the rise and fall of napoleon bonaparte. favorite subjects were artillery, mathematics, and...
TRANSCRIPT
After the Reign of Terror people want a new government and new constitutionTHE NAME OF THIS NEW GOVERNMENT IS THE DIRECTORY
5 elected directors made up the executive
The Directory 1795-1799
Only literate, property owning men could voteHad many problems
1. Inefficient2. Corrupt3. Removed price controls and prices skyrocketed
4. People rioted against them5. Continued the war
Legislature is elected by the people
Born on the Island of Corsica on August 15, 1769
Trained at a French military academy, École Militaire
Napoleon Bonaparte
Favorite subjects were Artillery, Mathematics, and Geography
Military ActionsJuly 1793 – Ousts the British from Toulon
Showed his military genius by placing his guns on a hill and recapturing the cityGets the attention of the Committee of Public SafetyPromoted to Brigadier General and given command of the Artillery in the Army of Italy
April 1795 – Gains command of the Army of the West
Got the attention of the Directory by breaking up a Paris mob
Broke them up byFIRING A “WHIFF OF GRAPESHOT”
Married Josephine de Beauharnais
BY 27 HE WAS A GENERAL
He leads the French Army against Italy and Austria
He defeated Austria and forced them out of the war
By 1797 the British are the only ones left fighting France
Napoleon invades Egypt to hurt British Trade
He discovers theRosetta Stone
This is the key to translating ancient text
Napoleon is defeated at the Nile by
Horatio Nelson
At the Battle of the Nile the French fleet is handicappedNapoleon abandons the army in Egypt and returns to France a hero
In 1799 Napoleon and 2 Directors overthrow the Directory
Wrote a new Constitution (#4)1800 - Napoleon was named
First Consul
By 30 he was dictator of France
1802 -
Napoleon as EmperorNapoleon makes himself First Consul for Life
Approved by Plebiscite
THIS MEANS POPULAR VOTE
This also means that France has effectively gone back to a monarchy
1804 -Napoleon makes himself Emperor
Also approved by plebiscite
Continued the reforms of the
French Revolution
Allowed Émigrés to return
IFThey agreed to give up titles and privilege
The Reforms of Napoleon
The Napoleonic CodeGives Freedom of Worship
Grants Equality before the LawTakes away rights of women and childrenMakes men the head of household with all the rights and privileges
Required all citizens to pay taxes
Created the National Bank of FranceDeposited all tax money
Issued Paper money and made loans
The Concordat of 1801Government will
Appoint BishopsPay Clergy
Pope will remain in charge of religious aspects of church
Church cannot get their land back
Napoleon wants an Empire
He needs the money to fight wars
1800 – HE SELLS THE LOUISIANA TERRITORY TO THOMAS JEFFERSONSold it for 15 million dollars
This added 90000 square
miles to the U.S.
Napoleon in Triumph and DefeatDivorces Josephine in 1809 b/c he has no heir
Marries Marie Louise in 1810 and she gave him a son
Now he has an heir to inherit his empire
NAPOLEON’S EMPIRE
In 1805 he attacks AustriaThe Battle of Ulm
Austria expects him to attack from the front but he attacks from the rear instead
The Austrians can’t retreatThe Battle of Austerlitz
Napoleon defeats Austria and Russia
Through diplomacy and War Napoleon kept European powers dividedNapoleon took control of the German StatesDID AWAY WITH THE HOLY ROMAN EMPIRERENAMED IT THE CONFEDERATION OF THE RHINE
IN 1806 NAPOLEON INVADED PRUSSIANapoleon was at the height of his power from 1807-1812Empire stretched from France to RussiaHe was emperor in France and the Netherlands
Italy and Spain were satellite states and followed Napoleon’s lawsAustria and Prussia were allies
Made his brother Joseph king of Spain
At first people see him as a liberatorHe spreads the ideas of the
French Revolution
Then they start to see him as a tyrantEspecially when he starts to draft for the French Army
And raise taxes
The Continental System was a blockade of all trade to and from Britain from the European Continent
The point of this was to make Europe self sufficient
(AND MORE IMPORTANTLY)
To hurt British trade and force them out of the war.
The blockade failed however, for many reasons
1. Smugglers managed to bring cargo into Europe
2. Napoleon’s Allies also ignored the blockade
4. Britain responded with a blockade of their own, and since they had a stronger navy, they could actually make their blockade work
3. Napoleon’s family ignored the blockade at times
The French demanded that any ship going to Britain stop in France first and pay a tax, the British demanded that any ship going to France stop in Britain first, be searched and pay a tax.
The Peninsular War
In 1808 when trying to force Portugal to accept the continental System, Napoleon sent troops through Spain to invade them.
The Spanish protested, so Napoleon removed their King and put his brother Joseph on the throne.
The Spanish loved their king and they resisted Napoleon
For 6 years, Spanish guerillas fought against the French and the British sent in troops to help
Napoleon lost 300.000 troops in this war.
The Invasion of Russia
In June of 1812, Napoleon decided to invade Russia, because Alexander II was ignoring the blockade
Napoleon and his Grand Army of 600,000 men marched into Russia
As the French marched in, the Russians retreated, burning all their fields and killing any livestock they couldn’t take with them
On September 7, 1812 the Russians met the French at Borodino. The Russian’s lost, and retreated leaving Moscow to the French
The City was in flames
Napoleon stayed until October then headed back to FranceBad weather, starvation, and attacks from the enemy killed or wounded approximately 400,000 of Napoleon's men
Britain, Russia, Prussia, Austria, and Sweden all joined forces against France
Napoleon managed to put together a new army quickly and he met with the other European powers at Leipzig in October of 1813
By January of 1814 the allies were just outside of Paris and by March of 1814 Prussian and Russian troops were marching through the city
In April of 1814 Napoleon was forced to accept the terms of surrender.
He had to give up his throne, he was given a small pension, and he was sent away to the island of Elba.
Louis XVI’s brother took over as Louis XVIII
Louis quickly became unpopular and that was all the distraction that Napoleon neededOn March 1, 1815 Napoleon landed in France where crowds welcomed him and a new army created itself on the way to Paris
The European allies quickly joined up against Napoleon again, led by the Duke of Wellington
The Battle of WaterlooOn June 18, 1815 Napoleon attacked at the Belgian city of Waterloo
On June 20, 1815 Napoleon’s troops were defeated and this time Napoleon was exiled to a tiny island in the south Atlantic called St. Helena