consist of :

Irrigation, including flood control and command area development.

Energy : coal, electricity, oil and non-conventional sources.

Transport : Railways, roads, shipping and civil aviation,

Communications : Posts and telegraphs, telephones, telecommunications, etc.

Banking, finance and insurance.



Science and technology.

Social overheads : health and hygiene and education.

Infrastructure since India's Independence Indian planners were fully aware of the link between infrastructural facilities and general economic development, they gave high priority to the rapid expansion of these facilities right from the First plan (1951-1956) itself. The plans have generally devoted over 50 percent of the total plan outlay on infrastructure development. Coal production including lignites rose from 32 million tonnes to 583 million tonnes between 1951 and 2010. During the same period, power generation from public utilities, excluding power generation from captive and non-conventional power plants rose from 5 billion kwh in to 877 billion kwh; and production of petroleum crude rose from an insignificant 0.4 million tonners to over 38 million tonnes. As well as there has been tremendous expansion in the other infrastructural facilities. (Table 1) We should note three basic features of infrastructural development here :

Table 1. Trends in the Performance of Infrastructure Sectors

Unit 1950-51 2011-12

Energy 1. Coal 2. Electricity generated 3. Petroleum - oil crude II Finished Steel III Cement Transport and Communication 1. Railway goods traffic m. tonnes 2. Cargo handled at major ports 3. Telecommunications : Total telephones provided

m. tonnes b. kwh m. tonnes m. tonnes m. tonnes m. tonnes -do- millions

32 5 0.4 1.0 2.7 73 19 NA

583.1 876.9 38.1 73.4 223.5 969 560 951.4

As on Oct. 2012 Source : Economic Survey (2009-2010) Ch 9. Central Statistical Organisarion. Tata : Statistical Outline of India, 2003-04

Without the rapid development of the infrastructure. It would have been impossible to register the threefold rise in agricultural production and seven fold rise in industrial production during the last 60 years.

Infrastructural facilities were not altogether neglected for the rural areas—for example, expansion of irrigation, rural electrification, etc.—the overwhelming emphasis was on the provision of infrastructural facilities mainly for the urban areas. It is the people in our cities and towns who could take full advantage of the development of power, transport, communication, banking, and such social overheads as education and health, The concentration of the infrastructure in urban areas and their relative neglect in rural areas resulted in inadequate development and, therefore, of inadequate employment opportunities in rural areas.

The major and medium irrigation works have generally benefited the rich farmers. Our planners generally neglected the minor irrigation works which would have benefited a large number of small and marginal farmers.

Energy The most important single factor which can act as a constraint on economic growth of a country is the availability of energy. India is both a major energy producer and consumer. Currently, India ranks as the world’s seventh largest energy producer and fifth largest energy consumer.



There is a direct correlation between the degree of economic growth, the size of per capita income and per capita consumption of energy. Table 2 based on World Development Report shows per capita income and per capita consumption of energy of six countries: In Table 2, the first three countries are developing countries with low per capita incomes, while the next three are developed countries with high per capita incomes. The per capita consumption of energy in India in 2003 was 529 kg of oil equivalent (Kgoe) as compared to 1,484 in China. On the other hand, per capita consumption of energy was as much as 3,464 in England, 4,019 in Japan and 7,766 in U.S.A. Per capita consumption of energy in India was only 13 per cent of that in Japan, and only 6.8 per cent of that in the U.S.A. Although per capita commercial energy consumption in India has been steadily going up during the last 20 years, it is still one of the lowest in the whole world (26 per cent of the world average of 1,750 kgoe)

Table 2. Per capita income and per capita Consumption of energy for selected countries

Country Per capita income (in U.S. dollars) 2008 (ppp)

Per capita consumption of energy (kgs. of oil equivalent) 2007

India China U.K. Japan U.S.A.

2,930 6,010 36,240 35,190 46,790

529 1,484 3,464 4,019 7,766

Source : World Development Report, 2009 and world Development Indicators (2010)

Sources of Energy Broadly, there are two sources of energy, viz., commercial energy and non-commercial energy. Commercial sources of energy, consist of coal, petroleum and electricity. These sources are commercial in the sense that they command a price and the users have to pay for them. Commercial energy accounts for over 50 per cent of all energy consumption in India. Actually, the non-commercial sources such as firewood vegetable wastes and dried dung have started commanding a price in urban areas and to some extent in rural areas as well. While commercial sources of energy are generally exhaustible - exception being, hydro-electric power - non-commercial sources of energy are renewable. More than 60 per cent of Indian households depend on traditional sources of energy for meeting their cooking and heating needs.

Sources of Primary Commercial Energy Coal and lignite. The total estimated resources of coal in India are placed now around 148,790 million tonnes, but the mineable reserves may amount to about 60,000 million tonnes. The total lignite reserves, found mostly at Neyveli in South Arcot district of Tamil Nadu, are placed at 3,300 million tonnes of which 1,900 million tonnes are in the proved category. Oil and gas. According to the latest available estimates, net recoverable reserves of oil are placed around 550 million tonnes, and the net recoverable reserves of gas are put at about 500 billion cubic metres. Annunl production of oil crude is around 34 million tonnes (2009-10). Electric power. As regards electricity, there are hydro-electric power and thermal power. Thermal power is generated by the use of oil and gas and also by the use of nuclear energy. The official estimated annual energy potential from hydro-electric sources is placed around 90,000 MW; of this potential, about 18,000 MW has been developed. The public utility power units—that is, public sector powerunits —produced 768 billion kwh of electricity in 2009-10 of which hydel and renewable energy sources power contributed 19 percent of the total power generation; thermal power plants account for 80 percent and nuclear power contribute 3 percent. The urenium reserves of the country are estimated to be about 70,000 tonnes which, when used in breeder reactors, will be equal to 120 billion tonnes of coal. The thorium reserves of india are estimated to exceed 360,000 tonnes which, when used in breeder reactors would be equivalent to 600 billion tonnes of coal — about 5 times the coal reserves of the country.



India is not really endowed with large and adequate primary resources, in keeping with her vast geographical area, growing population and increasing energy needs Coal is abundant but is concentrated in the eastern region which accounts for 70% of the total coal resources of the country;

the Western region of India has over 70 percent of hydro-carbon reserves in the country;

More than 70 percent of the total hydro potential in the country is located in the Northern and North - Eastern regions; and

The southern region has only 6 per cent of the coal reserves and 10 per cent of the total hydro potential but has almost 100 per cent of lignite deposits of the country.

Resources of Non-commercial energy 1. Fuelwood. Fuelwood is essential for cooking and it is extensively used in our villages and towns.

According to the Tenth Plan estimate2, 65 percent of total rural energy consumption is met from fuel wood. During 2001-02, fuel wood consumption was put at 223 million tonnes—180 million tonnes for household consumption and the balance 43 million tonnes for cottage industry, hotels, etc.

2. Agricultural wastes. Agricultural wastes such as straw presently used as feed and fodder, roofing material, organic matter for compost making and as fuel for cooking porposes.

3. Animal dung. Dried dung of domestic animals is extensively used as fuel in our rural areas (and also in towns). Out of the total estimated production of 324 million tonnes of domestic animal dung, about 73 million tonnes are estimated to be burnt for energy purposes every year. This is more than the total fertiliser consumed in agricultural production in India.

Sources of Non-conventional energy in India There are three other sources of energy which are commonly called as non-conventional sources of energy. They are : solar energy, wind energy and tidal power. Solar energy potential is almost unlimited in India, a tropical country.

Trends in the Consumption of commercial energy

The sectoral pattern of consumption of commercial energy (i.e. coal including lignite, oil and gas and electric power) is given in Table 3. The transport sector was the largest consumer of commercial energy (44%) in 1953-54. However, there has been a continuous fall in the share of the transport sector in the total commercial energy consumption. For instance, its share declined to 22 per cent in 2005-06. The industrial sector is now the largest consumer of commercial energy in the country. Table 3. Sectoral trends in commercial energy consumption (in percentage)

1953-54 l970-71 2005-06

Household sector Agriculture Industries Transport Others

10 1 40 44 5

12 3 50 28 7

12 9 42 22 15

100 100 100

Source : Ninth Five Year Plan. Vol. II, Ch. 6. Table 4 brings out the percentage share of different fuels in commercial energy consumption.



Table 4. Parcentage shara of different fuels in commercial energy consumption (in percentage)

1953-54 1970-71 2005-06

1. Coal 2. Oil and gas 3. Electricity

80 17 3

56 35 9

29 54 17

100 100 100

Source : Ninth Five Year Plan. Vol. II, Ch. 6. It is interesting observe that (a) the share of coal in the total commercial energy consumption has declined steadily over the years; and (b) the share of oil and electricity, however, has steadily increased.

Energy crisis The energy crisis of the 1970 and 1980 was basically an oil crisis; it was not just a national issue affeating India alone but it was a global problem. In Indian contest, energy crisis has certain peculiar features,

India’s energy problem is not one of demand-supply imbalance in oil only. In fact, demand-supply imbalance is widening rapidly in all commercial fuels, basically because demand for commercial fuels has been increasing tremendously. With a projected higher rate of economic growth in India, the demand for commercial energy would continue to rise over the years.

At the same time, the coal industry which was expected to meet the growing energy crisis in India by stepping up coal production substantially has been faring badly in recent years. Besides, coal reserves are poor, both in quality and in quantity.

The demand-supply gap for electricity too has been widening while the demand for power has been growing rapidly; the supply side, has faced too many constraints, creating severe shortage and bottlenecks in generation and distribution of electric power in the country.

Energy crisis in rural India. The OPEC inspired energy crisis affects only the relatively affluent minority in India. There is, however, a deeper and rather frightening crisis which affects the millions of rural poor who have now to spend anything upto 100 man-days every year in gathering fuelwood for cooking purposes.

Solution to solve the energy problem in India – Stepping-up of oil production. The ONGC and oil increased their exploratry drilling operations all

over the country and also off shore areas.

Control over the consumption of POL Govt. was forced to increase imports of POL against its declared policy of keeping imports of petroleum products to the minimum necessary.

Substitution of oil by coal : As recommended by the fuel policy committee the Govt. drew up a phased programme of substitution of furnace oil by coal in a number of industries. Consistent with teh availability of coal and transport capacity.

Expansion of Electric Power : The Govt. of India is going a head with the expansion of thermal power which has been the leading source of power 90% in the country.

Green Power and Bio-fuels Gradual depletion of mineral oil and hectic rise in price of oil crude by OPEC (touched $147 per barrel) has led countries to search for alternative fuel- or a fuel revolution. Accordingly, ethanol a bye-product of sugar-cane and biodiesel derived from jatropa plant have come to the market. Initially, they will be mixed with petrol and diesel. The 11th Plan expects that by 2012, about 5 percent of vehicles will be powered by bio-fuels i.e. Vehicles will ran on ethanol made from sugarcane and on bio-diesel from oil extracted from jatropa seeds. At present, the cost of production of ethanol and bio-diesel is around Rs. 20 to 21. Increase in production of bio-fuels will reduce cost of production. At the same time, the Government may have to subsidize production of biofuels within the country and check their import through imposition of imports duties.



Required a national cooking energy policy We think of the thousands of large and small factories and work shops burning fuel, millions of farmers using kerosene, diesel and electricity to operate their pumpsets and tube wells for irrigation purposes, millions of cars, buses, trucks and other vehicles using petrol and diesel, hundreds of rail locomotives running on coal and diesel, etc. In other words, we are thinking of energy used for commercial purposes. Rarely, however, do we consider the firewood, the dried dung of domestic animals the agricultural wastes. and others which are used as cooking fuel in rural areas. The present national energy policy of the Government has been extremely lopsided, as it seeks to solve essentially the oil shortage on the one side and coal and power shortage, on the other. The major consideration has been the energy needs of industry and transport and of the higher income groups in urban areas. The national energy policy has virtually ignored the cooking energy needs of the poor people in urban and rural areas. The sporadic and half-hearted measures to promote solar cookers, biogas plants and recently fuelwood plantations have not solved the cooking energy crunch in any significant way. The Centre for Science and Environment.

Power Electric power, which is one form of energy, is an essential ingredient of economic development and, it is required for commercial and noncommercial uses. Commercial uses of power refer to the use of electric power in industry, agriculture and transport. Non-commercial uses include electric power required for domestic lighting, cooking, use of domestic mechanical gadgets like the refrigerators, air conditioners, etc. With rapid growth of population in India and with the increase in the use of modern gadgets in daily life, it is quite natural that the demand for electrcity for domestic use should grow at a fast rate.

