the respiratory system
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The Respiratory System. Chapter 22. Objectives. SC.912.L.14.44 - Describe the physiology of the respiratory system including the mechanisms of ventilation, gas exchange, gas transport, and the mechanisms that control the rate of ventilation. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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The Respiratory System
Chapter 22
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Objectives
1. SC.912.L.14.44 - Describe the physiology of the respiratory system including the mechanisms of ventilation, gas exchange, gas transport, and the mechanisms that control the rate of ventilation.
2. SC.912.L.14.44 - Describe the physiology of the respiratory system including the mechanisms of ventilation, gas exchange, gas transport, and the mechanisms that control the rate of ventilation.
3. SC.912.L.18.6 - Discuss the role of anaerobic respiration in living things and in human society.
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Functions
1. Provides extensive gas exchange surface area between air and circulating blood
2. Moves air to and from exchange surfaces of lungs
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Functions
3. Protects respiratory surfaces from outside environment
4. Produces sounds5. Participates in
olfactory sense
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Organization
• Upper Respiratory System– above the larynx
• Lower Respiratory System– below the larynx
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Organs (Upper)
• Nose– filters air
• Sinuses– warm and
moisten air
• Pharynx
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Larynx
• Voice box• Made of cartilage,
surrounds the glottis– Adam’s apple
• Epiglottis– folds back over the glottis during
swallowing– prevents entry of food & liquids into the
respiratory tract
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Sound Production
• Air passes through the glottis– vibrates vocal
folds– produces sound
waves
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Organs (Lower)
• Trachea– windpipe–made of 15-20
rings of cartilage
• Lungs:– bronchi– bronchioles– alveoli
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Lobes of the Lungs
• Lungs have lobes separated by deep fissures
• Right Lung– 3 lobes
• Left Lung– 2 lobes– cardiac notch
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Respiration
• External respiration– includes all processes involved in
exchanging O2 and CO2 with the environment
• Internal respiration– involves the uptake of O2 and production
of CO2 within individual cells
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Respiration
• C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP
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Accessory Structures
• Diaphragm– contraction
results in inhalation
– relaxation results in exhalation
• Vocal cords
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Gas Exchange
• Occurs between alveolar air and capillary blood
• Depends on:– partial pressure of the
gases– diffusion of molecules
between gas and liquid
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Composition of Air
• Nitrogen (N2) about 78.6%
• Oxygen (O2) about 20.9%
• Water vapor (H2O) about 0.5%
• Carbon dioxide (CO2) about 0.04%
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Hemoglobin
• O2 binds to iron ions in hemoglobin molecules
• Carbon Monoxide (CO)– binds strongly to
hemoglobin– takes the place of O2
– can result in carbon monoxide poisoning
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Changes in R.S. at Birth
1. Before birth:– pulmonary vessels
are collapsed– lungs contain no air
2. During delivery:– placental
connection is lost– blood PO
2 falls
– PCO2 rises
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Changes in R.S. at Birth
3. At birth:– newborn overcomes force of surface
tension to inflate bronchial tree and alveoli and take first breath
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Changes in R.S. at Birth
4. Large drop in pressure at first breath:– pulls blood into
pulmonary circulation– closing foramen ovale
and ductus arteriosus– redirecting fetal blood
circulation patterns
5. Subsequent breaths:– fully inflate alveoli
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Effects of Aging
1. Elastic tissues deteriorate:– reducing lung compliance– lowering vital capacity
2. Arthritic changes:– restrict chest movements– limit respiratory minute
volume
3. Emphysema:– affects individuals over age 50– depending on exposure to
respiratory irritants (e.g., cigarette smoke)
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Coordination of Respiratory & Cardiovascular Systems• Improves
efficiency of gas exchange
• Increases respiratory drive
• Raises cardiac output and blood flow