The Versailles Treaty

The Ineffectiveness of the League of Nations

No control of major conflicts. No progress in disarmament. No effective military force.

Hyper-Inflation in Germany: 1923

Dawes Plan (1924)

Young Plan (1930)

• For three generations, you’ll have to slave away!

• $26,350,000,000 to be paid over a period of 58½ years.

• By 1931, Hoover declared a debt moratorium.

Rise of Dictators

• By 1939 only two European countries remained under democracy• Totalitarian state- • wanted complete of citizens• Used propaganda• No individualism

Mussolini: Italy

Stalin: Russia

Hitler:Germany

Fascism in Italy• Benito Mussolini • Fascism• In 1920, he formed a group

called the black shirts. • In 1922, he threatened to march

on Rome if not given power.• Named prime minister of Italy

and began to create a fascist dictatorship. • Not as strong as Hitler or Stalin.

Soviet Union: USSR

• In 1922, Lenin and the communists • After Lenin’s death there

was a power struggle between Stalin and Trotsky. • 1929, Stalin came to power

Stalin’s Russia• Economic, social and political revolution• 5 year plan• Increasing production.• Social and political costs. • Stalin used collectivization• Resistance to Stalin

The Spanish Civil War:A Dress Rehearsal for WW II?

Italian troops in Madrid

The “Stab-In-The-Back” Theory

-German soldiers are dissatisfied.-Many citizens unhappy with treaty and German life.

Hitler and Nazi Germany• Adolf Hitler was born in Austria in 1889.• Hitler served in WWI and received the Iron

Cross.• After the war, he joined the German Worker’s

party which he took over and renamed the Nationalist Socialist German Workers’ Party (NSDAP) or Nazi party.

• He staged an uprising in Munich called the Beer Hall Putsch. The uprising was crushed and Hitler was sent to prison. In prison he wrote Mein Kampf.

• Mein Kampf My Struggle

• He laid out his ideas

• The right of superior nation to

• lebensraum• The failure of the

Beer hall putsch• He increased the

size of the Nazi party

But how could Hitler win power?

• His promise• His appeal• His supporters• In 1933, Hitler becomes

Chancellor of Germany. • The enabling act• Hitler becomes dictator.

The Nazi State• Once Hitler passed the enabling acts,

he quickly took over everything–Purged civil service of Jews–Est. concentration camps for

people that opposed the regime–Dissolved trade unions–Abolished all other political parties

• Hitler becomes the “Fuhrer”

Nazi State• Hitler’s Aryan racial state• Third Reich, empire of Nazi

Germany.• Hitler’s totalitarian state• The SS (schutzstaffeln-guard

squadrons)• Hitler puts millions of people

to work

Unemployment numbers• 6 million people unemployed in

1932• 2.6 million people unemployed

in 1934• Less than 500,000 people

unemployed in 1937** By solving unemployment, it

allowed many Germans to accept Hitler and his policies**

Original Source: Ms. Susan M. Pojer

Anti-Semitism• In September 1935, Hitler passed racial laws

called the Nuremberg laws- excluded Jews from German citizenship and forbade marriages between Jews and Germans.

• It also required Jews to wear the gold star of David and carry identification papers.

• November 9, 1938 the pogrom (organized persecution or massacre of a minority group) called Kristallnacht “night of shattered glass”

• Nazis burned synagogues, destroyed +7,000 Jewish business, killed hundred of Jews and sent 30,000 Jewish males to concentration camps.

• Kristallnacht lead to Jews being barred from public transit and all public buildings, barred from owning or managing a retail store and were encouraged to emigrate.

Kristallnacht

Give an inch...•Hitler and the Treaty of Versailles.•Hitler builds up Germany's military. •The allies reaction to Hitler•The Rhine land.•Thus began the policy of appeasement

Italy Attacks Ethiopia, 1935

Emperor Haile

Selassie

Rome-Berlin Axis, 1936

The “Pact of Steel”: Alliance between Mussolini and Hitler

The Austrian Anschluss, 1938

The “Problem” of theSudetenland

Appeasement: The Munich Agreement, 1938

Now we have “peace in our time!”

Herr Hitler is a man we

can do business

with.

British Prime Minister:

Neville Chamberlain

Czechoslovakia Becomes Part of the Third Reich: 1939

The Nazi-SovietNon-Aggression Pact, 1939

Foreign Ministers von Ribbentrop &

Molotov

The Manchurian Crisis, 1931

Japan Invades Manchuria, 1931

The Japanese Invasionof China, 1937