Reiner Stuhlfauth

Technology Marketing Manager

The road to 5G

LTE-A evolution, Internet of Things and first

5G aspects

Subject to change – Data without tolerance limits is not binding.R&S® is a registered trademark of Rohde & Schwarz GmbH & Co. KG. Trade names are trademarks of the owners. 2016 ROHDE & SCHWARZ GmbH & Co. KG

Test & Measurement Division

ROHDE & SCHWARZ GmbH reserves the copy right to all of any part of these course notes. Permission to produce, publish or copy sections or pagesof these notes or to translate them must first be obtained in writing fromROHDE & SCHWARZ GmbH & Co. KG, Mühldorfstr. 15, 81671 Munich, Germany

COMPANY RESTRICTED

M2M Communication becomes vital in several industriesHealthcare AutomotiveWearables Smart CitiesSmart Homes

Smart Buildings

Asset Tracking Retail …..Agriculture

Anything that benefits from network connection will be connected

Low Power wide areanetworks WAN Sigfox, LoRa, Weightless, NB-IoT

OTHER technologiesSatellite, DSL, Fiber, PLC

Wireless WAN (2G/3G/4G)GSM, CDMA, UMTS, LTE

Wireless personal or local area networks PAN/LANBluetooth, Zigbee, Thread, WiFi

Connecting Billions of Devices to the Internet of Things (IoT)

shor

t ran

geW

WAN

othe

r

BillionThings

Plethora of technologies providing network access

Smart Cities Smart Homes

Wearables Automotive

Wireless technologies for the internet of things – classification

range vs. data rate

Data Rate

Ran

geCellular

(2G/3G/4G/5G)

NFC

Bluetooth

ZigBeeThreadZ-WaveWI-SUN

802.11 ah

WiFi802.11 a/b/g/n/ac

SigfoxLoRa

Weightless

NB-IoT

ANT+

802.11ad

Objective + challenge: Covering diverse applications with a

common air interface and network architecture

Surveillance Cams• huge amount of uplink data• Rare handover

Fleet Management• Small amount of uplink data• frequent handovers/ global coverage

Broad spectrum of capabilities required, e.g. data rate

Huge amount of devices w/ small data and delay tolerant trafficSmart Metering• Small amount of uplink only• Every 15 min• Rare handover

Connected Trash Cans• Small amount of uplink only• Spontaneous communication• Rare handover

Devices running on Battery only – sometimes in difficult environment Smart Metering (Gas/Water/…)• 10 year battery life time• Located in the basement• Rare handover

Connected Herd• Small amount of uplink only• Spontan & Periodic communication• Rare handover (coverage)

Diversification in requirements and applications

Challenges in a very dynamic and demanding market environment

Technology choices Design complexity

Myth about certification Highly reliable operation

� Select the most appropriate technologies considering all relevant aspects like performance, deployment model, interoperability, costs and availability

� Understand the different needs for certification dependent on the chosen technology, operator and market.

� Prepare design, processes and budgets accordingly

� Fast prototyping by integrating several off-the-shelf modules & components

� The hard way from a design concept via prototype to a cost optimized mass product

� Ensure e2e application performance under all relevant conditions

� Network deployment in harsh environment

� Life-time operation (> 10 years)

Non-cellular radio technologies – historical motivation26 MHz 83.5 MHz 200 MHz 255 MHz

902 928 2400 2484 5150 5350 5470 5725 f/MHz

ISM bands: industry, scientific +medical applications. license free

add hocnetworks orfixed wirelessbased networks

higher data rates,cost efficient

low range networks

high data rates,wirelessnetworks

low rate, wirelessnetworks

battery efficient

Bluetooth evolution: Classic, Enhanced data rate EDR and BT Smart

2 400 2 420 2 440 2 460 2 480 MHz

Bluetooth Smart or BT low

energy (BLE)

• 2.4 GHz ISM band• 1 Msymbol/s using GFSK modulation• 40 Channels on 2 MHz spacing• 3 advertising channel• Frequency Hopping (37 channel)• CRC

Bluetooth Classic and enhanced data rate

(BR+EDR)

• 2.4 GHz ISM band• 1 Msymbol/s using GFSK modulation

EDR: Data modultation π/4-DQPSK / 8DPSK

• 79 Channels on 1 MHz spacing• Frequency Hopping (1600 hops/s)• Voice support• FEC

625 µµµµs

t

t

Master

Slave

f(k) f(k+1) f(k+2)

M

S

S

S

sb

• Piconet principle• TDD frame structure

Bluetooth packet structure principle + modulation scheme

Paket HeaderGFSK

GuardTime

DPSKSynchr.