Table 5. Pattern of electricity consumption (utilities) (per cent)

1950-51 1970-71 2009-10

Industry Agriculture Railway traction Public lighting and commercial Domestic use

63 4 7 13 13

68 10 3 10 9

36.7 21.0 2.2 15.2 24.9

Total 100 100 100

Source : Economic Survey, 2011 - 12 CSO (2010) * Provisional.

Sources of electric power There are three main sources of generation of electric poweer, viz., hydel power thermal power, and nuclear power.

Table 6 : Growth of Installed Plant Capacity in Public Utilities (in thousand MW) Year Hydro Thermal Nuclear Total

1950-51 1970-71 2000-01 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12* As on 30-04-2013

0.6(33) 6.4(43) 25.1 (25) 36.9 (25) 36.9 (23.0) 37.6 38.9 39.6

1.1 (67) 7.9 (59) 73.6 (72) 107.0 (72) 118.0 (74.0) 131.2 132 151.7

- 0.5 (2) 2.9 (3) 4.1 (3) 4.5 (3.0) 4.8 4.8 4.8

1.7 14.7 101.6 148.0 (100) 159.4 (100) 173.6 200.3 223.6

Note : Figures in brackets are percentage or total installed capacity. Difference in total is due to installed capacity in renewable energy. *Provisional Source : Economic Survey 2011-12.



Hyder Power : Hydro-electric power is a renewable natural resource. in 1950-51 installed capacity of hydro-power was 560 MW but by 2011-12 it had increased to 38,900 MW; but in relative terms, it had declined from 33 percent to 19.4 percent. (This was because of the greater growth of thermal power since 1951)

Its advantages : It is the most economical source of power;

There is no problem of pollution of atmosphere or disposal of waste in generation of hydel power; and

Oil, coal and natural gas resources which can be used for producing electricity are in short supply and have implications in terms of high costs and exert grater pressure on foreign exchange re-sources, hyder power can easily replace them.

It has, however, been aruged that hydel projects take a long period of gestation as compared to thermal projects. Thermal Power : Thermal power which is generated by coal and oil has always been the major source of electric power in India. In absolute terms installed capacity of thermal power had increased from 1150 MW in 1950-51 to 1,31,000 MW in 2011-12; and in relative terms the share of thermal power had declined from 67 percent to 66 percent during this period. Bulk of the thermal power is derived from coal and only a small fraction comes from oil. Both coal and oil are non-renewable and exhaustible resources. Nuclear Power : Nuclear power is of recent origin and its supply accounts for less than 3 per cent of the total installed capacity of electricity The planning commission has stated clearly: “In relation to the total capacity of the power systems in India and their rates of growth, the contributions of nuclear power will remain relatively modest in the coming two decades.”6 Attempts are, however, made to set up nuclear power stations in Tamil Nadu, Rajasthan, etc. Considering the relative failure of nuclear power plants in Russia and in other countries including India, nuclear energy is unlikely to make a significant contribution to power generation in India.

State Electricty Boards : Problem Institution in the power sector The critical problem area in the power sector is the poor performance of the State Electricity Boards (SEBs) which generate and distribute power, set power tariffs and collect revenues from the users. Each SEB operates as a state monopoly combining functions relating to generation, transmission and distribution of electricity. A serious weakness of over the last decades is the sub-optimal capacity utilisation of their thermal generation units and high transmission and distribution (T&D) losses. Thermal power plants have generally suffered from low capacity utilisation largely due to deficiencies in the operation and maintenance of plants, deficiencies in the generating equipment, poor quality of coal received by the power plants etc.

Table 7 : Statewise Transmission and Distribution (T & D) Losses (2011-2012) States/UTs T & D Losses

(2011 – 2012) States/UTs T & D Losses

(2011 – 2012)

Haryana Himachal Pradesh Jammu & Kashmir Panjab Rajasthan Uttar Pradesh Uttarakhand Delhi Gujarat

22.7 14.5 58.5 16.8 24.8 24.4 20.5 28.7* 22.3

Kerala Tamil Nadu Puducherry Bihar Jharkhand Orissa West Bengal Sikkim Assam

18.6 17.0 13.5 35.0 40.8 39.4* 22.3 38.8 27.7



Madhya Pradesh Chattisgarh Maharashtra Goa Andhra Pradesh Karnataka

32.6 32.7 21.6 17.6 15.3 19.6

Manipur Meghalaya Nagaland Tripura Arunachal Pradesh Mizoram

38.0 28.4 28.1 20.1 34.5 34.3

Total All India 24.1

Source : Planning Commission * For 2007-08 The most serious weakness of SEBs is their inability to arrive at and implement an economic power tariff. The average price of power has been increased only marginally since 1981-82 and today it constitutes only about out 50 per cent of the long run marginal cost. Because of the powerful agricultural lobby in all the States, SEBs are unable to raise the power tariff.

Table 8 : Financial performance of the State Power Sector (Rs. Crores)

1991-92 2006-07 (Provisional)

A. (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) B. C. (i)

Gross subsidy involved On account of sale of electricity (a) Agriculture (b) Domestic (c) Inter-state sales sub-total Subventions received from State Governments Net Subsidy Surplus generated by sale to other sectors Uncovered subsidy Commercial Losses* Additional revenue Moblisation From introducing 50 paise unit from agriculture/irrigation

5,900 1,310 200 7,450 2,050 5,400 2,170 3,230 4,120 2,180

26,606 13,172 276 40,054 13,752 26,302 5,276 21,026 28,825 1,631

* Commercial losses include, besides uncovered subsidy, financial results of other activities undertaken by SEBs. Source: Economic Survey, 2007-08, p. 214.

Power Sector Reforms for Economic development In India, as in all developing countries, power generation and distribution have been a government monopoly. Since the middle of the Eighties, many developing countries started opening up the generation and distribution of electricity to the private sector, basically because of paucity of financial resources. Besides the World Bank and other international finanancial institutions which were approached for funds forced governments of developing countries to bring in private producers into the power sector with a view to introduce competition.

Power Sector Reforms In India, as in all developing countries, power generation and distribution have been a government monopoly. Since the middle of the Eighties, many developing countries started opening up the generation and distribution of electricity to the private sector, basically because of paucity of financial resources. Besides, the World Bank and other international financial institutions which were approached for funds forced governments of developing countries to bring in private producers into the power sector with a view to introduce competition. It was in this background that India too fell in line with other developing countries and introduced the new power policy in 1992 and invited private investment, both Indian and foreign, into the power generation business through the concept of independent Power Producers (IPPs). Government offered a whole



package of incentives to the private sector :

Higher debt equity ratio at 4 : 1 for financing new power schemes;

A guaranteed rate of return of 16 per cent on the paid-up and subscribed capital in the case of generating companies.

100 per cent equity participation by foreign companies;

Reduction of import duty on power projects.

A 5 year tax holiday for new power projects. The new power policy was not intended to supplant the public sector but only marginally support the public sector. For instance the Working Group on Power had envisaged only 3,000 MW capacity from the private sector during the Eighth Plan, and 10,500 MW in the Ninth Plan. Ever since the Narasimha Rao Government announced its new power policy for private power, this country has witnessed one of the most acrimonious debates on various aspects of the policy. Power sector reforms basically were prompted by the rising losses of State Electricity Boards (SEBs) and their inability to meet demand. it followed world-wide reforms that began in the United Kingdom, Norway, Canada, and the USA and were later adopted in Latin America as well, In developed countries. swiping reforms focused on restructuring vertically integrated monopolies and introducing competition, while developing countries focused on their need to accelerate power generation investment. In India, reforms have made major progress in the following areas:

Entry by private independent power producers (IPP);

Corporatization of state-owned enterprises;

Unbundling of generation, transmission, and distribution (T&D);

A national enabling legislation (Electricity Act 2003); Independent power regulation at national level (CERC) and in States bulk transmission improvements (for

example Power grid), with wholesale electricity markets emerging in inter-State trading and merchant power sales (as an alternative to long-term power purchase agreements) and spot and futures markets. Economic Survey claims "composite reform index (although it does not asses quality), ranks India among the top reformers worldwide, comparable to Latin America (for example Chile, Brazil), better than East Asia (for example China, Indonesia, Thailand) and a step behind the most advanced (for example France, the UK, some US states). Among States in India itself, there remain significant variations. The highest ranked include most of the larger states, i.e. Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, and West Bengal (as evident in their utilization of APDRP incentives), apart from Orissa and Delhi, two states with private distribution (with mixed impacts)." Government claims that with expected lags and some temporary reversals, outcomes are now beginning to emerge : accelerated power generation investments and competition; switch to tariff-based awards for new power projects; more efficient fuel sourcing (offshore natural gas, imported coal); rapid development of a national grid (with four out of five regions synchronized and the fifth – southern – interconnected), with greater reliability; and increases wheeling of electricity generated with emergence of a national bulk market with open access to States and wholesale trading.

Measures for Future Accelerating demand and critical role of the power sector in sustaining growth and therefore massive investment requirements, pose a major challenge for these reforms. Constantly rising incomes are further fuelling demand for elecctricity. High 'peak deficit' indicates rising unmet demand. Unreliable power supply not only hampers agriculture and industry growth, but also causes hardships for the households. Nearly 35 per cent unmetered and unaccounted sale, which is among the highest in theworld, is causing major losses to the exchequer. Today State Electricity Boards (SEBs) have annual losses equivalent to nearly 1 per cent of GDP. Low tariff coupled with high transmission and distribution losses, not only make this sector depended on the government support, it also leads to inefficient use of electricity. i) Strengthening Regulation ii) Improving Distribution and Opening Bulk Supply to Competition a) Public Private Partnership b) Distribution franchisee mode c) Performance-based State electricity discoms iii) Rationalizing Tariffs to More Economic Levels.



Rural Electrification – An Introduction In order to stimulate the growth of small-scale industries and promote a more balanced and diversified economy, rapid rural electrification was found necessary and was pursued vigorously at both central and state levels. Between 1950 and September 2009, the number of villages electrified had increased from a mere 3,000 to 5,04,000. The number of pump sets energised had increased from 21,000 to nearly 12 million.

Rural Electrification Policy The Government of India notified its Rurual Electrification Policy in April 2006, under sections 4 and 5 of the Electricity Act, 2002. The policy aims at:

provisioning of electricity to all household by year 2009;

quality and reliable power supply at resonable rates; and

minimum lifeline consumption of one unit per household per day as a merit good by the year 1012.

Rajiv Gandhi Grameen Vidyutikaran Yojana (RGGVY) The Rajiv Gandhi Grameen Vidyutikaran Yojana (RGGVY) was launched in April 2005 with the objectives of providing all rural households access to electricity through the creation of an appropriate rural electricity infrastructure. Below poverty line (BPL) households arc provided connections free of cost. The Government of India provides 90 percent capital subsidy for projects under the scheme. As on 30 November 2012, electrification works in 1.06,116 un-electrified villages and intensive electrification in 2,73,328 partially electrified villages have been completed and free electricity connections to 202.60 lakh BPL households have been released. Capital subsidy of Rs. 26,664 crore has so far been utilized under the scheme.

Conclusion : The Planning Commission has openly accepted the fact that lack of infrastructurer is a major constraint in India's economic performance. The development of rural infrastructure is a high priority in the 11th Plan with critical targets for irrigation, rural road connectivity, rural drinking water etc. There are huge gaps in general infrastructure encompassing power, roads, railways, ports, airports, telecommunications and the 11th Plan has proposed to address these vigorously. The 11th Plan, for instance, will raise total expenditure on infrastructure to 9.0 percent of GDP as against 4.5 percent in the Tenth Plan. Consistent with the above projection, the investment in physical infrastructure alone during the Eleventh Five Year Plan has been estimated to about Rs. 2,002 thousand crores (at 2006-07 prices) which is equivalent to about US $ 500 billion. Of this amount, the share of the alone during the Eleventh Five Year Plan has been estimated to about Rs. 2,002 thousand crores (at 2006-07 prices) which is equivalent to about US $ 500 billion. Of this amount, the share of the Central government is estimated to be 37 percent, of the state governments to be about 33 percent and that of the priave sector to be 30 percent. Obviously, the Government has adopted the strategy of public private partnership in the infrastructure structure. The power sector is critical for industrial growth and the real problem is the distribution system, which in the hands of State Governments. Top priority should, therefore, be given, to improve the performance of distribution companies.

References Indian Constitution, 1991

Planning Commission, Eleventh five year plan (2007-2012) Vol. II

Government of India, Economic Survey (2007-2008), 2009-2010

Statistical Abstract of India CSO 2007.

