Reiner Stuhlfauth

Technology Marketing Manager

The road to 5G

LTE-A evolution, Internet of Things and first

5G aspects

Subject to change – Data without tolerance limits is not binding.R&S® is a registered trademark of Rohde & Schwarz GmbH & Co. KG. Trade names are trademarks of the owners. 2016 ROHDE & SCHWARZ GmbH & Co. KG

Test & Measurement Division

ROHDE & SCHWARZ GmbH reserves the copy right to all of any part of these course notes. Permission to produce, publish or copy sections or pagesof these notes or to translate them must first be obtained in writing fromROHDE & SCHWARZ GmbH & Co. KG, Mühldorfstr. 15, 81671 Munich, Germany

Agenda topicsı LTE evolution aspects: Rel. 13 with outlook on Rel. 14ı Optimization for IoT (LTE-M, NB-IoT)ı Device to device communication, LTE Directı Dual connectivityı License assisted access and LWAı V2V/V2X communications

2

Internet of Things IOT aspects• Bluetooth low energy• WLAN evolution• IEEE 802.15.4• LPWAN (Sigfox, LoRa, …)

The road to 5G – requirements and air interface• 5G a “new” air interface – technology aspects of new radio in 5G• Aspects of 5G new radio, industry trials, pre-5G implementation and 3GPP agreements• New multiple access schemes: schemes like NOMA, SCMA, IDMA• channel propagation aspects• Demystifying massiveMIMO and testing concepts

In the year of the LTE Surpass!

3

Enh. DL Control CH

NetworkEnergy Saving

Security enh.(eea3 ZUC)

CoMP UL / DLIn-device

co-existence

RAN enh. forDiverse DataApplication

Relays (part 2)

feICIC(further eICIC)

Service Continuityfor eMBMS

CAenhancements

NW-based positioning

(UTDOA)

UL MIMO 4x4

LTE Release 8FDD / TDD

The LTEvolution path: Rel. 8 – Rel. 11

Rel-10

Rel-9

Rel-11

Relaying SONenhancements

CarrierAggregation

DL MIMO8x8

UL MIMO2x2

EnhancedSC-FDMA

eICIC

eMBMS

Positioning

Dual LayerBeamforming

Multi carrier /Multi-RAT

Base Stations

Home eNodeB

Self OrganizingNetworks

Public WarningSystem (PWS)

5

5G - Continuing the Success of LTE Evolution

2009/10+ 2013+ Commercial operation2016+

Rel8 Rel9 Rel10 Rel11 Rel12 Rel13 Rel14

20 MHz

MIMO

OFDM

MBMS

Voice

Service: Data +Voice Mobile Broadband (MBB) eMBB / mMTC / URLLC

8x8 MIMO

CA

eICIC

CoMP

WLAN offload

MTC

D2D

DC

256 QAM

NB-IoT

Cat0

LAA

LWA

LWIP

PSM

CA FDD + TDD

CATM1

SC-PTM

D2D enh.

V2X

CA enh.

Carrier aggregation: primary + secondary CC

f

Uplink DownlinkUL-DL frequency Separation is signalled viaSystem information

PrimaryComponent carrier:-PUSCH + PUCCH-PDSCH + PDCCH-Layer 3 signalling

SecondaryComponent carrier:-(PUSCH + PUCCH)-PDSCH + PDCCH (optional)

Typical case: asymmetric allocation, more DL than UL

7

LTE-Advanced Rel12Release 12 Building Blocks

� Joint FDD-TDD Operation� Network-Assisted Interference Cancellation� Further Enhancements to LTE TDD for DL-UL Interference Management and Traffic Adaptation� Coverage Enhancements� …

M2M / MTCSupport for low

cost devices

WiFi offloading

Small Cell enhancementsincl. dual layer connectivity (macro/pico) and 256QAM

D2DProximity service

detection and communication

Additionally:

LTE-Advanced

InterCell Interference Coordination (ICIC) as of LTE Rel8

X2 interfaceHigh Interference Indicator, HII

Inter cell interferenceScheduled ressourceblocks

Announcement for UL

Hello neighbour:„I would like to schedule

this set of ressource blocks to a UE which is at my cell

edge“

„Thanks for this info, so I may expect some

interferences on this RB set. Maybe I will avoid

scheduling them to my set of UEs“

LTE-Advanced

enhanced InterCell Interference Coordination (HetNet)

