The Rise of Spain and The Rise of Spain and the Demise of the New the Demise of the New

WorldWorld

Cause and Effect: How the events of the late 15th c.

and early 16th c. changed the course of history.

Indian Ocean TradeIndian Ocean Trade

I. Europeans Not Allowed!! Why? A. 2 key reasons:

1) Dar al Islam and the Crusades (in Middle East as well as in Spain)

2) Ottomans capture of Constantinople (renaming it Istanbul and converting the churches into mosques).

II. Dilemma: How to get to the riches (spices, silks, cottons, etc.) of the East and avoid the high prices of the N. Africans and the Venetians

A. Answer: “Explorers”B. Columbus will seek financing from the

Portuguese, but will be rejected. Why? III. Portuguese round the “Cape of Good Hope”

(originally called the “Cape of Storms”). Da Gama blazes a trail to India-1497.

A. Armed Trade begins in the Indian Ocean

Spain Sends ColumbusSpain Sends Columbus

I. Why, having already said no, and with the queens team of scholars advising against it, would Queen Isabella invest in Columbus’ adventure?

A. Columbus was a strong CatholicB. Isabella was feeling pretty good about the

Catholic victories over Judaism and Islam during the Spanish Reconquest and the Inquisition.

C. Why the heck not…Spain had the money.

14921492

I. Why then? II. What did the “discovery” of the New

World mean for Spain?III. How did it impact the New World?

I. With goods flooding Spanish markets from the New World and from Asia, Spain was at the top of her game

II. Had wealthy possessions throughout the world, which included the Netherlands, the Philippines, Sardinia, parts of Italy, the Holy Roman Empire and large chunks of the New World (Empire under Charles)

III. "The Empire on which the sun never sets"

Charles VCharles V

"The Empire on which the sun never sets”

Empire on which the sun never setsEmpire on which the sun never sets

SilverSilverI. How did it alter the European balance of power?II. Why was Spain, even with the control of the silver

from the New World, unable to unite Europe?III. Inflation! Inflation! Inflation! Too much silver in circulation drove the price of goods

up!

I. Manila Galleons

Riches from the east were carried to the New World on Manila Galleons in exchange for silver.

Treaty of TordesillasTreaty of Tordesillas

The Portuguese in BrazilThe Portuguese in Brazil

I. What did the Portuguese discover about Brazil?

II. Why did the Portuguese turn to slavery in the early 17th century for labor instead of employing the native population?

III. Why not establish sugar plantations in Africa instead of the New World?1) See The Logic of an Immoral Trade

Portuguese influencePortuguese influence

ReformationReformationI. Impact on Church

A. “While Martin Luther was protesting papal abuses in Germany, Calvin was spreading reformist doctrine in Geneva, and John Knox was preaching fiery sermons against the Catholic Church in Scotland, Henry VIII was systematically dissolving England's ties to the Church in Rome so that he could divorce Catherine of Aragon and marry Anne Boleyn.”

II. Impact on Europe A. Division and conflicts –Culminating in 1588 and the 30 years war

Martin Luther, above, will spark an overhaul of religion in Europe. Left, Catholicism still dominates the world of the 16th century, but powerful Lutheran and Anglican states emerge.

WarWarI. Europe at this time was fighting war after

war A. Abdication of Charles V caused Europe to

divide further and created additional conflictsB. Spain, under Phillip II was fighting to put

down rebellions in its own territory (e.g. Netherlands)

C. England was helping those who were rising up against Spain in order to give balance to Europe and to help other Protestants. Pirates (the English called them privateers -- Francis Drake and others) were stealing from Spanish ships and “Thus,” states historian Paul K. Davis, “Philip’s army in Holland was being opposed by forces supported with his own money.”

Meanwhile in the MediterraneanMeanwhile in the Mediterranean

I. European Unity? II. Lepanto 1571

A. 316 Spanish, Venetian and papal ships, led by Don Juan of Austria, after much negotiation, will confront a Turkish Force sent by Suleiman the Magnificent.

B. Until this point the Turks had been unstoppableC. Defeat of the Turks meant:

1) Temporary European dominance in the Mediterranean (though the Turks, aka Ottomans, rebuilt their navy in a year or two)

2) The Turks were not invincible

Spain FallsSpain Falls

I. Problems with Elizabeth and the Netherlands

II. 1588III. Effects?

Effects of Constant WarEffects of Constant War

I. Emergence of Nation-statesII. Silver and gold flows out of EuropeIII. Continued expansion…imperialism

A. Britain especially

IV. Spain fails to unite EuropeV. European weapons and militaries

more advanced than any other in the world