B.B. Tandon, P. K. Vasudeva : Inclusive Growth and Sustainable Development.

Datt & Sundharam – Indian Economy, 2015.

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GROWTH OF E-COMMERCE IN INDIAN SCENARIO

S.P.Pawar Asst.Prof. Smt. Kesharbai Lahoti Mahavidyalaya, Amravati. _______________________________________________________________________________________

Inrtoduction e-commerce is "the conduct of commercial transactions by electronic means." A digital revolution. Internet has become an integral part of the growing urban Indian population. Various factors have been driving this trend, such as:

Declining broadband subscription prices

Launch of 3G services leading to an ever-increasing number of “netizens”

Urban India’s changing lifestyle

Convenience of online shopping

Changes in the supporting ecosystem

A research study on the Indian e-Commerce sector, elucidating a detailed market perspective. The report focused on the following key e-Commerce segments along with elaborating on the ecosystem, investment scenario and operational challenges:

Travel

Retail

Classifieds

Although the trend of e-Commerce has been making rounds in India for 15 years, the appropriate ecosystem has now started to fall in place. The e-Commerce market in India has enjoyed phenomenal growth of almost 50% in the last five years. The number of users making online transactions in India is expected to grow from 11 million in 2011 to 38 million in 2015.Venture capitalists (VC) and private equity players have demonstrated their faith in the growth of e-Commerce in the country. This is amply substantiated by the significant increase in the total investments (US$305 million in 2011 against US$55 million in 2010).

Modes of e-Commerce transactions Based on participants involved in the transaction e-Commerce transactions can be segmented into three broad categories or modes:

Consumer-to-consumer (C2C)

Business-to-consumer (B2C)

Business-to-business (B2B)

Business to Government(G2B)

India is on route to becoming the world’s fastest growing e-commerce market, if current projections are anything to go by. This growth story is being driven by robust investment activity in the sector and the rapid increase in internet users. Internet users in India have gone up from 50 mn in 2007 to 300 million in 2014. Last year, smart phone shipments doubled to 80 mn from a year-ago period. The prospect of connecting 1.24 billion people to the internet may be an opportunity in itself. But what analysts are excited about is the prospect of selling products and services to this digital population. Investment banks believe India is on way to becoming one of the largest internet markets in the world, with implications for consumers. Morgan Stanley expects the size of the Indian internet market to rise from $11 bn in 2013 to $137 bn by 2020 and market capitalisation of these internet businesses could touch $160-200 bn from the $4 bn at present. Currently, only three internet companies are listed in India but with the pace at which venture capital (VC) firms and private equity (PE) firms are pumping money into India, several internet companies could possibly look at listing in the next couple of years. India’s internet market was at $11 bn (gross



merchandise value) in 2013, of which $11 bn was online travel and e-commerce was $3 bn. As the market matures and more companies get listed, the market cap of internet companies will expand too. Analysts at Morgan Stanley believe that India's internet market can grow to $137 bn by 2020 (a CAGR of 43 per cent) and e-commerce will form the largest part of the internet market at $102 billion. In relatively more advanced markets like China and the US, top 30 listed internet companies account for 12 per cent and four per cent, respectively, of the total market capitalisation. Internet commerce tends to account for more than 50 per cent of the market cap among listed internet firms. Morgan Stanley expects India’s e-commerce market (revenues) to grow from $2.9 bn in 2013 to over $100 bn by 2020, making it the fastest growing e-commerce market in the world. According to an SBI Research report, the e-retailing, which comprises online retail and online marketplaces, has become the fastest-growing segment in the larger market having grown at a CAGR of around 56 per cent during 2009-14. The e-retail market was around USD 6 billion in 2015. “Our research indicates that only by considering the discount prices and that too for a select group of products, CPI inflation would be at least 25 bps lower that the actual CPI numbers,” SBI Research said in its Ecowrap report. Top three e-commerce companies — Flipkart, Amazon and Snapdeal’s — are running mega discount sales now, and typically these e-retailers net 30-40 per cent of their annual sale during this season. Apart from the evergreen product categories like electronics (including mobiles) and apparel, there is an emergence of new categories like home and kitchen and furniture, which have seen huge traction in the current year. Flipkart is offering over 30 million products across over 70 categories, including books, media, consumer electronics and lifestyle. Flipkart claimed that it managed to sell 10 lakh units within the first 10 hours as part of its ‘The Big Billion Day’s Sale’, out of which 75 per cent of the phones sold during were 4G phones. Further, Amazon increased total number of unique products to 30 million from 18 million and Snapdeal has put together 15 million unique products. The findings are based on a price index developed by SBI Research which takes into account the prices being offered by online mega-stores and a re-estimated CPI inflation based on this probabilities. “Our results indicate that only by considering the discount prices and that too for a select group of products, CPI inflation would be at least 25 bps lower that the actual CPI numbers,” it said. It said there are enough reasons for a continued accommodative monetary policy on the part of RBI. By 2016 a number of 653 million people in the Asia Pacific region are expected to buy goods and services online, a figure which translates into over 48 percent of internet users in the Asia Pacific region purchasing products or services online. Some of the most popular product categories among online shoppers in the region include airline tickets and reservations, baby supplies, cosmetics, clothing, accessories and shoes, as well as computer hardware and software. According to recent data, the number of digital buyers in India alone is expected to reach 41 million by 2016, representing some 27 percent of the total number of internet users in the country. Furthermore, a growing number of people in the Asia Pacific area are increasingly using their mobile devices for online shopping. In India, some 9 percent of the country’s population had made a purchase via mobile phone within the past month, as of the fourth quarter of 2014. The most successful e-retailer in India is Jabong.com, a fashion and lifestyle company specialized in apparel, footwear, fashion accessories, beauty products, home accessories and other fashion and lifestyle products. With 26.26 million unique visitors in October 2014 alone, Jabong.com manages to surpass Amazon, the world’s most successful e-retailer. Online marketplace Snapdeal today released a study in partnership with KPMG, which examines the macro-impact of ecommerce sector on growth of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in India and identifies remaining gaps in the eco system needed to be plugged to facilitate adoption of e-commerce by SMEs.

Summary The E-Commerce industry is one of the most progressive sectors of the economy. The e-commerce market has changed the way business is transacted, whether in retail or business-to-business, locally or globally. Despite being a developing country, India has shown a commendable increase in the e-commerce industry in the last couple of years, thereby hitting the market with a boom. Though the Indian online market is far behind the US and the UK, it has been growing at a fast page. Today, the online shopping has become a trend in India and the reason behind the adoption of this technique lies in the attractive online websites, user friendly interface, bulky online stores with new fashion, easy payment methods (i.e. secure pay online via gateways like PayPal or cash-on-delivery), no bound on quantity & quality, one can choose the items



based on size, color, price, etc. The Key drivers of Indian E-commerce have been: Increasing broadband Internet and 3G penetration

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“A STUDY ON CONSUMER BEHAVIOR TOWARDS EMERGING ONLINE SHOPPING IN INDIA”

Prof.Rupesh R. Dahake

Assistant Professor

Department Of Commerce Adarsha Science,

Jb Arts And Birla Commerce Mahavidyalaya,

Dhamangaon.

Dr.A.K.J. Mansuri

Associate Professor

Department of Commerce

G.S.Commerce College, Wardha

ABSTRACT

The e-Commerce market in India has relished extraordinary growth of almost 50% in the last five years. Although the style of e-Commerce has been making rounds in India for 15 years, the appropriate ecosystem has now started to fall in place. The considerable rise in the number of internet users, growing acceptability of online payments, the proliferation of internet-enabled devices and favorable demographics are the key factors driving the growth story of e-Commerce in the country. This paper will have focused on how ecommerce growing in India, how it makes impact of Indian consumer behavior and also focus on recent trends in ecommerce industry in India.

INTRODUCTION:

Today we all are witnessing technological advancement in all over the world. Every day there are a lot of changes happening in our personal life due to technology advancement. It is now proved that technology is affecting on the world in both positive and negative manner. Technology is changing the life of human being rapidly. If we go five to ten years back way our shopping was different. In old days we used to go market by vehicles ,walking or car etc. with family. We purchase all kind of stuff once in month because that time shopping depend on monthly salary for salaried class.

Even product or services was limited in market so that time we don’t have so much choices and payment option was also limited mostly cash purchase.

But now due to new technology entire shopping market has changed. Now a days online shopping most popular word we are hearing everywhere because of its popularity & simplicity. convenience and affordability etc. Today most of the consumer are preferring online shopping. Online Shopping has been a emergent marvel in all four angles of the world. Electronic shopping is defined as a computer activity/exchange performed by a consumer via a computer based interface, where the consumer's computer is connected to, and can interact with a retailer's digital storefront to purchase the products or services over the internet.

In online shopping in one mouse click via internet customer can access thousands of products or services in one fraction of second with different variety, price and other products or services related information.

Due to development of internet technology and expansion of internet in all over India and other part of the world and the change in buying behavior among the customers, the surge of online shopping has become a fashionable way for customers and/or companies to trade over the Internet through online portal like flipkart, snapdeal, ebay, amazon etc. Today most of the companies want to identify the factors that stimulus buying behaviour towards online shopping. Now days many companies conducting various survey regarding buying behaviour of customer, through this they want to know what are the factor influencing the customer while buying any product or services or how customer are taking decision of shopping? They also want to know why don’t some customers prefer online shopping. There have been intensive studies of online shopping attitudes and behaviour in recent years. Day by day online shopping become a biggest virtual market in the world. The present study has been initiated with the objective to study the impact of socio-cultural factors, economic factors, geographical factors, reference group & so on buying behaviour towards online shopping.

There are many Research indicates that the change in buying behaviour towards online shopping is positive due to reasons like convenience, time saving, varied choice and availability, 24x7 availability, global



product etc. Internet users in India have gone up from 50 million in 2007 to 300 million in 2014. In 2014, smartphone shipments doubled to 80 mn from a year-ago period. Overall, in India online shopping penetration is being articulated about in the locality of 80 million buyer universe. Morgan Stanley expects the size of the Indian internet market to rise from $14bn GMV in 2013 to $137 bn by 2020 and market capitalisation of these internet businesses could touch $160-200 bn from the $4 bn at present. The increasing attentiveness towards use of internet, satisfactory results in online shopping, rise in standard of living due to dual spousal income, occupation, influence of family, friends and attractive promotional offers etc. are going to effect the purchase decisions the most. In this way the family setup has been now shifted towards more democratic in nature than the authoritative hierarchical in past. In the online shopping there are certain issue need to be addresses by the marketer is very important because many customer facing a lot of problem from online shopping for example quality of products or services, online fraud, location problem, website related issues, distribution of products etc.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMS: -

Now a days online shopping is more popular among us specially this kind of shopping more popular in big city as well as small city also. Due to expansion of internet, awareness of internet is major reason behind the high growth of online shopping in India. The impact of online shopping is in every corner of the world. Behavior of online shopping quite different as compare to the traditional market buying behavior process. These kind of issues are needed is to be study. Society is attached with the buying pattern of people. He emerging online shopping is also a threat to traditional shopping. The impact of the same are must be assessed on overall economy.

SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY: -

Internet Users in India will cross 300 million mark by December 2014 according to ‘Internet in India 2014’ report jointly published by the Internet and Mobile Association of India (IAMAI) and IMRB International. The year on year growth rate registered stands at impressive 32 percent.

( http://trak.in/tags/business/2014/11/19/india-300m-internet-users-2014/)

This means there huge growth in online shopping in India due increase in user of internet every year. In few years back online shopping was limited only in urban areas of the country but now expansion of internet in rural area cause huge growth of online shopping in rural area also In India 70% population lived in rural area so there is billion rupees market for online shopping in India. There is big scope for online shopping companies to expand their delivery services in rural area. Even some research suggest people from rural area are now preferring online shopping rather than traditional shopping.

There is a need to study consumer behavior of rural consumer and urban consumer towards online shopping, what kind of item they want purchase from online portals what factor attract them to purchase online products or services and what kind problem there are facing while purchasing products form online portals. These some issues need to be study.

OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY: -

1. To study the impact of Socio-Cultural factors on online buying behavior. 2. To study the Perception of Indian Consumers towards online shopping. 3. To evaluate the ability of online shopping sites to attract and retain customers in Indian

Environment. REVIEW OF LITERATURE

1. Our analysis shows that online consumer behavior is still fragmented. For example, researchers such as Goldsmith (2000) and Limayemetal. (2000) found that personal innovativeness is a key personality trait that explains consumer online purchase intention.