X2 X2

Pico

Macro

time

Cell layerA pico cell can schedule a UE in high interference region in those

blank subframes

CoMP: coordinated scheduling

Cell C

Cell A Cell B

UE B

UE A

UE C

Cell area „normal Power“

Cell area „reduced Power“

Coordinated scheduling: Cell C reduces power for the benefit Of UE A and UE B. -> same effect as ICIC

CoMP: Coordinated beamforming

Send NULLs in this direction

Coordination about user locations to place NULLs an Weight beams in right directions

CoMP: Coherent Joint Transmission

2 neighbour cells or remoteRadio heads are synchronizedAnd transmit signals coherently

CoMP: Dynamic Point Selection DPS

Remote radio head

eNBRemote radio head

Data transmission from one pointIn a time-frequency resource

Requirements for public safety in cellular world

Group communication

Video telephony anddatatransfer

Device to devicecommunication, D2D

Define priority rules

3GPP work items:• Direct Mode’ between terminals

(Discovery, Communication).• Group Communication.• Off network communication.• Push-To-Talk (PTT) including

group call / communication withlow call setup time.

LTE Device-to-Device (D2D) Proximity Services (ProSe)

ı Current communication flow in LTE always involves the corenetwork:� Security reasons.� Policy control (Charging!)

E-UTRAN

EPCUE #1

UE #2

eNodeB

eNodeB UE – User Equipment (LTE-capable terminal)eNode B – evolved Node B (LTE base station)

EUTRAN – Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access NetworkEPC – Evolved Packet Core (core network)

EPS – Evolved Packet System (= EUTRAN + EPC)

ProSe = End to End communicationSidelink = channel structure

Overall LTE D2D ProSe Network Architecture

ı Network is still in charge!ı New interfaces, new

functional entities.� ProSe function, P3

interface: Authorization/ Provisioning, Request, Response.

� PC5 interface: one to many

UE B

ProSe

applicationLTE-Uu

E-UTRAN

UE A

S1

ProSe Function

MME

S/PGW

HSS

ProSe

application

HSS SLP

ProSe

Application

Server

S6a

PC3 PC4a PC4b

PC2

PC1

PC3

LTE-Uu PC5

PC1

Triggers use of Direct Discovery, Direct Communication

Authorizes and provision the device for ProSe

User Equipment (UE)

Mobile Equipment (ME)

UICC with USIM

Request

Response

Provision info can be stored on device (public safety, tactical comm.)

……

Resource Allocation for Direct Discovery, Direct Communication

ı A device is not required to simultaneously transmit D2D and WAN (generic LTE).

D2D D2D D2D D2D Bitmap Prose-SubframeBitmap-r12, e.g. 8 bit

PUCCH

PUCCH

cellular

cellular

e.g. DirectDiscovery

Resource Block Startprb-Start-r12

Resource Block Endprb-End-r12

Number of Resource Blocksprb-Num-r12

2015

©R

ohde

&S

chw

arz

cellular

e.g. DirectDiscovery

Number of Resource Blocksprb-Num-r12

Information provided bynewly introduced SystemInformation Blocks (SIB)

1 ms

Time

LTE-Advanced – Release 13 OverviewWork is completed in 3GPP

18

ı A new Study Item on “V2x” will particularly consider the usefulness of new LTE features to the automotive industry - including Proximity Service (ProSe) and LTE-based broadcast services such as Public Warning Systems (PWS) and eMBMS.

LTE in unlicensed spectrum (aka LAA)

CA enhancements

Elevation Beamforming / Full-Dimension MIMO

MTC enhancements

D2D enhancements

Single-cell Point-to-Multipoint (SC-PTM)

Enhanced multi-user

transmission techniques

Indoor positioning

NB-IoT

LTE-WLAN integration and interworking enhancements

32 CA

4G spectrum sharing today – on the way to 5G

Tiered sharing (incumbents)

Spectrum aggregation

Technology aggregation

Standalone unlicensed MulteFire

LTE-U / LAA

LWA (LTE + Wi-Fi)