Sequence

Payloadπ/4-DQPSK or 8DPSK(2 Mbits/s or 3 Mbits/s)

Paket HeaderGFSK

PayloadGFSK

(1 Mbit/s)

5 µs 11 µs

Basic rate Bluetooth packet

EDR Bluetooth packet

Overall packet length= 1, 3 or 5 slots

fc + ∆f

fc - ∆f

GFSK modulation, switch between 2 frequencies toindicate content 0 or 1. Modulation index = 0.3 for BT and 0.5 for BT LE

Bluetooth SIG focus on enhancements for the IoT

Range

Meshbuilding meshed

network using relay

nodes

SpeedSupport of 2 Mbps

GatewayConnecting

devices directly to

the cloud

4x range to cover a

smart home or office

DirectionExtended broadcast

capabilities of beacons

“Bluetooth is on the threshold of being the enabling wireless technology for the IoT.” Bluetooth co-inventor Sven Mattisson

What is new in Bluetooth 5

Low Energy PHY (LE 2M) using GFSK modulation with a symbol rate of 2Msym/s to allow up to 2Mbps data rate

Low Energy long range PHYs (LE coded) using special coding schemes (2 or 8) for more reliable data transmission allowing long range communication

Low Energy Advertising Extensions in order to improve advertising capabilities the possibility of use of secondary advertising channels

+20 dBm LE power class (class 1)

Stable Modulation index [0.495 – 0.505] useable for all LE PHYs if supported by receiver & transmitter

Slot Availability Mask (SAM) allows two devices to indicate to each other time slots that are available for tx and rx

LE 1M (uncoded):

Bluetooth 5: Doubling speed while still maintaining

low-power consumption

Preamble8 bits

Access Address32 bits

PDU16-2056 bits

CRC24 bits

Preamble16 bits

Access Address32 bits

PDU16-2056 bits

CRC24 bits

Symbol rate to 2 Msym/s | Data rate: 185 kHz

fC

fC+∆f

fC-∆f

timefMIN+

fMIN- fC

fC+∆f

fC-∆f

timefMIN+fMIN-

fC

-20 dBm

-40 dBm

-60 dBm

fC

-20 dBm

-40 dBm

-60 dBm

Transmit Spectrum mask Transmit spectrum mask

NEW: LE 2M (uncoded):

Bluetooth 5: Quadrupling range

FEC and Pattern mapping to introduce „data redundancy“

Preamble80 bits

CI2 b

Term13 bits

Term23 bits

Preamble8 bits

Access Address32 bits

PDU16-2056 bits

CRC24 bits

Preamble80 symbols

Access Address256 symbols

CI16 s

Term124 s

PDU32-4 112 symbols

CRC48 symbols

Term26 s

FEC Encoder non-systematic, non-recursive rate ½, constraint length K=4

Pattern Mapper1 � 4

Pattern MapperS=2: 1 � 1 | S=8: 1 � 4

Preamble80 symbols

Access Address256 symbols

CI16 s

Term124 s

PDU128-16 448 symbols

CRC192 symbols

Term224 s

Access Address32 bits

PDU16-2056 bits

CRC24 bits

LE 1M packet

Bluetooth 5: 8 times broadcast capacity

Using channels 0..36 as secondary Advertising channels

37 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 38 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 39

Primary Advertising

Secondary Advertising

Data Channels

Primary advertising channels are used for all advertising broadcasts �use either the LE 1M or LE Coded PHY; packets can vary in length from 6 to 37 octets.