2. Chau et al (2000) examined the effects of presentation mode, search engines, and navigation structure of product items on the adoption of Internet shopping. Jarvenpaa et al (2000) concluded that trust in an Internet store is a salient determinant of online shopping. Finally, Lee (1999) focused on online repurchase and contended that consumer trust and consumer satisfaction were the key antecedents of continued purchase.

3. Online shopping has taken off as an increasing number of consumers purchase increasingly diversified products on the Internet. Given that how to attract and retain consumers is critical to

http://trak.in/tags/business/2014/11/19/india-300m-internet-users-2014/



the success of online retailers, research on the antecedents of consumer acceptance of online shopping has attracted widespread attention.

4. There has yet to be a holistic view of online shopping acceptance from the perspective of consumers. In this research, we conducted an extensive survey of extant related studies and synthesized their findings into a reference model called OSAM (Online Shopping Acceptance Mode l) to explain consumer acceptance of online shopping. Our literature survey reveals that a myriad of factors have been examined in the context of online shopping and mixed results on those factors have been reported. The proposed model helps reconcile conflicting findings, discover recent trends in this line of research, and shed light on future research directions.( Lina Zhou, Liwei Dai &Dongsong Zhang 2007)

5. People have dubious attitude towards e-marketing of product & services mainly due to security concern related to privacy of personal information. Personal information privacy should be given preference by the companies involved in online marketing of product & services The other major concern among people includes authenticity of product & services offered online. Companies involved in online trading should focus on building their brand awareness among people so that trust-worthy relationship can be developed between producers & consumers. On-time delivery of products purchased through online shopping will prove to be quite beneficial in a long run. Significant price-cuts should be offered to customers as there are relatively no/lesser intermediaries involved as far as e- marketing is concerned.( Dr. Sanjay Hooda& Mr. Sandeep Aggarwal 2014)

6. The Internet has a significant impact on every aspect of life including Shopping habits. Shopping on the Internet, due to its being a synthesis of marketing practices and technology management principles has become an issue gaining importance for marketers and academics.(ElifEroğlu 2014)

7. We live in a digital age and thus need to keep up with new trends in the social media. The Internet has become the first medium in history to allow for complex interaction between networks of people via Facebook and YouTube, amongst many more . In a constantly changing society where citizens are more proactive and have better access to information, and where new norms are created over time, many challenges evolve that we need to keep up with for understanding our citizens. ( Mrs.PallaviKumari 2013)

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

1. Desk Research: a detailed review of relevant literature for the online shopping was conducted at this stage.

2. Collection and analysis of information: - all data and information gathered through secondary data was collected and analyzed for the purpose of developing the research paper.

The Growth Story of E-Commerce in India Started in India in the year with the introduction of B2B portals in 1996, now E-Commerce is all set to become one of the successful medium for business transactions. Between 2000 and 2005: The first wave of E-Commerce in India was characterized bya small online shopping user base, low internet penetration, slow internet speed, low consumer acceptance of online shopping and inadequate logistics infrastructure. Thereafter, the IT downturn in 2000 led to the collapse of more than 1,000 E-Commerce businesses in India. Following this, there was muted activity in the space in India between 2000 and 2005. Between 2005 and 2010:There were basically two major transitions that took place that aided in the build of E-Commerce story in India. They were:

Online Travel:The entry of Low Cost Carriers (LCCs) in the Indian aviation sector in 2005 marked the beginning of the second wave of e-Commerce in India. The decision of LCCs to sell their tickets online and through third parties enabled the development of Online Travel Agents (OTAs). They developed their own websites and partnered with OTAs to distribute their tickets online. The Indian Railways had already implemented the e-ticket booking initiative by the time LCCs started their online ticket booking schemes.

Online Retail: The growth of online retail was partly driven by changing urban consumer lifestyle and the need for convenience of shopping at home. This segment developed in the second wave in 2007 with the launch of multiple online retail websites. New businesses were driven by



entrepreneurs who looked to differentiate themselves by enhancing customer experience and establishing a strong market presence.

2010 onwards: Group buying: Starting in 2010, the group buying and daily deals models became a sought after space for entrepreneurs in India, emulating the global trend. Group-buying sites have seen a significant rise in the number of unique visitors and membership. Social Commerce: It is a key avenue for E-Commerce players to reach out to target customers. Companies have started establishing their presence in the social media space for branding activities, connecting with customers for feedback and advertising new product launches. Present Scenario:India’s E-Commerce market grew at a staggering 88% in 2013 to $16 billion, riding on booming online retail trends and defying slower economic growth and spiraling inflation, according to a survey by industry body ASSCHOM. India’s E-Commerce market was about $2.5 billion in 2009, it went up to $6.3 billion in 2011 and to $16 billion in 2013 and is expected to growhuge $56 billion by 2023 that would be 6.5% of the total retail market. E-Commerce Driving Factors: E-Commerce has led to:

Reduced search and transaction cost Reduced process lead-time and faster time to market Increased customer service Improved convenience and shopping experience Increased information transparency Knowledge generation Novel products and services

Top 10 Ecommerce as per ASSCHOM 1. Flipkart 2. eBay India 3. Snapdeal 4. Amazon India 5. Myntra 6. Shopclues 7. Dominos 8. freecharge 9. Jabong

INDIAN STATASTICS ON E-commerce: -



Mobile internet taking over from fixed line Companies aiming to benefit from the growth of internet usage across emerging countries should have a well-developed mobile strategy. The reason for this is that internet usage across developing countries is increasingly led by mobile phone access rather than fixed line-based internet. For example, around 67% of internet usage in India is through smartphones rather than through fixed line access.

Smartphone-related internet access is also higher than fixed-line access in China, where 56% of respondents now have internet access through smartphones compared to 51% in our previous survey. Year-over-year, we find that smartphone penetration is rising across the countries in our survey and quickly converging to developed nation levels. Importantly though, we also find that smartphone penetration across rural areas is increasing rapidly. This is particularly relevant, given that the so-called last mile of fixed-line networks across rural areas in emerging countries is typically underdeveloped, which in the absence of smartphone-based internet access, would limit the immediate growth opportunity in e-Commerce.

e-Commerce growing quickly across all countries, led by young people: - More widespread internet usage and increasing spending power are factors that are driving the trend toward e-Commerce, in our view. e-Commerce is most accepted in China, with 65% of respondents claiming to have made a purchase online during the past six months. This compares to less than 40% for the other countries (Figure 6). However, momentum in relation to the share of online shoppers across the other countries is stronger. For example, 32% of internet users in India now shop online, which compares to just 14% in 2011. Online shopping is dominated by younger people. The survey shows that more than 70% of internet users in China that are younger than 30 years shop online (Figure 7). This is a much higher percentage than we find in other countries; however, as far as growth momentum is concerned, we note that countries such as India have started to accelerate, with the share of younger people shopping online almost doubling compared to 2013.



Potential of e-Commerce market:- To judge the potential magnitude, we have run some scenarios for the share of online retail spending across our nine developing countries. • Conservative estimate: For the UK and USA we find that around 10% of current total retail sales is done online. A similar ratio for our countries would imply annual turnover of approximately USD 400 billion. We believe that this scenario is actually quite conservative, given that China is already at around 10%, whereas it also does not incorporate the potential for e-Commerce to be bigger across emerging economies owing to the absence of a formalized retail sector. • Optimistic scenario: Another, more optimistic, scenario is one that compares the penetration of online buyers and their spending levels in emerging countries to levels experienced across developed countries. Currently, buyers across Western Europe, Japan and North America spend more than USD 1,700 per year online, with UK consumers spending almost USD 3,900. The average for developing economies, on the other hand, is less than USD 800 (Figure 16). At the same time, we find that the share of online buyers across the developed world averages around 50%, whereas this share is substantially less than 20% for most emerging economies. If we assume that online penetration in the nine countries of our survey converges to the 50% average for developed countries, and that in the long term, average spending increases to developed country averages, we calculate that the total e-Commerce market may reach annual turnover of USD 2.6–3.5 trillion. This would represent a seven to nine-fold increase over the current online market in our surveyed countries. .

UPCOMING TREND Internet Penetration: With an exponential increase in internet usage, there’s an increasing PC and broadband penetration, coupled with the declining prices of PCs. Tablets and smartphones have given a new meaning to connectivity and user experience. The adoption of 3G and upcoming 4G technology, along with the declining prices of smartphones, is expected to result in an additional increase in internet usage in the country. Improvements on the payment front have brought about the increasing use of plastic money by Indian consumers. Payment gateways have now been made more secure through multiple levels of authentication via one-time passwords (OTPs). This has helped strengthen users’ confidence in carrying out online transactions.



M-Commerce: India has more than900 million mobile users, of which around 300 million use data services. Thisis expected to grow 1200 million by 2015. Also, more than 100 millionmobile users are expected to use 3G and 4G connectivity in the coming few years. Of the total 90 million mobile users, only 27 million are active on theInternet. Moreover, only 4 per cent of the active mobile internet users buyproducts through mobiles. However, mobile shopping is on upward trend and isexpected to increase five–fold to 20 percent in the medium term. FDI in E-Commerce sector: Presently the Indian Government has allowed 100 per cent FDI in B2B e-commerce, while business-to-consumer (B2C) is prohibited. In addition to that there’s a compulsory 30 percent local sourcing norms for foreign players.

Companies like Amazon, eBay, and Tesco are coaxing and holding meetings with the DIPP to invest in an emerging market India. They have even been investing some of the local start-ups here like Amazon entered India via Junglee.com. The news that Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion (DIPP) has started consultations with stakeholders on allowing foreign direct investment in retail e-commerce before the end of this financial year, has nonetheless raised our expectations of expansion of Indian E-Commerce industry. Conclusion At end we can say E-commerce future in India is very bright because of so many factors like demographic, Economic, Social etc. we have witness lot of technological changes happing in India like 3G internet now gone there will be 4G internet on the way this will definitely boost the ecommerce business India. Indian government will come up with some regulation for this Ecommerce industry for safety of Indian consumer and proper business practices in India. E-Commerce players are banking on the Indian internet growth story. The fact that an average online user is spending more time online gives these players the opportunity to draw more users to their websites through innovative marketing strategies such as those revolving around social media. References:

1. E & Y Report on E-Commerce 2. ASSOCHAM Report on E- Commerce 3. HeenaMotwani - IIM Shillong -E- Commerce in India in 2014: A Short Analysis 4. Credit Suisse Research Institute’s “Emerging Consumer Survey 2015”5thedition

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¸üÖÂ™ÒüßµÖ ˆŸ¯Ö®Ö ¾Ö �éúÂÖß ˆªÖê�Ö ¾Ö ÃÖê¾ÖÖ �Öê¡ÖÖ“Öê µÖÖê�Ö¤üÖÖ

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1950-51 1980-81 2013-14

1 ¯ÖÏÖ£Ö×´Ö•ú •Öê¡Ö 55.4 38.0 13.9

2 ×«üŸÖßµÖ (¾µÖÖ¯ÖÖ¸ü ˆªÖê•Ö) •Öê¡Ö 15.0 24.0 26.2

3. ŸÖéŸÖßµÖ ÃÖê¾ÖÖ •Öê¡Ö 29.6 28.0 29.9 Source - Hand bood of statistics on the India

Economy 2013-14 (S. Chand Page 17-2016)

×¾Ö¤êü¿Öß ³ÖÖÓ›ü¾Ö»Ö �ÖãŸÖ¾Ö�Öã�ú ¾Ö Ö×¾ÖÖ †ÖÙ£Ö�ú ¬ÖÖê¸ü�Ö : New Economic reform

& Foregin Investment :-

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•Öê¡Ö ¾µÖÖ¯Ö�ú �ú¹ýÖ, ²ÖÆãü¸üÖÂ™ÒüßµÖ ×Ö�Ö´ÖÖÓÖÖ Mutinational Corporation

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(�ú¸üÖê›ü ¹ý¯ÖµÖê) Year Direct Investiemtn Port Folio Investment Total

1991-92 12.9 0.4 13.03

1995-96 214.4 274.8 489.2

2000-01 402.9 276.0 678.9

2005-06 896.1 1249.2 2145.3

2010-11 2782.9 3029.2 5812.1

2013-14 3076.3 482.2 3558.5

Source – Reserve Bank of India Bulletin 2013-14

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�ú¸üÖê›ü ¹ý¯ÖµÖê †ÖÆêü. ´Æü�Ö•Öê“Ö ×¾Ö¤êü¿Öß ¯ÖÏŸµÖ�Ö �ÖãÓŸÖ¾Ö�Öã�ú •ÖÖÃŸÖßŸÖ •ÖÖÃŸÖ —

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•ÖŸÖê 13 3034 38,231

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×Æü¸êü -- 22100 1,44,557

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×¾ÖªæŸÖ ´Ö¿ÖßÖ 57 2230 2,13,561

ÃÖ¡ÖÖêŸÖ - Handbook of /statistics on Indian Economy (2013-14)

¾Ö¸üß»Ö ŸÖŒŸµÖÖ¾Ö¹ýÖ Ã¯ÖÂ™ü ÆüÖêŸÖê �úß, ³ÖÖ¸üŸÖÖŸÖ †®Ö-¬ÖÖµÖÖ“Öß †ÖµÖÖŸÖ 1960-61

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2014 ¯ÖµÖÕŸÖ 13 ¾Ö¹ýÖ 38,231 �ú¸üÖê›ü ¹ý¯ÖµÖÖ¯ÖµÖÕŸÖ —ÖÖ»Öê»Öß †ÖÆêü ¸üÃÖÖµÖÖ †ÖîÂÖ¬Öê,

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•éúÂÖß ¾ÖÃŸÖæ 2,057 (30 %) 2,60,906 (13.8 %)

•Ö×Ö•Ö 413 34,827

×Ö´ÖÖÔ•Ö ¾ÖÃŸÖæ 3,747 (55 %) 12,04,072 (63 %)

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28 39,281 (20 %)

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Ã¡ÖÖêŸÖ - Handbook of Statistics on Indian Economy 2013-14 Economic Serve 2012-2013.

