the research process. phases of nursing research 1.conceptual phase 2.the design and planning phase...
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THE RESEARCH PROCESS
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PHASES OF NURSING RESEARCH
1. CONCEPTUAL PHASE
2. THE DESIGN AND PLANNING PHASE
3. THE EMPIRICAL PHASE
4. THE ANALYTIC PHASE
5. THE DISSEMINATION PHASE
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CONCEPTUAL PHASE1. FORMULATING AND DELIMITING THE
PROBLEMo Topico Research Problemo Problem statement – articulates the problem to be
addressed and indicates the need for a studyo Research Questions – are the specific queries
researchers want to answer in addressing the research problem
o Research Hypothesis – predictions that are tested empirically
o Null hypothesiso Research or alternative hypothesis
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Term Example
Topic Side effects of Chemotherapy
Research Problem
Nausea and vomiting are common side effects among patients on chemo; interventions have been moderately successful. New interventions that can reduce or prevent these side effects need to be identified
Statement of purpose
Purpose is to test an intervention to reduce chemotherapy-induced side effects – specifically to compare the effectiveness of patient-controlled and nurse-administered antiemetic therapy
Research question
What is the relative effectiveness of patient-controlled antiemetic therapy versus nurse-controlled antiemetic therapy with regard to (a) medication consumption, and (b) control of nausea and vomiting in patients on chemotherapy?
Hypothesis
There is no difference on the effectiveness between patient-controlled and nurse-controlled antiemetic therapy with regard to medication consumption and control of nausea and vomiting of patients on chemotherapy.
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CONCEPTUAL PHASE1. FORMULATING AND DELIMITING THE
PROBLEMo Evaluating research problems
o Significance of the problem – research problem should have the potential of contributing meaningfully to the nursing knowledge
o Researchability of the Problemo Time and timing o Availability of study participantso Facilities and equipmentso Moneyo Experience and interest of the researcher
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CONCEPTUAL PHASE
2. REVIEWING THE LITERATURE Done to familiarize researchers with the
knowledge base PURPOSES:
Orient of what is known and not known regarding the topic
Replication of study Identifications of relevant theoretical and
conceptual framework Assistance in interpreting study findings and
developing implications and recommendations
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SOURCES OF LITERATURE
• PRIMARY SOURCES– Research reports/studies
• SECONDARY SOURCES– Books – Literature review
summaries
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THE DESIGN AND PLANNING PHASE
1. Selecting a research design2. Identifying the population
to be studied3. Sampling plan4. Methods to measure
research variables5. Finalizing the research
study
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RESEARCH DESIGN
Based on:– Time Frame– Control over
independent variable– Measurement of
independent and dependent variables
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TIME FRAMEDESIGN FEATURES EXAMPLE
CROSS-SECTIONAL Data are collected at one point in time
Practical, easy to do, economical
Mindell and Jacobson (2000) assessed sleep patterns and the prevalence of sleep disorders during pregnancy. They compared women who were at 4 points in pregnancy: 8-12wks, 18-22wks, 25-28wks, 35-38wks. They concluded that sleep disturbance is common in late pregnancy.
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TIME FRAME
DESIGN FEATURES
LONGITUDINAL Data are collected at two or more points in time over an extended period
TREND STUDIES Investigations in which samples from a population are studied over time
Different samples are selected but drawn from the same population
Based on surveys
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CONTROL OVER INDEPENDENT VARIABLE
DESIGN FEATURES
EXPERIMENTAL Manipulation of independent variable
Control group randomization
QUASI -EXPERIMENTAL Manipulation of independent variable
No control group No randomization
NONEXPERIMENTAL No manipulation of independent variable
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Is there an intervention?
No Yes
NONEXPERIMENTAL Is there randomization?
No Yes
QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL EXPERIMENTAL
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MEASUREMENT OF INDEPENDENT AND DEPENDENT VARIABLES
DESIGN FEATURES EXAMPLE
RETROSPECTIVE Study begins with dependent variable and looks backward for cause
Heitkemper, et. al. (2001), used a Retrospective design in their study of factors contributing to the onset of irritable bowel syndrome. They compared samples of women with and without IBS in terms of their history of sexual and physical abuse and found that abusive experiences were more prevalent among women with IBS.
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MEASUREMENT OF INDEPENDENT AND
DEPENDENT VARIABLESDESIGN FEATURE EXAMPLE
PROSPECTIVE Study begins with independent variable and looks forward for the effect
Brook, et. al. (2000) conducted a prospective study to examine clinical and cost outcomes of early versus late tracheostomy in patients who require prolonged mechanical ventilation. Early tracheostomy was found to be associated with shorter lengths of hospital stay and lower cost.
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IDENTIFYING THE POPULATION TO BE STUDIED
• POPULATION – aggregate or totality of those conforming to a set of specifications.– Nurses– Students– Children– Etc.
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DESIGNING THE SAMPLING PLAN
• SAMPLE – subset of a population– Sampling techniques:
• Probability sampling– Systematic sampling– Fish bowl method
• Nonprobability sampling– Purposive/Judgmental sampling– Snow ball technique– Convenience/accidental sampling
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METHODS TO MEASURE RESEARCH VARIABLES
• Different methods of data collection– Biophysiologic measurements– Self-reports– Observation– Use of a research instrument
• Questionnaires• Survey forms
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FINALIZING THE RESEARCH PLAN
• Pretesting of questionnaires
• Conducting a Pilot study
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EMPIRICAL PHASE
• DATA COLLECTION
• DATA ENCODING
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THE ANALYTIC PHASE
• DATA ANALYSIS– Statistical analysis
• DATA INTERPRETATION – is the process of making sense of the results and examining their implications
• CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
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DISSEMINATION PHASE
• RESEARCH REPORT– Research Abstract– Research published in journals– Term papers, theses, dissertations
• UTILIZATION OF FINDINGS– Application to nursing practice and nursing
education