The Rise of Organized The Rise of Organized Labor Labor

USII.4eUSII.4e

Students are expected Students are expected to . . .to . . .

Actively listen Actively listen Take notes on Take notes on Highlighted Highlighted

InformationInformation Participate in question and answers Participate in question and answers

sessionssessions Most importantly, be able to figure Most importantly, be able to figure

out “the middle” (The Why)out “the middle” (The Why)

Question: 1Question: 1

What is the importance of the What is the importance of the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory?Triangle Shirtwaist Factory?

Triangle Shirtwaist FactoryTriangle Shirtwaist Factory

Triangle Shirtwaist Triangle Shirtwaist Fire (1911)Fire (1911)

-New York City-New York City -All doors were -All doors were

locked but one door locked but one door which was blocked which was blocked by the fire.by the fire.

-Seventh, Eighth, -Seventh, Eighth, and Ninth floors and Ninth floors were engulfed in were engulfed in flames, and the fire flames, and the fire ladders were not ladders were not long enoughlong enough

150 people died150 people died As a result New York As a result New York

approved safety approved safety laws to help protect laws to help protect factory workersfactory workers

People were willing to jump People were willing to jump several stories several stories ratherrather than burn than burn to deathto death

Women, Children, and LaborWomen, Children, and Labor

By 1890’s, how many women worked By 1890’s, how many women worked in American factories? What type of in American factories? What type of factories did they work in?factories did they work in?

How many children under the age of How many children under the age of 15 worked in factories? How many 15 worked in factories? How many hours did most work?hours did most work?

WOMENWOMEN By 1890, one million By 1890, one million

women worked in women worked in American factoriesAmerican factories

Women worked in Women worked in textile mills, tobacco textile mills, tobacco factories, and the factories, and the garment industrygarment industry

International Ladies’ International Ladies’ Garment Workers Garment Workers Union (ILGWU)Union (ILGWU) Garment union Garment union

formed in 1900formed in 1900

CHILDRENCHILDREN 2 million children 2 million children

under the age of 15 under the age of 15 worked through out worked through out the country by 1900the country by 1900

Children worked in Children worked in textile mills, coal textile mills, coal mines, and mines, and sweatshopssweatshops

They worked 12 They worked 12 hours a day, 6 days hours a day, 6 days a weeka week

There was no time There was no time for school or for school or educationeducation

Boys changing bobbins. Boys changing bobbins. Machine still runningMachine still running

Coal MinersCoal Miners

Fish MarketFish Market

Labor UnionsLabor Unions

What is a labor union?What is a labor union?

Why would a labor union decide to Why would a labor union decide to strikestrike??

Labor UnionsLabor Unions

Labor: workLabor: work Union: the joining together of people Union: the joining together of people

of thingsof things Labor Union: a group of workers who Labor Union: a group of workers who

have joined together.have joined together.

Goal: help get higher wages and better Goal: help get higher wages and better working conditionsworking conditions

StrikesStrikes

Strike: when workers refuse to work Strike: when workers refuse to work until their demands are met.until their demands are met.

Companies tried to destroy unions Companies tried to destroy unions and workers tried to prevent and workers tried to prevent companies from doing business companies from doing business during a strike.during a strike.

Knights of LaborKnights of Labor

What were the major Goals of the What were the major Goals of the Knights of Labor?Knights of Labor?

How did violent outbreaks affect How did violent outbreaks affect labor unions?labor unions?

Knights of LaborKnights of Labor

Founded in 1869Founded in 1869

Led by Terence Led by Terence PowderlyPowderly

Open to men, Open to men, women, African women, African Americans, whites, Americans, whites, skilled and skilled and unskilled workers.unskilled workers.