¾Ö¸üß»Ö ŸÖŒŸµÖÖ¾Ö¹ýÖ Ã¯ÖÂ™ü ÆüÖêŸÖê �úß �éúÂÖß ¾ÖÃŸÖæ (“ÖÖµÖ �úÖò±úß, ŸÖ´²ÖÖ•æú,

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Xkzkfe.k fodkl vkSj vk/kkj lajpuk

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Hkkjr ;g xzkeiz/kku ns‘k gSA Hkkjr dh yxHkx nks frgkbZ tula[;k xkoks es fuokl djrh gSA lu 2011 ds vuqlkj 68-9% tula[;k ;g xzkfe.k Hkkxks es jgrh gSA ns‘k dk lokZafx.k fodkl ;g xko vkSj xzkfe.k {ks+=ks ds fodklij fuHkZj gksrk gSA xzkfe.k {ks=ks dk ;g egRo /;ku es j[krs gq, xkaf/kth us ^pyks xkWo dh vksj* ,Slk lans‘k fn;kA ;g lans‘k lkekftd vkfFkZd vkSj jktdh; n`f‖V ls lR; gSA blfy, xzkfe.k {ks=ks ds fodkl dk fo‘ks‘k egRo gSA

Lokra«; izkIrh ds ckn xzkefodkl dk eq[; mnnh‖V ;g xzkfe.k Hkkxks ds yksxks dk thoueku dk Lrj mBkuk] mudks mRre ntkZ izkIr djds nsuk ;g gSA dsoy mRiUu es o`/n~h gks.ks ls thoueku dk mRre ntkZ ugh gks ldrkA blfy, la;qDr jk‖Vª ijh‖kn 1976 es xzkfe.k oLrh dk lokZaafx.k fodklij jk‖Vªh; ,o vkarjk‖Vªh; fodkl vfHkdj.k dk Hkkj gksuk pkgh,A ,Slk fuf‘pr fd;k x;kA ljdkjus fu;kstu dky ls xzkeh.k fodkl ds yh, fofHkUu iz;kl fd,A blizdkj Hkkjr es izFke iapokf‖kZd ;kstuk es fg xzkfe.k Hkkxks dh vk/kkjHkwr lajpuk ds fodkl ds fy, iz;Ru fd, x;sA blfy, igyh iapokf‖kZd ;kstuk es xzkeks ds lkekftd ,oa vfFkZd thoueku c<kus gsrw d`f‖k vkSj vuq‖kafxd {ks=ks dks mRrstu fn;k x;kA nwljh iapokf‖kZd ;kstuk es lgdkjh [ksrh ds fy;s xkzeks|ksx] NksVs m|ksx] nqcZy ?kVd dh mUurh ,Sls mik;ks dk voyac xzkeh.k fodkl ds fy, fd;s x;sA mlh iapoikf‖kZd ;kstuk es mRiknu es o`/nh gksus ds fy, d`‖kh lacaf/kr m|ksxksij Hkj fn;k x;kA mlds Qy ,oa lCth mRiknu ls o`/nh] dqdqVikyu] nqX/kO;olk;] eRlikyu b- ij Hkj fn;k x;kA 4 Fkh iapokf‖kZd ;kstuk es i;kZoj.k ij Hkj nsdj i;kZoj.kh; larqyu j[kus ds fy, tfeu] ik.kh] i‘kq/ku ekuoh lk/ku dk i;kZIr mi;ksx bl ckrks ij /;ku fn;k x;kA ikpoh iapokf‖kZd ;kstuk es jkstxkj c<kus gsrq xzke|ksx vkSj x`gfuekZ.k ij Hkj fn;k x;kA 6Bh ,oa 7oh iapokf‖kZd ;kstuk es izkS<f‘k{k.k xzkeh.k mtkZ] xzkeh.k LoPNrk] lkoZtfud forj.k iz.kkyh bldk lekos‘k fd;k x;kA vkBoh iapokf‖kZd ;kstukls xq.kkRed ntkZij Hkj fn;k x;kA uooh ;kstuk es xjhch fueZaqyu vkSj ‗kk‘or ekuo fodkl ij Hkj fn;k x;kA 10oh iapokf‖kZd ;kstuk dky es 2005 ls Hkkjr fuekZ.k ukels izeq[k ;kstuk ‗kq# dh xbZ vkSj vk/kkjHkwr lajpuk ds fodkl dks cMh pkyuk izkIr gqbZA 11oh iapokf‖kZd ;kstus es xzkeh.k vk/kkjHkwr lqfo/kkvks dk fodkl jkstxkj fufeZrh nkjhnz; fueZqyu] LoPN is;ty vkSj vkfFkZd fodkl ij Hkj fn;k x;kA



rks 12oh iapokf‖kZd ;kstukdky es bu vk/kkjHkwr lqfo/kk ds fodkl ds fy, fo‘ks‖k iz;Ru fd;k tkusokys gSA bflyh, ftl vk/kkjHkwr lajpkukij xzkeh.kfodkl vk/kkfjr gS mudkfodkl djuk pkfg,A blizdkj xzke ds fodkl ds fy, iapokf‖kZd ;kstukvks djksMks #i;s b- [kpZ fd, x;s fQj Hkh xzke vkSj ‗kgj es vkt vusd ckrks es Qjd fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA xzkfe.k fodkl ds yh, [kpZ fd;k x;k ijarq xzkeh.k Hkkxks dk fodkl vfHk rd visz{kkuqlkj gqvk ugh gSA Hkkjr xkWoks dk ns‘k gS bflfy, orZeku ifjfLFkrhvks es ns‘k dk lexz fodkl fouk ^xzkeh.k ds fodkl* ds v/kqjk gSA bflfy, xzkfe.k fodkl ds fy, tks vk/kkj lajpuk vko‘;d gS mles lq/kkj ykuk vko‘;d gSA Lora=rk ds i‘pkr vk/kkj lajpukij cgwr [kpZ fd;k x;kA ij ftl vk/kkj lajpuk ij xzkeh.k fodkl vk/kkfjr gS mudk fodkl v|ki Hkh ugh gqvk bflfy, blij /;ku nsuk vR;ko‘;d gSA xzkfe.k vk/kkjHkwr lajpuk 1½ xzkfe.k jLrs@xzke lMds % xzkeh.k vk/kkjHkwr lajpuk ds fodkl gsrq ljdkjus ^Hkkjr fuekZ.k ;ksutk varxZr* ,d vkjk[kMk r;kj fd;k gSA mlds vuqlkj 1000 ls T;knk la[;k gksusokys xzkeks dks lMdks ls tksMus dk ljdkus Bgjk;k] blds fy, ljdkjus iz/kkuea=h xzkelMd ;kstuk ‗kq# dhA jLrks dh lq/kkj.k djuk xkoksrd lMd fuekZ.k djuk blds fy, ljdkjus iz;kl fd,A 2012 rd 4-41 y{k fdeh dk jLrk r;kj fd;k x;k blij 1]26]936 dksVh b- dk [kpkZ fd;k x;kA blls izR;d xzke eq[; rkyqdk ,o ftYgk ls tksMk x;k] fdarq vktHkh 2012 ds vuqlkj 3]30]000 cLrh;ksdks jkLrs miyC/k ugh vksj vusd Hkkxks es dPph lMds Gsa 2½ xzkeh.k fctyh iqjoBk % xzkeh.k Hkkxks es y?kq m|ksxks ds fodkl dks izksRlkfgr djus ds fy, xzke fctyhdj.k vfuok;Z gSA xko vkSj cLrhrd fctyh igqWpkus dk mfn~‖V~V ljdkjus j[kk gSA xzkeh.k Hkkxks dks iwjsls izek.k es fctyh miyC/k gksus ls [ksrh fo|qr iailsV] [kknh o xzkeks|ksx] vkjksX;] f‘k{kk] ekfgrh ra=Kku bZ- {ks=ks dks xrh feysaxh] brukgh ugh rks loZd‖k xzkefodkl] rks loZd‖k xzkefodkl] jkstxkjfuekZ.k vkSj nkfjnz; fueqZyu tSls mfn~n‖V; Hkh lk/; gks ldrs gSA ljdkjus 2006 es fctyhdj.k /kksj.k tkfgj fd;k mles] i½ lHkh ifjokjks dks 2009 rd fctyh miyC/k djukA ii½ vPNh ,oa fo‘okluh; fctyh miyC/k djkukA

iii½ 2012 rd izR;sd ifjokj ds fy, izfrfnu ,d bdkbZ U;qure miHkksx dh O;oLFkk djukA

fdarq vktHkh 21% [ksMh vkSj 50% xzkeh.k ?kjksdk fctyhdj.k ugh gqvk ?kj ds izdk‘k ds fy, 50% xzkeh.k ifjokj dsjksflu ij voyafcr gSA xzkeh.k mtkZesls 80% mtkZ ;g tSoHkkj ls r;kj dh gSA 3½ lapkj ijhogu %



