the role of accounting information systems on
TRANSCRIPT
Sapientia Global Journal of Arts, Humanities and Development Studies (SGOJAHDS), Vol.3 No.2 June, 2020; p.g. 76 – 87; ISSN: 2695-2319 (Print); ISSN: 2695-2327 (Online)
THE ROLE OF ACCOUNTING INFORMATION SYSTEMS … 76
THE ROLE OF ACCOUNTING INFORMATION SYSTEMS ON ORGANIZATIONAL
PERFORMANCE (A STUDY OF NIGERIAN BOTTLING COMPANY, 9TH MILE
CORNER, ENUGU).
JOSEPHINE IVOMA ORGA PhD
Department of Business Administration
Faculty of Management Sciences
Enugu State University of Science and Technology
Agbani, Enugu, Nigeria.
&
NNADI, CHIKEZIE SUNDAY ONOH, PhD
Department of Business Administration
Faculty of Management Sciences
Enugu State University of Science and Technology
Agbani, Enugu, Nigeria.
Abstract
The research work focuses on the role of accounting information systems on organizational performance
(A study of Nigerian Bottling Company, 9th Mile corner, Enugu). The objective was to: determine the
extent to which accounting information enhances profitability of Nigeria Bottling Company. The
researchers used survey research design. The population of the study is 140, while the sample size is
104 which was determined using the Taro Yamane Formula. It was found that the accounting
information system had positive significant effect on the profitability of Nigeria Bottling Company,
with (x2cal= 40.72>(x2 tab) = 7.81). it was concluded that it is imperative that accounting information
system is inevitable in the overall performance of the organization. With proper accounting
information systems it can help the organization plan and making far reaching decisions that will help
organization achieve competitive advantage. It was recommended that accounting information system
should be adopted by the Nigeria Bottling Company as it will help them to have superior performance
and build trust in the minds of their investors.
Keywords: Role, Accounting Information Systems, Organizational Performance, Study,
Nigerian Bottling Company.
Introduction
Balogun, (2008) opines that in the primitive days, man started his transactions with his fellow
men with the method of “Trade By Barter” thus, the need for record keeping or auditing did
not arise. However, the advent of money and the consequent increase in the number of
transactions make the keeping of records and accounts and their audits unavoidable. Thus in
these days bookkeepers read the accounts to the Auditors who heard them and testified to
their correctness or otherwise. Conventionally, accounting is purely based on manual
approach. The experience and competence of an individual accountant is critical in accounting
Sapientia Global Journal of Arts, Humanities and Development Studies (SGOJAHDS), Vol.3 No.2 June, 2020; p.g. 76 – 87; ISSN: 2695-2319 (Print); ISSN: 2695-2327 (Online)
THE ROLE OF ACCOUNTING INFORMATION SYSTEMS … 77
processes. Accounting Information Systems can support an automation of processing large
amount of data and produce timely and accuracy of information.
Early accounting information systems were designed for payroll functions in 1970s.
Originally, accounting information systems were developed "in-house" as no packaged
solutions were available. Such solutions were expensive to develop and difficult to maintain.
Therefore, many accounting practitioners preferred the manual approach rather than
computer-based. Today, accounting information systems are more commonly sold as prebuilt
software packages from large vendors such as Microsoft, Sage Group, SAP AG|SAP and
Oracle Corporation Oracle where it is configured and customized to match the organization's
business processes. Small businesses often use accounting lower costs software packages such
as Tally. ERP 9, MYOB and Quickbooks. Large organisations would often choose ERP
systems. As the need for connectivity and consolidation between other business systems
increased, accounting information systems were merged with larger, more centralized
systems known as enterprise resource planning (ERP). However, with separate applications
to manage different business functions, organizations had to develop complex interfaces for
the systems to communicate with each other. In Enterprise Resource Planning, a system such
as accounting information system is built as a module integrated into a suite of applications
that can include manufacturing, supply chain, human resource. These modules are integrated
and are able to access the same data and execute complex business processes. Today, Cloud-
based accounting information systems are increasingly popular for both Small and Medium
Enterprises and large organizations for lower costs. With adoption of accounting information
systems, many businesses have removed low skills, transactional and operational accounting
roles. (Accounting Information Systems: Information on Collection, Storage and Processing of
Financial and Accounting Data. Accounting Information Systems. Retrieved 7 December 2012.
Retrieved again on 12, April, 2020).