CBRS, LSA

NR based MulteFire

NR based LAA

Multi-connectivity: NR,LTE,Wi-Fi

NR based tiered sharing

5G New Radio (NR)Sub 6Ghz + mmWave

LTE Advanced ProSpectrum below 6 GHz

Shared spectrum

technologies

unlicensed ≠ unlicensed: international licensing aspects

20

EIRP limitation -> maximum Tx power:e.g. BS power = max

1W, spectral density of17dBm/1MHz

Spectrumrestrictions

Interference aspects, toother radio technologies

⇒ proof of goodneighborhood

Limitation to indooronly of certainfrequencies

Avoid conflict withweather radar

Licensed Assisted Access (LAA) and LTE in Unlicensed Spectrum (LTE-U)

ı LTE-U Study Item to be completed by June 2015.

ı LAA included in 3GPP Rel. 13

21

20MHz

…..20MHz

5.925 GHz

UE

20MHz

…..20MHz

20MHz

20MHz

20MHz

20MHz

5.15 GHz 5.35 GHz

20MHz

5.47 GHz 5.85 GHz

20MHz

10MHz

Licensed Bande.g. Band 13

Downlink

Unlicensed Bande.g. 5 GHz initially as aSupplemental Downlink10

MHz

Licensed Bande.g. Band 13

Uplink

5.25 GHz

………

UNII-1 UNII-25.725GHz

…...

UNII-2e UNII-3

20MHz

120 MHzCould become

available in US, Europe

20MHz

………

Requires Dynamic Frequency Selection (DFS), UNII-2

777

f [GHz]

f [MHz]787 5725 5765746 756

UNII-4 (DSRC)

LAA – interference avoiding strategies

CSAT: carrier sensingadaptive transmission

LBT: Listen before transmit,e.g. source ETSI LBTproposal

LTE in unlicensed spectrumLTE-U / LAA: Introduction

ı Use Carrier Aggregation to enable LTE also in unlicensed spectrum.� Primary Component Carrier always in licensed spectrum. � Secondary Component Carrier could be in unlicensed spectrum.

ı “Good fences make good neighbors!”� In some regions unlicensed spectrum can be used “as is”, e.g. 5725

to 5850 MHz in the U.S., Korea or Japan. Generally all other regions have specific requirements, e.g. apply “Listen Before Talk” (LBT).

23

Sensing techniques are required →→→→ Rel13 LAA!

LBT – listen before talk, eLAA

LWALTE-WLAN Radio Level Integration – Radio Bearer

25

LTE-WLAN Aggregation Adaptation ProtocolSpecified in TS 36.360

WLAN offloading and LAA as complementSame motivation, separate ideas & similar results

LTEcell

WLANaccess point

e.g.10

MHz+

Licensed Band LTE carrier20

MHz

Unlicensed Band5 GHz

LTE carrier

LTEcell

LTE cell

e.g.10

MHz

Licensed Band LTE carrier

WLAN

Link aggregation

Carrieraggregation

WLAN offloading ISM Band

WLAN carrier

Both solutions will coexist – even in same network

CBRS – Citizens Broadband Radio Services

ı 3550-3650 MHz Bandı The 3550-3650 MHz band is allocated to the Radiolocation Service (RLS) and theı Aeronautical Radionavigation Service (ARNS) (ground-based) on a primary basis for federal

use. I.e. radar application for military usage.

ı 3650-3700 MHz Bandı The 3650-3700 MHz band is also allocated for terrestrial non-federal use

27

3 tier access model: 1st priority is incumbent owner of sp ectrumtier 2 + 3 can arrange on priority access based on geoloc ation databases for using thespectrum

tier 1: US navy,

incumbent

tier 2: Primary access

license PAL

tier 3: General

authorizedaccess GAA

can block can block

Multefire – industry driven standard, non-3GPP

20MHz

Unlicensed BandLTE carrier

LTEcell

Motivation mainly driven by industry:

• TD-LTE operation only in unlicensed or sharedspectrum 3.5 or 5.7 GHz. No licensed anchor

• According to LTE Rel. 13

• Full range of LTE services: data, voice, MBMS, IoTetc. with the simplicity of Wi-Fi

• Listen before talk like LAA to behave as goodneighbour

• operates at 20MHz bandwidth with up to 4x4 MIMO and 256QAM

DS

UU

UD

DD

DD

Multefire – fair spectrum usage and carrier aggregation

Dual link radio interface

Mobility issues in heterogeneous networks -> UE can keep one radio link to the macro cell and second link is added on best effort to add capacity

UE supports 2 simultaneous LTE radio links

Dual connectivity – motivation: handover failure

Measurement report

Handover to macro cell

But now,UE is out ofcoverage!⇒ Radio link failure

A major concern in HetNets is theissue of radio link failure whenhandover from pico into macro cell!