Secondary advertising channels are introduced to offload data � use any LE 1M, LE 2M or LE coded PHY; packets can vary in length 0 to 255 octets

Wi-Fi adoption beyond Local Area Networks: WLAN becomes holistic

ah

af

TVWS; 6,7,8 MHz

WLAN physical layer: various technology aspects: frequency +

multiple access schemes + bandwidth & data rate

802.11a 802.11b 802.11g 802.11n

Frequency 5 GHz 2.4 GHz 2.4 GHz 2.4/5GHz

Channel bandwidth 20 MHz 20 MHz 20 MHz 20 MHz, 40 MHz

Spatial streams 1 1 1 1,2,3,4

Max. Data rate 54 Mbps 11 Mbps 54 Mbps 600 Mbps

MAC CSMA/CA CSMA/CA CSMA/CA CSMA/CA

System OFDM DSSS OFDM, DSSS OFDM, OFDMA

Duplex TDD TDD TDD TDD

Max. Power

(typ.)

1 W

(100 mW)

1 W

(100 mW)

1 W

(100 mW)

1 W

(100 mW)

Modulation BPSK, QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM

CCK CCK, BPSK, QPSK,

16QAM, 64QAM

BPSK, QPSK,

16QAM, 64QAM

WLAN evolution: 802.11ac for higher data ratesHigher data rates due to wider bandwidth

e.g: Europe + Asiachannel allocation

Higher order modulationschemes, e.g. 256QAM

Implementing MIMO,e.g. spatial multiplexing up to 8x8

WLAN – channel access methods: CSMA

t

medium busy SIFSPIFS

DIFSDIFS

next framecontention

direct access ifmedium is free ≥ DIFS

UE wants tosend and senses

channel

UE waits time IFS if channelremains free

If channel is busy, UE tries later andwaits another time

IFS

Multiple windowlengths depending

on data priority

Certain access principles for HARQoperation and also based on negotiation, like „clear to send“response for higher priorities

WLAN evolution, different frequency bands: throughput vs range

100m 200m 300m 400m 500m 600m 700m 800m 900m

10 Mbps

20 Mbps

30 Mbps

40 Mbps

50 Mbps

60 Mbps

70 Mbps

80 Mbps

90 Mbps

100 Mbps

WLAN-5GHz (80 MHz Channel)

WLAN-2.4GHz (20 MHz Channel)

< 1GHz (5 MHz Channel)

Wi-Fi HaLow = WLAN using spectrum < 1GHz„New technology will extend Wi-Fi® solutions for the Internet of Things” Wi-Fi Alliance (Jan.2016)

20

Sensor Networks WearablesHome Security Range extension Smart Metering

Long range operation

Large number of devices per access point

Low power consumption

High throughput compared to e.g. ZigBee

Greenfield operation

Wi-Fi HaLow operates in sub 1 GHz license-exempt bands

Support of 1 & 2 MHz channels is mandatory

21

US

Korea

Europe

China

Japan

Singapore

800 MHz 900 MHz 1 GHz

902 928 MHz

863 868 MHz

787 MHz

916.5 927.5 MHz

917.5 923.5 MHz

866 869 920 925 MHz

16 MHz

8 MHz 8 MHz 8 MHz

4MHz 4 MHz 4 MHz 4 MHz 4 MHz 4 MHz

22 22 22 22 22 22 2

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

8 MHz

4 MHz 4 MHz

2 22 2

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

22

1 1 1 1 1614

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

5 Ghz

2.4 GHz

900 MHz

802.11af using spectrum from terrestrial broadcast, e.g. TV channels

22

ExtendedHome network

Rural Broadband

Outdoor Sensor

Networks

Public WiFiextension

Public Safety networks

• Operates in TV bands (54-698 MHz)• Essentially down-clocked version of 802.11ac – 40 MHz (max. data rate

384/569 Mbps)• Use of 144 SC per BCU (not 128), for 55db Adjacent Channel Leakage