Accounting Information Systems have been widely adopted by organizations within both the
public- and private sector (Rom & Rohde, 2007). In 1970, the Accounting Principles Board of
the American Institute of certified Public Accountants emphasized that the function of
accounting is to provide quantitative information, primarily financial in nature, about
economic entities, that is intended to be useful in making economic decisions. Accounting is
often called the Language of Business. It is the common language used to communicate
financial information to individuals, organizations, and government agencies about various
aspects of business such as financial position, operating results and cash flows. The users of
accounting both inside and outside the business have to make decisions concerning the
allocation of limited economic resources. In order to ensure that resources are allocated in an
efficient and effective manner, users require financial information for the purpose of making
decisions.
Accounting provides information that is useful in making business and economic decisions.
It is the primary means of communicating financial information to owners, lenders, managers,
government and its regulatory agencies and others who have interest in an enterprise. It helps
the users in taking better decisions by providing relevant, reliable and timely information on
the financial and operational position of an enterprise. With the development of the use of
Sapientia Global Journal of Arts, Humanities and Development Studies (SGOJAHDS), Vol.3 No.2 June, 2020; p.g. 76 – 87; ISSN: 2695-2319 (Print); ISSN: 2695-2327 (Online)
THE ROLE OF ACCOUNTING INFORMATION SYSTEMS … 78
accounting information systems and expand the application of quantitative methods in
addressing the problems of organizations has become decisions makers more dependent
on accounting as a result of favorable data generated by the Information Technology for the
purposes of decision-making and planning activities and which is characterized to be
associated with the future. To provide these needs specialists headed toward the application
of methods and concepts appropriate in all branches of knowledge in the treatment of the
input data. Not only that, but that most accounting systems become based on the use of
computers in electronic data processing.
Statement of Problem
Accounting information system is indispensable in the effective and efficient management of
every organization. An accounting information system is generally a computer-based method
for tracking accounting activity in conjunction with information technology resources.
Without accounting information system it becomes difficult for organizations to make
informed decisions. Since an accounting information system is a system of collecting, storing
and processing financial and accounting data that is used by decision makers it becomes
imperative that the installation of A.I.S should be adopted by organizations to be able to
remain relevant in the competitive business environment.
Any business or individual that wants to survive must make the right decision. This is
determined by the accounting information system of such business or firm. The era of use of
the thumb is gone; employing it is a sure way to failure.
Accounting Information Systems (A.I.S.) plays a central role in organizational learning,
prompting claims that "the aim of the design of A.I.S. is quite simply to improve
organizational learning. It has been observed that despite its importance most organizations
do not make use of A.I.S which jeopardizes the efficient running of their organization. To be
competitive and ensure proper reporting of organizational financial reporting it behooves on
organizations to adopt its use.
Accounting Information systems produce information used in the business environment for
various functions: business analysis, fundamental analysis, strategic management and
planning, business valuation, feasibility studies, accurate and effecting costing, investment
analysis and appraisal, fighting fraud, and variance analysis. The implication of lack of use of
accounting information systems is that the organizations may not fulfill their statutory
obligations of collecting, preparing and publishing accounting information and statements
accurately. Secondly, organizations that do not use AIS will not provide accurate and reliable
financial data to their users and thirdly, organizations that do not use AIS may not protect
their accounting data from theft or breach.
Objectives of the Study
The broad objective is to examine the Role of Accounting Information Systems on
Organizational Performance, while this specific objective was formulated.
1. To determine the extent to which accounting information systems enhance the
profitability of Nigeria Bottling Company.
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THE ROLE OF ACCOUNTING INFORMATION SYSTEMS … 79
Research Question
The following research questions are formulated and tested in this study:
1. To what extent do the accounting information systems enhance the profitability of
Nigerian Bottling Company?
Research Hypothesis
H1: Accounting information systems have significant positive effect on the profitability of
Nigeria Bottling Company.