Handover to pico cell

Dual link radio connectivity

Macro #1

Pico #1Pico #2

Pico #3

Macro #2

SCell Addition

SCell Removal

SCell Change

SCell Addition

SCell Removal

PCell Handover

Mobility situation + capacity improvements due to dual radiofunctionality

Potential step (2018-2020) towards commercial 5G (≥ 2020)Combinations of Rel12/13 features + advanced antennas + increased BW @ below 6GHz

33

LTE/LTE-A(700 MHz - 2.5GHz)

SeNB in licensed or unlicensedband, using carrier aggregation

Small Cell3.5 GHz / ~ 5GHz

MeNB in licensed bandusing carrier aggregation

ı The below architecture is prepared to addresses future mobile broadband requirementsı LTE/LTE-A provides the controlling layer and specific enhanced requirements are solved by “adding” –

in this case adding small cell peak data rate / capacity using the carrier aggregation feature

3GPP Machine Type Communication

Making the network ready for the Internet of Things

34

Overload ControlOverload Control

Low CostLow Cost Extended CoverageExtended Coverage

Power SavingPower Saving ReachabilityReachability

Low LatencyLow Latency

Trend towards low cost mobile devices for M2M/MTC

35

throughput Complexity: high end

Complexity: Low end

Cost

High end UEs

Low end UEs

Scheduleddownlinksubframe

Scheduled uplinksubframe

Scheduleddownlinksubframe

Scheduleddownlinksubframe

Scheduleddownlinksubframe

Scheduled uplinksubframe

Half duplexType A

Half duplexType B

UE not receiving

UE not receiving

Lower maxpower

Transportation block size

FECUser dataMaximum size of 25344 bits

Small bandwidth support only

High end vs low end

Half duplex

Single antenna

Small bandwidth

Reduced TBS

3GPP IoT standardization on the way to 5G

36

LC-LTE/MTCe

CAT-0, PSM

eMTCCat-M1, eDRX, CE

NB-IoTCat-NB, eDRX

Rel. 8 Rel. 12 Rel. 13

+

20 MHz/half-duplex

1.4 MHz/half-duplex

200 kHzNB-LTE

NB-cIoT

LTE-MTC

Rel. 9 Rel.10 Rel.11

LP-WAN

GSM-MTC EC-GSM-IoT

incl. eDRX

LTE Cat-120 MHz/duplex

NIMTC SIMTC

NIMTC SIMTC

mMTC

Machine-Type-Communication LTE/LTE-A/LTE-A Pro/NB-IoT

R&S LTE-M, NB-IoT, LTE-V - June 2016 37

Rel. 10 Rel. 11 Rel. 12 Rel. 13

ExtendedAccess Barring

Power Saving Mode

Expected UE Behavior

UE Category 0

Coverage enhancement

eMTCUE Category M1

Overload ControlOverload Control

Signaling ReductionSignaling Reduction

Low Cost UELow Cost UE

Battery LifeBattery Life

CoverageCoverage

Low Cost UELow Cost UE

Delay tolerant access & LAPI

Overload ControlOverload Control

Extended DRX

Battery LifeBattery Life

Long PRU/PTU Timer per UESignaling ReductionSignaling Reduction

Minimum periodic search timer

Signaling ReductionSignaling Reduction

Attach with IMSIIndicator

Signaling ReductionSignaling Reduction

Device TriggeringReachabilityReachability

NIMTC SIMTC MTCe/LC_LTE

OverrideLAPI

Overload ControlOverload Control

MTCe2/eMTC

NB-IoTUE Category NB

Ultra Low Cost/Low powerUltra Low Cost/Low power

Rel.13: NB-IoT – even more ‚streamlined‘ than cat-M1

38

• Improved indoor coverage: extended coverage of 20 dB • Support of massive number of low throughput devices

e.g. 40 MTC devices per household• Reduced complexity• Things that cost less than a 2G device• Improved power efficiency: more than 10 years battery life time• Relaxed Delay characteristics: ~10 sec.