Ratio• Defines 6 MHz, 7 MHz, 8 MHz channels (region specific)• Supported channelization: W, W+W, 2W, 2W+2W, 4W

IEEE 802.11ad: new standard @60GHz for high data rates

Technology facts

58.32 GHz 60.48 GHz 62.64 GHz 64.80 GHz

Channel 1 Channel 2 Channel 3 Channel 4

US and CanadaEuropean Union

South KoreaJapan

AustraliaChina

2.16 GHz

• Operates in the unlicensed 60 GHz frequency band,• Enables data rates up to 7 Gbps• Enables devices to transparently switch between 802.11 networks (2.4GHz, 5GHz, 60GHz)• Protocol Adaptation Layers (PALs): A/V (wireless HDMI), wireless docking (USB, PCIe)• Two types of modulation and coding schemes:

• OFDM allows transmission speeds of up to 7 Gbps. (not applied in real devices by today)• Single carrier (SC) supports transmission speeds up to 4.6 Gbps.

Beamforming

802.11ad PHY - Overview

24

I Three (four) different modulation modes are available to fulfill differing requirements (such as high throughput or robustness):Control PHY : exchange of signal and control messages (mandatory)

Single Carrier PHY : for data connection from 0.385 … 4.620 Gbps (MCS1..4 mandatory)

Low Power SC PHY : optimized to save energy for battery-operated devices (optional)

OFDM PHY: for high data throughput up to maximum 6.757 Gbps (optional)

I All PHYs use the same packet structure, but they differ in individual fields, coding and modulation

STF, CE and TRN are made up of Golay sequences consisting each of bipolar symbols (±1)

STFShort Training Field

CEChannel Estimation

Header Data AGC & TRNGain Control &Beamforming

Preamble

Used for automatic gain control, frequency offset

estimation and channel estimationActual data with different

modulations, the length of the field

varies

MCS, length of

data field,

checksum

General structure of 11ad packetGeneral structure of 11ad packet

Optional field for gain

control, beam

tracking & refinement

802.11 standards: interference + collision situation

CSMA: carrier sensing multiple access => listen before transmit

WLAN connection

in dense environments: collisionsbetween Access points

in dense environments: collisions between userterminals + high overload due tosignaling

802.11 ax goal is to improve the overall efficiency!

WLAN situation today: problem statement

ı WiFi not efficient in dense environments with many users (STA) and close-by Access Points (AP).

ı Congestion level is high => Users get less access to the channel, throughput decreasesı Competition from LTE-U / LTE-LAA in the 5GHz band with more efficient Multi-User technology

ı Pushing the physical parameters further is not feasible� Only few 160MHz channels available� 1024QAM only with good SNR� 11ac is already at the limit

�More efficient channel access methods are necessary

IEEE 802.11ax – Why another WLAN standard?ı Challenge:

� WLAN 11a/b/g/n/ac has drawbacks in high occupancy scenarios since there is no scheduler� Users utilize WLAN for many different applications such as video streaming and offloading� Existing WLAN can not adapt to the conditions as flexibly as it is needed

New WLAN enhancements in IEEE 802.11ax for “High Efficiency Wireless (HEW)”

ı High level targets: � Improve user experience & network performance in dense deployments in 2.4/5 GHz band. � At least four times improvement in the average throughput per station in dense deployment

scenarios� Maintaining or improving the power efficiency per station� Backwards compatibility and coexistence with legacy 802.11 devices operating in the same

band

.11ax

WLAN situation today: problem statement, 2 examples

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

120%

1 5 10 25 50 75 100

Thr

ough

put (

%)

Clients

1SS Phone Bidirect

2SS Laptop Bidirect

3SS Laptop Bidirect

11ac – 20MHz BW

IEEE 802.11-15/0351r2

large bandwidth loses efficiency due to high

signaling overload high number of users + accesspoints reduce due to high

collision scenarios

802.11ax – physical layer: New Features

Feature Benefit

Uplink MU-MIMO Higher throughput in Uplink by using spatial multiplexing

Uplink OFDMA Higher Aggregate Throughput, Range Extension, Overhead Reduction

Downlink OFDMA Overhead reduction, frequency multiplex, simultaneous Tx to many STA

