the role of abilityfirst regarding the social development of children with developmental...
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The Role of The Role of AbilityFirst AbilityFirst
Regarding the Social Regarding the Social Development of Development of Children With Children With
Developmental Developmental DisabilitiesDisabilitiesStudent NameStudent Name
Social Science 193BSocial Science 193BUCI UCI
Spring 2006Spring 2006
What is a Developmental What is a Developmental Disability?Disability?
Condition can last for an indefinite Condition can last for an indefinite amount of timeamount of time
Occurs before the age of eighteenOccurs before the age of eighteen Person requires assistance with daily Person requires assistance with daily
living needsliving needs
Includes: Includes: Epilepsy, Mental Retardation, Epilepsy, Mental Retardation, Cerebral Palsy and AutismCerebral Palsy and Autism
California Welfare and Institutions Code, 2005California Welfare and Institutions Code, 2005
Background StatisticsBackground Statistics
According to the 2000 Census, 20.6% of the According to the 2000 Census, 20.6% of the general US population has some type of general US population has some type of disability. disability.
Census: two categories of disabilities: severe Census: two categories of disabilities: severe and not severeand not severe
Severe:Severe: those with developmental disabilities, those with developmental disabilities, severe limitations in seeing, hearing, or severe limitations in seeing, hearing, or speaking or those that need assistance in daily speaking or those that need assistance in daily livingliving
Those with severe disabilities: From 26 million Those with severe disabilities: From 26 million in 1994 (9.9%) to 33 million in 1997 (12.3%). in 1994 (9.9%) to 33 million in 1997 (12.3%).
Problem StatementProblem Statement
21
78
27
901020304050607080
Employment
Income < $15,000
Very orSomewhat SevereDisabilitiesPeople WithoutDisabilities
Higher rate of unemployment and lowered income level for people with
severe disabilities
Problem StatementProblem Statement
Lack of Interaction in the Community Lack of Interaction in the Community
73
49
89
75
0102030405060708090
Socializing
Going Out
Very or Somewhat SevereDisabiltiesPeople Without Disabilities
National Organization on Disabiluty, 2004
Problem StatementProblem Statement
Lack of Integration in SchoolsLack of Integration in Schools
0102030405060
Mental Retardation
Autism
Regular ClassResource RoomSeparate Class
Problem StatementProblem Statement
Lack of Integration During the Lack of Integration During the School DaySchool Day
8%
9%
83%
SociallyIntegrated
Segregated
Physically butnot SociallyIntegrated
Problem StatementProblem Statement
Lack of Integration in School and in Lack of Integration in School and in PublicPublic
Hindered social developmentHindered social development
Lack of community understanding of Lack of community understanding of disabilitydisability
Further discriminationFurther discrimination
Purpose of StudyPurpose of Study To see the effects of AbilityFirst on the social To see the effects of AbilityFirst on the social
relationships of the children involved in the relationships of the children involved in the program. program.
Social relationships that are studied are based Social relationships that are studied are based off Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Systems off Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Systems Theory, 1994 Theory, 1994
Bronfenbrenner’s Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Systems TheoryEcological Systems Theory
Children
SocietyParents Peers
Caregivers
Literature ReviewLiterature Review
Studies the aspects of these Studies the aspects of these relationships that promote or hinder relationships that promote or hinder the child’s social development.the child’s social development.