ObjectivesObjectives

Smart Parking Smart Bike Smart Suitcase Sensor NetworksAgriculture

Sensor

NB-IoT motivation aspects

39

Link budget of 164dB is requested for better coverage, i.e. deep indoor coverage

Huge number of devices is requested, i.e. goal is around 200 000 devices per cell

Power

frequency

single tone operationallows multiple UEs

single tone operationresults in a power

budget gain

repetitions increasecoverage

Rel 13: Narrowband-IoT (standardization still ongoing)

R&S LTE-M, NB-IoT, LTE-V - June 2016 40

The Uplink and Downlink total transmission bandwidt h is 180 kHz

Downlink: OFDM with 15 kHz sub-carrier spacing (1PRB)

Uplink: SC-FDMA with 3.75 kHz and 15 kHz for single-tone transmissions and

optional multi-tone transmissions with 15 kHz subcarrier spacing

Only FDD in half-duplex mode (analog to UE cat.0 half-duplex TypeB), no TDD in Rel.13

Reduced downlink transmission schemes:

TM1: Single antenna port, TM2: Two antenna ports, using transmit diversity

Only mobility in IDLE mode is supported

MTC features like Power Save Mode (PSM), extended DRX (eDRX) cycle are valid

NB

-Io

T

NB

-Io

T

LTE Carrier LTE Carrier

NB

-Io

T

NB

-Io

T

e.g. GSM Carriers

Standalone operationGuard-band OperationIn-Band Operation

NB-IoT spectrum allocation aspects

Downlink: 1 Ressource block, 12 subcarriers à 15kHz

Uplink: 1 Subcarrier à 3.75kHz

Uplink: 1 Subcarrier à 15kHz

Uplink: 3 Subcarriers à 15kHz

Uplink: 6 Subcarriers à 15kHz

Uplink: 1 Ressource block, 12 subcarriers à 15kHz

NB-IoT core network and data transfer

42

Control plane CIoT EPS = data is sent via control messages only, suited for small + sporadic trafficUser plane CIoT EPS = data is sent connection oriented, i.e. using a radio bearer + traffic channel

2 types of traffic: IP based or non-

IP based

There is no QoS profile for NB-IoT, all trafficis assumed to be best effort and delay

tolerant!

NB-IoT inband operation

Frequency

fc= EUARFCN of LTE cell

Shift of N * 100kHz = possibleposition of NB-IoT anchor carrier

The inner 6 ressourceblocks cannot be used by NB-IoT

as overlapping with PSS; SSS and PBCHchannel bandwidth

possible RBs usedby NB-IoT

NB-IoT multi-carrier support: inband + standalone

fc of NB-IoT carrier,follows 100kHz raster

NB

-IoT

anch

orca

rrie

r

NB

-IoT

non-

anch

orca

rrie

r

NB

-IoT

non-

anch

orca

rrie

r

spectral offset doesnot need to follow

100kHz raster

maximum spectraloffset ∆f = 20MHz

NB-IoT UEs in idle modestay tuned to NB-IoTanchor carrier

NB-IoT UEs in connected mode mayuse the NB-IoTnon-anchor carrier

frequency

NB-IoT multi-carrier support: inband + standalonefrequency

time,

one box

= 1 subframe

DL anchorcarrier

DL non-anchorcarrier

UL anchorcarrier

UL non-anchorcarrier

NB-IoT downlink half duplex

Scheduleddownlink period

Scheduleddownlink period

Scheduled uplinkperiod

Half duplexType B

UE not receiving

No simultaneous transmission and reception for the UE

length of „sleeping“ period depends on length of Tx period,

i.e. #subcarriers, content and SC

spacing

NB-IoT: Narrowband physical channels

47

CCCH DCCH DTCH

NPBCH Narrowband Physical Broadcast CHannelNPDCCH Narrowband Physical Downlink Control CHannelNPDSCH Narrowband Physical Downlink Shared CHannelNPRACH Narrowband Physical Random Access CHannelNPUSCH Narrowband Physical Uplink Shared CHannel