4x Symbol Duration Robustness for Outdoor Operation, tolerance to timingjitter for MIMO operation

1024QAM Higher Max Data Rate

Extended Range Preamble and MCS0 rep2

Range Extension for Outdoor Operation

•••••••••

•••••••••

•••••••••

•••••••••

•••••••••

•••••••••

•••••••••

OFDMA = OFDM + FDMA

WLAN 11ac: OFDM allocates users in time

domain only

WLAN 11ax: OFDMA allocates users in time and frequency domain

•••••••••

•••••••••

•••••••••

•••••••••

•••••••••

•••••••••

•••••••••

Time domain Time domain

Fre

quen

cy d

omai

n

Fre

quen

cydo

mai

n

User3

User3 User

2

User2

User1

User1

WLAN 802.11ax OFDMA – basicprinciples

Fixed Scatterer

Delay Delay spread

TransmitterSignal

t

ReceiverSignal

t

ISI: Inter SymbolInterference:

Happens, whenDelay spread >

Symbol time

Successive symbolswill interfere

Channel Impulse Response, CIRcollision

Multipath propagation - reminder

Frequency selectivity

f

power @ receiver

Wideband = frequency selective equalizer

Narrowband = 1-tap equalizing

Here: substitute with singleScalar factor = 1-tap

Coherencebandwidth:

channel is not freq. selective

Comparison legacy WLAN and WLAN 11ax physical layer aspects802.11n 802.11ac 802.11ax

Frequency Range (GHz) 2.4, 5 5 2.4, 5

Channel Bandwidth (MHz) 20, 40 20, 40, 80, 80+80, 160 20, 40, 80, 80+80, 160

Subcarrier Spacing (KHz) 312.5 312.5 78.125

Symbol Time (us) 3.2 3.2 12.8

Cyclic Prefix (us) 0.8 0.4, 0.8 0.8, 1.6, 3.2

MU-MIMO No Downlink Uplink and Downlink

Modulation OFDM OFDM OFDM, OFDMA

Data Subcarrier Modulation

BPSK, QPSK, 16 / 64-QAM

BPSK, QPSK, 16 / 64 / 256-QAM

BPSK, QPSK, 16 / 64 / 256 / 1024 -QAM

Coding BCC (Mandatory) LDPC (Optional)

BCC (Mandatory) LDPC (Optional)

BCC (Mandatory) LDPC (Mandatory )

• subcarrier spacing 4 timesless

• symbol time 4 times longer=>better fading robustness

unused subcarriers

From Single User to Multi Users OFDMA @802.11 ax

7DC

26 26 2626 26 26 26

52 52 52 52

26

242 + 3 DC

102+4 pilots 102+4 pilots

11 11

1311 1113

1313

5 Edge

5 Edge

5 Edge

5 Edge

6 Edge

6 Edge

6 Edge

6 Edge

7DC

13 137

DC

-116 -90 -48 -22 22 48 90 116

-102 -76 -62 -36 -10 10 36 62 76 102pilot tone index

• Channel bandwidth is divided into Ressource Units, RU, e.g. above for 20MHz.• One RU belongs to one user• Each RU may have a different modulation scheme and/or coding rate

beside data subcarriers, there arepilot subcarries for phase

information and parameter tracking

0 6 20 32 46 51

0 6 20 25 26 32 46 51

e.g. pilot subcarriers for26 and 52 size RU

ı RU’s have fixed locations

20MHz

RU Size 20MHz 40MHz 80MHz 160MHz

26 9 18 37 74

52 4 8 16 32

106 2 4 8 16

242 1 (SU) 2 4 8

484 1 (SU) 2 4

996 1 (SU) 2

2x996 1 (SU)# of

RU

’s /

Cha

nnel

BW

From Single User to Multi Users OFDMA @802.11 ax

ı All RUs are indexed

ı RU sizes can be mixed:

20MHz

26 2652 10613

13

RU1 RU3 RU4 RU5 RU2

RU Size

RU Index

RU1 RU2 RU3 RU4 RU5 RU6 RU7 RU8 RU9

RU1 RU2 RU3 RU4

RU1 RU2

RU1

From Single User to Multi Users OFDMA @802.11 ax

OFDMA benefit in WLAN 802.11ax for multi user

STA1RTS

CTS ACK

STA2RTS

CTS ACK

STA1+2MU-RTS

CTS ACK

AP

STA1+2

OFDM + TDMA

OFDMA

Request to Send Clear to Send Data Acknowledgment

½ BW => 2x duration

Simultaneous Response

AP

STA

Time saved

Packet Protocol Data Units PPDU

3 legacy PPDU forWLAN 11n

1 legacy PPDU forWLAN 11ac

4 new PPDU forWLAN 11ax

Packet Protocol Data Units PPDU for WLAN11ax

ı HE-SU:� Single User Mode (UL & DL)

ı HE-MU:� Multi User Mode (DL)� One or more users

ı HE-EXT-SU:� Single User Mode (UL & DL)� For outdoor use (long range)� 20MHz BW; MCS0 / 1 / 2

ı HE-TRIG:� Trigger-based PPDU (UL)� In response to Trigger frame from AP � Carries Single User transmission� All HE-TRIG sum up at AP

HE_SU

L-STF L-SIGL-LTF

GI2 LTS LTS

RL-SIG HE-SIG-A HE-STF HE-LTF HE-LTF...

1-8 HE-LTFs

Data ...

HE_EXT_SU

L-STF L-SIGL-LTF

GI2 LTS LTS

RL-SIG HE-SIG-A HE-STF HE-LTF HE-LTF...

1-8 HE-LTFs

Data ...

HE_MU

L-STF L-SIGL-LTF

GI2 LTS LTS

RL-SIG HE-SIG-A HE- SIG-B

HE_TRIG

L-STF L-SIGL-LTF

GI2 LTS LTS

RL-SIG HE-SIG-A HE-STF HE-LTF HE-LTF...

1-8 HE-LTFs

Data ...

HE-STF HE-LTF HE-LTF...

1-8 HE-LTFs

Data ...

...16 Symbol...64 s

(4 s per Symbol)

PE

PE

PE

PE

Legacy part

ı AP service areas can overlap (e.g. apartment buildings)ı STA2 is distorted by traffic in OBSS (Overlapping BSS) => less access to the channel

ı CSMA/CA (Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Avoidance):1. STA wants to transmit2. STA senses the channel for other signals (P < Pthr)3. If channel is free, STA can transmit

ı 802.11ax changes:� Each AP assigns a “Color bit” in the preamble� STA reads Color bit� If STA detects frame from OBSS => raise CSMA

detection threshold => ignore OBSS frames

From Single User to Multi Users

BSS Color

AP1 AP2

STA

STA1

STA2

MyBSS OBSS

Multi-User MIMO (MU-MIMO)

Downlink Uplink

all signals need to arrive at AP synchronouslyall signals are transmitted synchronously � !

IEEE 802.15.4: low data rate in unlicensed spectrum+ wireless PAN

41

1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1

1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0

I

Q

1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0bin

0 hex

Bits (4) to SymbolMapping0 0 00250 kbit /s

Symbol to Chip (32)Mapping

O-QPSKmodulator

62.5 kSym/s 2 Mchip/s

I

Q11

1000

01

IEEE 802.15.4 MAC

IEEE 802.15.42400 MHz

IEEE 802.15.4868/915 MHz

Network Layer

Applications

Application Layer

Offset QPSK for constant envelope

spread signal forbetter robustness

only lower layersdefined: flexibilty

802.15.4 – one physical layer for diverse technologies heading for

smart home , smart buildings and more applications

42

IEEE 802.15.42.4 GHz ���� O-PQSK

6LoWPAN, DTLS, Distance Vector

Routing

Protocol (e.g. CoAP)