bles eq[; #i ls Mkd ,oa rkj] VsfyQksu] Vsfylapkj b dk varjHkkZo gksrk gSA Lokra=rk ds ckn es laiq.kZ ns‘k es Mkd dk tky QSy x;kA ekpZ 2006 es Hkkjr es Mkd dpsjh dh la[;k 1]55]333 bruh FkhA muds 1]39]074 ;kus 89 dpsjh xzkfe.k Hkkxks es FkhA ;g Mkd dpsjh xzkfe.k Hkkxks es cpr cWad djds dke djrh gSA bl Hkkx es Mkd dpsjh dk lqyHk gksus ds fy, ljdkj vuwnku nsrh gSA oSls gh rkj foHkkx ;g lkoZtfud mi;ksfxrk dk lcls iqjkuk Hkkx gSA 1951 es rkj ?kjks dh la[;k 8]200 FkhA vc c<dj 30]000 gks x;hA blds VsfyQksu lsok ds Onkjk Nqis gw;s lans‘k Hksts ;k izkIr fd, tk ldrs gSA nwjlapkj ;s lapkj dk ,d egRoiq.kZ vknku gSA blls ns‘k ds dksu dksus es lapkj ds ykHk igwpk, tk ldrs gSA bles VsfyQksu jsMhvks fVOgh rkj b ds Onkjk gksus okys lapkj dk lekos‘k gksrk gSA blls xzkkfe.k Hkkxks dks fo‖ks‘k ykHk gksrk gSA blls xzkfe.k Hkkxks ds yksxks ds thouij ldkjkRed ijh.kke gksrs gw, fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA nwj/ouh dh ?kurk ‗kgjh Hkkxks dh rwyuk es deh fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA vkt Hkkjr dh 97+69% xzke ;kus 57]69]889 xzke lkoZtfud VsfyQksu lsok ls tksMh x;h gSA 4½ vkjksX; % Hkkjr es yksxks dk thoueku loZlk/kkj.k gSA yxHkx 40% tula[;k nkjhnz;js‖kksds uhps thou O;rhr dj jgh gSaA Xkzkfeu Hkkxks es ;g vkjksX; dk iz‘u xaHkhj gSA mudk vkjksX; fud`‖V gSA blds fy, ikSf‖Vdrk dk vHkko] vkS‖k/k fo‖k;d miyC/k lsok,] MkWDVj vkSj nok[kkuks dh viqjh la[;k bldh otg ls xzkfe.k Hkkxks dk vkjksX; fud`‖V fn[kkbZ nasrk gSA ljdkjus viSy 2015 es ‗jk‖Vh; xzkfe.k vkjksX; eaMy‘ dh LFkkiuk dhA bldk mnns‘k nwj ds xzkfe.k Hkkxks ds xjhc ijhokj dks ntsZnkj vkjksX; lsok nsuk FkkA blds fy, iz;Ru Hkh fd, x;sA fdarw xzkeks es ulsZl] MkWDVlZ miyC/k u gksuk vkjksX; lsok dk egaxk gksuk] vkjksX; fo‖k;d tkx`rh u gksuk] #<h ijaijk dk izHkko] bldh otg ls xzkfe.k Hkkxks dk vkjksX; l``n`< fn[kkbZ ugh nsrkA 5½ f’k{kk % Lkarqfyr vkSj vkfFkZd fodkl ds fy, f‘k{kk egRoiw.kZ gSA ijhorZu dk ewyea= ;kus f‘k{kk ,Slk dgk tkrk gSA f‘k{kk ls yksx dq‘ky vkSj l{ke curs gSA ljdkjus vius iapokf‖kZd ;kstuk dky es f‘k{kk ij [kpZ fd;kA xzkeh.k Hkkxks dh fuj{kjrk de djus ds fy, ^izkS< lk{kjrk fe‘ku] loZ f‘k{kk vfHk;ku] f‘k{kk dk lkoZfxdj.k] blizdkj dh lqfo/kk, ljdkjus dhA fdarq vkt Hkh xzkeh.k Hkkxks es f‘k{kk NksMus dk izek.k gSA Ldqy u tkus dk izek.k cgqr T;knk gSA 6½ xzkeh.k ik.kh iqrhZ % Lkjdkjus vusd ;kstukvksOnkjk T;knk ls T;knk xkoksard fius dk ikuh igqpkus dk iz;Ru fd;k 2001es ‗iariz/kku lqjf{kr is;ty ;kstuk ‘kq# dh xbZA ljdkjh vkdMsokjh ds vuqlkj 88% yksxks dk ik.kh dh iqrhZ lqjf{kr L=ksrksOnkjk fd;k x;kA fdarq mlesls flQZ 25% yksxks dks gh ,Slk ikuh



vkWxurd miyC/k gksrk gS] ysdhu eghyk, vkSj yMfd;ks dks ik.kh ds fy, nwj rd tkuk iMrk gSA blls ik.kh dh viqjh iqrhZ dh otg ls eghyk vkSj yMfd;ks dk le; dk viO;; gksrk gSA xzkeh.k Hkkxks es ikbZiOnkjk ik.kh dh iqrhZ 29% gksrh gSA 2005 lky es 55]067 xzke ;g is;ty iqjoBk ls oafpr gS 25 fnlacj 2003 es ^Loty/kkjk* ;kstuk ds #i es ;g izdYi ns‘kHkj ykxw fd;k x;k] ijarq vkt Hkh xzkeh.k Hkkxks es iqjsls izek.k ihus dk ikuh ugh fey jgk gSA blizdkj xzkefodkl es vk/kkjlajpuk lqfo/kkvksdh fLFkrh vR;ar n;uh; gS] xzkeks ls ‘kgj dh vkSj LFkyakrj.k dk izek.k c< jgk gSA xzkeh.k Hkkxks es lqfo/kkvks dk vHkko gksus ds dkj.k xzkfe.k Hkkxks es lqfo/kkvksdk vHkko gksus ds dkj.k xzkeh.k fodkl es vusd leL;k, fuekZ.k gksrh gSA iDds jLrs] fud`‖V ntkZ dk ty‘kqf/ndj.k ,o pkp.kh fctyh dh viqjh iqrhZ] LoPNrk dk vHkko fn[kkbZ nsrk gS] vk/kkjHkwr lqfo/kk lcrd igqpkus ds fy, HkkaMoy dk vHkko] vleFkZdrk ‘kklu Onkjk fd tkusokyh ;kstukvks dh vdk;Z{ke vaeyctkouh ,Slh vusd leL;k xzkeh.k fodkl es vMp.ks iSnk djrh gSA mik;;kstuk 1- xzkeh.k fodkl djus ds ljdkjOnkjk dh xbZ lHkh ;kstukvks dh

vaeyctko.kh ;ksX; rjhdsls gksuk vko‘;d gSA 2- xzkeh.k fodkl ds fy, nqjlapkj {ks=ks dk fodkl gksuk vko‘;d gSA 3- 100% xzkeks ds jLrs tksMuk vko‘;d gSA 4- 100 ;k vf/kd tula[;k gksusokys fcxj fctyhdj.k xkWoks dk fctyhdj.k djukA

,Sls fctyhdj.k gq;s xkoks es forj.k VªUlQkerZj fcBkuk pkfg,A 5- Tkutkxj.k ,oa vkjksX; f‘k{kk ds ek/;e ls LoPNrk lqfo/kkvksdh ekax

fuekZ.k djuk pkgh,A 6- Tky lao/kZuij Hkj nsdj mlds fy, lHkh izdkj ds mik;ksdk voyac djukA

Lkkjka‘k #i ls vk/kkjHkwr lajpuk dk xzke fodkl ij fofo/k ifj.kke gksrs gSA ,slh mik;;kstuk djus ls mRikndrk c<sxh] mRiUu dh fo‖kerk de gksus es enr gksxh] xfjch vkSj nkfjnz; nwj djus es enr gksxh] jkstxkj dh la/kh c<sxh] blls xzkeh.k Hkkxks dk fodkl gksxk vkSj ns‘k mUurh ds ekxZ ij py iMsxkA lanHkZ

1- #nznRr] ds-ih-,e- laqnje ^Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk* ,l@pUn ,.M dEiuh fy- ubZ fnYyh] 2009

2- Ikzk- jk;[ksydj@MkW- nketh] ^Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk* fo|k cqDl iCyhds‘klZ] tkusokjh] 2013

3- ns‘kikaMs T;ksRluk] ^fodklkps vFkZ’kkL=* fiaiGkiqjs vW.M daiuh iCyh‘klZ] ukxiqj] tqyS 2011



4- ;q- lh- xqIrk vkHkkfeRrky] ^lkoZtfud forj.k iz.kkyh ,oa xzkeh.k fu/kZurk]* vtZu iCyhf‘kax gkÅl] ubZ fnYyh 2014

***



HkkjrkP;k vkfFkZd fodklkr iapokf"kZd ;kstukapk lgHkkx %,d fpdhRld vH;kl

izk- lat; mYgs] lgk¸;d izk/;kid] iqaMfydckck egkfo|ky;] ukanqjk jsYos-

IkzLrkouk nqlÚ;k egk;q)kuarj e¨Bh dzkarh ÄMwu vkyh- loZ vkÆFkd lkekthd] jktdh; ÄMh foLdGhr >kyh- loZ ns'kkr vfLFkjrk fuekZ.k >kyh- ;klkBh lokZxhu fodkl g¨.ks vko';d g¨rs] ;q)kP;k ifjLFkhrheqGs fuekZ.k >kysY;k ladVkuk lke¨js tk.;klkBh lkE;oknh jk"Vªkcj¨cjp HkkaMoy'kkgh jk"Vªkauk lq)k fu;¨tukph dkl /kjkoh ykxyh- ;q)dkGkr LFkkiu >kysY;k m)ksi;¨xh m|¨x /ka|kph iqul±ÄVuk d#u R;kauk miHk¨X; oLrwph fueÊrh dj.;klkBh ijkorÊr dj.ks gkp loZ ns'kkpk fu;¨tukpk izeq[k gsrw g¨rk- ijdh;kauh ns'kkph vkÆFkd o lkekftd fiGo.kwd dsY;keqGs ns'kkph vFkZO;oLFkk ekxlysyh g¨rh- ns'kkpk vkÆFkd fodkl dj.;klkBh vkf.k ns'kkrhy y¨dkaP;k vk'kk vkdka{kk iw.kZ dj.;klkBh ns'kkle¨j *fu;¨tu* r;kj dj.ks R;kek/;ekrwu fofo/k dk;Zdze r;kj dj.ks] R;kph ;¨X;fjrhus veayctko.kh gkp ,deso ekxZ g¨rk- d¨.kR;kgh ns'kkph vFkZO;oLFkk izLFkkihr djrkauk R;kns'kkph lkaLd`rhd] ,srhgklhd] o orZeku ifjLFkrh fopkjkr Äs.ks vR;ar egRokps vlrs ns'kkrhy tursP;k vkÆFkd fodklkr lq/kkj.kk ÄMwu vk.k.;klkBh tursP;k jkg.khekukP;k ntkZr lq/kkj.kk ÄMwu vk.k.ks egRokps vlrs- ns'kkpk tyn fodkl ÄMowu vk.k.;klkBh loZ vkÆFkd O;ogkjkaph ;¨tukc) fjrhus vk[k.kh dj.ks Hkkjrklkj[;k fodlu'khy ns'kkyk vko';d vkgs- Hkkjrkyk Lokra= izkIr >kys rsOgk ns'kkph vkÆFkd fLFkrh vR;ar gkyk[khph g¨rh- e¨BÓk izekukr nkjhæ; g¨rs vé] oL=] fuokjk ák izkFkehd xjtk Hkkxfo.ks ns[khy dBh.k g¨rs- 'ksrhph mRikndrk Qkj deh g¨rh-ns'kkr e¨BÓkizekukr csdkjh g¨rh- ns'kkrhy †0 VDds y¨d nkjhæ;js"ks[kkyh ftou txr g¨rs Hkkjrkr vkFkÊd fodklkP;k –"Vhus rlsp izR;sd {ks=kr j¨txkj fueÊrhP;k –"Vhus ƒƒ iapok"kÊd ;¨tukaP;k ek/;ekrwu VII;kVII;kus vk[k.kh dj.;kr vkyh- la'k¨/kukpk mÌs'k ƒ½ Lokra=izkIrhiwoÊ vkFkÊd fLFkrhpk vk<kok Äs.ks- „½ Lokr=izkIrhuraj iapok"kÊd ;¨tukaP;k ek/;ekrwu >kysY;k fodklkps v/;;u dj.ks- …½ Hkkjrkrhy fofo/k jkT;kP;k fodklnjkpk vH;kl dj.ks- Xk`ghrds Lokra=izkIrhP;k dkGkr Hkkjrkph fLFkrh vrh'k; n;fu; g¨rh- loZ {ks=ke/;s Hkkjr ekxklysyk g¨rk- Hkkjrkyk vkFkÊd ladVkrwu nwj dj.;klkBh iapok"kÊd ;¨tukaph dkl /kjkoh ykxyh- ;k ;¨tukaP;k ek/;ekrwu Hkkjrkrhy loZ v©|¨xhd {ks=kpk o toGikl jkT;kpk fodkl >kY;kps fnlwu ;srs- la'k¨/ku i)rh la'k¨/kdkus ^HkkjrkP;k vkFkÊd fodklkr iapok"kÊd ;¨tukapk lgHkkx* ;k fo"k;kus v/;;u dj.;klkBh la'k¨/kukP;k nq¸;e i)rhpk okij dsysyk vkgs- T;ke/;s izdk'khr&vizdk'khr xzaFk] eklhds] iwLrds] o`Ÿki=s bR;knÈP;k ek/;ekrwu ekfgrhps ladyu dj.;kr vkys- ladyhr ekfgrhpk vH;kl d#u R;kpk la'k¨/ku dk;kZr ;Fk¨phr fBdk.kh okij dj.;kr vkyk- ladyhr ekfgrhps lkj.kh;u o vFkZ fuoZpu&



Hkkjrkrhy fofo/k jkT;kpk fodklkpk nj

Hkkjrkrhy jkT;

8 oh ;kstuk

9 oh ;kstuk

10 oh ;kstuk

Hkkjrkrhy jkT;