Divided into three sections: Divided into three sections: SocietySociety AdultsAdults PeersPeers
Background VariablesBackground Variables
SES-SES- Lack of resources Lack of resources
Parenting StylesParenting Styles Different levels of involvementDifferent levels of involvement
Ethnicity- Ethnicity- Different cultural expectations and cultural Different cultural expectations and cultural
values. values. Severity of DisabilitySeverity of Disability
Different abilities and different expectationsDifferent abilities and different expectations
Literature ReviewLiterature ReviewSocietySociety
Stigma- Reaction to the perception of a negative difference (i.e. disability)
The amount of negative stigma present in the community affects…
the self esteem of the child
the actions of the family
the attitudes of all other surrounding
people
Literature ReviewLiterature ReviewAdult InteractionsAdult Interactions
Parent-ChildParent-ChildParents are important in social skill development and
generalization of social skills
Caregiver-ChildCaregiver-ChildCaregivers facilitate interactions and create Caregivers facilitate interactions and create
opportunities for friendship development opportunities for friendship development
Parent-CaregiverParent-CaregiverBecause parents and caregivers observe different Because parents and caregivers observe different aspects of the child’s life, it is necessary to have a aspects of the child’s life, it is necessary to have a
collaborative partnershipcollaborative partnership
Literature Review: Literature Review: Peer RelationshipsPeer Relationships
Friendships are important for life adjustment and self confidence
Children with disabilities have less social behavior than typically developing children
Children that felt accepted displayed more social behavior than those that felt rejected
Interaction with typically developing children spurs typical patterns of social behavior
Literature ReviewLiterature ReviewLimitationsLimitations
Many of these studies used convenience Many of these studies used convenience samplessamples They do not have adequate representation from They do not have adequate representation from
all people groupsall people groups Some studies only studied one type of Some studies only studied one type of
disability such as behavioral disorders or disability such as behavioral disorders or autismautism
There was a lack of articles about after There was a lack of articles about after school programs for children with disabilities school programs for children with disabilities therefore special education articles were therefore special education articles were usedused
AbilityFirstAbilityFirst Offers lifelong Offers lifelong
services for people services for people with developmental with developmental disabilitiesdisabilities
Focuses on Focuses on integrating people integrating people with disabilities with disabilities into the communityinto the community
After-School After-School program focuses on program focuses on the social aspectthe social aspect
MethodologyMethodologySite SelectionSite Selection
AbilityFirst Newport Mesa After School Day Care Program
Located at Paularino Elementary School in Costa Mesa
Serves all children with disabilities in the area
2 Other After School Programs occurring at the same time
Daily trip into the community
MethodologyMethodologyParticipantsParticipants
All children that attend the AbilityFirst After All children that attend the AbilityFirst After School Day Care program at the Newport-Mesa School Day Care program at the Newport-Mesa
SiteSite
81%
9%5%5%
CaucasianAsianLatinoAfrican American
By Ethnicity (22)
MethodologyMethodologyParticipantsParticipants
23%
45%
32%
Elementary SchoolMiddle SchoolHigh School
By Grade Level (22)
MethodologyMethodologyQualitative StudyQualitative Study
Field Interaction and ObservationField Interaction and Observation Field NotesField Notes Formal and Informal Interviews Formal and Informal Interviews Open Ended QuestionnairesOpen Ended Questionnaires
Sample Questions:Sample Questions: How would you describe your relationship with How would you describe your relationship with
the staff?the staff? How often does your child interact with other How often does your child interact with other
children?children? What aspects of AbilityFirst do you most value?What aspects of AbilityFirst do you most value?
FindingsFindingsModelModel
Ability First
Child-Child
Parent-Child
Society
Caregiver-Child
Parent-Caregiver
FindingsFindingsSociety (or Outside Environment)Society (or Outside Environment)
Other children on Other children on school premises school premises either tease the either tease the children or are children or are scared of themscared of them
Parents take their Parents take their children off the children off the playground when playground when the children come. the children come.
“Ahhhhh! It’s a T-Rex”
-one of the children on the playground
“Are you retarded too?”
-one of the children on the playground
FindingsFindings
Peer InteractionsPeer Interactions
Children prefer Children prefer solitary playsolitary play
The high functioning The high functioning children are more children are more likely to have social likely to have social interactionsinteractions
Adult Interactions: Parent-Child
Parents are very involved
Parents try their best to implement behavioral techniques at home
“Stop it ! Go Away!” –one of the children
“They look forward to going home and spending time
with their parents”
-one of the staff
FindingsFindings
Adult Adult Interactions: Interactions:
Caregiver-ChildCaregiver-Child Staff interact Staff interact
frequently with frequently with children one on onechildren one on one
Staff sometimes Staff sometimes initiates group initiates group activitiesactivities
Adult Adult Interactions: Interactions:
Parent-Parent-CaregiverCaregiver
Staff and parents go Staff and parents go out of their way to out of their way to initiate conversationinitiate conversation
Staff and parents Staff and parents have close have close relationshipsrelationships
“She loves the staff”
-one of the parents
“I would be lost without this program”
-one of the parents
Limitation of DesignLimitation of Design
Not enough time to observe developmentNot enough time to observe development Most of the children are Caucasian and Most of the children are Caucasian and
from middle class familiesfrom middle class families Restricted to one site of Restricted to one site of
AbilityFirstAbilityFirst
RecommendationsRecommendations
For ResearchFor Research
Needs studies at Needs studies at other sites, other other sites, other
locationslocations
Needs a study of Needs a study of longer durationlonger duration
Needs studies of Needs studies of other day care other day care
programsprograms
For PracticeFor Practice
Needs more after Needs more after school day care school day care
programs for children programs for children with disabilitieswith disabilities
Needs more programs Needs more programs focused on the social focused on the social
development of development of children with children with disabilitiesdisabilities