the revolutionary.. ‘if’ victor howard dudman
TRANSCRIPT
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The Revolutionary .. ‘If’
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Victor Howard Dudman
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Mark Thakkar
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Amyas Merivale
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…and somebody else
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The Principles of Ingsoc
War is PeaceFreedom is Slavery
Ignorance is Strength
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The Principles of Oxlog
Sentence determines message
Truth is a property of sentences
‘’If’ is ‘’
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[A] If Oswald didn’t shoot Kennedy, somebody else did
whines, we beat him[B] If Oswald doesn’t shoot Kennedy, somebody else
will
[C] If Oswald hadn’t shot Kennedy, somebody else
would have
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If James whines, we beat him whines, we beat him
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If James whines, we beat him whines, we beat him
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If James whines, we beat him whines, we beat him
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If James whines, we beat him whines, we beat him
Hypothetical message
(Logical)
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If James whines, we beat him whines, we beat him
Habitual message
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If James whines, we beat him whines, we beat him
Fantasy message
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If the door was locked, Grannie jumped in through the window
Hypothetical message
(Logical)
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If the door was locked, Grannie jumped in though the window
whines, we beat him
Habitual message
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If she misses the last bus, Her Majesty will walk home
Fantasy message
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If she misses the last bus, Her Majesty will walk home
Habitual message
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Stand Alone
If P, then Q
There is an antecedent
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If Oswald didn’t shoot Kennedy, somebody else did
whines, we beat him.Oswald didn’t shoot
Kennedy.(YES)
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If Her Majesty misses the last bus, she will usually walk
home
.Her Majesty misses the last bus.
(NO)
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If the vicar annoys Grannie again, she will show no mercy
.The vicar annoys Grannie again.
(NO)
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Contraposition
If P, then Q
If not Q, then not P
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If Oswald didn’t shoot Kennedy, somebody else did whines, we
beat himIf nobody else shot
Kennedy, then Oswald did(YES)
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If Her Majesty misses the last bus, she will usually walk home
If Her Majesty will not usually walk home, she
doesn’t miss the last bus.(NO)
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If the vicar annoys Grannie again, she will show no mercy
If Grannie will show mercy, the vicar doesn’t annoy Grannie again.
(NO)
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Time and Tense
Tense: time registered by formTime: time the message is
about
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If Oswald didn’t shoot Kennedy, somebody else did whines, we
beat himTense: PastTime: Past
(Tense = Time)
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If Her Majesty misses the last bus, she will usually walk home
whines, we beat himTense: PresentTime: Present
(Tense = Time)
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If the vicar annoys Grannie again, she will show no mercy
Tense: PresentTime: Future
(Tense < Time)
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If Grannie commits suicide, she will make it look like murder
Tense: Present
Time about: Future
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If Grannie commited suicide, she would make it look like murder
Tense: Past
Time about: Future
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If the accountants had come tomorrow, they would have found
our books in order
Tense: Past past
Time about: Future
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If Oswald doesn’t shoot Kennedy, somebody else will
Tense: Present
Time about: Future
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If Oswald hadn’t shot Kennedy, somebody else would have.
Tense: Past Past
Time about: Past
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Logical messages
• Pass Stand-Alone
• Contrapose
• Tense = Time
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Habitual messages
• Fail Stand-Alone
• Don’t contrapose
• Tense = Time
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Fantasy messages
• Fail Stand-Alone
• Don’t contrapose
• Tense < Time
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Non-logical hypothetical messages
• The dog – if it was a dog – ran off
• If it rained, it didn’t rain hard• If the Mayor is married, his
wife did not accompany him
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Non-logical hypothetical messages
• If it didn’t run off, it wasn’t a dog
• If it rained hard, it didn’t rain• If his wife did accompany him,
the Mayor is not married
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Non-logical hypothetical messages
• Pass Stand-Alone
• Don’t Contrapose
• Tense = Time
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[A] If Oswald didn’t shoot Kennedy, somebody else did
whines, we beat him[B] If Oswald doesn’t shoot Kennedy, somebody else
will
[C] If Oswald hadn’t shot Kennedy, somebody else
would have
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Logical messages …
… are condensed arguments
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If P, then Q
P. So Q
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If Oswald didn’t shoot Kennedy
…then somebody else did
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Oswald didn’t shoot Kennedy
So: Somebody else did
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Logical messages
• Cannot have truth-values
• Their standard is deductive validity
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Habitual messages
• Do have truth-values
• They are propositions
• - claims of fact about their tenses.
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Fantasy messages
• Cannot have truth-values
• Are not propositions
• Are justified by inductive reasoning
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The Bad News
• Almost every prelim examination over the last few years has misunderstood all this.
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The Good News
• Your tutors can cope
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20 September
480 B.C.
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The Battle of Salamis
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DATELINE 19 SEPTEMBER
THE EVE OF THE BATTLE
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Artful Themistocles
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DATELINE 20 SEPTEMBER
THE DAY OF THE BATTLE
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Brave Aristides
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DATELINE 21 SEPTEMBER
THE DAY AFTER THE BATTLE
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Herodotus
Father of Greek History
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Aeschylus
Father of Greek Tragedy
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?
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What the fuck?
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I mean, er.. what the
fucking fuck?
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We are young men and women of high spirit and noble ideals.
We are philosophers, interested in the semantics of English ‘if’.
What in God’s name are we doing here?
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Aristotle
De Interpretatione
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De Interpretatione 9"With regard to what is and
what has been it is necessary for the affirmation or the negation to be true or false ................ .....But with particulars that are going to be it is different."
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DATELINE 19 SEPTEMBER
THE EVE OF THE BATTLE
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[19A] There will be a sea-
battle tomorrow
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[19B] There will be a sea-
battle tomorrow
even if a storm destroys the Persian
fleet overnight
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DATELINE 20 SEPTEMBER
THE DAY OF THE BATTLE
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[20A] There is a sea-battle
going on now
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[20B] There is a sea-battle
going on now
even if a storm destroyed the Persian
fleet overnight
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DATELINE 21 SEPTEMBER
THE DAY AFTER THE BATTLE
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[21A] There was a sea-battle yesterday
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[21B] There was a sea-battle yesterday
even if a storm destroyed the Persian fleet the night before
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[1] LOGIC
• PAST: There was a battle yesterday
• PRESENT: There is a battle (raging) now
• FUTURE: There will be a battle tomorrow
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[2] TRUTH-VALUE
• PAST: There was a battle yesterday
• PRESENT: There is a battle (raging) now
• FUTURE: There will be a battle tomorrow
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[3] NEGATION
• PAST: There was a battle yesterday• There was no battle yesterday
• PRESENT: There is a battle (raging) now• There is no battle (raging) now
• FUTURE: There will be a battle tomorrow• There might be no battle tomorrow
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‘Will’ and ‘Will not’ are not contradictories
They are contraries
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Messages about the Future
• Are Fantasy messages
• Cannot have truth-values
• Are not propositions – claims of fact about their tenses
• They are ……
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Judgements
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Fin