RACH UL-SCH

optional

NPRACH NPUSCH

CCCH DCCH DTCH

BCH DL-SCH

optional

NPDCCH

PCCH BCCH

PCH

NPDSCHNBCH

Uplink Downlink

NB-IoT: new physical channels for data and controlNarrowband Physical Downlink Control Channel NPDCCH:ı Downlink and uplink scheduling decisionsı Paging indicationı Random access responseı HARQ feedback for UL NPUSCH

Narrowband Physical Downlink Shared Channel NPDSCH: l Downlink data + Layer 3 controll System informationl Paging informationl Random access response message

Narrowband Physical Uplink Shared Channel NPUSCH: l Uplink data & Uplink Layer 3 controll Uplink HARQ feedback

There are less number of physical channels to reduce the overall complexity

Narrowband Physical Random Access Channel NPRACH:• Uplink channel request

NB-IoT ressource unit

49

A new term is introduced: ressouceunit. Used to carry NPUSCH data

in uplink. Defined as a variable number of subcarriers and time

slots. (see next slides for details)

ULslots

ULsymb NN

Length in time domain:

Length in frequency domain(consecutivesubcarriers):

RUscN

4 slots=

2msec

NB-IoT UL ressource units – various combinations: time &

frequency

50

8 slots = 4msec

16 slots = 8msec

2 slots = 1msec

frequency axis: subcarrier spacing = 15kHz

time axis

ULscN = 12 subcarriers

16 slots = 32msec (data only)

frequency axis: subcarrier spacing = 3.75kHz

ULscN = 48 subcarriers

slotT = 15360 * Ts= 0,5msec

= 61440 * Ts= 2msec

slotT

4 slots = 8msec (control only)

frequency only single tone = 1 subcarrier

NB-IoT slot and frame structure

# 0 # 0 # 1 # 1 # 2 # 2 # 3 # 3 # 1 9 # 1 9

O n e s lo t , T s lo t = 1 5 3 6 0 × T s = 0 .5 m s

O n e ra d io f ra m e , T f = 3 0 7 2 0 0 × T s = 1 0 m s

# 1 8 # 1 8

O n e s u b fra m e ( ) sec55.322048150001s nT ≈×=

# 0 # 0 # 1 9# 4

O n e s lo t , T s lo t = 6 1 4 4 0 × T s = 2 m s

O n e ra d io f ra m e , T f = 3 0 7 2 0 0 × T s= 1 0 m s

O n e s u b fra m e

subcarrier spacing = 15kHz

subcarrier spacing = 3.75kHz

Cyclic prefix length

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Currently only normal CP length is supported for NB-IoT

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Normal cyclic prefix length: 1st CP is longer

1 slot = 0,5msecMismatch in time!1st Cyclic prefix is longer

15 kHz subcarrier spacing

SC-FDMA symbol lengthN = 2048 * Ts

CP length= 144 * Ts

= 160 * Ts for first symbol

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

1 slot = 2 msecSC-FDMA symbol lengthN = 8192 * Ts

CP length= 256 * Ts Guard period

N = 2304 * Ts

3.75 kHz subcarrier spacing

NPUSCH formats

NPUSCH format 1

NPUSCH format 2

carry UL-

SCH = data

carry UCI = control

frequency

1 subcarrier à 3.75kHzor1 subcarrier à 15 kHz

1 subcarrier à 3.75kHz or1 subcarrier à 15 kHz or3 subcarries à 15kHz or6 subcarriers à 15kHz or15 subcarriers à 15kHz

BPSK

BPSK

QPSK

frequency

Contentspectral bandwidth modulation

schemes

Resource allocation – timing aspects in downlink

subframesk k+1 k+2 k+3 k+4 k+5

NPDCCHDCI N2

NPDCCHDCI N1

NPDSCH

Downlink grant valid for subframe n+5 if DCI is format N1

Downlink grant with delay factor if DCI is format N2

NPDCCH

NPDSCH reception

NB-IoT Downlink reference signals

NB-IoT Downlink: NPSCH and NSSCH

10 ms radio frame

Zadoff-Chu sequence,

One sequence forall cells

Zhadoff-Chu sequencebased on the physical

cell ID

and then the index

Sent on subcarriers:

of symbols of first slot in subframe #5 + all symbols of second slot of each frame