Review of Related Literature
2.1 Conceptual Framework of the Study
Concept of Accounting Information Systems:
Accounting Information Systems have been widely adopted by organizations within both the
public and private sector (Rom & Rohde, 2007). Accounting information systems is defined as
systems that operate functions of data gathering, processing, categorizing and reporting
financial events with the aim of providing relevant information for the purpose of store
keeping, attention directing and decision making( Boockhodt;1999). Accounting information
system is a specialized subsystem of the information system that collects, processes, and
reports information related to the financial aspects of business events (Ulrich, & GeLinas,
2008). Accounting information system is a computer-based system that increases the control
and enhances the corporation inside the organization (Essex& Magal; 1998). Accounting
Information Systems maintain and produce the data used by organizations to plan, evaluate,
and diagnose the dynamics of operations and financial circumstances (Anthony et al, cited in
Xu, & Al-Hakim ,2005). An accounting information system (AIS) is a system that first collects
and stores data and then processes it into information used by decision makers (investors,
creditors, and managers). This information generated from an AIS can ultimately help
decision makers manage organizations more efficiently and strategically. Accounting
information system is a system that processes financial information and supports decision
tasks in the context of coordination and control of organizational activities. It is defined as a
subsystem of an information system, and its function is to process financial transaction and
non financial transactions that directly affect the processing of financial transactions ( Emeka-
Nwokeji, 2012). Though an accounting information system can be prepared manually, today
the term AIS is most commonly referred to as a complex computer-based system combining
the resources and capability of information technology with traditional accounting methods
and controls (Romney,& Steinbart, 2009).
Accounting has been defined broadly as “the process of identifying, measuring and
communicating economic information to permit informed judgments and decisions by users
of information”(Okechukwu: 2009).
On the other hand, it can also be defined as “a system of principles and techniques which
permits a series of inter-related activities that form a progression of steps, beginning with
observing collecting, recording, analyzing and finally communicating information”
(Edward:1976).
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THE ROLE OF ACCOUNTING INFORMATION SYSTEMS … 80
Accounting information is therefore, data organized for the special purpose of decision
making.
Egbuonu posits that accounting as the recording and analysis of economic transactions in
monetary terms and forecasting of future activities as part of management information
system, thus highlighting the use of accounting in planning(Okechukwu: 2009).
Concept of Information
Information is defined in the dictionary of business and management as “That which is
assigned to data by means of convention used in their representation. Information consists of
data that have been retrieved, processed or otherwise used for information or inference
purpose, augment or as basis for forecasting and decision making”.
The Encyclopedia of professional management states that information must be distinguished
from data and this distinction is important. Data are merely facts and figures that have little
to do with making decisions while information on the other hand is essential raw material for
making decisions. (Encyclopedia for professional management: 2010)
Accounting information system is the net work of activities of the organization responsible
for the information obtained from transaction of data for the purpose of internal reporting to
management for use in planning and controlling current and future operation, and external
reporting to stock holder, government and other extend users. (Murdick: 2010).
2.1.3: Characteristics of Accounting Information
The usefulness of the accounts report management depends on the characteristics presented
in the diagram below:
Clarity
(Warren CS and Fess Philip E: 1986)
Relevance means that the accounting specific action is being considered by management.
In applying the concept of relevance, it is important to recognize that some accounting
information may have a high degree of relevance for one use but may have little or no
relevance for one another.
Timeliness refers to the need for accounting report to contain them most up to data
information. In many cases, outdated data can lead to unwise decision.
Timeliness Relevance
Managerial Accounting
Reports
Conciseness Accuracy
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THE ROLE OF ACCOUNTING INFORMATION SYSTEMS … 81
In some cases, the timeliness concept may require the accountant to prepare reports on a pre-
arranged schedule such as daily weekly or monthly. In other case, reports are prepared on a
regular basis or only when needed.
Accuracy refers to the need for the report to be correct within the constraints of the use of the
reports and the inherent in accuracies in the measurement process.
Clarity refers to the need for report to be clear and understandable on format. And content
reports that are clear and understandable should enable management focus on significant
factor in planning and controlling operations, that is reports on actual and expected costs in
standard cost and variance analysis.
2.2 Concept of Organizational Performance
Richard et al. (2009) posit that organizational performance consist of three specific areas of
firm’s outcomes: (a) financial performance which includes profits, return on assets, return on
investment, (b) product market performance which comprises of sales, market share, etc; and
(c) shareholder return which consist of total shareholder return, economic value added, and
so on.
Rolstadas (1998) opines that the performance of an organizational system is a complex
relationship involving seven performance criteria that must be adhered to and they are
effectiveness, efficiency, quality, productivity, quality of work, innovation and profitability.
Performance is closely related to the achievement of the criteria listed above, which can be
regarded as performance objectives. Neely (2002) opines that performance should consider
quantifying the efficiency and effectiveness of actions. This quantification can be expressed
both qualitatively and quantitatively. Kane (1996) argues that the performance is ʺsomething
that a person leaves behind and which exists outside the said purposeʺ. According to Kane,
performance is defined at the level of each individual within the organization or at
organizational level. It is perceived as an understanding of the achieved results. Performance
of teams and individuals must take into account both inputs (behaviour) and outputs (results).