Goals:Goals:

8 hour work day8 hour work day

Equal pay for men Equal pay for men and womenand women

An end to child laborAn end to child labor

InsuranceInsurance

The 1877 Railroad StrikeThe 1877 Railroad Strike

Eastern Railroad workers Eastern Railroad workers

Strike became violent, and the governor Strike became violent, and the governor and President Hayes sent in troops.and President Hayes sent in troops.

Workers were injured and killed.Workers were injured and killed.

Train equipment was destroyed.Train equipment was destroyed.

1877 Railroad Strike Cont’d1877 Railroad Strike Cont’d

Employers hired strikebreakersEmployers hired strikebreakers Strikebreakers: workers hired to replace the striking Strikebreakers: workers hired to replace the striking

workersworkers

Strike endsStrike ends

Many workers left the Knights of Labor.Many workers left the Knights of Labor.

First large, violent strike in the United First large, violent strike in the United States.States.

Radicals and AnarchistsRadicals and Anarchists

Radicals: wanted to take the wealth Radicals: wanted to take the wealth away from business leaders and spread away from business leaders and spread it among all people.it among all people.

Anarchists: believed that the Anarchists: believed that the government just interferes with a government just interferes with a person’s freedom.person’s freedom.

Wanted to destroy the governmentWanted to destroy the government Some wanted to use violenceSome wanted to use violence

The Haymarket RiotThe Haymarket Riot May 1886May 1886 ChicagoChicago

Riot broke outRiot broke out Police fired into a crowd of striking Police fired into a crowd of striking

workersworkers The next day:The next day:

Anarchists called a meeting to complainAnarchists called a meeting to complain Haymarket SquareHaymarket Square Police tried to break up the crowd, and a Police tried to break up the crowd, and a

bomb was thrown at thembomb was thrown at them 7 officers killed, 67 others wounded7 officers killed, 67 others wounded

The Knights CollapseThe Knights Collapse

Americans were stunned.Americans were stunned.

Unions were the cause of violenceUnions were the cause of violence

Foreign anarchistsForeign anarchists

By 1900, the Knights of Labor were By 1900, the Knights of Labor were no longer powerful.no longer powerful.

What was different about the AFL?What was different about the AFL?

American Federation of American Federation of LaborLabor

Founded in 1886 by Founded in 1886 by Samuel GompersSamuel Gompers

Made up of a group Made up of a group of trade unions.of trade unions. Trade Union: a Trade Union: a

group of skilled group of skilled workers in the same workers in the same trade.trade.

Strictly for skilled Strictly for skilled workersworkers..

Led the fight for Led the fight for collective bargainingcollective bargaining Collective Collective

Bargaining: Bargaining: negotiating with negotiating with management as a management as a groupgroup

Goals:Goals: Better hoursBetter hours Higher payHigher pay Better working Better working

conditionsconditions

What tactic did Henry Clay Frick and What tactic did Henry Clay Frick and his AFL members use?his AFL members use?

Was it successful?Was it successful?

The Homestead Steel The Homestead Steel StrikesStrikes

1892-the AFL Iron and Steel Workers’ 1892-the AFL Iron and Steel Workers’ Union called a strike.Union called a strike.

General manager Henry Clay Frick General manager Henry Clay Frick called for a lockout.called for a lockout.

Hired strikebreakers and armored Hired strikebreakers and armored guards to protect them.guards to protect them.

Strike continued for 5 monthsStrike continued for 5 months

Homestead Strike Cont’dHomestead Strike Cont’d

Fight broke out between the strikers Fight broke out between the strikers and the factory guards.and the factory guards.

Governor called state militia to stop Governor called state militia to stop the fight.the fight.

The union lost the strikeThe union lost the strike

Public Attitude ChangesPublic Attitude Changes

Triangle Shirtwaist FireTriangle Shirtwaist Fire New Factory safety lawsNew Factory safety laws Public attitude changedPublic attitude changed Forced legal changeForced legal change

Child Labor LawsChild Labor Laws Safety inspectionsSafety inspections Unlocked doors and fire escapesUnlocked doors and fire escapes