Sent over the 12 assigned subcarriersand then the index over theassigned last 11 symbols of subframe #9

Only sent on evenframe numbers

NB-IoT mobility procedures

57

1. RRC connectionactivated

2. RRC connectionreleased, UE in idle mode

3. perform cellre-selection

4. RRC connectionestablished

No X2 interface for NB-Iot eNBs

To reduce the complexity, there are no handover possible in NB-IoT. Any mobility procedure is basedon UE idle mode mobility procedure, i.e. cell selection and cell re-selection principles

Secure User Plane SUPL= NB-IoT mayuse location based services sent over

user plane

LCSServer (LS)

SUPL / LPP

NB-IoT positioning aspects

LTE base stationeNodeB (eNB)

E-SMLC2)

SLP1)

MobileManagementEntity (MME)

ServingGateway(S-GW)

PacketGateway(P-GW)

SLs

S5

NB-IoTdevice with

location based capabilites

S1-U Lup

LCS4)

Client

GMLC3)

No support of radio based LBS, likeOTDOA or LPP or A-GNSS services

Challenges: For some NB-IoT devices, location based services would provideadditional value, but this would also increase the complexity. Compromise:

LBS support is UE specific and optional

Optional:GNSS support

Range of LTE categories to adress diverse IoT use cases

59

LTE Advanced• Phones• Tablets• Cars (media)

LTE Cat-1

LTE Cat-M

• Cams• Wearables• Trucks

• Wearables• Meters• Control

Dat

a ra

te

LTE Cat-NB• Sensors• Pets• BikesPower Consumption/Costs

LTE-Advanced Pro Rel14No Signs for Slow-Down!ı Enhanced licensed-assisted access to unlicensed spectrum (eLAA)ı Support for V2V services based on LTE sidelink (V2V)ı LTE-based V2X services (V2X)ı Enhancements on Full-Dimension (FD) MIMO for LTE (eFD-MIMO)ı Downlink Multiuser Superposition Transmission for LTE (MUST)ı eMBMS enhancements for LTE (eMBMS)ı SRS Carrier Based Switching for LTE (SRS_CS)ı Further Indoor Positioning enhancements for UTRA and LTE (IPOS_enh)ı Uplink Capacity Enhancements for LTE (UL_CAP_enh)ı Further Enhanced MTC for LTE (feMTC)ı Enhancements of NB-IoT (eNB-IoT)ı Shortened TTI and processing time for LTE (sTTI)

60

Automotive and LTE / 5G

61

ı Initial Cellular V2X standard completedı “V2V communications are based on D2D

communications defined as part of ProSe services in Release 12 and Release 13 of the specification. As part of ProSe services, a new D2D interface (designated as PC5, also known as sidelink at the physical layer) was introduced and now as part of the V2V WI it has been enhanced for vehicular use cases, specifically addressing high speed (up to 250Kph) and high density (thousands of nodes). ”

ı 5G Automotive Association� AUDI AG, BMW Group, Daimler AG,

Ericsson, Huawei, Intel, Nokia und Qualcomm Inc. launched the 5G Automotive Association (5GAA)

� “The association will develop, test and promote communications solutions, support standardization and accelerate commercial availability and global market penetration. The goal is to address society’s connected mobility and road safety needs with applications such as connected automated driving, ubiquitous access to services and integration into smart cities and intelligent transportation”

C-V2X

62

Security aspect:An self-driving car mustbe able to takedecisions standalone!All measurementsamples are basedinside the system (=car)

C-V2X

63

Security aspect:An self-driving car mustbe able to takedecisions standalone!All measurementsamples are basedinside the system (=car)

But communication with others (cars, infrastructure, network etc) will make the self-drivingcars more comfortable => assume that there will be a mixture of self-contained like radar sensorsand communication techniques like DSRC and Cellular V2X.

