the relationship between physical activity and cardio vascular

7/31/2019 The Relationship Between Physical Activity and Cardio Vascular

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By: Jasjeet Singh & Elvon Baptiste


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What is it? Cardiovascular (CV) disease is an irregular

function of the heart or blood vessels.Complications from CV disease include theincreased risk for heart failure, heart attack,stroke, and ultimately sudden death.

In turn, this leads to a decreased quality of

life and life expectancy.


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CV disease can be attributed to a number offactors that range from heart structuredefects, infection, inflammation, andgenetics.


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Overweight people tend to be at higher riskfor CV disease.

Weight is an important component as anindirect measure for CV risk.

This may be credited to poor blood lipid

profiles that consist of abnormal levels in apersons cholesterol, triglycerides, highdensity lipoprotein cholesterol, and lowdensity lipoprotein cholesterol.

This in turn can lead to atherosclerosis whichis accumulation of plaque and leads toblockage of the blood vessels.


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BMI

For most populations, obesity-related healthproblems increase with a BMI measure higher

than 25. In addition, BMI is believed to be associated

with coronary heart disease (CHD) risk


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Oscar et al., (2005) compares men andwomen aged > 50 years based on levels ofphysical activity.


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Moderate to high level PA groups of men

revealed findings of 1.3 and 3.7 more yearsin total life expectancy compared to a low PAgroup. The moderate and high PA groupslived 1.1 and 3.2 more CV disease free years

than the low PA group. The women exhibited similar results with 1.5

and 3.5 more years in total life expectancy.Additionally, they lived 1.3 and 3.3 more CV

disease free years.


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Lars et al., (2000) supports the relationship ofleisure time PA and cycling to work results indecreased mortality risk.

The Findings revealed:

The moderately/highly active individuals,sports participants experienced only half themortality rates of nonparticipants.


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Moreover, studies on adolescents with normaland obese BMI measures suggest that ahigher body mass index is associated with anelevated risk for CV disease (Kanavi et al.,

2011; Ravasankar et al., 2005; and Snchez,Salazar, Anaya, Lazcano, 2009).


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Physical activity studies did not control fornutritional habits.

This is critical because weight reduction ishighly dependent on caloric expenditure.

Sure you can be active and plan to loose wait.

But!!!, not if your eating 10x the calories

You want to be in a caloric deficit when

summing the intake and expenditure forweight decrease.


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The studies of BMI relate it to weight andobesity.

BMI is an OK measure for weight but notaccurate to obesity.

Obesity related more to body fat percentages

Body fat percentages more accuratelyassessed by methods such as skin fold

techniques.


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Participants

The participants were volunteers from theInternet technology company, Ipreo. Ipreo is acompany that writes and codes financialsoftware.

30 volunteers for the study with priorexercise experience in an attempt to limit thelearning curve.

Participants required to have access to a

treadmill. They needed to first clear all risk stratification

forms.


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Perscribed exercise based heart rate maxpercentages n accordance to ACSM guidelines

Light intensity = 57% of HR max

Moderate intensity = 67 of HR max First 3 weeks at light intensity

Last 3 weeks at moderate intensity

Groups A & B only differ in the time durations

per exercise session; 30 and 20 minutesrespectively

Weight recorded pre/post study and varianceof means assessed by T tests


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BMI calculated pre and post study todetermine a shift between categories for anyparticipants

A BMI scale consist of categories of normal,overweight, and class one obese;

corresponding values are 18.525, 2530,and 30-35. A BMI value less than 18.5 isconsidered under weight.

The calculation for BMI is body weight in

kilograms (kg) x height in meters squared(m2)


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There was a significant difference betweenpre test subjects weight (M=174.9,SD=45.12) and post test subjects weight(M=171.13, SD=43.28) on the pre-test

weight total score, t(29) = 4.14, p= .00 andthe post-test weight total score, t(29) = 4.52,p= .00.


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There was not any significant differencebetween group A (M=167.73, SD= 34.79)and group B (M=174.53, SD=51.42) on thepost-test weight total score, t(28) = -4.24,p= .675.

Additionally, there was not any significantdifference between group A (M=173.33,

SD= 37.81) and group B (M=176.46,SD=52.74) on the pre-test weight totalscore, t(28) = -1.87, p= .853.


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There was not any significant difference betweengroup A (M=25.54, SD= 3.88) and group B(M=26.3, SD=6.03) on the pre-test BMI totalscore, t(28) = -4.10, p= .685. Additionally, therewas not any significant difference between group

A (M=24.74, SD= 3.57) and group B (M=25.98,SD=5.85) on the post-test BMI total score, t(28)= -.697, p= .493.

In addition to the T-tests performed to

determine significance between theaforementioned variables, only one participantout of thirty depicted changes in a shift betweencategories of BMI.


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Although results of the independent samplesT-test were not ideal in matching theproposed hypothesis, the paired sample T-test did show statistically significant data

among the total participant sample inpre/post weight and BMI total scores. Therefore the hypothesis was partially

supported since it was anticipated that there

would be a reduction in weight and BMI forthe overall sample. In turn, this wouldtranslate into lower CV risk


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The findings of this six week study did notreveal any significant difference betweengroup A and group B on the post-test or thepre-test weight total scores.

Additionally, there was not any significantdifference between group A and group B on

the pre-test BMI or the post-test BMI totalscore.


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We found only one participant who changedtheir BMI status.

The participant went from the overweightcategory to the normal weight category.

This study supports the ACSM guidelines forexercise prescription and progression andwould be effective to some extent.


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Though this finding didnt have any statisticalsignificance or credibility for generalizing to alarge population, but It insignificantlysupported that 30 minutes of PA was more

beneficial than 20 minutes In all, this indicates the training parameters

of this program were not effective forbetween group differences among thementioned variables


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The lack of significance in weight loss andBMI between groups may be attributed toseveral study parameters.

In future studies, a larger sample size wouldallow for further variation. In turn, this mayyield more favorable results

A control group will allow for better precision

in observing direct effects and changesamongst groups.

the relationship between physical activity and cardio vascular

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