8 oh ;kstuk

9 oh ;kstuk

10 oh ;kstuk

fnYyh - 9-4 10-6 >kj[kaM - 6-9

xqtjkr 14-4 4-0 10-2 vka/kzizns‘k 5-4 4-6 6-8

dukZVd 6-2 7-2 10-1 mRrjkpay - - 6-8

xksok 8-9 5-5 10-2 dsjG 6-5 5-7 6-5

fgekpy izns‘k

6-5 5-9 8-9 efuijw 4-6 6-4 6-5

i- caxky 6-3 6-9 8-8 iatkc 4-7 4-4 6-4

jktLFkku 7-5 3-5 8-3 tEew dkf‘ej 5-0 5-2 6-3

v:.kkpy 5-1 4-4 8-0 es?kky; 3-8 6-2 6-3

rkfeGukMw 7-0 6-3 8-0 vklke 2-8 2-1 6-2

gfj;k.kk 5-2 4-1 7-9 fcgkj 2-2 4-0 6-2

flfDde 5-3 8-3 7-9 vksjhlk 2-1 5-1 6-2

mRrj izns‘k 4-9 4-0 7-6 NRrhlxM - - 6-1

egkjk‘Vz 8-9 4-7 7-4 ukxkyWaM 8-9 2-6 7-6

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2. b÷Éì.Ê´ÉxÉÉªÉEò ¸ÉÒvÉ®ú näù¶É{ÉÉÆbä÷, ¦ÉÉ®úiÉÒªÉ +lÉÇ´ªÉ´ÉºlÉÉ, Ê½þ±ÉÉ±ÉªÉ

{ÉÎ¤±ÉEäò¶ÉxÉ ½þÉ>ðºÉ, |ÉÉ.Ê±É.¨ÉÖÆ¤É<Ç {ÉÞ.Gò.120 +É.2009

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***



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cprxVkafo"k;h ’kklukph Hkqehdk

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efgyk cpr xV LFkkiu dj.kk&;k egRokP;k laLFkk %

1- ukckMZ % jk"Vªh; d`"kh vkf.k xzkeh.k fodkl cd xzkeh.k Hkkxkr Lo;algk;rk cpr xV LFkkiu dj.;klkBh vko‘;d rh vkfFkZd o izf‘k{k.k fo"k;d enr djrs- rlsp efgyk cpr xVkdMwu mRikfnr ekykyk cktkjisB feGowu ns.;klkBh ftYgk ikrGhoj ekykph izn‘kZuh vk;ksftr djrs- R;keqGs efgyk cpr xVkP;k ekykpk izpkj o izlkj gksmu cpr xVkauk eksBk vkfFkZd Qk;nk gksrks-

2- Ekkfoe %& ^efgyk vkfFkZd fodkl egkeaMG ek;kZnhr* gh lLFkk xzkeh.k rlsp ‗‘kgjh Hkkxkr efgykaps Lo;algk;rk xV LFkkiu djrs- ;k dkeke/;s ekfoeyk R;kauh useysY;k Lo;alsoh laLFkk lq/nk enr djrkr- fo‘ks"k Eg.kts ekfoerQsZ rkyqdk dk;Z{ks=kr lg;ksfxuhP;kekQZr cpr xVkaph LFkkiuk d#u xVkauk izf‘k{k.k fnys tkrs- cpr xVkrhy efgykauk Lo;ajkstxkj ;kstuk] lqo.kZt;arh ‗‘kgjh jkstxkj ;kstuk] dke/ksuw ;kstuk rlsp dsUnz‘kklu iqjLd`r Lo;afl/nk ;kstuk ;ke/;s ekfoedMwu enr gksrs- efgyk cpr xVkdfjrk izn‘kZu o esGkos vk;ksftr dj.ks] rlsp efgyk tk.kho tkx`rh b- dk;ZØe jkcfoys tkrkr-

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4- xzkeh.k fodkl foHkkx %& xzkeh.k Hkkxke/;s nkfjnz; js"ks[kkyhy rlsp viax] ekxkloxhZ; efgyk ;kaP;k vkfFkZd o lkekftd fodklkdfjrk xzkfofodMwu cpr xV LFkkiu dj.;kpk midze lq# vkgs-



5- jk"Vªh;hd`r o lgdkjh cdk %& ‗‘kklukizek.ksp ‗‘kgjh o xzkeh.k Hkkxkr cpr xV LFkkiu dj.;kps dk;Z

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efgyk cpr xVkps Qk;ns % 1½ cpr o dkVdljhph lo; ykxrs 2½ lkodkjkP;k ik‘kkrwu eqDrrk gksrs- 3½ efgykae/;s ijLij lgdk;kZph Hkkouk fuekZ.k gksrs- 4½ efgykauk vYinjkr dtZiqjoBk gksrks- 5½ efgyk Lokoyach gksrkr- 6½ ‘kklukP;k ;kstukaph ekghrh gksrs- 7½ uouohu m|ksxkarwu vkfFkZd izkIrh gksrs- FkksMD;kr cpr xV gs efgykaP;k fodklkps O;klihB vkgs- ;sFks efgykauk ftoukfHkeq[k f‘k{k.k o dkS‘kY;ra=s f‘kdrk ;srkr- vkf.k ;krwup efgykaps vkfFkZd l{kehdj.k ‗‘kD; gksrs- lanHkZ xzaFk lqph 1½ efgyk cpr xV %& izk-,e-;q-eqyk.kh 2½ l{ke efgyk %& Jh /kksaMhjke jktiwr 3½ cpr xVkrwu le`/nhdMs %& Jh jes‘k ckyokM 4½ yksdjkT; ekfld %& fMlascj 2007 5½ Lo;algk¸;rk leqg ekxZnf‘kZdk ¼eqacs cad½ 2005

***



Hkkjrkrhy vk/kkjHkwr lajpukapk fodkl izk-MkW-ts-Ogh- xk;dokM

Jh f‘kokth dyk o okf.kT; egkfo|ky;] vejkorh-

izLrkouk dks.kR;kgh ns‘kkpk vkfFkZd fodkl gk R;k ns‘kkkrhy miyC/k lqfo/kkaoj voyacqu vlrks- vk/kkjHkwr lajpuk vkf.k vkfFkZd fodkl ;kaP;ke/;s ijLij lac/k vlwu vkfFkZd fodklkps mfÌ‘V xkB.;klkBh vk/kkHkwr lajpuk fuekZ.k djkO;k ykxrkr- tyn vkf.k lokZaxh.k vkfFkZd fodkl vk/kkjHkwr lajpkukeqGs ―kD; gksrks- ns‘kkkrhy d`‘kh] m|ksx vkf.k lsok{ks=kpk fodkl dj.;klkBh okgrwdhP;k vkf.k nG.koG.kkP;k lk/kukr ok<] flapu vkf.k u|k tksM.kh izdYi] foKku vkf.k ra=Kkukr izxrh foRrh; laLFkkph fufeZrh] cktkjisBspk foLrkj vkf.k ekuoh lalk/kukaph fufeZrh ;klkj[;k ik;kHkwr lks;h lwfo/kk vko‖;d Bjrkr- Hkkjrke/;s 1951 iklwu iapokf‘kZd ;kstukOnkjs vk/kkjHkwr ckchapk foLrkj dj.;koj Hkj fnysyk vkgs- *mRiknukP;k izfdz;sr mRiknukP;k o`/nhyk izR;{k ok vizR;{ki.ks enr dj.kkÚ;k lkekftd HkkaMoykyk vk/kkjHkwr lajpuk Eg.krkr*- vk/kkjHkwr lqfo/kkeqGs vkfFkZd izxrhpk osx ok<rks vk/kkjHkwr lwfo/kk iklqu izR;{k mRiknu feGr ukgh ijarw R;k vkfFkZd fodklklkBh vko‖;d vlrkr- mtkZ] okgrwd] nG.koG.k o nwjlapkj] c¡dhx vkf.k foRrh; LoaLFkk] foKku vkf.k ra«kKku rlsp lkekftd vk/kkjHkwr ckchapk ;ke/;s lekos‖k gksrks- Hkkjrke/;s 11 iapokf‘kZd ;kstuk iw.kZ >kY;k vlwu 12 oh iapokf‘kZd ;kstuk lq: vkgs- ;k loZ iapokf‘kZd ;kstukP;k dkGkr fofo/k jkT;ke/;s ik;kHkwr lwfo/kk fuekZ.k dj.;kpk iz;Ru >kysyk vkgs- vk/kkjHkwr lajpuk fuekZ.k djrkauk Hkkjrkrhy iwoZdMhy Hkkx vk/kkjHkwr lqfo/kkiklwu oafpr vlwu xksok] xqtjkr] iatkc] gfj;kuk] egkjk‘Vª gh jkT; dkgh v‘kkh izxrf‘ky vkgsr- Hkktiizf.kr ljdkj vk/kkjHkwr lajpuk iwosZdfMy o bZ‘kkkU; dMhy jkT;kr fuekZ.k dj.;kaP;k n`f‘Vus fofo/k izdYikph ¼jsYos] jLrs] oht] m|ksx/kans] ekfgrh ra«kKku bR;knh½ mHkkj.kh dj.;kps dk;sZ dfjr vlwu Hkkjrkrhy ekxkl jkT;ke/;s vk/kkjHkwr lajpuk ok<hoj Hkj nsr vlY;kps fnlwu ;srs- ;kpkp vFkZ HkkjrkP;k lokZfx.k fodklklkBh ik;kHkwr lwfo/kk vko‖;d vkgsr- vk/kkjHkwr lajpusfry xqaro.kwd Hkkjr ljdkjus vk/kkjHkwr lajpuspk fodkl Ogkok ;klkBh fofo/k ;kst.kk] dk;ZØe fu/kkZjhr d:u R;kaph veayctko.kh dsysyh vk<Grs- ifgY;k iapokf‘kZd ;kstuse/;s ―ksrhfodklkoj Hkj nsowu flapu vkf.k ―ksrhfo‘k;h ra«kkRed lq/kkj.kk ;koj Hkj fnyk nqlÚ;k iapokf‘kZd ;kstuse/ks vkS|ksfxdh dj.kkoj Hkj fnyk- vlwu fot] jLrs] okgrwdhph lk/kus] cktkjisBph fufeZrh ;kdMs y{k fnys- mtkZfufeZrh o jLrs o iqykph fufeZrh] okgrwd vkf.k nG.koG.kkph lk/kus] jsYos fodkl] LoPNrk vkf.k ik.khiqjoBk fofo/k canjkph fufeZrh] tyflapu izdYi] gokbZ okgrwd lsok] xksnkekph fufeZrh] isVªksy o xWl izdYi] f‘k{k.k] vkjksX;] fuokl O;oLFkk Hkj nsowu loZ lwfo/kk fuekZ.krsoj Hkj fnysyk vkgs- vk/kkjHkwr lajpuk ok<fo.;klkBh uohu /kksj.k Bjowu R;ke/;s eksBÓk izek.kkoj xqaro.kwd dsysyh vk<Grs- [kktxh daiU;kP;k lgHkkxkrwu vkf.k fons‖kh daiU;kP;k ek/;ekrwu 1991 iklwu uohu vkfFkZd /kksj.kkOnkjs vkfFkZd fodklkoj Hkj fnysyk vkgs- [kktxh xqaro.kwdnkjkauk fofo/k vkfFkZd lks;h lwfo/kk nsowu xqaro.kwd ok<hps iz;Ru gksr vlwu R;kOnkjs vkfFkZd fodkl lq: vkgs- 11 O;k iapokf‘kZd ;kstuse/;s lkafxrY;kizek.ks vkfFkZd fodklkps 9 VDds fodklkps mfÌ‘V xkBU;klkBh th-Mh-Ikh- P;k 7-22 izfr‖kr xwaro.kwd vk/kkjHkwr lajpkuke/;s vko‖;d vkgs- vk/kkjHkwr lajpuk fufeZrhlkBh 2007&08 e/;s 259839 dksVh :-] 2011&12