C-V2X scenarios for LTE-V, Rel. 14

64

ı Forward collision warningı Control loss warningı Emergency vehicle warningı Emergency stopı Cooperative adaptive cruise controlı Queue warningı Road safety servicesı Automated parking systemı Wrong way driving warningı Pre-crash sensing warningı Traffic flow optimizationı Curve speed warningı Vulnerable road user safetyı Enhanced positioning

C-V2X scenarios for 5G-vehicle, > Rel. 14

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ı Vehicle platooningı Sensor and state map sharing ı Remote driving of vehiclesı Collective perception of the environment ı Information sharing for full/automated driving/platooning ı Dynamic ride sharingı Intersection safety information provisioning for urban driving

Automotive Vertical: V2X & Autonomous Driving

V2V

V2D

V2P

V2H

V2I V2C

V2V: Vehicle to Vehicle

V2D: Vehicle to Device

V2P: Vehicle to Person

V2H: Vehicle to Home

V2C: Vehicle to Cellular

V2I: Vehicle to Infrastructure

C-V2X – infrastructure

C-V2X infrastructure scenario

2 modes possible:MBMS and direct End

to End

5GAA scenarios for C-V2X Device to device D2D

Vehicle to vehicle V2V Vehicle to pedestrian V2P Vehicle to (roadside) infrastructure V2I

Device to Cell-tower, V2I

Higher layer + scheduling

S-GW P-GW

Evolved nodeB

Evolved Packet Core

RAN

IMS

PSTNPDNMME

Device to network, V2N

C-V2X some aspects to be discussed: frequency, multi operator and sidelink+EUTRAN

single carrieror multi carrierpossible, UL / DL

2 frequencies considered:2GHz + 6GHz (ISM band)

single operator scenariomulti operator using shared UL/DLmulti operator, single UL, multi DL Rxby UE

simultaneous / sharedoperation beween sidelink basedand EUTRAN based

multi eNB transmission,coordinated eNB reception

C-V2X infrastructure scenario – broadcast + cell overlapping

3GPP has defined the concept of temporary mobile group ID, TMGI to send data to a group of UEs via MBMS.But this concept does not support overlapping cell concept.

MBMS: broadcast data to different UEs -> addresse centricC-V2X: broadcast data to different UEs depending on their location -> position centric

e.g. cell group 2 (green) has to broadcast datarelevant for group 1 (red) and group 3 (yellow)

V2X Core Issues

Feasibilitystudy of

• Latency• Network coordination• Resource and energy efficiency• Higher Doppler

Basic changes

• Tailored resource allocation mechanism• Sync to GNSS• Multi-cell multicast / broadcast• Frequent handover

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Scenarios

ı Enhancing the D2D (PC5) interface� In coverage and out-of-coverage

ı V2V PC5 uses a dedicated carrier which is only used for V2V communication� TR 36.785:

ı Time Synchronization via GNSS possibleı New transmission modes:

� TM3: eNB schedules resources� Scheduled by DCI format 5A, scrambled with SL-D-RNTI

� TM4: UE autonomous resource selection

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E-UTRA V2X band /V2X channel bandwidthE-UTRA

V2XBand

1.4 MHz 3 MHz 5 MHz 10 MHz 15 MHz 20 MHz

47 Yes Yes

Scenarios

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Some Important Facts

ı DMRS extension� to cope with higher doppler shift up to 500 km/h

ı New arrangement of resources into resourcepools (RPs)� RP redesign� Control and data packets are in the same SF� Subchannel Structure� Reducing latency

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C-V2X – some aspects to be considered

C-V2X will suffer from Doppler effect. Especially on the sidelink we have moving Rx and Tx!=> updated reference signal concept is needed

more DMRS, demodulation refernce symbols per subframe +shorter time interval

Some Important Facts (ct‘d)

ı Channel structure of Sidelink Communication is re-used� … however, no multiplexing between V2X and non-

V2Xı Spectrum sensing with semi-persistent transmission

� for distributed scheduling� taking advantage of the often periodic traffic in V2V

ı Concept of zones for transmission resources� Reducing the near-far problem

ı Service continuity optimization� … on Handover

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The 7 pillars of V2V / V2X

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Synchronization based on GNSS

Additional DMRS

New definition of resource pools

Control and data in same SF

Sensing and collision avoidance

Zone concept

One or two transmissions plus HARQ7

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2

3

4

5

6

Two worlds collide

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World Forum for the harmonization

of vehicle regulations (WP.29)

Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards (FMVSS) (US)China Compulsory Certification (CCC)ECE homologation (Europe)

Certification / Validation

1

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“If you want to go fast, go alone. If you want to go far, go together!”

African proverb