Hartle (1995),argues that this is the ʺMixed modelʺ of performance management, covering
both Annals of the skill levels and achievements, and goal setting and analysis of the results.
2.5 Emperical Review
Odetayo t.a (2013) conducted a research aimed, based on empirical evidence, at measuring
the relationship between the use of the accounting information system (AIS) by the small and
medium sized enterprises (SMEs) in Spain, and firms improved performance indicators and
productivity. This empirical study is based on a survey carried out among small and medium
sized firms to ascertain the extent to which development and implementation of accounting
information systems had taken place, and subsequently an analysis was made as to how much
this introduction may impact on improvement in outcome indicators and productivity. This
research provides value added in accounting literature given the scarcity of works dealing
with the relationship between the application and use of AIS and performance and
productivity indicators in SMEs in Spain
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Methodology
3.1 Research Design
Survey research design was used in this study this is because it exposes the phenomenon to
reconcile such phenomenon.
3.2 Sources of Data
The data used for the study were gathered from two sources namely: primary source of data
and secondary source of data.
3.3 Population of the Study
Population which is all the conceivable elements that make up a group was used. The
researcher studied the members of staff of Nigerian Bottling Company Plc 9th Mile Corner
Enugu. The breakdown of the population is as follows
The population of study is 140 staff of
Nigerian Bottling Company 9th Mile Corner,
Enugu. Department
No.
Accounting 45
Production 29
Marketing 30
Total 140
Source: Personnel Audit NBL. 2019
3.4 Sample Size and Determination Technique
The sample size is determined by using BOWLEY’S Formula:
Sample size:
n = 𝑁
1+𝑛(𝑒)
Where:
n = Sample size
N = Population
E = level of significance
Application N = 140
e = 0.05
Substituting n = 140
1+140(0.05)
n = 140
1+140 (0.0025)
n = 140
1+0.35
n = 140
1.35
n = 104
2
2
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3.5 Instrument for Data Collection
The researcher used questionnaire to collect relevant data. The questionnaire was developed
under the guidance of the supervisor who also approved it.
The researcher used the 4 points liked scale of strongly agreed, agreed, disagree and strongly
disagree.
3.6 . Validity of Research Instruments
Osuala, (1982), posits that validity is a process of finding out the degree to which the research
or test measured what it is supposed to measure. The researcher used content validity in
which he presented his work to his supervisor who confirmed that the research instrument
measured what is supposed to measure. This group of respondents had the same
characteristics as the main group. For this study the result from the test showed that the pilot
test maintained a focus in their scoring and as such the researcher adjusted so that the main
sample group would do the same thing.
3.7 Reliability of the Research Instrument
Ogili (2005) opines that reliability of an instrument is a process of obtaining information in
the degree in which it measures similar result for the same subject at different times or under
different conditions on a consistent, dependable, stable, predictable and accurate way.
In performing the reliability of the instrument, the researcher used the test-re-test technique.
The researcher after two weeks re-administered another sets of the same copies of the
questionnaire to 20 respondents when the result was drawn the two results were compared
and proved to have the same result.
3.8 Method of Data Analysis
The researchers used simple percentages and tables in analyzing this work. First, the data
were presented in tables using frequency distribution, and simple percentages. The
hypotheses were tested using the chi-square statistical tool.
Where: Chi-square formula
Chi-square (x2) = ∑ (o-e)
e
Where: X2= chi-square
o = observed frequency
e = expected frequency
∑ = summation symbol
Data Presentation, Analysis and Discussion of Findings.
4.1: Presentation of Data
In this chapter there was data presentation; analysis and discussion of findings which were
drawn from questionnaire collected for this work.
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TABLE 4.1 Distribution of questionnaire & rate of responses
Department No of
Questionnaires
Administered
No
Returned
% No of valid
Questionnaires
% of Valid
Questionnaire
Accounting 45 43 42 40 36.46
Production 29 28 26 20 19.23
Marketing 30 29 28 25 24.03
Total 104 100 96 85 79.72
Source: field survey, 2019.
From the table, 104 copies of questionnaire were distributed and 100 were returned, 15 out of
100 were discarded, 4 were not returned. Consequently, 85 copies of questionnaire were
analyzed.
Presentation and analysis of data according to research questions
Table 4.1.2: To what extent does the accounting information adopted by the organization has
a positive impact in the profitability of the company?