e/;s574096 dksVh :- vko‖;d vlwu vdjkO;k iapokf‘kZd ;kstusef/ky ,dw.k ;k {ks=krhy xwaro.kwd 2011521 dksVh :- Eg.ktsp 502-88 vesfjdu fcyh;u MkWylZ visf{kr vlwu R;kOnkjs gksrh- 65590 fd-eh- jLrs vkf.k gk;os fuekZ.k djrkauk 6 ykbZups 6500 fd-eh-] 4 ykbZups 676 fd-eh- jk‘Vªh; jLrs vkf.k 4 ykbZups 20000 fd-eh- rlsp 2 ykbZups 1000 fd-eh- jLR;kps tkGs fuekZ.k dsys tkukj vkgsr- jsYos vkf.k canjkpk fodkl dj.;klkBh uohu jsYosps :G] uohu 22 LVs‖ku fufeZrh] jsYos fufeZrh izdYikpk foLrkj] foeku lsosP;k foLRkkjklkBh vk/kqfud gokbZokgrwd] ,vj iksVZl~ R;kpcjkscj flapu] fot] nwjlapkj ;k {ks+=kef/ky rqV Hk:u dk<.;klkBh lw{e ikrGhoj fu;kstu d:u ljdkjus fo‘ks‘k y{k fnys ik;kHkwr lqfo/kk fuekZ.krslkBh [kktxh {ks+=krhy HkkaMoy e;kZnk ok<owu fnY;kr] ngkO;k iapokf‘kZd ;kstuse/;s mtkZfufeZrhlkBh 291850 dksVh :- 11 O;k ;kstusr 666525 dksVh :- vkf.k 12 O;k ;kstusr 1747323 dksVh :- xwar.kwd dsysyh vk<Grs- fotizdYi] jLrs vkf.k iwykaph fufeZrh nqjlapkj lsok] canjs vkf.k gokbZ lsok ;klk[;k {ks=kr [kktxh xqaro.kwd nkjkauh eksBh xwaro.kwd dsyh vlwu R;k lsokapk foLrkj ok<r vkgs- vk/kkjHkwr lqfo/kkef/ky ,dqu xqaqro.kwd [kkyhyizek.ks Li‘V djrk ;sbZy- rDrk Ø-1

vk/kkjHkwr lajpusrhy xqaro.kwd ¼dksVh :-½

va-Ø-

vk/kkjHkwr ?kVd xwaro.kwd

10 oh ;kstuk

11 oh ;kstuk

12 oh ;kstuk

1 mtkZfufeZrh 291850 666525 1747323

2 jLrs o iwyfufeZrh 144892 314152 920071

3 Nqjlapkj {ks= 103365 258439 884204

4 jsYosfufeZrh 119658 261808 557637

5 Tkyflapu 111503 253301 430103

6 LoPNrk o ik.khiqjoBk 64803 143730 207684

7 Caknjs 14071 87995 160559

8 foeku lsok 6771 30968 71000

9 xksnkes ¼lkBo.kwd O;oLFkk½

4819 22378 47670

10 vkWbZy vkf.k xWl ikbZiykbZu 9713 16855 120175

,dw.k xqaro.kqd 871445 2056151 5146426

¼lanHkZ %& 11 oh o 12 oh iapokf‘kZd ;kstusrhy vkdMsokjh½ ofjy rDR;ke/;s ngkO;k] vdjkO;k vkf.k ckjkO;k iapokf‘kZd ;kstuke/ks fofo/k vk/kkjHkwr ?kVdke/;s dsysyh xwaro.kwd n‖kZfoyh vkgs 10 O;k ;kstuse/;s ,dw.k xaqro.kwd 871445 dksVh :- vlwu R;ke/;s lokZf/kd xaqro.kwd 291850 dksVh :- mtkZfufeZrhP;k {ks=kr vlwu lkBo.kwd O;oLFkse/;s 4819 dksVh :- lokZr deh xaqro.kwd vkgs- 11 O;k iapokf‘kZd ;kstuse/;s lokZf/kd xwaro.kwd mtkZfufeZrh {ks=kr vlwu lokZr deh vkWbZy xWl ikbZiykbZue/;s vkgs- 12 O;k iapokf‘kZd ;kstuse/;s mtkZfufeZrhP;k {ks=kr lokZf/kd 1747323 dksVh :- xwaro.kwd vlwu lokZr deh xaqrao.kwd lkBo.kwd O;oLFkse/;s 47670 dksVh :- >kysyh vk<Grs- vk/kkjHkwr lajpuse/;s dsanz ljdkj] jkT;ljdkj vkf.k [kktxh {ks=kP;k ek/;ekrwu xaqro.kwd gksrkuk fnlwu ;srs mtkZ{ks=ke/;s dsanz ljdkj lokZf/kd xwaro.kwd dfjr vlys rjh [kktxh {ks=krhy xwaro.kwd ;k {ks=ke/;s ok<r vkgs- fotsph ok<rh lkoZf=d ekx.kh



mRiknukP;k loZp {ks=kr vlY;kus ;k {ks=krhy xwaro.kwd ok<r vlqu fot izdYi uO;kus fuekZ.k gksr vkgs- nqjlapkj vkf.k xWlfufeZrh izdYike/;s ljdkjh xaqro.kwd deh gksr vlwu [kktxh {ks=kOnkjs xaqro.kwd eksBÓk izek.kkoj ok<r vkgs- 10 O;k ;kstuse/;s nwjlapkj {ks=kr ljdkjh xaqro.kwd 49013 dksVh :- gksrh rh 11 O;k ;kstusr 80753 dksVh :- >kysyh vlwu 12 O;k ;kstusr 107530 dksVh :- >kysyh vkgs- 12 O;k ;kstuse/;s nqjlapkj {ks=kr [kktxh {ks=ke/khy xwaro.kwd 776674 Eg.ktsp 82-54 VDds >kysyh vkgs- FkksMD;kr nwjlapkj {ks=ke/;s [kktxh {ks=krhy xaqro.kwd eksBÓk izek.kkoj ok<yh vlY;kus eksckbZy /kkjdkaph la[;k fnolsafnol ok<r vkgs- flapu{kerk ok<koh ;klkBh [kktxh {ks=kOnkjs xaqro.kwd gksrkauk fnlr ukgh- tyflpauklkBh lkoZtfud {ks=kOnkjs xwaro.kwd gksr vlwu 10 O;k ;kstuse/;s 111503 dksVh :Ik;ke/;s dsanzljdkjps 13617 dksVh :- vkf.k jkT;ljdkjps 97886 dksVh :- gksrs Eg.ktsp tyflapu {kerk ok<koh ;klkBh dsanzljdkjis{kk jkT;ljdkjph xaqro.kwd vf/kd vkgs- 11 O;k vkf.k 12 O;k iapokf‘kZd ;kstuse/;s vlsp fp= igko;kl feGrs- lkBo.kwd O;oLFkk ok<fo.;kdfjrk lkoZtfud {ks=krhy xaqro.kwdhis{kk [kktxh {ks=krhy xaqro.kwdhpk okVk vf/kd vlY;kps vk<Gwu ;srs 10 O;k ;kstuse/;s dsanz ljdkjrQsZ 577 dksVh :- jkT; ljdkjdMwu 866 dksVh :- rj [kktxh daiU;kdMwu 3377 dksVh :- xaqrao.kwd >kysyh vkgs 11 O;k ;kstuse/;s [kktxh {ks=krhy xaqro.kwd 11189 dksVh :- vlwu 12 O;k ;kstusr [kktxh {ks=kOnkjs 34067 dksVh :- xaqro.kwd dsyh tk.kkj- jsYos foHkkxke/;s lkoZtfud {ks=kOnkjs Eg.ktsp dsanz ljdkjdMwu eksBÓk izek.kkoj xaqro.kwd gksr vlwu ,dq.k xwaro.kwdhiSdh 11 O;k ;kstusr 95-42 VDds] 12 O;k ;kstusr 87-84 VDds vlqy IYkWVQkeZph fufeZrh] [kktxh xaqro.kwdnkjk dMwu dsyh tkr vlY;kus 12 O;k ;kstusr 12-16 izfr‖kr xaqro.kwd [kktxh Lo:ikr gks.kkj vkgs- vk/kqfud dkGkr jsYos fodklkP;k n`f‘Vus ok< Ogkoh] jsYospk foLrkj dj.;klkBh [kktxh xaqro.kwd nkjkaph enr ?ks.;kpk fopkj vlwu esVªks jsYos izdYi] cqysV Vsªu izdYi [kktxh xaqro.kwdnkjkdMwu jkcfoys tk.kkj vkgsr- fofo/k canjkph fufeZrh vkf.k fodkl ;ke/;s [kktxh {ks=krhy xwaro.kwdhpk okVk lokZf/kd vlwu 11 O;k ;kstusr 83-26 izfr‖kr] 12 O;k ;kstusr 86-22 izfr‖kr gksrk Eg.ktsp lkoZtfud {ks=krhy xwaro.kwd ;k {ks=ke/;s vfr‖k; vkYi vkgs rlsp xksnkes vkf.k lkBo.kwdhph O;oLFkk ;ke/;s lq/nk lkoZtfud xaqro.kwd deh izek.kkr vlwu [kktxh {ks=krhy daiU;kpk okVk vf/kd ok<r vlY;kps Li‘V gksrs- vk/kkjHkwr lajpsusP;k fofo/k ?kVdkrhy xwaro.kwdhpk vH;kl dsY;kuarj vls vk<Gwu ;srs dh] 62-67 izfr‖kr lkoZtfud {ks= vkf.k 37-13 izfr‖kr [kktxh {ks=krhy xqaro.kqdnkjkpk fgLlk 11 O;k ;kstuse/;s gksrk- 12 O;k ;kstuse/;s lkoZtfud {ks=kpk fgLlk 53-32 izfr‘kr Ik;Zar deh gksowu [kktxh {ks=krhy okVk 46-68 izfr‘kr Ik;Zr ok<ysyk vkgs- ;kpkp vFkZ vk/kqfud dkGke/;s vk/kkjHkwr lajpuk fufeZrhP;k {ks=kr [kktxh xaqro.kwd eksBÓk izek.kkoj ok<r vlwu ljdkjh xaqro.kwd deh deh gksr vkgs- vk/kkjHkwr lajpusef/ky xaqro.kwd 11 O;k ;kstuse/;s GDP P;k 7-22 izfr‘kr gksrh R;ke/;s ok< gksowu rh 12 O;k ;kstusr 9-14 izfr‖kr >kysyh vk<Grs- lkjka‘k Tkkxfrdhdj.kkP;k dkGkr mnkjeroknh /kksj.kkeqGs [kktxh daiU;kpk xaqro.kwdhrhy fgLlk ok<r vkgs- vk/kkjHkwr {ks=krhy lajpuk ok<fo.;klkBh [kktxh xaqro.kwdnkjkpk uQk vl.kkÚ;k {ks=krhy okVk ok<r vlwu Public-Private-Partnership gk QkewZyk vf/kd Qk;nsf‘kj gksr vkgs- vk/kkjHkwr lajpuk ok<fo.;klkBh ljdkjrQsZ [kktxh {ks=kpk lgHkkx ok<fo.;kpk Eg.ktsp lkBo.kwd O;oLFkk ] fotsph fufeZrh jLrs o iwykph fufeZrh] nwjlapkj vkf.k canjkaph fufeZrh o foLrkj] foeku lsok] vkWbZy o xWl ikbZiykbZu e/;s xaqro.kwdhlkBh gh loZ {ks= vf/kd [kwyh d:u R;kapk foLrkj dj.;kpk iz;Ru gksrkuk



vk<Grks vkfFkZd fodklkpk osx ok<fo.;klkBh eksBÓk izek.kkoj vk/kkjHkwr ckchph miyC/krk vl.ka vko‖;d vkgs ok<R;k yksdla[;sph ok<rh ekx.kh iw.kZ dj.;klkBh uo mnkjeroknkps /kksj.k mi;ksxh iMr vkgs- ;k /kksj.kkph O;kIrh Hkkjrke/;s lkoZf=d d:u xq.koRrkiq.kZ fodkl lk/k.ks gh Hkfo‘;kef/ky eksBh vMp.k vkgs- vkfFkZd fodklkph QGs loZp oxkZauk feGkyh ikghts R;kn`‘Vhus ljdkjus dk;Zokgh djkoh- lanHkZ 1½ ikjs[k fnid ¼2007½ % vk/kkjHkwr lajpukef/ky xaqro.kwd vgoky] Hkkjr ljdkj U;q fnYyh- 2½ 11 O;k iapokf‘kZd ;kstuspk loZlekos‖kd fodkl vgoky ¼2007&2012½% vkWDlQksMZ ;qfuOgjflVh] izsl fnYyh- 3½ MkW- fn-O;a- tgkxhjnkj ¼2011½ % vkfFkZd txr [kaM&2 lsVaj QkWj ,dkWukfed vWUM lks‖ky LVfMt] vejkorh- 4½ ikVhy ts- ,Q- ¼2004½ % o`/nh o fodklkps vFkZ‘kkL=] QMds izdk‖ku dksYgkiwj- 5½ vFkZlaokn ¼2011½ % twyS&lIVscaj vad] ejkBh vFkZ‘kkL= ifj‘kn-

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