UDP/TCP

802.15.4 MAC

IEEE 802.15.42.4 GHz ���� O-PQSK

6LoWPAN

ISA Protocol

802.15.4 MAC

Upper data link

ISA100

UDP

IEEE 802.15.42.4 GHz ���� O-PQSK

HART

Addressing/Routing

HART: TCP like

HART TDMA -

hopingIEEE 802.15.4

2.4 GHz ���� O-PQSK

ZigBee - Networking

ZigBee - Protocol

ZigBee - Transport

802.15.4 MAC

HART: Protocol

ZigBee Technology Facts

Reliable, Low Power, Cost Effective

43

IEEE 802.15.4 MAC

IEEE 802.15.42400 MHz

IEEE 802.15.4868/915 MHz

ZigBee Network Layer

Applications

ZigBee Application Layer

2405 MHz 2480 MHz

2.4 GHz/16 Ch.; World; OQPSK; 250 kbps868 MHz/1Ch.; EuropeBPSK 20kbps

868.3 MHz 906 MHz

915 MHz/10 Ch.; Americas;BPSK 40kbps

924 MHz

Coordinator

Router

End Device

Meshed Network of thousands of devices

Wireless Highway Addressable Remote Transducer (HART)

Protocol standardized in IEC 62591

44

Application for wireless industrial instrumentation

Monitoring and Compliance

Process Control loops

Alerts and Alarm tracks Automated Safety

• Use of 802.14.4 DSSS in 2.4GHz band (15 channels), TCP like transport layer

• Fully deterministic system with predefined timeslots (10 ms) to ensure low latency

• Use of channel hoping, channel blacklisting and acknowledgments for robust communication

• Redundant Mesh Technology w/ System Manager IEEE 802.15.4 2.4 GHz

HART Addressing/Routing

HART Protocol

HART: TCP like

HART TDMA - hoping

L1

L2

L3

L4

L5

IEE

E

802.

11ac

IEE

E 8

02.1

1nIE

EE

802

.11b

IEE

E 8

02.1

1a

IoT standards overview

45

Physicallayer

Data or MAClayer

Networklayer

Transportlayer

Applicationlayer

Blu

etoo

th

IEE

E 8

02.1

5.4

IEE

E 8

02.1

5.4

IEE

E 8

02.1

5.4

IEE

E 8

02.1

5.4

IEE

E 8

02.1

5.4

Zig

Be

Wire

less

HA

RT

Thr

ead

ISA

100

WLA

N

IEE

E

802.

11…

Technology range:• PHY layer only• network

connection• application

specificprofiles, e.g. Audio, Video or applicationspecificprotocols

LoRa = Long Range

46

LoRa network structure

47

IP based networkconnection, e.g. cellular

radio

single hop to one ormultiple gateways using

LoRa radio

LoRa Network architecture

48

Pet Tracker

Smart Meter

Trash Cane

Plant Sensor

Suitcase

Smoke Detector

LoRa Gateway

LoRa Gateway

LoRa Gateway

LoRa

Network

Server

LoRa RF | LoRaWAN TCP/IP SSL | LoRaWAN TCP/IP SSL | Secure Payload

App

App

App

App

App

COMPANY RESTRICTED

Pow

er

Late

ncy

Three Classes of Devices: Class A communication is mandatory

49

Class ABi-directional communications is allowed

whereby each end-device‘s uplink

transmission is followed by two short

downlink receive windows (RX1 & RX2).

Class BIn addition to the Class A random receive

windows, Devices open extra receive

windows at scheduled times, synchronized

by periodic Beacons from the gateway.

Transmit

Receiver D.

Receiver Delay2

RX1 RX2

Transmit

Receiver D. 1

Receiver Delay2

RX1 RX2RX2

Receiver Delay1

Ping Period(1..128 sec.)

BeaconRXslot RXslot RXslotBeaco

n

Beacon Period (128 seconds)

RXslot

Class CEnd-devices of Class C have nearly

continuously open receive windows (RX2),

only closed when transmitting.

COMPANY RESTRICTED

SigFox – technology aspects

50

51

“If you want to go fast, go alone. If you want to go far, go together!”

African proverb