Responses Frequency Percentage
To a very large extent 45 53
To a large extent 20 24
To a very low extent 5 5
To a low extent 15 18
Total 85 100
Source: field survey, 2019
The table 4.1.2 shows that forty-five (45) of the respondents representing 53% agreed that
accounting information adopted by their organization has to a very large extent impact on
the profitability of their company, twenty (20) respondents representing 24% agreed to a large
extent that accounting information has positive impact in the growth of the company, while
five (5) respondents representing 5% agreed to a low extent that accounting information
adopted by the organization has a positive impact in the growth of the company while the
remaining fifteen (15) representing 18% agreed to a low extent that accounting information
adopted by the organization has positive impact in the company’s growth. This implies that
greater number of the respondents agreed that accounting information adopted by their
organization has to a very large extent impact on the profitability of their company.
4.2 Testing of Hypotheses
The hypotheses earlier stated in chapter one was tested in this section using the chi-square as
preferred statistical tool. A table of frequency distribution was first constructed to enable the
computation of the frequency.
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Hypothesis One
H01: Accounting information system does not have significant positive effect on the
profitability of Nigeria Bottling Company.
HA1: Accounting information system has positive significant effect on the profitability of
Nigeria Bottling Company.
Contingency table 1
Responses Frequency Percentage
To a very large extent 45 53
To a large extent 20 24
To a very low extent 5 6
To a low extent 15 18
Total 85 100
Source: field survey, 2019.
To obtain the calculated value, the researcher used the formula.
Chi-square (x2) = ∑ (o-e)
e
Where: X2= chi-square
o = observed frequency
e = expected frequency
∑ = summation symbol
Chi-square (x2)
o B o-e (o-e)2 (o-e)2÷e
45 21.25 23.75 564.0625 26.54
20 21.25 -1.25 1.5625 0.07
5 21.25 -16.25 264.0625 12.43
15 21.25 -6.25 39.0625 1.68
85 85 ∑= 40.72
Source: field survey, 2019.
Therefore, x2= 40.72
The degree of freedom was determined by the formula:
d.f= (R-1)
d.f= 4-1
= 3
At 5% level of significance = 0.05
Calculated x2 = 40.72
Critical value x2 (x2 cal) = 7.81
Therefore, x2 calculated > x2 critical value
40.72 > 7.81
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Decision
Since the value of x2 c Calculated x2 calculated is greater than the value on the table, (cal =
40.72>(x2 tab) = 7.81), the researcher accepted the alternative hypothesis (HA) which states that
the accounting information system had positive significant effect on the profitability of
Nigeria Bottling Company.
4.3 Discussion of Findings.
The researchers identified the followings:
First, that forty-five (45) of the respondents representing 53% agreed that accounting
information adopted by their organization has to a very large extent impact on the
profitability of their company, twenty (20) respondents representing 24% agreed to a large
extent that accounting information has positive impact in the growth of the company, while
five (5) respondents representing 5% agreed to a low extent that accounting information
adopted by the organization has a positive impact in the growth of the company while the
remaining fifteen (15) representing 18% agreed to a low extent that accounting information
adopted by the organization has positive impact in the company’s growth. This implies that
greater number of the respondents agreed that accounting information adopted by their
organization has to a very large extent impact on the profitability of their company.
Summary of Findings, Conclusion and Recommendations
5.1 Summary of Findings
The researchers found this.
(1) It was found that the accounting information system had positive significant effect on
the profitability of Nigeria Bottling Company, with (x2cal= 40.72>(x2 tab) = 7.81).
5.2 Conclusion
From the findings recorded above it is imperative that accounting information system is
inevitable in the overall performance of the organization. With proper accounting
information it can help the organization plan and making far reaching decisions.
Costing accounting and financial accounting contribute immensely to the overall financial
information system of an organization.
5.3 Recommendations
The researchers recommended that based on this research finding,
(1) It was recommended that the accounting information system should be adopted by
the Nigeria Bottling Company since it has positive significant on their profitability, as
it will help them have superior performance that will lead to investors having trust on
their investment.
5.4 Contribution to Knowledge
This work has contributed to knowledge because despite that there were other studies done
in this area, but variables in the objectives are not the same. The methodology used also
differed. It also exposes the impacts, effective, efficient and enhancement of accounting
information system to an organization such as Nigerian Bottling Company 9th Mile Corner,
Enugu.
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THE ROLE OF ACCOUNTING INFORMATION SYSTEMS … 87
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