The Reformation

http://www.euratlas.com/big/big1500.htm#%20here

Martin Luther

• Excellent education, became a priest in 1505• 1510 he traveled to Rome and witnessed

personally many of the church abuses he had heard about

Swiss Reformation

• Switzerland, like Germany was confederation of autonomous cantons

• Some became Protestant, some remained Catholic

• Ulrich Zwingli (1484 – 1531)– Protestant reformer in Zurich– Humanistic education– Influenced by Erasmus

Reformation under Zwingli

HRE

HRE

Zwingli

• 1519 – competition for position as “people’s priest” … negative campaign … fornication

• First act as reformer was to end clerical celibacy … right of clergy to marry

• Whatever lacked literal support in scripture was to be neither believed or practiced

Zwingli vs. Luther• “Throw down” over transubstantiation• Zwingli (spirit) … Luther (body)• 1529 at Marburg, debate … issues NOT

resolved … Luther called Zwingli a “dangerous fanatic”

Zwingli … symbolic Luther … transubstantiation

Swiss Civil Wars• Civil Wars began between Protestant and

Catholic cantons• Mostly skirmishes, but there were two major

battles … June 1529 and October 1531

VS

Calvinism

• In the second half of the 16th century Calvinism replaced Lutheranism as the dominant Protestant force in Europe

• Prevalent in France, Netherlands and Scotland• Calvinism … Predestination AND individual

responsibility to reorder society according to God’s plan

HRE

HRE

Reformation under Calvin

Anabaptism

• Important radical group that broke from Protestant reform movement

• 16th century ancestors of modern Mennonites and Amish

• From the Greek meaning “to rebaptize”

Others

• Spiritualists– Isolated individuals distinguished by their distain

for institutions– Only authority was God’s spirit … spoke to

individuals• Antitrinitarians

– Common sense, rational, ethical– Rejected original sin and predestination– Religious toleration

Diet of Augsburg

• Directed by Charles V (HRE)

• Protestant and Catholic representatives• They left with orders for everyone to return to

Catholic church• TOO LATE• 1531 formation of the Schmalkaldic League

(defensive alliance)

Expansion and Resistance

• Denmark … Christian II, Frederick I, Christian III …

• Sweden … King Gustavus Vasa

• Poland … politically splintered … no resistance to Lutherans, Calvinists, Anabaptists, etc.

Peace of Augsburg

• September 1555• Peace of Augsburg made division of

Christendom permanent

• Cuius regio, eius religio– Ruler of the land would determine the religion of

the land– Religion of the land would match the owner/ruler

of the land– Applied to Catholics and Lutherans … NOT Calvinists

People, Places, Vocab

• Martin Luther• John Tetzel• Vernacular• Justification by faith alone• Purgatory• Indulgences• Charles V• Leo X• Ninety-five theses• Diet of Worms

• Cantons• Ulrich Zwingli• Transubstantiation• Anabaptists• John Calvin• Predestination• Schmalkaldic League• Peace of Augsburg (1555)